MODULE1: Fundamentals of Computer

system

 What we will learn in this module:

1. Functional block diagram of digital computer

2. Definition of computer organization and computer Architecture
3. Computer's memory hierarchy
4. What is main memory , cache memory & Virtual memory
5. What are Computer evolutions?
6. Basic operating principal of processor
7. How to write simple program for processor?
8. What is microprogramming?
9. Von Neuman Architecture and Harvard Architecture of processor
 Basic Block diagram of Digital Computer
The way in which all the visible components Fixed point processor
of computer are INTERCONNECTED so
that they can have necessary synchronization Floating point Processor
is called COMPUTER ORGNIZATION Digital Signal Processor(DSP)
Text processor
CPU
Speech/word processor

ALU

Input Output
Reg
Devices Devices

Keyboard CU Printer
Mouse Monitor
Light pen Speaker
Touch Screen X-Y Plotter
Microphone
Web Camera
The designing aspect of Main Pls draw this diagram I will
individual component of the Memory wait for 10 min.
computer is called COMPUTER ROM/RAM
ARCHITECTURE
 COMPUTERS MEMORY HIERARCHY
W H AT I S M A I N M E M ORY , CAC HE M E M ORY & SE C ON DARY
M E M ORY ?

Auxillary
Memory
E.g. FD,
HD or
Main 700 ns
CD
Memory
4GB
D_RAM
Used to provide
1MB
BACK_UP CPU
storage due to Holds only one prog
its LARGE size which is to be executed
and Very SMALL Cache 100ns
cost Memory
S_RAM
2KB
Holds repeatedly requested data
during programs execution to
speedup memory system
 COMPUTERS MEMORY HIERARCHY:
W H AT I S M A I N M E M ORY , CAC H E M E M ORY & AUX I LIARY M E M ORY?

Standard definitions of memory units of computer system.

1 .Main memory: The memory unit in the computers memory hierarchy which is
DIRECTLY accessible to CPU is called MAIN MEMORY. (It is mostly D-RAM & holds only one
program)
2. Cahe Memory: The smallest and FASTEST S -RAM unit inserted
between main memory and CPU
to hold repeatedly requested
Data during programs execution
to increase SPEED of computers
memory is called Cache Memory.
3. Auxiliary Memory: The memory unit
which is not directly accessible to
CPU But provided in large size to
provide BACK UP storage is called
Auxillary Memory
 VIRTUAL MEMORY

The block schematic of virtual memory is

 The vir tual memor y is an address translation mechanism implemented in sof tware to translate the vir tual
address generated by CPU for accessing LARGE auxillar y memor y into physical address of ver y SMALL main
memor y.
 This will allow computer to execute program of LARGE sizes in presence of SMALL main memor y.

Address Translation
VA Mechanism PA
Virtual Address (in software)
Physical Address
( Generated by (For very small main
CPU during Adv. Of virtual Memory: memory which is
programs 1. Allows to run BIG programs physically available
execution for even if main memory is small. in computer system)
LARGE Aux. 2. It makes programmer free
Memory) from storage calculation
3. It reduces Avg. cost of memory
system of computer
Computer Evolutions
 Technologies for Hardware Features
Software
Generations -CPU Representative
features
-Main Memory computers
-Aux. Memory

- Vaccume Tube Fixed Point Machine EDVAC(Electronic

First Arithmetics
- Ferrite core Language or Discrete Variable Computer)
(1946 -54) or UNIVAC (Universal
- Punched Cards ALP Numeric Integrator and
Variable Computer)

Second -discrete Transistors - Floating Point HLL Programming

--Ferrite Core Arithmetic -Subroutines
(1955-64) -Library Routines
IBM 7094
-Magnetic Disc(FD) -IOP (Input output
-BATCH
processor)
PROCESSING

-IC (Using SSI/MSI) -Micro-programming (for -Multi-

Third structured CPU) programming
- Semiconductor IBM 360
(1965-74) -Pipelining (to improve -Multiprocessing
Memory(ROM& speed of CPU)
-Cache Memory (to increase
-Virtual Memory
RAM)
speed of entire memory
- FD or HD system of computer)
- IC (Using LSI/VLSI) -Micro controller -Multiuser OS like
Fourth - Semiconductor -Windows Today’s
technology -UNIX
(1975- till Memory(ROM&
-Massive -LiNUX
computer
date) RAM) systems
Parallelism Problem oriented
- FD or HD or CD languages
 BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLE
PROCESSOR
PROGRAM
Address ADDR : Instruction
Bus 1050 : 81h (Opcode)
External Memory
1051 : 72h (Opcode)
RD containing prog for
1052 : 02h (Data)
average of two nos.
1053 :76h (Opcode)
WR

Data Bus
System Bus

MAR IR Accumulator
R2
1050 81h E.g. R1

ID
PC (To select
1051 81st ALU
microprog.)

Pls draw this diagram I M/C cycle

will wait for 10min. Control signals like
Encoder
ER1,ER2,EADD etc.
 EXAMPLE OF ALP FOR FINDING AVERAGE
OF TWO NUMBERS IN REG.R1 AND R2

Address Hex Code of Machine Mnemonic Operation

Instruction Code

1050 81h 1000 0001 ADD R1,R2 (R1) (R1)+(R2)

1051 72h 0111 0010 DIV R1,02h (R1) Avg.

1052 02h 0000 0010

1053 76h 0111 0110 HLT STOP

 EXAMPLE OF MICROPROGRAM
 Let the instruction is
81h ADD R1 ,R2 ; (R1) (R1) + (R2)

The 81 st microprogram selected by an Instruction Decoder will be:

Micro Operation Corresponding control signal

1. Open R1 {will be ER1 to enable R1 reg.}
2. Open R2 { Will be ER2 to enable R2 reg.}
3. Activate ADDER { Will be EADD to enable ADDER}
4. Open R1 and Inc. PC { will be ER1 to accumulate result
of addition and EINC for auto increment address in PC
to address next instruction of program}
VON NEUMANN MODEL(T YPICAL CPU ORGANIZATION.)

DPU

PCU
 Types of computer Architectures
Von- Neuman Architecture Harvard Architecture
Prog memory Data memory
Memory addr bus addr bus

Addr Bus
Inst Data
& Program CPU Memory
CPU Memory ( RAM)
Data Bus Data
(ROM)

Prog memory Data memory

data bus data bus
 CLASS TEST ON MODULE 1 DATE:
ROLL N O: SUB: F C H N M A RKS : 0 5

Q1. The CPU of computer consist of which 3 major parts?

Q2. List any four INPUT devices of computer.
Q3. List various types of CPU’s in computer systems.
Q4. What is purpose of Main Memory in the computers memory Hierarchy?
Q5. Which is fastest memory unit in the computers memory Hierarchy?
Q6. What is use of MAR in von_nueman model of processor architecture?
Q7. The Cache memory is implemented using which type of RAM?
Q8. Among Floppy Disk and Hard Disk which storage unit is most reliable and
why?
Q9. What is the name of first generation computer?
A10. The CPU of second generation computer was implemented using which
technology?