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8 MOHQrpa4»< .. "31KI)KBHbl MeTOA KOItCTPYl4poBBH .. R nporo ...

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Ta6n.4, L-1n. 94. EiM6nlllorp.: 142 HB:lB.

© 113AaTBnbCKoe o6't.sAIoIHBHlle "BHwa uncona", 1987

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B 3HeprCTVlKe Hawe~ crpaas: 6011bwaFi pons npVlHaAJI9)f(VlT ABloIra· TellRM BHYTpeHHcro crOPSH.,FI. COJAaHVle HOBblX ABl'lran!Jle~, pasaaTlole 101 COBepweHCTBOB8H.,e Cepl'lflHblX, OTBe<HIIOUl,lolX COBpeMeHHblM tpe60BaHIotFIM HapoAHoro X03A~CTBa. B03MO)l(HO Ha OCHOBe HaY'IHO' VlCCl1eAOBaTeJ1bCKI'IX 1'1 KOHCtpYKTOPCKO-AOBOAO'lHbIX pa60T, HanpSBnCHHblX Ha nOBblweHIoIC TeXHIotKO'3KOHOMIot~eCKIotX noxaaarenea AB!'!' rarenea. 31j:ltIJeKTI1BHOCTb pa60Tbi ABloIraTelle~ BHytpCHHem eropaHIotA B 3HCI'HITeIlbHOfl CTeneH" 3aBVlCVlT OT COBepWCHC113a npoueccoa, npOTeK81OUJ,VlX B npOT04HbiX VlX "'SCTflX, VI np9)f(AC ecero OT KOHCTPYKUIo11'1 BllYCKHblX 1'1 BblnYCKHblX K8HanOB.

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B"InOJlHCHHble accnenoaaaaa no yny'lwBHIo1IO npoTO'IHOfl '1aCTI1 BnYCKHblX M BbmYCKHblX KaH8110B nOATBeplKAalOT, 'ITO I1MeeTCfI cy· w.eCTBeHHbll1 peseoe nOBbIWeHt1A TeXHHKO'3KOhOMl1'leCKIo1X nOK838' TeJ1 eei AB" raren e~.

AaHHble, nOllY'IeHHble B YCllOBVlflX CraUI10HapHoei npOAYBKI'I AJlFI 40 KOHCTPyKl.\lI1fl envcio-oro xaaana, no xaaana, 'ITO 3Ha'leHIoIfi KO- 3qx!:n.,Ul1eHTa pacxona rcauanoa 3aMeTHO (nO'lTiol <I ABS paas) OTIlI1- 'IalOTCfI APyr OT APyra [1421. AHanorlo1'1Hble BblBOAbl nOIlY'leHbl AJlA pana OTBeTC113eHH~IX ABloIraTenefl. 50Ilbwafl pS3HI1ua B Belllo141'1HaX

3

~. e u e H :I e H T: Ka4JeAPB ",I\EHlraTei1M IIf-1YTpIIHHl)ro crepeH .. ", XapbKOBcKOro rlOnHTeXHH'IBCKOro MHCTIoITYTa

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A 2303020200 - 059 M211 (041- B7

184 - B7

Ko34J¢iHLll'letHa pecxoaa Y Pa3I1WIHbIX ABl1raTeneH YK83bIBaeT HI PII- 3epBIoI AJlR ynY'!WeHI1A rl1,QpoAI'IHaMI'IK .... npoTO'lHOiil 'IaCTI'I KaHal1l. Pacxon TOnl1HBa ABl'lraTeJ1A C Y,QI'IHO cnpo¢Wll1l'1poBaHHblMI'I BblnyCKHblMI'I KaHlllaMIol MO>KHO CHI'I3111Tb He 3 ••• 5 % 1'1 60l1ee [53].

no ,QaHHbIM [25), B pe3Yl1bTaTe COOTBeTCTBYlOlI.Lero npocllHl1l'1pO' BaHI'IA BbmYCKHblX KIHal10B ,QBl'lrnenfi 84H 10,5/11 npapocr pacxona BblnYCKHblx ra30B npa MaKCIo1ManbHOM nO,Q"eMe xnanaaa COCTaBnaer 35 % (B ycnOBl'lfiX cT8I..I1'I0HapHOH npo,QYBKI1r. nponycKHaA cno- 006HOCTIo 3Ha~I'ITel1bHO ynY'IWaeTCR npl'l Mal1blX 1'1 OT'IilCTl'I cpe,D,Hlllx OO,QbeMaX xnanaaa, T. e. KorAl I'IMelOTCR CBepXKpI'ITII'IeCKlie OTHOWeHI'IR .o.aBneH .... A. npl'l I'ICnOnb30BIHIIII'I B ABl'lraTene peKOMeH,QyeMblX BblnYCKHblX KaHal10B 3KOIIOMI'IA ronnaaa COCTaBI1AeT 3 %. O,QHOBpeMeHHo YOeJ1I11'1I'1BaeTCfI pacnonaraeMaA 3Heprl'lA raaa B BbInYCK' HOI1 CHCTeMe Ha 9,8 %.

npl1 ,QOBO;llKe cepllHHoro BblnYCKHoro KlHana rpaxropaoro .0.1'1311- nA Y 10,5/12 y.o.enbllblH pacxon ronnaaa CHIII>Ket1 B cpeAHeM Ha 5 ••. 5,5 r/KBT, a TeMneparypa BbmYCKHblX rasoe - HI 30 ••• 400C [271.

IIIccneAOBaHIIIR, npoBeAeHHble B Ll,eHTp8nbHOM HaY'IHO-Hcc.neAOBaTenbCKOM AI'I3enbHOM I1HCTIIITYTe [LI,HIIIAIII), ooKasal1l'1, 'ITO yny~wBR cjxIPMY npoTO'4HOfi 'IaCTIII -caaana, MO>KHO YMeHbWI-ITb 3¢J$eKTIIIBHbIH pacxon TOnl111Ba lIa 5,4 ••• 6,8 r/ (KBT'~) (105).

80 BnycKHoM rpaecre HaM50nbwl'le nOTapIII aHeprHI'I npoI'ICXOJ!,AT HI Y'lIICTKS nepeXO;!ll IlOTOka 1'13 pea1Bepl B Kallan 1'1 B KaHane. HanpHMep, AnR .D,BlllraTel1A CMA.fiO (6V Y 13/11,5) OHI'I COCTaBnAIOT 5ol1ee 95 % noreoa BO BnycKHoiil CI'ICTeMe ABl-lraTeJ1A [60J. AHanorlll'lHblH pe3ynbTaT nonY'leH npa I'ICnblTIHHIII BbmycKHoiii CHCTeMbl ABHrlTSnl'1 Y 10,5/12. Pacnpe;lleneHHe conpoTI'IBneHIolA Te'leHllllO Me>K· 11.'1 3!leMeH1"I'IMIll BblnYCKHOI1 CIolCTeMbl CJleAylOLJ.tee: KaHal1 - 30 ... 50 %, xonnexrop - 10 %, rnYWI'ITenb - 60 ... 40 % [27).

TaKI'IM 06pa30M, nyrb yl1y'IWeHIIIA npoueecoa anvexa III BbmycKa 3aKnlO'lal'FCFI npIDKAe acero B nOBblWIHIIII-I ra30;llI-lHaMI'I'IeCKHX OOKa38' TeneK BnYCKHlolX 11 BblnYCKHbix KaHanQB. Bonpocsi npoclll'll11'1poB8HI'IA KaHInOB paccMoTpeHbI B OCHOBHOM AJlA YCTallOBI1BWI'IXCR TI!'IIHIIIH. npIII McnOllb30BaHI'IIII AJ11'1 coBepweHCTBOBaHMR a9pO,QI'IHIMI'I'IecKI'IX XapaKTeplIICTIIIK KilHanOB MeTOAI nOCneAOBaTeJ1bHbIX npM6nl'l>Kelll'liil TaKOM noJl)(OA enonse npl'leMlleM. B KHwe I113JlO>KeHbl pe3ynbTaTbi HCCne;llOBaHMM no onpeJleneHlll1O CTeneHI'I Bnl'lAHI'IR HecT81»10H8PHOCT(II Te'leHl'lfi Ha BenM'IIIIHY I10Tepb 3Heprl'lM B KaHlnSX.

MeTOAIIIKs KOHCTpyI'lPOBaHMH npoTO'!Hoiil '1aCTl'I KaHal10B MO>KeT 61011"1. McnOnb30B8Ha KaK nplII pupeOOTKe BHOBb C03llaBaeMbiX ,QBl-lraTen~, TaK M npa AOBO;llKe BnYCKHblx III BblnycKllblX CIo1CTeM cepIIIl1- HblX ABlllr8Tel1aH.

KIiMry nMcanM: 5. X. l/pazaHoe III M. r. KpYf!n06 - rnaasr 1-5 (II 7; B. C. 06yxoea - rnaaa 6.

rn_al ~ __ --------------------

rEOMETPM~ECKME M A3POAMHAMM~ECKME XAPAKTEPMCTMKM KAHAnoe. METOA nPO$MnMPOBAHMR

1.1. Tlllnbi KAHAI10B

8 38BHC(.1MOCTI'I OT BblnOnliReMblX 3a,Qa'! BnycKHble KSHlllbl ycnOBHO MOIKHO pa3llenlllTb HI OOHO- (II iJeYXrPVHKl./UOHanllHble. nepe,Q nepBblMill CTaBHT rpeOOBaHlie 06ecn8'll'lTb MaKCL1MlnbHoe H800nHeHMe LlIIInMH,QpOB CSe>KHM saPfl,QOM, neoea BTOPbIMIII, KpoMe roro, oonY'lMTb onTl'lMlnbHO Heo6xo,QL1MYIO AnR npouecca CMeceo6pa30BaHl'lfi IIIHTeHCIIIBHOCTb ABIII>KeHIIIA B03llyWHoro sapH;lla B LlMI1I11H,Qpe III KaMepe cropaH (.1 1'1. Taaoe ,QeneHllle I'IBnReTCR ycnOBHbIM, TaK KaK 8CHMMeTpl'I'lHOe pacnonO>KeHlo1e KaHllla III HanpaBl1eHl'le nOTOKa, BbiTeKalOLJ.terO 113 Kl1anaHHOI1 I1.I8I1H, K CTeH KaM 1»111111 HApa CO,QeHCTByIOT 06pa30BaHl'lIO apauiarensaoro ;llBI'I>KeHL1R B03llYWHoro 3epRA8.

KPbIWKL1 Lll'lnl'lH.QPOB 6blBaKlT C AByMl'I MI1I11 '1eTblpbMR Kl1anallaM(.1. /leYXKnanaHHaR KOHCTPYKI.lIIIA 50nee npocras, '!Hcno I'l?ABM>KHbIX AllTaneH B MexaHM3Me npMBO,Q8, CTOMMOCTb Io1sroTOBneHMA III peMOHTa KPblWKI'I L1 nplllBO,Qa MlIHbwe. Y 'IeTblpeXKflanaHHOU KOHCTpYKI.lIIIM MMelOTCR CBOI1 npelllMYLJ.teCTBa: lly'!wee IIICnOnb30B8Hllle nl1QlI.La,lllo1 KPblWKM AJ11'1 npOXO,QHbIX Ce'let1(1111 xaaanoe, 50nee asrcoxae, KaK npaBl-lno, aapO,lllo1HaMIII'IecKloIe no Ka3aTeJ11'11'1, K8K cneACTBMe, 50nbwaR 3cP¢leKTI'IBHOCTb ra3006MeHI B ABMraTemlX C TaKIIIMIII KpbIWKaM(.1.

B np8J(TIIIKe ,Q1'I3eJ1ecrpoeHHA H811150nee pacnpOCTPaHeHbl CJl8,QYIO' lI.LIIIe CXeMbl KOMnOHOBKI1 BnYCKHblX III BbmYCKHblX Kallal10B:

1. BnYCKHbl81'1 BblnYCKHble KnanaHbl Pa3M811.LeHbl BAOl1b npOAOnbHOH oca .D,BlIIraTeIlA, a KaHanbl HanpaeneHbl B npoTIIIBonOnO>KHble CTOPOHbl KPbIWKI'I.

2, Kl1anaHbl pacn0l10>KeHbl aHIllOrl'l'lHO npeAbl,QyLJ.teMY. 110 KaHa-

nbl BblBeAeHbl Ha OAHY CTOpoHY KpbIWKL1.

3. BnycKHble KaHlllbl ABVX COCeAHlIIX LlIIII1I11I-1,QPOB 06"eAHHeHbl.

BbmycKHble KaHanbl BblBe,QeHbl HI npoTI'IBonOnO>KHYIO CTOPOHY·

nplII ~8TblpeKKl1anaHHO~ KOMnOHOBKe 06bl'lHO npl'lMeHHIOT cneAYIOlI.Lllle CXeMbl:

1. BnycKHble M BblnycKHble KllanaHbl pacnOnO>KeHbl B,Qonb OCII ;llBL1raTeJ1R, a p'!l3HOI'IMeHHble KaHal1!.1 HanpaBlleHbl B npOTI'IBOnOnO)l(Hble60KoBble CTOPOHbl KpbIWKIII.

2. BnYCKHble M BblnVCKHbie KnanaHbl pa3Mell.Let1bl noneoe« oClol ABMraTem'l. Kalllnbi BblBe,QeHbl Ha 5oKOBbie nllOCKOCTI1 KPbIWKL1 - BnYCKHbie HI O;llHy CTOPOHY KPblWKlII, BblnycKHble Ha APyrytO.

5

npl-I VlCnOllb30BIIHVlI-I '1eTblpeXKJlanaHHOIii KOHCTPYKUVliI1 O.o.HOI-IMeHHble KaHallbl BbIBO,QRT ornensao MnM 06be,lU1HAIOT_ BblnycKHble KaHallbl uenecootipaaso He 05"be,!!,iI1HIHb AJlA 501lee paBHoMepHoro pacnpe,!!,eJleHMfI nepenanoa TElMnepaTYP B KpblWKe. 06"be,!!,I-IHeHHble anYCKHble, KaK 1-1 BblnYCKHble KaHanbl, MorYT 5bITb CI-IMMeTpM'IHbIMI-I I-InM 8CI-IMMerpVl'lHbIMI-I.

Pa3HOI-IMeHHbl€ KaHanbl '1aUle scero BbIBO,QRT Ha npcraeonono:«Hble CTOpOHbl KpbIWKI'I. 3ro YCTpaHReT B03MO>l<HblH noaorpea CBe>Kero 3t!pR.o.a 1-1 otinersaer TexHOJlOrl11O M3rOTOBll€HI'IA KpbIWKVI.

LilHorAa npMMeHAIOT BnYCKHble KaHallbl C na.QaIOUlI1M nOTOKOM aosnvxa B 3TOM cllY'lse sxonaoe o raapcrae «aaana pacnonosceuo Ha BepxHeH n1l0CKOCTI1 KPblWKI'I.

1.2. rEOMETPH"IECI01E XAPAKTEPI4CTHKH BnYCKHblX H BblnYCKHblX KAHAIlOB

B Hal-l501lee o6Ll.leM cnvsae BnycKHOf1 L-1 BblnYCKHoi1 KaHBllbt COCTOAT 1'13 npRMOlll'lHeYlHblX 1-11lM KpI-1BOnVlHeHH,,;X KOHcj:JY30PHbiX 1'1 AI'lcj:Jcj:Jy- 30PHbiX '!<leTeH, a TaK)I(e 1-13 Ulem1 nepeM€HHoro Ce'l€HL-1A, 113MeHeHl'le n1l0Ula,!!,1'I noneoesaoro Ce<leHI1A KOTOPOH OCyl1.l€CTBilA€TCR xnallaHOM.

$OPMY npoTOYHOH '1aCTI-1 B Me,!!,l-1anb'-IOM Ce~eHL-1>i KaHana oripenellRIOT C11€AyIOLl.lI-1MI'I OCHOBHblMI'I reoMerpWl€CKI-1MI-i napaMeTpaMI-l (pHC. 1.11: p.aCCTORHI-1AMI-I ( H h; n1l0UlBAbIO nonepevaoro axonaoro ABX M BblXO,!!,Horo ABblK Ce'leHI-1H; MI-lHI-1ManbHb!M SHB'I€HI1€M nnollUl,lU1 nonepesaoro Ce<leHI1A Am in; cpe,!!,HHM 3Ha'1eH~1€M nonepesaoro Ce'leHl'lfI Acp, OTKpblBaeMoro KllanaHOM; IlJII'IHOi1 {t<BH KaHeJ1a, OnpeAeJlAeMffi'l snons ero oca; paA~ycaMH ri ~ 'l; nl'laMeTpOM ropn<:iB~Ht>I xaaana dr; pa3MepaMI1 KllanaHa R KIl ~ dHJ1; yrnoM r cj:J1)C' KI1 cenna xnanaaa: CMeL.UeHI'I€M om xnanaan OT OC~ U.l-llll-lH.o.pa (I H h I (p~c. 1.2,. Pacnonoscaaaa KaHana OTHOCl.nenbHO OC~ UMll~H.o.pa onpe,!!,eJ1A€TCA Belll-1~I-lHOH CMeUleHl1f1 Ie 0(;11, npOBeJl,eHHoi1 seoea u.eHTpbl BnYCKHoro ~ BbmYCKHoro KJlanaHOB err oel1 ll.VlIlI'IH,!!,pa. no- 1l0)l(€Hl-le xaaana HB KPblWK€ HaXOtlAT TaK>+<e M~HI'IManbHbIM pacCTORHl-leM IJc 01 KpoMKI-1 KnanaHa.o.o CTeHKI-1 U;tIH-IHApa.

PaccTOAHl1e MelK.o.Y BnycKHblM H BbmYCKHblM KaHanaMI1 0503Ha· ~I-IM 'tepes/H,

EC111-1 xaaan ABnAeTCA KpMBOllHHe.1HbIM He TOl1bKO B aepraxansHOIii, HO H B ropl-130HTaJ1bHOH n1l0CKOCTI1 (p~c. 1.3), TO Heo6xOAI-IMO BBfCTI'I ,!!,OnOllHI1TeJ1bHble reoMerpl1~€CKl1e napaMeTpbl: paCCTOAHHe {2 MelK,!!,y ueHTpaMI-1 sxonsoro 11 Bblxo.o.Horo Ce<laH~i1 Ha ropH30HTanbHOH npOeKUMI-l, patlMyCbl '3, r4, '5 ~ '6'

,lJ,nR TaHreHLlHanbHoro KaHana (pI1C. 1.2) He05xo.o.I-1MO, KpOMe TOro, 3HBTb vron HaKnOHa (3H OCl1 KaHana B BepTI-1KaJlbHOH n1l0CKOCTI1

6

P"c. 1.1. CXBMS nnccxero Kp"oanlll' PIIIC. 1.2. CxeM8 pacnonOlKeHMFI K8Ha-

na HS KPblWKB 1II11nl-1HIIPB

Pile. 1,3. CxeMa KPI4BOJ1I11HlWlllOro KaHalla B rOpM30HTanbHOo; nnOCHOCTM

VI yron BXOJl.a Ug)(. 3Hll'leHI-1R (I VI h 1 onpeAeJ1RIOT Befll-l'lMHy paAMyca,c OKP¥>KHOCTfl, npose.o,eHHorc M3 U€HTpa Ul-1lll-1HApa LtePe3 ueurp Bbl nYCKHOrD (BnYCKHoro) Ce'leHI-1R KaHaJla.

,lJ,lll'1 BHxpeaOfO KaHaJla 3a,!!,aeTCR TaK)I(e yrOll I{)cn 3aKPyTKI-1 YllVlTKI-1.

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npl-1 reoMeTpVl'lecKOM npocj:Jl'Illl1POBaHlt1M KaHaJla nOllb3ylOTCR rpa$tKOM M3MeHeHI1A nnoUla,!!,eH noneplI'IHblX Cll'leHM&;1. CYLLl1lCTByeT ellMe.1CTBO rpacJ>I-1KOB nllOWeJl,eH nonepll'lHblX Cll'leHMH KlIHaJlOB. COOTBeTcTBylOL.UI1X pa31l11'1Hb1M 3HB'leHHI'IM Benl-l'lMHbl nOA1>eMa KllanaHa nKJ1• ,lJ,llfl I1X nOllY'leHI'IR npeJl,Bapl'ITellbHO Heo5xOAMMO nOCTpOM~ ,!!,l-1arpaMMbl 1-13MeHeHI'IA TaK H33b1BaeMbIX 3KBMB1IJlSHTHbiX Ce'leHI-1H KaHalla npl.-l pa3lllt1'lHblX noclll!AOBaTeIlbHblX nonOH<eHI'IAX xnanana (pac, 1.4).

O,!!,HaKo AJlR peWeHMA npaKTI-I'IecKI1X 3aA<I'I npl-l KOHCTPYI1POB& HVlI1 npOTO'lHOH '1aCTM KaHana MO)l(HO orpaHI'I'II1TbCR ,IU1ar'paMMOH M3- MeHeHl1R nonepe'lHbiX Cll'leH111ii onuoro KaHaJ1a t533 xnanaaa].

B Ka'lecTBe onpl!AenAIOUI€rO pa3Mepa MO)l(HO npMHflTb AVlaMeTp rOpnOBI-IHbl KaHalla d.; B TaKOM cllY'Ias KOHCTpYKUI-IA KaHana onpa- 7

P"e. 1 .4. 3KS"BBn8HTHbI8 ell'l8tlM~ sny'::lulOrO KBHIIJ18 ADMICIT8I1A RM3-641: 1 - hKn = 3 MM; 2- hKl1 =6 MM; 3- "KlI =9 MM; 4- hKl1 = 12 MM; 5- hlfll = 18 MY; 6 - 68, KnanSHa

,!lenAe1'CA 663P8_:JM<tpHbIMI'I napaMeTpsMI'I:Asn = ABrl/rrcPr; )ialdn =

: AU'rl/rrdF;. t: = ~eglrr_!r; A~ in ':. Am ;n/~Q'~; ~ = 'n/dr. (!'::

1, 2 .~. 6). l {/dr'}l -/lldr, i'2 ::{~/dr,lKaH -{Ka"fdr, h= hldr; hl(n =hl(nld6 RKn = RKn/dr; /3K = /31(/360; iiex = aax/360; 1 = l/360; iPcn = 'Perl/300. 3TH 563pa3M<tpHble reoMeTp"'IecKlote xa· paKT<tpI1CTI'IKM npl'IMeHl'IMbl AlIA KaHana 1'1 ero OT,!leJlbHbiX .. acTa1 (KOH<ilY30PHbIX 11111'1 ,!l11<il<ilY30PHbIX v .. acTKOB KaHaIla).

Y ,!lH3er1a;\ C H<tpa3,!lanI'lMO~ K8Mepoi1 OTHOCIiiTellbHble pa3Mepbl ropllOBMH BnYCKHblX KaHaJ10B B ,!lBYXKJl8n8HHbIX KPblWKax KOlloo· nlOTCfI B npeABnax d rID = 0,38 ... 0,46, a B '1eTblpeXKIlan8HHbIX d rID = "'" 0,30 ... 0,38, rae D - ,!l1'l8MeTp I4HnHH,!lpa. rOpllOBI'IHbl Bbll1YCKHb'X KaHaJlOB MflHbwe BnycKHblX Ha 5 ... 10 %. K03<il<ilI'lUHflHTbl MCnOllb3OBaHl'I" IUlOLlleAl1 KPblWKM CO ClOPOHbl UMnMH,!lp8 BnYCKHblMI'I K8Ha· 118MM COCT8B1l"IOT: AJlR ,!lBYXKnSnaf-lHoi1 KPblWKIII Kl = ABn/Au =

= 0,15 0,21. a AnA '1eTblpeXKllanaHHO~ KpblWKM K4 = ABn/Au =

"" 0,18 28, rue Au = rrd /4. CYMMapHble K03<illjJMl4l'1eHTbl HeOOll"-

JOBaH " 11lI!)Ll.lBJll4 KpblWKM BnycKHblMH M BbIl1YCKHblMM KaHaJl8MM

paBHbl COOTBE!TCTBeHHO K2 = 0,29 ... 0,41 M K4 = 0,35 ... 0,50.

Ol"HOCMTeJlI>HBR AJlI'IHa BnYCKHblX KSHaIlOB {KID"" 1,2 ... 1.5, IlJlOLlIa.D.b BXO.llHOrO nOnepe<lHoro Ce<leHlII" (1,O ... 1,4)Ar, r,!le Ar = = 1T~/4. MMHIIIManbH8A nnOLlleAb nonepe<lHoro Ce<leHIUI KaHaIla 8

AminlAr Kone5neTcA B npeaenax 0,49 ... 0,89. C YBenVlyeHl'leM yrna [3 OTtfOWeHl'!eAminlAr pacrsr. npH :nOM MO}!(HO npVlHRTbAmin/A, = = 0.12 + 0,016[31(, r ne [3K B rpaavcex [12].

Paccroaaae IK Me>KAy OCRMVI BnYCKHOro 11 BblnyCKHorO KaHanOB 3aBI1C...,T or ,Ill'!aM€Tpa rOpnOBI1Hbl KaH8n08 11 OT CMeweH\o1R OCI'I, npoBet\eHHOi1 Yepe3 UeHTpbl KBHaJ10a, OT OCI1 u,l-InI-lHApa. npI-I drlD =

= 0,329 0,378 AJlR BblnYCKHblX KaHanOB 1-1 npl-l BenWll1He drlD =

= 0,28 0,35 ,!lnR BblDyCKHblX KaHanOB 3Ha'leHl'le (KID 113MeHAeTCA

B He60nbWI-IX npeaenax. a I-IMeHKO OT 0,5 AO 0,58.

Yron 33KpYTKI1 yJlI1TKVI BI'IHT08blX KaHanOB .,oen = 250 ... 330° ! 12].

AnR BblnYCKHoro KaHana OTHOCI'!TeJlbHble ,IlHaMeTpbl rOpnOBI1H drlD B Jl,BYXKnanaHHOv. VI 4eTblpeXKI1anaHHOv. KOHCTpYKU,VlI1 KPbIWKI1 COOTBeTCTB€HHO paBHbl 0,34 ... 0,43 1'1 0,27 ... 0,33. :JTHOCI1TenbHble nnouiaaa BblnycKHoro Ce'I€HI1R ASb,nlAr L-I MI1- H\o1ManbHOro Ce4eHI'IR Am;nlA, KaHana. rue A,. nnouiaas ropnOBVlHbl BblnYCKHoro xaaana, paBHbl COOTseTCTBeHHO 1,3 ... 1,611 0,6 ... 0,75.

1.3. A3POAIotHAM~"lECKI~E XAPAKTEPVlCT"'KIi1 KAHAnOB

1.3.1. CTBlI,110HapHblH noTOK

nOTepl1 B KaHanax CKnaJl,blBalOTCR 1'13 noreps. 06ycnoBneHHbiX OTpblBHblMI1 RBn€HI'IRMI1 1-1 TpeHl'leM, 1-1 no reps C BblXOAHOVl CKOpOCTblO, 3aal-lCR WI'IX OT CTenSHI-I KepaBHOMepHOCTVI nOTOK8 Ha SblxOAe 113 KaHana. nOTepl'! Ha TpeHI'I€ COCTaBnRI()" He oonee 3 ... 5 % 06wI'!x noreps V1 nosrcrav I1MH MO>KHO npeHe6ps4b.

CnmKHocTb npoueccoa, npOHCXOtlRWI1X BO BnycKHoM 1'1 BbIl1YCK' HOM xaaanax, 3aTpYAKReT ero 3KCnep1'!MeHTanbHO€ 11 ccnencaaaae. fl03TOMy npa npOBeJl,eHl-I\o1 onsrroa Aei1cTBI1TenbHO npOTeKalOLUI'1~ HeyCTaHOBI'!BWVlVlCR npouecc 3aMeHReTCR PRJI,OM CTaUl10HapHbiX npoUecCOB, OXBaTblBal()UJ,I1X ace pe>KI-IMbl Te'l€HI'IR B KaHane. TaKaR cxeMaT113au,loIR 3Ha'iI-lTenbHO vnpouiaer MeTOJl,I'IKY I'IccneAOBaHI1R 11, KaK rcxassraaior MHOrOllI'lCneHHbl€ onblTbl, n03B0111'1eT nony"lI1Tb peavnsrarsr, enonue npVleMneMbl€ AnA peW€HI1A npaKTHyec;KI'IX 3aAay.

)],0 HaCTORw€rO BpeMeHI-I MeTOAbl onsrraoro I'1ccne.nOBaHI-IR npenHaaKall€Hbl, KaK rp aaano , ,!lnR I-IHTerpanbHoi1 OU,€HKI1 KaH(lnOB. TaKaA MeTOAI-iKa I-1CCneAOBaHI'IR rpetiver MI1HI1MaIlbHOi1 aarparu sxcnepVlMeHTanbHOro BpeMeHI-l. npVl 3TOM a3pOAI'IHaMI'I4ecK8R xapakrsPVlCTI1 Ka KaHanOB onpenenaerca PRAOM noxssareneii, a I'IMeHHO KO- 3QxPVlUl'leHTOM nOTepb t Koa<j:!<j:!lIIu...,eHTOM paCXOAa J1 11 paCXOtlHOV. xapaKTepVlCTI1KOH KaHana. nOCnetlHVI.;i paeeu ceKYHAHOMY paCXOAY r aaa yepe3 KaHan AnA 3a,!laHHoro nepenana tlaBneH~1A B KaHane npl1 ero I'ICnblT8HVIVI Ha CTeH,Ile CTaUI-IOHapHoi1 npoAYBKI1.

9

tJ,nfl CpaBH~TenbHOrO I1CCne,o.OBaH~A KaHanOB He I'IMeeT ocotioro 3Ha'!eHI1f1, no KaKoMy 1'13 YKaJaHHblX esuue naparaerpoa OU,eHKI1 Kao.iecTBa KaHanOB np0L13BOllI1TCR CpaBHeH~e ~3y'!aeMbiX CI1CTeM. np~ conOCTaBne'H1L1 peavrn.rarca pa3n~'!HbIX 3KCnepl1MeHTanbHbix ~ccnetlOS8HI'li1 K8HanOB Il!Il~ nplo1 cpaBHeHlo111 Onl:.lTHbll( ,o.aHHblx C ,o.aHHbIMI1, nony'leHHbIM~ paC4eTHb1M~ MerOtlaMIII, Hoo6xo,nI1MO '1eTKO yKa3blBaTb, KaKI1M oopa30M nonY4eHbi oueuo-uu-re napaeaerpst KaHanOB.

lllapo+coa I1cno.nb30BaHl1e I1HTerpanbHoro MeTo,o.a npl1 Io1CCneJl,OBa- 1'111111 H pacsere KaHa.nOB 06bFlCHReTCA noocroroa np~MeHReMblX pac'leTHbIX BbIPa>KeHHi1 11 MVlHLotMa.nbHOfi aarparoa 3KcnepHMeHTanbHoro BpeMeHl1. OT,o.aBaR tlon>KHOe I1HTerpanbHblM ou,eHO'lHbIM xapaxrepl1CTH KaM KaHanOB, HY>KHO vxasars. 'ITO OHI4 He AalOT B03MO>KHOCTIII IlOnY411Tb pacnpeneneaae noreps B KaHa.ne 11 TeM caMblM onpenernrrs KOHKperHble nyTH ynY4weH~A KaHanOB. Tonsxo CO"leraHHe axcnepuMeHTanbHblX MeTo,o.OB Hccne,o.OBaHHR C TeoPeTl1'lecKI1MH MO>KeT oxa- 3aTbCA Hal160nee 3cPcPeKTI1BHbiM npH 113y'!eHI1I11 Lot onpe,o.e.neHHLot aspoAHHaMI1'lecKI1X xapaKTepl1CTI1K BnYCKHblX 11 BblnYCKHblX clo1CTeM nopun-eestx ,o.Bl'lra.-enei1. npl1 Bblxo,l(e nOTOKa 1113 Kn"anaHHOfi wenl1 BnYCKHoro kaaana B03HI1KalOT nOTepl-l Bcn9ACTBl1e BHe3anHoro YBenl'1'leHI1A nonepesaoro CeoIeHI1f1 npoT04Hoi1 'laCTI1 CHCTeMbl, a TaK>Ke 113-3a BI1Xpeoopa30SaHI1W aa TapenKoi1 xnanaaa.

npl1 113y'!elolHI1 noreps B KaHane npI!AnOnO>KL1M, 'ITO nOTOK Ha BXOAI! B KaHan aanaerca paBHOMepHbIM. a Te4eHl1e CTaU110HapHoe. np"'MeM B Ka'!eC"TBe KOHTponbHblX Cf'oIeHI1M axonaoe III asrxcuaoe ceseHillA KaHana.

PecCMOTPI1M B h. S-KoOPAHHaTax npouecc Te4eHHA nOTOKa B KOHIPY30PH0(1 "4acTI1 KaHa.na. nOTepill 3Heprllll1 B KaHane oYAYT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb OTPe3 Ky t.h Ha OCLot xoopnaaar (pac. 1.5) .

.[lJ1R TeoIeHl'IA cOSepWeHHoil1 >KI1,o.KOCrn

( 1.11

rAeh - 3HTanbnI-lR; v - CKOPOCTb nOTOKa.

V'lHJl,I!KCOM 1 11 2 0603Hl!l'leHbI COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3Ha'leHl-lfi napawerPOB .BO BXO,o.HOM 1-1 BblXOAHOM Ce<teHl1nX KaHana, npa 310M v 1 - cpeaaee 3Ha'leHllle cxopocra B BbIXOJl,HOM ce'!eHHH.

Ecn~ .. eoes h 0 0003Ha'lI'lTb 3HTanbnl1lO OKpy>KatOLlI,eH cpeAbl, TO

v 1 ::: 2 (h 0 - h II; vi =2."(:ho - hll. (1.2)

AHanorlll'!HO reoperasecxaa CKOPOCTb pal[>H8 CKOPOCTI1 npl1 1130- 3HyponHOM I1JMeHeHlo111 napawerpoa nplll I1CTeoi efil1H:

V~ = 2 ~h 0 - h ~ 3) •

"He. 1.5. npouecc e h, S·KOOpAOIH8TBX AI1 R KOHIPY30PHOM ~BCT~ KBHlllla

-(

I I

6,0 5,5 .5,0

0,020

0,025 S

B TaKOM cnvsae nna OlAeHKI1 noreos lHeprlllM flOnY'll1M Bblpa>KeHMe

11.3)

11

s

s

?IoiC. 1.6. n pouecc Te<!eHIIR e AIlIjIIPV- 3OPHO(:i ~acT" KaHan a

?HC. 1.7. n pcuecc TII'IIHIIIR .. h. $-KOdPIU1HBTBX IU1A enYCKHOro xauana ABH raTenA 4 10,5112 npM II KIl "" 6 Mid

?HC. 1.8. 3aBllcHMoCTb ~n ::: f~" KIll. ~B '= f (II KJ'I) .. ~02 = f (h KJ'I) ; --- - AB14rBTenb AB-220; -'- - ABllr'lTenb A·loa

tm v~-d

~= -b.h-"-m- = -2-(-h-o---h-2-3-)

B AI1c1>cPY30PH0l1 '1aCTI'! KaHana npOI1CXOAI1T TOpMO>KeHl'!e IlOTOKa. npou,ecc Tll'leHHR nOTOKa B pecWI1PAIO wei1cA 'lacTl'l KaHana H306pa>KeH Ha PI-IC. 1.6_

MeTo,nIllKa aaanaaa noreps B ,o. .... cPcPy30pe npl-l IlOMOIW'I h, S'-Al'!arpaMM aHanorl1'lHa 113nO>KetlHoMy Ami KOHcPy:mpHOH 4aCTlil xaaana,

11

O'leBIo1AHO, 3aCJ1Y1klo1BaeT BHMMaHMfI BOnpOC 0 pacnpeAelleHMM no" Tep!. Ha ornensasrx Y'Iacn,ax K8HaJ'1a. B COOTBeTCTBMH C Vl3J10)l{eHHOH MeTO,llL-lKOili ,IlIlfi KIDI<.D.Oro Y'IaCTKa KaHaJ'18 MO)l{HO H8ml1CaTb

v 1.

~=1-~

v""

(1.4)

rue v z t VI vmi - ,Ile&1CTBVlTellbHaA M -reoPBTIo1'1OCK8A CKOPOCTM B KOHue paccMaTpl-1BaeMorO Y"aCTKa xauana,

Ha pac, 1.7 B h, S"KOOPAMHaTax H306pa>KIIH npouecc Te'leHMA BO BnYCKHOM KaHalle ,IlBMraTellA ~10,5/12 (D37) nplo1 Be11l-'1'II'IHe nOAb" eMa xnanaaa h xn = 6 MM.

AHanorVl4Hbliii nO,llXOA K aHaIlM3Y noreos 3Heprl'll'l BO BnYCKHoM KaHalle VlcnOllb30BaH B pa60Te [55].

K03q,cjJI'IUMeHT 1;,. nOJ1HblX noreps, Y'lHTbIBaIOI1IIIIM BHyypeHHl'le no" TepM III norepa C BblXOAHolii CKOPOCTblO, onpe.c.eIlfilOT OTHOWeHHeM BCeM nOTepAHHoiii 3HeprMIo1 B KaHaJ1e K 3HeprMIool nOTOKa aa BblXOAe 1'13 K1lanaHHOI.1 LJ..tem-l:

( 1.5)

r,lle ~02 - K03$1lMu ... eHT noTepb 3Heprlo1L1 f! KaHane, onpe,lleJ1f1BMbIH KaK OTltOWeHMe nOTepRHHOH 3HeprHH BO BceM KaHaJ1e K KHHeMaTI'I" '1OCKOH 3Heprllllo1 nOTOKa Ha BblXO,lle 1013 KJ1anaHHOIii LlIelllo1. 3n1 norepa 3aBL1CAT OT rOOMeyplo1H npOTO'lHoi:! 'IaCTIil KaHana M OT BA3KOCTM nOTO" xa; ~B - K03cj:J$-IU,HeHT noraps C B!.IXO,llHOH CKOpOCTblO.

C Y'leTOM ypaBHeHHA Hepa3pblBHOCTM H Ko3cjJcjJVlUHeHTa pecxona

(1.61

Ha pMC. 1.8 npMBeAeHbl 33KOHOMapHOCTM 1013MeHIIHI-1A nOTepb 3Heprlo1H ~n, ~02 H ~B B 3aBL1CI'IMOCTIo1 OT Be1lM'II1Hbl nOAbeM8 xnanaaa AnA ABMraTe'.neiii ,D,B-220 .... A·HIS [64].

HeKoTOpblMH aBTopaMIo1 npl'lHflT MHolii nonxon AlIA ou,eHKM * cjJeKTVlBHOCTIil BnYCKHblX H BblnYCKHblX KaHallOB ,IlBHrare1lei1 BHYTpeuuero cropauaa. B pa60TB [55] npe.aJ10meH 3HTponl'lliiHbilii Mern,ll aHaJ'1113a. ~3 VlcclleAoBaHI1111 C1le.c.yeT, 'ITO 3HTponVlI'I rasa B nOTOKe 5blCTPO Hapacraer B Ha'laJ'1bHOM Y'IaCTKe BblnycKHoro KaHaJ1a, rAe npeo5na,llalOT OYPblBHbie ABJ1eHl'lfi. nOTepH Ha BblpaBHHBaHHe nOTOKa MMelOTCA B OCHOBHOM Ha Y4acTKe X = xldr = 4 ... 10, rne x - KOOP,IlHHaTa, B31'1TaA no OClo1 KaHeJ1a, VI npa BeJ1M'II'IHaX OTltOCMTeJlbHOro no,ll'beMa xnenaaa Ii Kn = h K n /d r > 0,15.

AnA oueHKM noreps B KaHanax npl'lMeHAIOT TaK*e 3KcepreTM'IeCKMIii MeTO,ll [110], B COOTBeTCTBl'l1r1 C 3n1M MeTOAOM nOTepM patiorocnoco6HocTM B 3JleMeHTax ra30B03AYWHoro 'rpaxra ABl'lraTeJ11'1 onpeAl!JlfllOT no cPoPMVJ1e

1J.1 = [(eBX + eqBX) - eB~IX] -inOJl, (1.7)

r,lle 9BX, eB~IX - COOTSeTCTBeHHO 3Ha<leHl'le 9KC8prMM nOTOKa Ha BXO- 12

Ae H asixone 1-13 paCCM8Tplo1BaeMoiii CI'ICTeMbl; eql))( - 3KceprHA nOTOK8 renno rer, nOABOnl'lMOCi K pa504eMY TeJ1Y, KOTOP8A AIlA BnYCKHblX K8Ha11oB eqaX. "" 0; {non - n0l1e3HaA paocra, KOTOPYIO npOl-l3BOllI'IT noTOK B npenenax naHHoro aneMeHTa.

AllR D,1-I3ellR t.lH 12/14 norepn pa50Tocnoc06HoCTH COCTa811f1IOT AJlA BnycKHblX KaHall0B, BKfl104aA KonJleKTOp, - 6,4 KAm/Kr, P,JHI BblnYCKHblX, BK1l104aA KOllIleKTOp, -- 30,6 K,D,m/Kr. 5011bWl-le norepl-1 B BblnycKHblX K8HaJlaX 06'bACHRIOTCA TeM, 'ITO B aJpoAI-IHaMI'I4e' CKOM OTHOWeHI-IM 3TI-I KaHanbl, no cpaBHeHl-11O C BnYCKHbIMI'I, MeHee COBepweHHble.

B BblXOAHOM Ce'lE!H1-11-1 xaaana nOTOK pacnpeneneu Hep8BHOMepHO.

B CBR3l-1 C 3THM Heo5xOAVlMO paCCMOTpeTb MBTOAL1Ky onpeaeneaaa noreps C '('IeTOM nepeMeHHOrO nons CKopOCTeCi Ha BblXOAe 1-13 KaHana 1-1111<1 COOTBeTCTBYIOLUero ero Y4aCTKa.

0603Ha4L-1M 'Iepe3 ~ MecTHblH K03cj:Jcj:JI-lu, ... eHT no'repe, KOTOPbl1ll C y4eToM MaccOBoro pacxona m MomHO onpenensrrs no cj:JopMyne [29]:

rAe A - Ce4eHl-1e; p - nllOTHOCTb patioxer'o rena, v'13 BblpameHl-1R (1.8) cnenver, 'ITO

,1 p. v.' A

~ = Jr ~K --'!..!.- _4_' d-.

a P2CpV 2Cp A2

B COOTBeTCTBl'I1<I C vpaBHeHl'I€M (1.4) MomHO HanHcaTb

AhK vt

~K = ---= 1 '--2-'

Aha vZr;/

OTKYlla nocno pana npeo6pa30BaHI-IH nOlly'-lI-lM

,1 p.. v· V 12, A

~=J. -"-~- (1 --2-' )d-.

o i>l cp·V 2 cp V zrn A2

0503Ha'-lI-lM 'Iepe3 Pmi non Hoe AaBIleHl'le B 1-'13MepReMoiii TO'-lKe BblxoAHoro Ce4eHI-IA xaaana, Torna ypaBH€Hl'le (1.8) 3anlilweM B BI-IAe

1 ,J POI -Prrli A

~ = --.-L . 2 ._n__ P2iv21 d -. ( 1.11)

P2cpLf2cp 0 P1 (v 1/2) Az

(1.91

(1.10)

nplo1BelleHHble B!.lpa)l(eHHR YKa3blll81OT Ha Heo6xoAlliMOCTb peuieHillA 3aJla'll-l 05 ycpenHeHI-lM napaMeTpoB nOTOKa.

Ha npaxr .... Ke npMMeHRIOTcA pa311I11'1Hble cnocofisi ycpeAHeHMI'I napaMeypoB HepsBHOMepHoro nOTOKa. Hal16011ee npocroii 1-13 HIiIX aaKnlO'IaerCR B onpeneneaaa cpeAHMX aplllcj:JMeTI-I'IOCKI'IX SellM'II-IH yopElAHeHHblX napawerpoa. JJ,pyrol'i, 48CTO Mcnonb3yeMblfl cnoco6,

13

COCTOI1T B ycpeAHeHl-l11 H3MepFleMO~ Benl1'!I'IHbl no nnouiana nonepexHOro CC'leHI1R. npl1MeHReTCR, KpOMe TOrO, ycpeAHeHl-le 113MepReMOro napaMeTpa no PacxOAY,

OAH6KO, KaK nOKa36HO B pa60Te [102], nepe'lI1CneHHble cnoc06bl ycpeAHeHl-lR HeAOCTaTO'lHO 06OCHOB8Hbl. Hal160nee npaBHnbHblM RBnaercn ycpeAHeHMe nOTOKa no 3HTpOmtl'l HnH no HMnynbcy.

npH HoY'IeHHI1 Te'leHMM rnaBHblM 06pa30M MHTepe<:vI()TCA Senl1'1HHO~ noreps 3Heprl1l-l B KaHane. B 3TI1X cnvsaax ycpeJ:IHeHI-lC napaMeTpoa cnenver npOBOAII1Tb T6K, '!T06bl 6blno ofiecneueao npaaanuuoe onpeaeneuae 3HepreTI1'!e<:KIoIX xaparcrepacra K nOTOKa, a HMeHHO nonb30B3TbCA ycpeAHeHHeM no 3HTpOnHI-l.

t113 ycnOBI1i1 paBeHCTBa 3HTpomm ycpeAHeHI-lOrO nOTOKa 1'1 nOTOKa c HepaBHOMepHO pacnpeAeneHHblMI1 napaMeTpaMVI n()nY4aeM cj)oPMYny A/lA ycpeAHeHHA nonsoro J1i!sneHHIl:

( 1.12)

rp.em - pacxon pa6o'lero T('n6.

Vi3 3TOro Bblp,UKeHl1ll cnenver, no np!ll Hcnonb30BaH\ot\ot MeTOA<!

YCPCAHeHI'IR nep8MeTpoB no 3HTponHI1 AnA Sbl'!l1cneHI1A no reps cnaAVeT YCPeAHFlTb no PacxOAY He ronaoe AaSJleHI1!', a er 0 nOrapl'I$M. MOlKHO nOKa'J3Tb, no non Hoe AClBneHHe, nonY481OllIeeC>l npa 06b14- HOM ycpeAHeHlllM no pacxonv rasa, scerna 6YAeT He<:KonbKO 60nbwe peavnsrara YCPeJ:IHeHMA nom-oro llaBneHHA MeTOAOM 3HTponHI1. OAHaKO D,IlR CTeneHI1 HepaBHOMepHOCTH nOTOKa. KOTopaR HMeeTCA B enYCKHblX KaHanax, pe3ynbTaTbl. nonY'!8HHble npl1 pa3nl1'1HbIX cnoC06ax ycpeAHetil1R nonaerx DaBneHI'IH, He3Hil~I1TenbHO OTnlll~aIOTCA Apvr or APYTa.

He 50nbUJeH 4acTl'l BnycKHblX KaHanOB H. B ~aCTHOCTIoI, npa Ma. nsrx BeI1HQHHaX h KIl. TlNeHHe B KaHane ABJlAeTCA 6e30TPbIBHI>IM. O~eBI1AHO, I1HTepOCeH aonpoc 0 pacxere no reps H<l :nOM Y'lBCTKe xaH<lna. Peavnsrarsi raxoro pacsera no3BonAIOT onpenenwrs, KaKOBB ilonA noTepb OT TpeHI1F1 B 061.1.1eH eYMMe no reps B KaHane.

npMMeM, 'ITO Ha BxoAe B KaHan nOrpaHIo1'1HblH cnoi1 OTCYTCTByeT 11 TeQeHlo1e BHe norpaH~qHoro enos FlBnAeTCR L11303HTponHbIM. 5VAeM C~HTaTb, KpoMe roro, qTO CTaTI1~OCKoe A<!BneH~e nOCTORHHO no ceseHIOIO xaaana. TorAH K03q,QlMUl1eHT no reps onpenenaesa no $OpMyne

[17] p2 ~4U

~60 =-T- (A2/A1)2 (1 _ t.,*)3' 11.13)

- - z

rAe a* = 2f1 (l-....E.!"..__)AdA; ~**·=2t.~(1- -';- )AdX

o PK v K 0 PK V K V K

B 3TI1X BblP8lKeHHIlX A = A/A2• LIIH,ueKCI;.I 111 K OTHOCRTCA K 3HBqeHHIO napaMeTpOB COOTBeTCTBeHHO l'Ia nxone B xaaan H B anpe nOTOKa. 14

no <PoPMyne (1.13) MOlKHO pacc~I1TblBaTb norepa Ha 6e30Tpb:BHOM Y'IaCTKe K<lHana.

Al1ccl1naUI1F1 3Heprl1l1 BCI1e,!l,CTBl1e HanWII1F1 BR3KoCTHbiX cl'ln npaBOAI1T, KaK 113BeCTHO, K B03pacTaHHIO 3HTponMI1. MelKAY 8en~~HHO~ B03pacT81il1A 3HTpOnHI1 !:.s 11 K03$$I1Ul1eHTOM noreps t60 CYI.I.IOCTBY-

er 3aBI1CI1MOCTb:

as = c ~J5_=.l1 A 2 ~6

y K + 1 ~ 0'

rAe cy - TennOeMKOCTb npH nOCTOAHHOM om.eMe; A - K03Ql$I'IIJ,IoteHT CKOpOCTH.

AnA ClKl1MaeMOH lKHIlKOCTI1 (npH M;;' 0,6) 6yAeM I1MeTb

~ = ~6o/P (A).

(1.14)

(1.15)

rnep(A) =p/p() = (1- K-1A2)"K-1 =r1IK-'

.. K+ 1

C yqeTOM OTHOWeHMA (1.14) 1'1 ra30AIotH8MI1'1eCKI1X $YHKUI1H no-

~ = !:.s/ [cp (1 - T) f (A) I.

Vi3 ypaBHeHl1H (1.13) 11 (1.15) cnenver, 'ITO

(1.16)

p!a*u

~= p~(A2IA,,211-S'13

1

P (A) .

AnA HaclKl1MaeMoi1 lKHAKOCTl1 (M < 0,6) COOTliOUJeHl1R (1.13). (1.15), (1.17) He OTfll-lqlllOTCR npvr OT npvr a.

Ecnl1 B '!flCI10 noreps BKnlOQeHbl norepa KI1HeTIII~e<:Koi1 3Heprl1l1 nOTOKB, BblTeKalOLl.I.erO 1113 KnanaHHoi1 l.I.Ienl1 (AIlR 6e30rpblBHoro re'!IlHIotR BAonb scero KaHana). TO

11.18)

1t13MeHetiHe napaMeTpoB nPl-l 6C30TpbIBHOM Te'leHHI1 S KaHane (IIInl1 Ha KaKOM-nI160 ero Y'laCTKe) MOlKHO fl306pa311Tb B h, S,KOOP,IU1Harax. BanH~I1HY nOTepRHHOf; 3Heprl111 B norpaHLII~HOM enos Ha eAMHlo1l.1e AJlIIIHbl nonepe-u+oro Ce~eH01F1 KaHana nony'lI1M YMHO)t{eHHeM ronlUl1Hbl norepa 3Heprl1H S**" ua PV 2. AnA BblXOAHOro Ce'leHI'IR S npeAnono}t(eHI1L11, HO Ha BXOAe B KaHan norpaHM~Hblf; cnoi1 orcvrcraver. 6YAeM HMeTb [29]

~h "" [(p2d)/2]IW*. (1.1~)

YMHOlKaR Ha nepHMeTp B BblXOAHOM Ce'leH~M, nonY'laeM nonHYIO norepjo 3Heprlll\ot. Cneaver nOA4epKHYTb, ~TO 11306pa}t(aA npouecc HS h, s- A\otarpa!VIMe, nony~aeM Ha oca a6cIJ,HCC OTPe30K, P8BHbIH!:.s (CM. vpaSHeHl1B (1.14»).

15

3HaH TOn I.I.\I-1HY BblTOCHeHI-1R nOrpaHI14HOrO cnon 8 ". MO>KHO onpeAll./ll-lTb 3Ha'ieHl4e Ko3(j:J.tmLl,>1BHTa pacxona AJlR COOTBeTCTBYlOl.I.\erO Ce'leHI-1A xaaana (paCCMaTpI-1Baen:A 5e30TPbIBHbl~ Y4aCTOK xaaanal:

(1_20)

rne n2 - nepVlMeTp KaHana B ee4eHft>1_

B :nOM Bblpa>KeHv1>1 6~ paBHf1eTCA ycpe,llHeHHOMY 3H34€H>11O ronI.I.\Io1Hbl BblTOCHeHI1A Ha CTeHKax KaHana B Ce'I eH 101101 A2

AnA recperaxecrcoro pacxera noreps BO BnycKHblX xaaanax H~ 05XoniolMO 3HaTb Io1HTerpaflbHl>le TOnl.l.\IIIHbl norpaHIo14Horo cnon 8~ iii 6H*, «orcpue OnpeJleJ1RIOT nplil era parxere.

ConpOTIiIBfleHIII€, ofivcrtoeneaaoe xnenaaov. rtpencrannner c050i1 conporaeneaae $OPMbl VI ABnAeTCR Cne,llCTBl'leM rfl3BHbiM 05p33CM BI-1xpeo5pa30BaHftA B nOTOKe aa renee Koi'i KaHana_ Y41-1rbl£laA He- 50nbWYIO AfllIIHY cneaa, er o C4111TalOT HocaMocoxpaHRlOllIl-1MCA, B cneA€ CYI.I.\OCTByeT BblCOKftfl YPOBCHb 3Heprftlo1 rvptivneuruor o ,IlBIII>Ke· Hi'lA, >1HTeHCi'lBHOCTb xo ropor o naaaer BHI·13 no nOTOKy ElCnC,IlCTBMe nl-1CClilnaLl,ftlii ~Heprlo1l11 B cnene 101 pocra CTeneHI-1 Typ6ynVl3allftl-1 aCHOB' HOro nOTOKil.

Ha Tl!'I€Hi'le 1113 KnanaHHoi1 uiena CYlJJ,OCTBeHHoe [lJllo1flH>1e oxasuBalOT OTPblBHblC AsnCHIIIA OT CTeHCK -caaana III nOBepXHOCTft xnaneHB. a TBK>Ke CKOpOCTb nOTOKa. C>1nbHO 3aB>1CA LUI-1€ OT BeJlVl4101Hbi OTKPbIH'A xnensaa.

Cnenver Y4ftTb1BaTb, 'ITO aanpasneaae AB,,>KCHl1fl xnanaaa He acerna ccananaer C HsnpaBfleHMeM nOTOKa. 3ro OKaJblBaeT 811ftflHl-le Ha orpblBHble ABneH.,R III Ha BeJlvt'l>1Hy noreps.

B 3aKnlO'IeHllle 3aMeT>1M, 4TO B AeHCTBvtTeJlbHOCTI-1 B KaHane, >1 B oc05eHHOCTlil B 30He pacnOnOlK€HVlR xnanaua, ABI-1>K€Hl1e nOTOKa H~ CTaU>10HapHOe >1 rpexwepaoe, Ha xoropoe HaKIl<lAblBaIOTCR BTOP>1'1- Hbl B Te4eHftA. 3TO C8>tAeTenbCTBYBT 0 CnO>KHOCrl1 ABJletm~, npOTeKSIOWIo1X B KaHane, III 0 TPYAHOCTAX pa3pa50TKiol MeTO,Ilo pacvera noreps, oc05eHHO B otinacra pacnOnO>KeHIo1R xnanaua.

Ha BXOne B xaaan n011e cxcpocreii nanaercn HepaBHOMepHI>IM_ Bnl-1AHVle Ha4anbHoM HepasHoMepHOCTI-l nOTOKa Ha a3poAIo1HaM>14BCKMe xapajcrepucruxa KaHana 3aBIIICI-1T or reoMeTpl1'1OCKI-1X nspaMeT· pOB nocneauero. B KOH$Y30PHbIX KaHanax HepaSHOMepHblH nOToK Ha sxone B xaaan np>1BO,llIolT K yBenVl'leHf11O noreps. B AI-1!jJ!jJY30PHbIX K!lHanax BflIIIRHf1€ H8'1anbHoi1 HepaBHOMepHOCTf1 no roxa Ha Ben>141~HY noreos aHanOr>1'1HO BnlllAHlo11O vrna paCK[JblTVlfl Alii !jJlj>Y30p a. C 1013MeHeHIo1BM Ben>14>1Hbl h KR creneas AI-1lj>lj>y30PHOCTIol xaaana 113MeHAeTCR, B CBfl31-1 C 4CM 1-13MeHAIOTCA III norepa 3Heprlill-1. 3TO oc05eHHO aaMeTHO B BblnyCKHl>lX KaHanax, Ha asrxone 1013 KnanaHHoi'i llI€fII1 Bbl· nYCKHoro xaaarta nOTO K He 3anOIlHA€T acer o npoxonaoro Ce4€HLCI1. B npocrpaacrae Me>K.D.V cTPyei1 1-1 CTeHKaMI-1 xaaana B03HIo1KalOT

16

IIIHTeHCMBHble B03BpaTHbie T€'IeHIIIA, Koropble npHBo,!iAT K VBenM'IeHMIO noreps.

C YBefllll'leHMeM H8'1anbHoi1 HepaBHOMePHOCTH nOTOK9 Koa$4lvtUIIeHT nOTepb YMeHl>WaeTCA AJlA 6e30TpblBHOl"O V'IaCTK8 T€'IeHIIIA. 3a CEi'leHllleM o rpsraa IlOTepM 6ynYT YBeJ1I1'1I11BaTbCA C POCTOM Ha'1anbHOM H90AHOpo,o,HOCTM nOTOKa. Ko3<l>¢wIUMeHT ncnaerx noreps, BK1l104alOIIII11M IlOTepIII C BXO,!lHOi1 CKOPOCTbIO. C yeeJ1I11'1eHMeM H8'1SnI>Hoi1 HepaBHOMepHOCTM nOTOKa BO scex CnY'IaAX YBer:III'IIliBaeTCR BCneJICTBl1e roro, sro Ha'lanbHaA HepaBHOMepHOCTb npi'lBO,!lHT K YBeJ1Io1'1eHI-1IO HepSBHOMepHOCTII nOTOKa so acex nOnepe'lHblX C1I'IeHI1RX KaHana.

B KplolBonMHeMHblX KliHlinax, >1 B OC06eHHOCTlil ,!I11$4lYSOPHblX, norepa CYIllOCTBBHHO Bblwe, 'IeM B npRMOIlMHa.1HbIX K3HanaX. Ha 06pa- 30BBHllle aToplll~Horo Te"leHI-1A B KpIilBOnIllHa.1HbIX KSHanax SaTpS"IIIIBa· eTCR '1aCTb KHHeTi'l'lOCKO~ 3Heprllllll OOTOKB. C 1113MeHeHllleM vrna noBOPOTB KaHana M3MeHAeTCR I1HTeHCMBHOCTb BTOPM"IHbIX Te'leHI1~ III, C11€AOBaTeJlbHO, BenM'IHHa nOTepb

:~ 1.3.2. HflCTBqMOHllpllbl1il noTOK

;t KOfllll'lecTBcHHaR °UeHK3 noreps B KaHan ax npIII HecraUIIIOHepHblX re'1eHMRX npeacraanaer C060M cnOlKHYIO S8,!18'1Y.

.,,'::r KaK 101 B CTaLl,I-10HClpHOM Te'leHMM, B HocraUloloHapHoM nOTOK8 orpa-

7-- uaTeJ1bHbli1 rpa,!lllleHT AaBneHMR (KOH$'{3opHoe Te4eHllle) ConeHCTB yer yCTO~'1MBOCTI-1 nOrpaH>1~HOro CIIOA. nOnO>KIIITeflbHbli1 rpBAI-18HT ,!IaBlleHIIIR (,!Ivt$4lysopHoe Te48Hllle) CHlIIlKeeT yCTO~'iHBOCTb norpaHH4Horo enos. B CBR3H C ~TIIIM B HecraUllloHapHOM nOTOKe no cpasHeH>11O co CTaLl,MOH8PHIoI'jI Bfll1RHl-1e yCKOP8Ht1A III 33MenneHIiIR reseHItR Ha aap0,!llo1H3MIIIQOCKl-1e no repa npOHBnAeTCR no-pa3HOMY.

Xapaxrep HecTaUl-10HapHOCTI-1 nBIII>KeHIIIR no-pa3HOMY CK8SbIBaeTCH Ha conpOTl1Bf1eHIIIAX TpeHMR 11 MOCTHblX nOTepRX [89J. npl-1 YCKOPeHHOM ,!IBI1>KeHI'!I-1 coriporaeneaae TpeHi'lA 60nbwe. '1eM COOTBeTCTBYJOLl.lee aMy conporasneaae npM CTaUMOHapHOM ,!IBIol lKeH 101 >1, a nplil 33MeAJleHHOM ,!iBlIIlKeHl1V1 - MeHbwe. 3TO nO,!lTB€p>K,!IeHO III peaynsraTaMI'! onsrrca [1291.

MccTHble norepa [onblTbl npOBOnMnl-1CI> npa Te'leH>1101 Hec>KIiIMaeMOi1 >KMAKOCTIII 4epe3 ,!I>1atj)paI"MY) nplil YCKOPeHHOM nBMlKeH>1111 MeHIoWe, '1eM npl1 COOTBeTCTBYIOLl.leM CraUI10HapHOM ,!IB>1>KeHMM, a npa 3aMeAIICHHOM ,!IBIII>KeHIIIIII - 6onbwe.

AHanOI"III'IHble BblBO,!l101 noflY'leHbl B IIICCIlIlJlOBaHl-1Rx, BblflOflHeH' HblX B 1959 r. B llArlo1 [89]. KOStj).p..UlleHT npO$lIIflbHOro conpoTI1BfleHI-1R nnaeTHHbl YBeJll-14111BaeTCA npa yCKOPeHM>1 Te'leHIIIA III YMeHbWaeTCR npl-1 3(lMellJ1eHMI1_ IIlHblMIil CfioBaMIII, pesynbT3Tbi Ka'ieCTBeHHO O,!lIo1HaKOBble C TeMM, KOTopble 6blnl-1 nonY4eHbi AIIR KOSel>IPMUMeHTa TpeHMR npa T1I'IeHi'l11 B Tpy6ax • .lls1A «pvrnoro ..... nIllH,!Ipa.

.... ~c;~·I:,_<~·~ ~L 17

~.,.;; ..'. 1~-~-·""'~

.; -_ • t r~

lia060pOT, K03.p¢!1u,HeHT COnpOT!1B11e~i!1R YMeHbWaeTCA npH YCKOpe- 1i!1!1 11 YBe11WIHSaeTCA npa 3<1MeAIlBHHOM Te~eHf1H, T. e. H3MeHReTCR BHallOrH~HO K03$~UHeHTY MecTHoro conpor aeneaaa. npOqWI11bHOB GOnpOTHB11eHI1e A11A n11aCTHHbl S OCHOBHOM Onpe.o.eJ1ReTGA TpeHHBM, a Gonp0Tl1B11eH ... e U,1111HH,Ilpa - OTpbIBHk>IMH RBneHI1RMH 11 Bl1xpeo6- pa30BaHLoIeM.

B 06111lCTl1 nOCTOAHHoro 3Ha'lBHHA yCKOPeHHA nOTOKa dv/dt pe-

• 3Y11bTaTbl 3KCnepHMeHTOB [91, 129], n011Y'IeHHbH! ,[I11A TB'leHI1A B rpvtie, 0606l.1.1BHbi ¢JOPMY110~

Cft</cfc = 1 + aK~,

( 1.21)

rne npl1 yCKOPAIOLlIBMCR TB'leHI1H (I<H > 0) a = O,09B; npl1 aHMeA- 11RlOlIIeMcR TB~elil1l1 (K~ < 0) a = 0,75. 3AOCb K~ - napawerp, xepat<TBpH3ylOl.I.Il1tt HocTau,110HapHOcTb Te41lHHR [921,

K.' - 2d 0 ss.:

H - XK•C V 1 dt '

r,lledo - AI13MeTp Tpy6bl; v - MrHOBef-iHOe 3Ha'letl11B cpeAfle~ no ce- 4et11110 Tpy6bl CKOPOCTI1 <r« 11 cfc K03cPcPl1U,l1et1TOB nOBepXHOCTHoro TpeHHR A11R COOTBeTCTBBHf-IO HecTau,HOf-IBPHoro 11 CTBUHOllHpHoro re- 4eHI1i1; XK.C - KBCI3101CTau,IoIoHapHbl~ K03cP$iIIUl1eHT rJolAPaB11H~ocKOro COnpOTI1B11ef-lillA TpeHI-IR, npl1 CTau,LoIoHapHoM Te'lBHMIoI OH paaea 3f-134eHI1IO Ko3<j>~Ul1eHTa nOBepXHOCTHoro Tpetll1R.

A11R 60nee npaBI111bHO~ ou,eHKI1 xapexrepacra« uecr auaoaepaoro I1OTOKa Heo6xOA .... MO Y'lI1TbIBaTb 811I1AHIoIB HB K03cP$I1u, ... eHT noaepxHOCTtlOrO TpeHl1A BTOpoi1 npol13BO,llHoi1 d2 v /dt2 [91, 92, 1291.

Cneaver 3aMeTI1Tb, 4TO B ony611I1KOBaHHblx pa60THx OTCYTcTByeT .JJJ.LoIHoe npeacraenea .... e xapaxrepvcrax HecTau,lo1oHapHblx Typ6Y11eHTf-IblX IlOTOKOB. Pa3Hbie nOAxOAbl K 06pa60TKB onem+six Aaf-lHblX He n038011I'lIOT I1X conOCTaBI1Tb H 0606l.1.111Tb nOflY4eHHI-oIe pe3Y11bTaTbI LoI BbIBOAbl.

Pa3HI1u,a B peavnvrarax. n011Y4et1HbIX pa311 .... 4H"IM .... BBTopaM .... [30, 63, 70,91], 06bRCttReTCA TeM, 'ITO aa norepa npVlHI-IM311lolCb L1 cpaaHI1BB11HCb paaaere Beml'lI'lHbl 1891. Bo-nepeeix, B11I'IFlHI1e HOCTaUIo10- HapHOCTM Ha COnpOTI1B11eHL1e TPeHl1R 1-1 Ha MecTHk>le norepa HeoAVlHaKOBOB 11 n03ToMy lKenaTe11bHO 3TH norepa peccuarp .... eaTb orneneuo. BO-BTOPbIX, norepu B HeCT<ll.IHOHapHoM Te'leH .... 11 BKllIO'laIOT no repa f-Ia pasroa nOTOKS, T. e. I1Hepl1110f-lHblH Hanop, KOTOPbl~ He fH311ReTCR 6e3B03BpaTHO YTpa'leHHoiit 3HBprVleiit, KaK 3TO npOI1CXOAVlT C norepaM .... Ha rpesve. npou,ecc M3MeHeHMR t<I1HeTH'IOCKoi1 3Heprlo1101 npl1 Het:TalJ,VloHapliOM Te4eHI1101 ABnAeTCI'I 'IaCTVI'IHO 06paTIo1MbIM: npa YCKOpeH .... 101 'IaCTb AIMcmYlOlIIero lianopa flAer Ha YBel1l14eHl1e K~'HeTVI'H~CKOfi 3HeprlolH nOTOKa, a I1MBHf-IO f-IS paar ou nOTOKa; npVl3aMe.o.neHIo1101 4acn, 3T0l1 3HeprJolI-I np .... 6aBnl'leTCR K Ael:1cTBylOw,eMY Hanopy. Hesco-

18

TOPblMIo1 HCC11eAOBaTeIlAMH nonvuieaa MBToAw-tacKaA oWH6Ka npH 06pa60TKe onblTHblX ,IlaliHblx M n03ToMY npl'IBeAetlHble peavnsrarsr 101 BbIBOA"1 1ieJ1b3R C411TSTb AocToBepHblM ... [49].

MaTeMaTI1'1OCKOe MOAe11lolpoBaHVlB npoueccoa pasroaa M TOpMO)!(eHI'II'I rasa BO BnYCKHblX CLoICTeMax ABVlraTe11e~ BHyTpeHHero CropaHI1R 6bl110 Bbln011Het-1O B. r. AbR'IeIiKO (46,471.

PeKOMeHAill',HIo1 no Bbl60py '111CJ1eHHbIX MBTOAOB oacsera HecTaUI1- oaapaoro nOT01<a B rasoeoanvunrux 'rpaxrax np .... Be,llBlibl B [241. npe.tl11araeTCI'I paseersneaae CI1CTBMbl pac'I11eHATb f-Ia Y'laCTKI1, BK11I0- 'IalOU1I1e Y311bl pa3BeTB11eHl1i1, KllamlHbl .... T. A. nepBblH nan I1ccneAOBaHl1tit -- BM3yanl'l3al1MA noro xa, 'ITO n03BonAeT YCTaf-lOBI1Tb npasaneHOCTb 3aABHI1A HanpaB11etllo1i1 ycpe,llHeHHblX CKOPOCTIM B OCHOBHblX paC'IeTHbIX CB'leHIo1RX. reOMerpl1A crpsreuoro Te4et111R B MOIlBnRX non)!(Ha IlO11HOC,blO COOTBeTCTBOBaTb 3B110lKBHf-IOM B paC48THbl~1 MeTOA.

PaC4eTHbiB VI 3KCneplo1MeHTa11bHl>le ,IlBHHble Heo6xOAI1MO conocrae- 11RTb no Kpl1BblM ,IlaB11eHIo1A 11 no pacxonv. npOBepKa Ha OAHOI1I1- IlMHAPOBOCi MOAeml OT,Ile11bHbIX rpaHI1'1HbiX YC110BI1H ABnReTCA ccaoBaHI19M AnA nepexoaa cr paC'IeTHbiX K 3KCnepL1MetlTBllbHbIM L1CC11e,IlOBaHlo1AM AnA paaaepavrsrx KOHCTpyKU, .... 1:1 /lBVlraTe11eL:i.

oOllbwoe 3HB'IeHHe nplo106peTalOT Bf-Iam1TVI'IOCKIoIe MeTO.!!.bl rpaH ..... I" HblX yC110BI1~_ npeAIlOlKeHHbl~ aBTOpaMI1 MeTOA 06OCne'll1BaeT CKB03- f-I0i1 C'IeT, B 'IacTHOCTIo1 MeTOAOM rOAYf-lOBa, Kat< npOTA)!(etlHOrO y'lilCTKa, TilK 11 rpaHI1U.

OOl1bWI1HCTBO BnyeKHblx 1-1 eblnYCKHblX KaHa110B OTHOCATCI'I K KOPOTKI1M t<aHamIM*. tilcc11e,[lOBaHI1I'1, BblnOnHeHHble S KOpOTKI1X l.II1IlI1HApI14eCK .... X 11 npAM011 .... Hei1HbIX xaaanax. npn K011ooaHIoIRX cpeAbl B HIo1X nOKa3Hl1l1, ~TO npa Te'lBHI-IRX 6e3 ClKaTI1R M paeWl'lpeHfll'I rxrroxa COnpOTH8118Hlo1e K8H811a MOlKeT YSE'JlI14Io1TbCA, a npl'l Hanl141111 ClKanolA 1'1 PaCWlo1peHI1A nOTOKa He3f-1a~I1Te11bHO YMeHbW ... TbC:fl [93J.

Heo5xo,[lflMO V'lI1TbIBaTb, 'ITO anYCKf-Ible \01 BbtnYCKHbie KaHa11bl RB- 11RIOTCR KPflBOIlI1Hei1libIMI'I C nepBMBlIHblM npOXOAHblM CB4eHl1eM. Ha CTpYKTypy nOTOKa 60nbwoe BIlVlRHlo1e oxaaeraaer K11anaH. B KaH3113X I1MelOTCR ornpeaasre I'IBIl8HI'IA, I'IHTBHC .... SHOCTIo1 KOTOPblX Vl3Mef-lA11Io1Cb B IJpOI1BCce BnYCKa .... 111-1 es.nvcxa. n03TOMY pe3Y11bTaTbl H BblBO,[lbl, OOl1y~eHf-Ible Ha UI111I1HApl14eCKHX t<<lHS11aX, He11b3R nepeaocan, B KO- 1lI1'1OCTBeHHOM OTHOWBHI1Io1 Ha KaHa11bl ,IlBl1raTeJ1eii BHyrpeHHBro cropaf-lVlA. KPOMB roro, B npLolBBAeHHblX peavnsrarax I1CC11eAOBllHiII~ He y~I1TbIBBllOCb Bl1l1I'1Hl-le Cl'KI1MaeMOCTVI raae .... npOUecca Tell11006Mef-ia Ha norepa B uecrau ... OliapHblX n01OKax.

1i13Y48f-1 ... e IiOCraUl10Hap ... oro TB'leHI1I'1 B KpI1B011 .... HefiHOM KaHane, npBACTaS11RIOU18M C060H aHa110r BnYCKHoro xaaane, nonraepaano

.. KaHan npHHFlTO C4~TaTl:l- I(OPOTI<~HJI. ecn.lll OTHOW9Hllte p"ra1Hbl xauana v, A~8Me,py HB npeBb,waeT 3._,4.

19

5

, !JCKDpI!HIlI!
nomosa /'
~ I
i /
--I' ~ JaMeafleHile
nomosa
I PMC. 1.9. IhMIlli8H"8 AOnoIlHMT8nbHI>IX !1OT8Pb .IIIIBJl8HItA HllPn II I1pOL\9CCII HBnOIlHIlliM .. , n = =33,3c-1

o -5

BblweH3110lKeHHble Bb.BOAb' [30]. npM ::ITOM B ¢laJe PaJroaa MaKcHMyM Ha npo¢lHJ1e

CKOPOCll1 CMeU\eH B cmPOHY -to 2 4 6 8 fO 12 i-ta ~c BbmYKJlO~ CTeH KH- B ¢lase

3aMeAJleHl'1F1 nOTOKa y BblnyK- 110M CTeHK'" B03HHK3er OTPblB flOTOKa H 06pa3yeTcFI o611acTb C B03- BP8THbiM Tl!'leHHeM B03Ayxa, BClle,llCTBHH ~ero norepa 3Hepnll.' peeTYT. MaKcHMYM CKOPOCll1 nOTOKa B A8HHOM cnvxae CMeLlleH K aorHYTO~ CTeH Ke KaHana.

BIIHI'IHHe CTeneHH HecTal1HOHaPHOCll1 flOTOK3 H3 BeJI"'~HHy no reoe :mepn.H saBHCHT OT KOHCrpYKl1HH KPHBOIIHHei1Horo KaH311a H OT 6blCrpOXOAHOCTH ABMraTeml.

Ha pac, 1.9 npHBe.neHbl AaHHble. nonY~eHHble onblTIlblM nyreM Ill'" HCClle.nOBaHHI'1 HecTal11'10HapHOro Te~eHHA B Tpy60npoBoAec KpH' BOnHHeHHblM naTPyQKOM. HMMHT"'PYIOU\..,M BnYCKHoi.1 xaaan [30].

Pe3YllbTaTbi aKcnepHMeHTOB. BblnOIlHeHHblX A,IlA pa3nl'1~Hb'X BBpHaHTOB Tpy60npoBoAOB H KP!1BOIIHHet:iHt.IX n3rpy6KOB. YKa3bIBaIOT HI! 6ollbWYlO BeIIH4MHY norepe 3HeprMH AJ1R clly~aR HeCTaIJ,HOHepHO' ro Te~eHIIIR no cpaBHeHMIO co CT3UIIIOHapHbIM.

CpaBHI-nenbHbIM ..,CClleAQBaHllleM YCTaHOBMBwerOCA .., HeycT3HO' BMBWeroCR Te4eH..,i.1 BO BnYCKHOM KaHane 'rpaxropaor o AB..,raTeIIR '-110,5/12 nony4eH aHanor"'~HbIM pe3ynbT3T - 3<1KOHOMepHOCT.., "'3- MeHeHHR Ill'" Te4eH..,H B nepMOA BnYCKa Benlll4MHbi noreps 3Heprl1l1 AIIR YKaJaHHblX Te4eHMi.1 CYU\BCTBe..,HO Pa3I1I'1'IHbl B KOIlH~BCTBeHHOM 11 KB4ecTBeHHOM OTHOWeHI1RX.

A..,anon-.4HbIM BblBOA nollY'leH 101 AMI BbtnyCKHblx K3HanOB. Onsrlbl OOK33anH, 'ITO YCKOpeH..,e nOTOKa B HB'IaJle BbmYCKa OOKaJl11311' pver OTPblBHYIO 30HY, 3aMeAJleH..,e B KOHl.J,e cB060AHoro BbIHYJKAeH' Horo BblnYCKa pecuiapaer OTpblB [201. nOCKOllbKY norepa 3Heprl1M B KaHaJle 3BBI1CRT B OCHOB"'OM OT OTpblBHblX l'IB11eH"'~, HecTal1..,OHap· HOCTb flOTOKa npHBoA"'T K yt.oIeHbWeH..,1O noreps B Ha'lalle ¢la3bl BblnYCKa H K yBenW1eH"'lO IoIX B KOHl.J,e BbInYCKa.

OcHOB..,OH 3QKIleKT HBCTau,MOHepHoro flOTOKa B BbtnYCKHOM xnanal1e CBI'I3aH C HaJlM'I..,eM flOlIOlKl1TenbHOrO noxansaoro YCKOPeHl1F1 nOTOKa B Ka..,ane aa KIlanaHHOCi U\eJIb1O 8CIle,llCTBL-Ie YBeIIM'IeH..,A ncoXOAHoro Ce'leHMA np.., nOA'beMe KIlanaHa.

3aKoHoMapHOCTM 113MeHeH..,A K03Q.J¢It1I.J,MeHTa pecxoaa AS1R CTaLl"'· oH3ptloro 11 HeCTaI.J,"'oHapHoro Te'leHMH pa311"''I..,bl.

B nepMOA nepexoaaoro Tl!'leHl1R K03¢lcjJl1UllleHT pacXOA3 np.., Hecra· I.J,OOH8PHbiX ycnOB..,I'IX 3..,a~"'TeJlbHO MeHbWe, 'IeM B CTau,..,OHap..,bIX.

20

AalKe npa paBeHCTBe MHTerpaJIbHoro BPeMA - Cl!'leH"'R paBeHCTBO pacXOJlOB rasa 38 BpeMA BblnYCKa 1013 UL-illMHApa, nollY'leHHblX pacseTOM npM I1CnOllb30eaH..,.., K03$¢It1~eHTOB pacxona A,IlR CTal.l1otOHap· HOrO .., HBCTau,..,OHapHoro ycnOB"'~ Tl!'leH"'H, He Ha6nIOABeTCR. Pacxon raaa sa lIeplotOA cBo60IlHoro BblnYCKa, nOllY~eHHblH A,IlFi HBCT81.J,f10· HspHoro flOTOKa 6011bwe (.11040 %" '!eM onpe.neneHHblM AJ1R CTal.J,"'O· HapHoro Te'leH..,R. BblBO.QbI, nOllY'leH..,ble aBTopaM.., [53J,oTHOCRTCR K KOHKpeTHOMY BbtnyCK..,OMY KaHany, TeM He MeHee OH.., npIlACTaB' IIRIOT L-IHTepec A,IlFi K8'1ecTBeHH0i.1 cpaBH..,TeJlbHOi.1 Ol.J,eHK.., CTal1..,OHap· HblX 11 HecTau,..,OHapHbIX YCllOBI1H Te'leHMH B BbtnYCKHOM xaaane,

1.3.3. CpaBHMTeJlbMblM BHIIJIM3 nOTIIpb np.., cTau,MOHapHOM

M HecTau,MOHapMOM T8'leHMI'IX

np.., ..,CClle.nOEl8H..,11 BnYCKHblX .., BbmycKHblX KaHanOB WI1POKO npaMeHRIOT KBa3HCTal.J,f10HapHYIO MOAenb lleHCTB"'TeJlbHoro npouecca. nOA06Hb!i.1 ynpoU\eHHblM nOAXOA onpaanaa TeM, 'ITO npa HCnOllb30- BaH ... .., TBKOi.1 MOAen.., vnpoutaarca npOBeAeH..,e reoperaxeckoro aaanaaa, IJ,IIA CPSBHI1TeJlbHOi.1 Ol.J,eHK'" 8apOA..,HaM"''lecK..,X xapaxrepacTMK KBHaJlOB KB83..,CT811MOHapHbl i.1 MeTOA HccnI!AOBSH..,A BnOIlHe npMeMIIBM. O;:lHBKO aTOT MeTOIl He MOlKeT AaTb OTHOC..,TellbHO TO'!- 110e onpe,llelleH..,e ou,eHO'lKbIX a3pOA..,HaM"''IecK..,x xapaKTep",cTM K KaHanOB. B CBA3.., C STHM npencraenner HHTepec ..,CClle.nOBaH..,e flO cpaBH..,TellbHOH OLlBKKB K03c1KP"'11..,eHT8 ConpOT..,BJleH..,R B xauane npH yCT8HOBHBWeMCH .., HeycTaHOB..,BWeMCR noroxe, C aToi.1 uenuo 61.111'" npOB!!AeHbl a3pOA..,HaM"''1ecKHe McnblTaH..,R BnYCKHoro xaaana rpa KTopHoro AB..,r aTeIIA '-110,5/12.

\IIccne,qoB8HMe npl1 HeYCTaHOB"'BWeMCR noroxe npOBOA..,llOCb Ha ABHraTeJle npH rpex 3Ha'leH..,RX 'IaCTOTbl BpaU\eHMR KOlleH'I8TOrO Ba· na: n :0 30 c-I; n = 25 c-1; n = 20 c-1• \IIccllllAOS8H..,A YCTaHOBMBuieroca TB'leHl1F1 B KaHaJle npOBOAHll..,et. Ha yCTaHoBKe A,IlA CTal1MO' H8pHOCi npOAY8KM.

np.., I1cnblTaH..,Rx B YCIIOBI1AX CTal1110HapHoro 11 HecTal.J,HOHapHoro nOTOK08 6blll ..,cnOllb30BaH OAHH .., TOT lKe KaHaJI, a AS1A 113MepeHMA AaBlleH..,R .., CKOPOCT.., - OAl1H 11 TOT lKe AaT4..,K.

CMCTeMa yp8BHeHHi.1, OnI1CbIBalO~R HCClleAyeMbli1 npou,ecc, ..,Me- 8T B"'A:

av ov 1 ap v 2

--+v --+---+>"--=0'

at ax p ax 2d '

ap· apt !e__

----at + p ax- + v ax = 0;

(1.22,

(1.23,

p/pn = const,

(1.24) 21

rae v, P H P - COOTBeTCTBeHHO CKOPOCTb ABH)f(eHHR raaa, AaBJ1eHHe 11 nJ10THOCTb B Ce'leHI1I1, HMelOll.\eM Koop.lll1HaTV x; t, n 11 h - COOTBeTCTBeHHO BpeMA, noxaaarern, nonarpons: H K03$QJHl..Il1eHT conpoTHBneHI1A,

npHBe.lleHHble ypSBHeHI1R npeo5pa3YIOTCR K COOTHOWElHI1IO [16]

av 1 av2 ()pO,2857 hV2

L = at· + 2- -il-:.c- + 22085 --~- + 2d = O. 11.25)

3S.lIS4a 3aKJ1104aeTCR S onpeAeJ1eHHH napasaerpa A (11J1)01 Al2d, 113 ypaBHeHl1A {1.25,. CpaBHHT€IlbHaFl cue-nca 3HB4eHHR K03$QJl1l..1l'1ef-lTa COnpOTI1BJ1eHI1R .lIJ1Ft YCT<3HOBHBWerOCA H HeYCTaHOBI1BwerOCR reseHHH B03MO)f(Ha npH 06beKTI1BHoj;1 06pa50TKe 3KCnepI'IMeHTaJ1bHO~ HHQJopMaI..lHH. YKB3aHHofi 3aAa'le HaHJ1Y4WHM 05pa30M on'e4~eT MeTOA, OCHOBSHHblfi H3 3aMeH!! AH$$epeHI..II1BnbHOrO ypasHeHHR 3KBHBaJ1eHTHbIM eMy I1HTerpanbHblM ypasHeHl1eM H HHTepnpeT<3lJ,I1H ero C nOMOlUblO 3KcnepI1MeHT<3nbHO~ HHQJopMaUI1I1.

HaH60J1ee 06ll.\11M H oAHOBpeMeHHO npocrerja MeTOAoM Haxo)f(AeHI-1A K03QJcPHI..IHeHTOB vpSBHeHHI1 npouecca no 3KcnepHMeHTaJ1bHO 3aMepAeMblM 3HB4eHI1AM naperaerpoa ABJ1ReTCA MeTO.ll HHTerp3JlbHbiX aJ1ropHTMOB. MO}KHO noxaaars, 'ITO 60nbWSA '1aCTb npl-1MCHReMblx MeToliOB npencraenaer C060H 4acTHbli1 CJ1y4Bfi MeTOA<! I-1HTerpaJ1!>HblX anr oparwoa HnH BblTeKaeT H3 ero npeAnOCblJ10K.

B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM MeTOAOM nonY4eHHS anropa reaa CBOAI1TCR K npocToi1l onepalJ,HL-I, 3aKnlO4alOLI1eficA S paccMoTpeHl111 anroparwa KaK "H305pa>KeHHA" AVI$$epeHlJ,HanbHOro ypasHeHHH. AnA vpaaaeHL-I~ nOpAAKa Bb!We nepaoro pa3pa5oTaii annap ar qx,pMallbHO~ 38- MeHbl ypaBHeHHR He HHTerpanbHbl~ 8H8J10r. AnA VPilBHeHl1A nepaor o nOpFtAKa MeTDAHKa HHTerpanbHblx npeo5r830B<lHI1>1 CBO.llL-lTCA K no- 4J1eHHoMY HHTerpf1pOBaHHIO no KOoplU1HaTaM, no KOTOPblM CYLl1ecTBYIOT npOH3BO.llHble.

Ii1HTerpanbHble snropHTMbl MoryT 5blTb nocrpoeast pa3J1H~HO~ CTeneHI1 CIlO}KHOCTI1: 8nrOpl1TM Mf1HHMBJ1bHOfi CJ10lKHOCTL-I; anroPI1TM OOBblweHHoj;\ CJ10lKHOCTH, n03B0J1RIOLI1l1fi nOJ1HOCTblO nepepa- 60T8Tb ::IKcnepHMeHT3JlbHYIO I1HQJopMal..lHIO npH np0I-13B0J1bHOM 3aKOH€ ycpe.llHeHHR Onl>ITHblX AaHHbIX.

npen.enbHblM cnY'laeM I1HTerpSJ1bHbIX 8J1rOpf1TMOS npl1 caMo~ rpy50~ annpoKcHM81..111H 2IKCnepHMeHTaJlbHbiX cPYHKl..Il1W OKa3b1BaeTCA QJopMYJ1a KOHe4HbiX pa3HocTefi. OTCIO.lI8 cneaver. HO MO}KHO npOL-l3BO.llf1Tb 5blCTpYlO K84ecTseHHyHJ Ol.l.eHKY 3Kcnepl1MeHTaIlbHoi1 1-1 HcPoPM 31..111 VI , it TalOl,e xo-rrpcns aJ1rOp11TM8 no MeiO.llY KOHe~HbIX pa3HOCTeH. no I1HTerpaIlbHblM 8J1rOpHTMBM pe.;YJ1bTaT 6ytleT 60J1ee T04HbiM H nOJ1HbIM. i-1HTerpaJ1bHble anrOpf1TMbl, OCHosaHHble Ha HeKOTOPblX Flpeo5paaoB8HHRX tlH$QJepeHI..IHaJ1bHbiX ypaBHI!HI1~ 6e.; VlCflonb30BaHHFl xpaeasrx ~nosHj;\ 1-1 reoperasecxax peWeHl1i1, RBJ1AIOTCA

22

yHH$I1I..1HpoBaHHbIMI1 B paMKax O.llHoro H roro }Ke 38KOHa ABL-I}KeHilA. n03TOMY aTOT MeTO.ll MO}KeT 6blTb H83BaH T310Ke MeToaOM YHI1- ¢I-lU,HpOS8HHbIX anrOpl1TMOB,

AnropHTM onpenenesaa napaMeTpa A/2d B ypaBHeHHH (1.25, no MeTOAY MO.llynHpylOLI1HX $YHKU,HH I1MeeT CJ1e.llYIOll.\I1~ Bl1a:

~l I;IV<p (X)<p(I) It)dxdt+ ~tl J~lV 2<p(1) {x)<pltldxCJ'li +

+22085{1 r1 pO,26S.7<p(1) {xl <p(ndxdt-

° 0

__ h_ itl fXl v2.p (x).p It' dxdt = 0, 2d ° °

11.26'

rne Ha MOAynHpYIOll.\He !jJYHKU,I1H H8K118AbiSalOTCA ycnOBHA:

.plO) =.plxd =0; .p(0, =.p(td =0. (1.27'

CIIYH KIJ,HI1 <p [x}, i,p Iii MoryT 5blTb CneAYIOL1.\I1MH:

.pIx) = sin _!!.__ X' <plil = sin t1f1 t , XI '

(1.2B,

HnM

.pIx' =x(x-xtl; <pIn =tlt -tJl.

AnrOpl1TM MI1HHMBnbHOW CnO)f(HOCTI'I, 3snHcaHHbl~ no H-MeTOAY, flony4eH n04neHHbiM HHTerpHpOBaHHeM [16]:

h J;I [v IX,t1, -II (x, all dx + 0,5,1 [112 (Xl, tl-v2lO, t) J dt+

N=

+ 22085 itl [p0,2B57 lXI, n - pO,lB5 7 (0, tI J dt

J:. J:. v2 (x, t)dxdt AIlrOPI1TM onpeneneuaa )J2d AnA YCTSHOBHBwerOCFl Te4eHHR HMe-

11.29)

0,5 [v2 (Xl) - V2 {Oil + 22085 [p0,285 7 IXI) - p0)857 (0) I

fX.1I2dx (1.30)

I)

B HaCTOAll.\I1X HCCJ1eAOBBHHAX .QJ1A npaKTH4ecKoro onpe.lleJ1eHHA 3H3~eHI1H napaMeTpOB )J2d 6blnl1 HCn0J1b30B8Hbl anrOpl1TMbl (1.29) 11 (1.30L

05pa60TKa OnblTHblX A8HHbiX npl1 nOMOll.\H YHH!jJI1u,l-1poBaHHoro anropHTMa np0l13BOAHnaCb B I1HTepSane yr na .p nOBOpOTa KoneH'IaTOro sana OT 10 no 1 ao-. rae 3 Kcnepl1M eHTanbH(lA I1HcPoPMal..ll-1A 6blna HaH50nee H(lAe}KHoH.

Pe.;YJ1bTaTbI HCcne.llOBaHHR npe.llCTaBneHbl B B~Ae tlHsrpaMM 113- MeHeHl1A no yrJ1aM nOBOpOTa xoneaxaroro sana Koa$cPL1l.1.HeHT8 COnpoTI/IBneHl-1R AJ1A cIly~a'l YCTaHOBHBWerOCR AV = Ay l.p' H HeYCUHO' BHBwerOCR AHy = AHy (op' Te'lI!HHH B npouecce snvcka, 3m tll1arpaM-

23

2

~ '\.
J \
V 1\
~ :,/" .... 1-"'- 01y
-- " PHe. 1.10. ~3MeHeHMe K03lj)lj)HQ'" eHTDB conpoTMBneH"R 80 HnyeK' ~OM KaHaI1e ~liraTeJ1R 1'110,5112 nil" n =25 c

Mbl AJ1A pe>t<IoIMa pa50n.1 nplol n = 25 c-1 nplolBeAeHbl HOI p"C. 1.10. AH<lJlOrWIHbl e saB.,CIoIMOCTll nony~eHbl npiol

o 50 toa '50 'I'" n = 30 c-I H n = 20 C-J•

1013 nplolBB,lleHHblX Aloia·

rpaMM CnBAYBT, 'ITO BenWlloIHbl KO!lIp$tL1"eHTOB AHy H Av omasemrCFI Apyr OT APyra. 3Ha~eHHe K031:jxp1olL1lo1eHTa conporaaneuaa AMY aaMeTHO npeBblWaeT 3Ha'leHiole Ay. 3TO CBIoIABTeI1loCTlIyeT 0 TOM, 'ITO no CpaBHeH1ol1O CO CTaL11010HapHbIM noTOKOM HecTaL1l10HapHt.1e YCllOBIoIR TelJeHl1A xapaKTeplol3ylOTCA CYLLlOCTBeHHblM YE!eJ1I'141!H"eM noreps 3Heprlollol B npcuecce BnYCKa.

KpOMe mro, H3MeHeHiolA K031:jxp1olL1HeHTOB conpoTI1BJleHI1A AHy II Ay B npouecee BnYCKa pa3JlIol'lHble. Flpa patio re ABIoIr8TenA TelJeHlole B03Ayxa BO BnYCKIolOM KaHaJle HMeeT APKO Bblpa>KeHHblft HecTaL1110' HaPtiblH xapaxrep,

B AeHCTBIolTenbHOM npouecce BnYCKa norepl-l 6YAYT 50Jlbwe rex, KOTopble nony~alOTCA npa KBOOHCTaLlMoHapHOM MeTo,lle I-ICCJleAOBa. HI-IA Te~eH"A BO BnYCKHblx K8HaJlax. AOm)JlHIoITem,Hble no repa 5yAYT Bbl3Baflbi TeM, ~TO none CKOPOCTeW Ha BXOllB <lOTOKa "3 KOJlJlBKTOpa B KaHan Ht'l)OIBHOMePHoe.

TaKIotM 05pa30M. IoICCneAOBaHlole BnYCKHblX H Sl.InYCKHblX KaHa· noa CTaLlIolOHapHblMIol "nlol KBa311CTaLlIIOHapHblMH MCTOA3MH norrvcTI-IMO nlolWb AJ1A IoIX CpaBHI-1TeJlbHoro 8HamU<l. npi-tMeHl!Hl-le 3TH X MeTOllOB nna OLlellKIol a:'lpoAI1HaMI1'1ecKI1X )(ap~KTepi-tCTi-tK KaH<lJlOB 101 cnpeaeneaaa Benlol'lHHbl noreps MO>KeT npaaecra K HeAonycTIoIMblM no III eWHOCTI1 M. B oco5eHHOCTiol npi-t I-ICCneAOB8HIoIIoI coBpeMBHHblX 6brCTpexoAHbiX llSlolraTBJleM.

1.4.06UU"E sonsocu nPOr&1~I1HPOBAHKR

AHenlol3 CTPYKTypbl nOTOK8 B xauanax nokaasrsaer, ~TO BCIO 06Jlacn. Te~eHHA B KaHanax MOIKHO Pa3ABJlMn. Ha npHneralOU\HM K noaepxuoCTH CTeHOK norpaHI1~Hbli1 CJlOO 101 BHeWHHM nOTOK, KOTOPbli1 C 601'110' WHM npl15nl1>KeHloleM MO>KeT paccMaTpl1BaTbCA noTeHLlloIanbHblM.

nOrpaHII'IHbli1 cnoi1 HrpaeT OOiOBHylO pons B npoueccax AHH9MI1' '1ecKoro i-t TepMOAl1HaMM'IecKoro B3alolMoAeWcTBiolA noroxa BAl xoro rasa C nOBepXHOCTbIO OMblBaeMOrO 101M rena norepH 3Heprl111 B K8· aanax ABlolrarBJlA onpe.o.eI1AIOTCA rnaBHblM 06paJOM OTPlo18HbiMiol AB' JleHHFlMIi H Bbl3BSHHbiM IoIMM Bi-txpoo6pOOOSaHlieM. n03TOMY YMeHlo' 24

Il!!!:t.He noreps 3Heprl1l1 B noouecce BnYCKa B03MO>KHO aa C4eT OTbIC· ~~':"A TaKO~ tiJOPMbl KaHana, npa KOTopoi10TPbIBHble ASneHIotR ~T' ayTCTBYIOT BOBce Hnlot CBO,llRTCA K MI1HHMyMY.

npolfmJlb KaHaJla, noctpoaaaor o no AaHHblM i-tCCJleAOBaHIoIR Te'le· HIoIR H,llesnbHoi1 >Kl1llKOCTH, MO)f(HO Ha 5e30TpblBHOM Y'laCTKe reseHKA C AOCTaTo'lHoi1 creneasic TO'lHOCTI1 paccMaTplolBaTb KaK HeKOTO' PIoIH ycnoBHblH npo$ioInb llJ1R noTOKa BA3K0i1 >KloIllKOCT",llecPoPMHpo, "HHbl~ Ha TOnl!.lHHY BblTeCHeHHR norpaH"~110ro CJlOA, a TeOpeT"'1e· CKoe pecnpeneneaae CKOpOCTH (AaBIIeHI1A) Ha 3TOM npotiJloIne - KaK plCnpeAeneHlole Ha BHeWHeM nOTOKe. nplol Manoi1 BeI1lo1~i-tHe Tonl!.ll-lHbl 3* BblTBCHBHI1A norpaHH~Horo CJlOR raxoe nplol6nl1>KI!HHe BBCbMa TO'lHO onpellenReT peaJlbHble xapaKTeplolCTIolKIol C"CTeMbl Ha 5e30TiJb1BHOM y'lacTKe Te'leHHA. nO:'lTOMY 113y~eHlole nOTeHL1HaAbHoro nOTOKa- 0.111111 113 Ba>KHbIX 3neMeHTOB B 05U\eH MeTOAIoIKe npotiJMnHpOBaHI1A npoTO~HOW ~acrH KaHanOB nOpWHeBblX AB"rareneH.

Pa3lleIlbHoe H3y~eHHe YKa3aHHbix 05nacrei1 Te'leHHA 101 nocnellYIO' LL1ee CWHBaH"B nony~eHHblx peaynbTaTOB n031l0nReT nony'lI1Tb Hoo5· XOlllolMYIO "H$opMaLlHIO 0 nOTOKe B LlenOM. YKa3aHHbie noJlO>KeHIolA llI»KaT B OCIolOBB MeTOlla nPOcP"nHpOBaHHR npoTO~Hoi1 '1aCTH KaHaI'IOB, paccworpeaaoro HH>Ke.

,I.lJlA Ilbl60pa IoICXOAHOH, npellBaplolTenbHOw cPOPMbl KaHaJla BblnOn· IIRIOT I1CCneAOBaHHB T9'1eHIolA HlleaflbHOH >Ki-tllKOCTIoI, nOnb3YAcb MeTO' AaMI1 TeOp1111 nOTBHL1HanbHoro Tl!'leHiolR. B COOTBeTCTBioIH C 1oI3nO)f(I!H' HOM Bblwe MeTOAH KOM npa 1oI3y~eHI1H noreauaansuoro nOTOKa onpeA6JlAIOT paenpenenenae CKOPOCTI1 Ha CTeHKax xaaana, nonY'leHHble AaHHblB 0 pacnpellenBHi-t11 CKOpOCTH I1CnOJlb3ylOT AIlA pacuera norpaIlIoI~Horo CJlOA. 1013 pe3YllbTaTOB pac'len HaxOllRT pacnOnO)f(eHlole TO'l' 1(101 orpsraa Ha CTeH kax KaHana 101 xnanaaa, a TaK>Ke IoIHTerpanbHble TOJlL1ll-1Hbl norpaHH~Horo CIlOR. I!1cxOllA 1013 arero OL1eHHllalOT COBep· WeHCTBO npotiJl-IJlR xauana 11 OnpeAenAIOT KOHTYpbl, KOTOPblB 1l0Jl>K' Hbl 51>ITb I1CnpallneHbl C TeM. ~T05bl Te'leHl1e 6bln0 5UOTpblBHbiM I1nlol no Kpai1Hew Mepe TO'lKa crpsma nOTOKa nplol Te'leHIoIi-t BR3KOH IKHllKOCTIol pacnonar anecs B03MO>KHO HI-1>Ke no Te4eHI1IO. Aanee MeTOACM nocneacaareneacro np1-l5JlIol>KeHI1A cnpeaenaior cPoPMY nporcsHOM ~acTI1 KaHaJla, vacaneracpsuouiero YKa3aHHoMY Tpe50llaHI1IO. TBKHM 05pa30M, aaaava IJICCne,llOBaHHA nOTeHLll1aJlbHOrO Te'leHHA - nony~eHlole reoperasecxoro (nOTeHL1l-1anbHoro) pacnpelleJleHI1A naeneHHR (CKOPOCTI1), «oropoe MO>KHO HalBSTb rHApollHHaMH'IecKI-I ueneC006pa3HbiM p8cnpelleneH"eM,.~5ecne~HBalOl!.IHM 6B30TpblSHoe raset1~e BR3KOM :-t<11AKOCTI1 loin.." ecna 3TO HeB03MO>KHO. pacnonO>KeHHe TO'IKI1 orperaa Ha Bcex 06pa3ylOl!.IHX xasana 101 xnanaaa HIoI>Ke no rese- 1-110110. AnA onpeAeJleHi-tA rlol.upOll..,H8MH'IecKIol L1eI1ec006Pa3HbIX npecPloI' filM Hoo5xOAI1MO nOJlY'lIolTb rakce pacnpeAeneHl1e llasneHHR (CKOPO' CTIII Y a5TeKaeMbiX Ten, nplot KOTOPOM Te~eHloIe BA3KOH >KH4KOCTI1 B

.,

25

loIalol60nbweit CTeneHI-I nploI6nlol>K8eTCA K YCIlOBIolAM nOTeHlILHlJlbHOrO TeoleHiolA.

Ha OCIolOBe Cp8BHIoITenbHoro aHall1138 reoperaveckoro 11 .!leitcTBIoIrensaoro pacnpe.a.MeHlolA C KOpoCTI-I Ha 06pa3ytoU1ll1X xauana onpeaenaior nyTlol YIlY4WeHiolA !jJoPMbl npoT04Hoit 4acrtol L-I npeABapL-lTenbHO oT6101patoT rIolApoAIoIH3MwlecKL-I uenecooepaaaue nP<$tnlol. 3KcneplolMeHTanbHblM n'{TeM MO)KHO nonY4101Tb H3rnAAHYto 101 B tlOCr8T04HOH creneua 'IeTKYto KapTI-1Hy CTpyKTYPbl noroxa B I-1CCnBtlyBMoM KaHane, B 4acTHOCTH, MO>KHO onpE!AefllolTb 101 COnOCT8BIoITb C AilHHblMIol pacsera pacnonO)KeHlole T04KIoI OTpblBll norpaHIoI .. ~ .. oro cnoa, a T8K>Ke oueHIoITb IoIHTeHCI-IBIoIOCTb OTPblBHblX ABl1eHIIII1.

OKOH4aTMbHYto AOBOtlKy Bbl6p8HHoro npotPlolnA npoT04HO~ 48CTIll npoIol3BO.!lRT reoMerpH4ecKiolM MeTOAOM noCTpoeHI-IA nOBepKHOCTeit no HanepeA JaAeHloIblM nl10UliI,D,RM nonepe4Hbix Ce4eHI1i1 BnYCKHO~ CIolCTeMbl. 1i13110IKeHHaR MeTO,llHKa npO¢!loInlolpOBaHlolA KaHal1OE! ncasonaer BblflOnHIoITb nocrpoeuae IoIX npoT04HOM 48CTI1, 06ecne'llol' BatolUee B Malol6onbWeit CTBneHI-I nonv .. eHlole noTpe6tioro pscnpeaeneIoIIo1A A8BneHiolA (CKOpOCTIoI' ua CTeHKax KaHana 101, cneAOBaTMbHO, onTIiIMiIIlbHblX riolAPOAIoIHilMH4ecKiolX ero xapaicrepacrax.

TSKIolM 06Pa30M, MeT 0 tl K 0 H C T P y 101 po BaH 101 A K8HanOE!

B K11I04 aer:

nplolOO)KeHlole Teaplollol noreauaansaoro nOTOK8 K H3y'leHlolto rese-

HillA B KaHane;

aH3JlIolJ Te4eHiolA BR3KOM )KHAKOCm;

cpaBHIoITenbHblit aHanL13 noTeHlIHal1bHOrO III BR3Koro Te'leHloIiI; YCTaHOBlleHlole CTeneHi'! OTKI10HeHHA BA3Koro nOTQKa OT noreuuaansaoro, npeABSplolTeflbHoe onpeAMeHHe nynli1 M8KCHM8nbHO B03- MO>l<HOrO npH611101)KeHHA BA3Koro nOTOKa K nOT~UloIanbHOMY;

paClleT norpaHWIHoro CnOA 1-1 Ha){O>KJl,eHlole MeTOtlOM nocne.a.OBaTeflbHbl){ nplol611L11KeHillit riolAPOtllllH8MH4OCKH lIenOC006pa31010rO npo¢lMnA xaaan B;

tlOBQAKY KOHCTPYKIIHIol npOT0410100 4acTlii KaHana.

YKa3BHHbie 3Tam.1 MeroAa KOHCTpylolpOEl!IHHR paccMOTPeHbl B nocneAytoU1ll1X rneaax.

rnaas2 __

nOTEHUMAnbHblA nOTOK B r A30B03,D,YWHbIX TPAKTAX ABHrATEnR

MeroA nocrPOeHHA B rHAP0,llHHaMw,ecKoM OTHOWeHloIH uenecoofoas- 1oI0ro npocj:JloInA BKnto4SeT nnpeaeneaae ){apaKTepHCTI1K nore-uasnsHoro noroxa B KaHane. CpaBHIoITenbHbl~ aHal11013 noTeHlIHiIIlbHoro 101 BA3Koro Te4eHHi1 n03B0l1AeT YK83aTb nYTH yny'lWeliMR !jJoPMbl npo- 1O .. 1010~ 4acTiol KaHana. KpOMe roro, no pe3ynbraTaM IoICCneAQBaHI-IR

26

noTeHIIH3JlbHOrO Te<teHIoIR cnpeaenasor pacnpeAeneHHe CKOPOCTH y CT8HOK KaHana 1-1 xnanaaa, Heo6xo.llHMOe AJ1A Bb1nonHeHl-IA pscsera nOrpaHtoI4HOrO CJ10A.

nOTeHlIloIanbHoe YCTaHOBIoIBweecR AByMepiioe Te4eHiole HAeaJlbHO~ HIC)KHMaeMOH )K"AKOCTIol onlolCbIBatoT YP8BHeHHeM nannaca

a1;p a20p

3Xl+ oy2 = 0,

(2.11

rAe o,p - nOTeHlIlolan CKOpOCTlil.

PaccMOTPIolM peWeHl-IA ypaBHeHIolA (2.1) nplolMeHHTenhHO K nOTOKY B xauan ax.

1.1. METOA KOHTYPHblX HHTErPAflbHblX COOTHOWEHI1A

3cj1¢!eKTIoIBHbIM RBnReTCfl MeTOtl, OCHOBaHHbli1 lola BOJMO)l(HOCTI-I npetlCTaBneHUA rapMoHIoIIfBCKIII){ ¢!YHKlIlo\~ BO BC~ 06nacTI-I I-IX onpeABneHHA KOHTVpHblMIol IoIHTerp3JlaMlol. TaKo~ nOA){OA nplolMeHHTenbHO K 3atlaHioloMY KOHTypy npHBOtllllT K HHTerpilIlbHblM ypaBHetllllAM OTHOCIiITeflbHO IoICKOMblX tPYHKIIIoI~, CBfl38HHbl){ C Te'leHloleM. CyTb MeTOAa ClOCTOIolT B cneAytolL\eM [42].

JJ.nA ¢!yHKIIHIo1 v = 'P + i'l1 (eenlol ¢!YH KlI..,A V He IoIMeeT oc06eHHoCTew BHyTpH 061laCTiol Te~eHI-IA' CnpaBeAI1HBa HIolTerpanbHaR ¢!OPMYna KOWH

11 (op + iw, ~dz = 0,

(2.2'

rne z = x + iy; ~ - npOH3BonbHBA tPYH KUHA, He IoIMetolL\aA ocotieaHOCTeH BHyrplol 06naCTH T94BHLo1R; x H y - KOOPAIliHaTbI KOHtyP8 xaHana B ¢!1oI3101''BCKOit o6naCTl-I.

C!jlopMynHPyeM ,paHH4Hbl e ycnOBHR. H B CTeH xax C..,CTeMbl "iNlan = := 0, rne n - HBnpaBneHHe HopManlol K KOHTypy. 3TO 3KBHBaneHTHO BblnOIlHeHHto ycnOBHR 'l! = const BAOllb CTeHOK CI-ICTeMbl. Ha axone B xaaan if! = canst, 'ITO paBHOC..,llbHO ycnOBlolto a'l!lon = O. PeWeHl-le t'iY.lleM IoICKaTb B 6e3pa3MepHO~ !jJopMe. n03TOMY npHMeM, 4TO HB axone BO anvc KHOM xauan .p = 0, Ha B blXOtle II' = 1.

BeooBYIO tPYH KlIlolto ~ ytl06HO npencraears B ¢!opMe:

Benl-l"IoIHbl XK 101 YK Bbl6HpalOT TaKHMH, 'IT06hl npl-l vcraaoenesHOH CIolCTeMe KOOPAI-IHBT T04 ica C Koop.lllolHaTaMI1 (xK, YK' OKa3anBCb 18 npeAenBMIiI 06nacn1 Te4eHI-1A. Hal-lMeHbwl-le norpeWHOCTH pauraMHA 6YP,YT B TOM cnvxae, KorAS 3TI-I (MOMeHTHble' 1O'IKI-I pacrtonar aIOTCR B6n1ol3" KOHTypa 061lBCTI-1 c paBHblM W8rOM BAOnh rpaaaus). npl-I 3TOM npennonaraerca, 4TO paCCTORHl1e Me>KJlY COCeAHI1MIoI

,; ....

27

I

,

,I

I,:,

PMC. 2.1, Pac~enlaR C)(eMa t<al-lllna

( I

I

MOMeHTHblMM TO~KaMk'I 3Ha~k'Irensao 60llowe (B 10 pas] pacCTOAHHA HX OT KOHTypa.

Ha rex y~acTKax KOHTYpa Te~eHk'lA. r ne HeI,13BeCTHO 3H13- ~eHk'le noreauaana CKOpOC1l11{J, ypaBHeHHe (2.3) nponcraanalOT B cPoPMe nOllk'lHOMa. AHaOOrLot4HO. H'l Y'IaCTK<lX KOHTypa. rna 3Ha~eHHe I{J H3BeCTHO, B cPoPMe nOIlMHOMa npHHIoIMaJlOCb 3Ha~eHHe .:pYH KLlH!;i TOKa 'l'.

EiYAeM HME!Tb (pHC. 2.1):

'-Pc 1l 0

L L- ....J/(

r apMOHM~ OCKylO .:pYH KIII1JO <Pi sanlolweM B Bioi ae l{Ji = aOi+al;!i + ... +aK;l1.

(2.5)

II

""k'1

aij == J~ + VtA - aB,ii-Ji dx; Ai = ""'AB· Onpenenaa aij, Ha,x.O.l1l1M <P. a 3aTeM CKOPOCTb BAOIlb 05pa3V1011~ei1 KaHalla no ¢oDMYIle v = dl{Jldl, rne l ~ paccroauae, B3AToe BAOIlb 05pa3YIO~eii. YpaB1feHI>tA peurasor Ha 3BM.

2.2. METOA 3IlEKTPOnIAPOAIiIHAMIiI"ECi{O~ AHAflOrlil1il

npOCTOO M yA05Hbl!;i cnocon peweHHA 3ana'llol noreauaansuoro TEl'IeHHR Mero.a. - atlallorOB a MOAeJll1pOBaHI1R 11, B'IaCTHOCTH, 3neK"JpOMDAelll1pOB 1IH lolA. CTeneHb TO'lHOCTM, nOllY'laeMaA MeTOAOM 3JleK"JpOrHAPOAMHaMM'I9CKoj;j aHaJlOrHH (3r M), ABIlAeTCA AOCTaT04HOfl AJ1A peweHHR npaK1l1'19CKHx.'3a.na~.

28

MeTOA 3I1eKTporMApOAI1HaMM~ecKoi1 aHanorl111 OCHOBaH Ha .:popMal1bHoi1 aHaIlOr1ol11 MelKJly nOTeHLI"anbHbIM Te4eHHeM lKI1AKOCT" 101 Te'leHMeM 3JleKTpM49CKoro TOKa: ypaBHeHMe nnocxonapannansaoro 6e3BI'lx.peBoro ABMlKeHHR lKMAKOCTI'I 11 ypaBHeHl1e CTaLlMOHapHOrO ABM>KeHMA 3JleKTpM'IOCKoro TOKa B npOBOARutel1 CPeAe TOlKAecTBeHHbt [112]. nplol :nOM rI1APOAMHaMI'I~9CKHI1 no rsauaan CKOPOCTei1 L{i aHaIlor"4eH 3JleKTpM'IecKOMY noresuaanv U.

rpaHH4Hbte ycnOBI1A B M3Y48eMOM nOTeHLI"allbHOM noroxe lKMAKOCTM k'I Ha 3I1ElKTPH4OCKO!;i MOAeJll1 aOJl)KHbl 5bllb OAHHlIKOBble. TaK. nl1HMAM paeaoro nOTeHLI"8118 Ha KOHType Tll'IeHMR lKloIAKOCTH COOTBeTCTBYIOT Ha KOHType 3I1eKTpM'IeGKo!;i MOAenM IIMHMM paBHOfO 3l1eKTpM'IecKoro nOTeHLll1ana U. T04HO TaK lKe, eCIIM Ha Y'IaCTKax rpaHHLI 05mIC1l1 Tll'IeHI'IA lKHAKOCTiot Aom~Ho SbmOIlHATbCR YCiloBHe (Jl{J/an = o. TO Ha eOOTSeTCTBYlOllzyIX. Y4aCTKax. 3I1eKTpH~Ilf'l"'tla1 MOAe- 11M Aomt<Ha 6blTb aU/an = O.

AnA nnocKOH MOAeJlloI Cyut9CTBeHHbl M ABnAeTCA aonpoc 05 onpeAeIleHI1H 3IleKTpl1'19CKOfO 3KBI'IBalleHT8 K1I3n3H3. Ha MOAefl" craplKeHb KIIC1l1aH3 HEl05X.OAHMO 3aMeHI1lb npOBOAA~HM CIIOIlM. 3KBHBS· neHTHblM no 3neKTpH'IecKOMY conporaaneamc OTHOCMTeJlbHOfi aena'IHHe conpOT"BIleHMA. OKa3blaaeMoro noTOKY CTeplKHIlM. npaKTIoI"eCKH BbtnOIlHMTb TaKylO Moaellb CIlOlKHO.

AIlR cpaBHMTenbHo!;i OLleHKM pa3nH'IHblX KOHCTPYKIII1i1 BnYCKHblx.

K8Hall0ll MO)l(HO npeHe5pe4b BIIMAHHeM CTeplKHR KllanaHa Ha Te4eHMe noTOK3. n03TOMY ,lIIeKTpl'l'l9Cl<aA MOAeflb MOlKeT 5bITb H3rOTOBlleHa 593 Y4ent '!aCTlI CTeplKHA knanana, nepece'leHMe CpeAHeI1 r sowerpa'1OCKOH IIHHMI'I TOKa co CTeplKHeM KIIan8Ha YKalKeT Ha aro HC'KOMYIO BbIOOTY· CPeAHlO1O Jl"HHIO TO xa MOlKHO OnpeAefll1Tb TaKlKe MeTOAOM JlaMHHlIpHo!;i aHallOfk'lk'l. AIlA sroro Hcnollb3ylOT np03pa4HytO MOaeJIb KaHalla, HyneBYIO IIHHHIO TOKa ana pa3JlI'I'lHbIX nOJlOlKeHM!;i KJl3naHlI Hax.oaRT c nOMO~blO r-06pa3Ho!;i Tpy5KM, pacnOllolKeHHoj;j B ue-rrpe nonepe~Horo Cll'IeHMR kaaana, npH nocTynneHl111 KpaCI1TellR B nOTOxe o5pa3yeTCA CTpy!;iK3. YKll3bl1331OLlIaA Ha nOIlOlKeHHe CpeAHe!;i 11101- HMH TOKa.

npl1 McnOJ'!b30BaHHM nllOCKOI1 3IIeKTpH'IOCKo!;i MOAellH HylKHO y<lecTb, ~TO Ce'leHMe. OTKpbtSaeMoe KllanaHQM, He ABnAeTCA ~KB"Bal1eHTHblM AeI1CTBlneIlbHoMy Ce4eHIoIIO npOCTpaHcTBIlHHOro 051>eKTa. n03TOMY r"ApOAHHaMIoI4eCKaA cerxa, nOJlY'leHHaA C nOMO~blO nnocKQ!;i MOAenM, He orpascaer ycnoaHR Te4eH.,R a 06beMHofi MOAenH. e caRaM C 3TIoIM 3Ha4eHIoIe CKOPOCTI1 nOTOKa a xaaana peKOMeHAyeT· CA onpenennn, clleAYIOIl.\I'IM o5paaoM [34],

EiYAeM I'ICX.OAMlb M3 npennOIlOlKeH"R, ~TO npa nOCTpoeHMM ranpoAI1HaMH4ecKOH caTKH C05111OAIlHO vcnoaae 1::.1{) == t:.I{Jo, rne 1::.1{) -- war, C KOTOPblM npOBeaeHbl 3KBIoInoTeHlIH811bl B OKP9CTHOCTM peccwarpalaeMOH TO~KM (x, V); I::.~ - warMA H1I411JlbHOrO Y'l3cTKa. B TaKOM

_ f)

29

Plotc. 2.2. exe".s nnocxoa ~neKTPO· MOAenlot KaHana

iJ

cny~ae CKOPOCTb ABIo1}f(eHIo1A )l(Io1AKOCTH B xaaane no A8HHbiM nnocKO~ MOAeJlH HaxoAIo1TCR 1013

BblpalKeH lolA

6,.Ep

V "= V 0 -m'=~=.LlE-' (2.7)

rne ~Eo ~ OTPe:JOK IlHHIo1Io1 TOKa MelKJl.Y 3KBHnOTeHlIlo1i1l1bHbIMIo1

I/- '"!i IlHHHRMH C W8roM ~'/!o; ~E ~

OTPeJOK IlHHHIo1 TO xa, 3aKll104eHHbl~ MB}KAY 3KBI1nOTBHUHaIlbHOil 111'1- HHIM I{J lx, v), npoxoAR~IM sepea 3a,D,aHHY!2...lo4KY x, y. 11 3KBHno-

v _I ~ ~Si

TeHLI,HaIlbHO" III1HHBI1 I{J x, y) + ~ m = 2iiJi -S 0 AIlA Y4aCTKa,

A A S· v

rne oacnoncscea xnanau, m = ~ 50 AIlA OCTanbHOH 'IaCTH Ka-

I I ,.

uana: S 0 ~ nnourans axoaaoro ce~eHHA xauana; Si·- nllOl.J..laAb pacCMaTpJ.1BaeMoro CB'leHHR; AoAo ~ OTPeJOK, COOTBeTCTBYIOUlHIl Ha nIlOCKO~ MOlieIlH 3Ha'leHHIO So [pac, 2.2); AjA; - OTPC30K, COOTBeTCTBylOUJ,H~ Ha nnOCKO~ !:!.QlI.eIlH 3Ha~eHHIO S,- (AO Y'IaCTKa, rne HMeeTCA jcnanas}. OTpe3KH Ap!lj 6epYTCA B HanpaBIleHI'IH HopMaIlH K Cpe.Q.HIM reoMeTpw4ecKOH I1HHHH TOKa; iiiJ- OTpe30K. cooTBeTcTBY- 1O~>lH npoxOAHoMY CB4BHHIO KaHaIla B 30He pacnoncsceuaa xnanaaa,

Ha plo1C. 2.3 .uaHO >l3MeHeH>Ie K03cP!PI'IU>leHTiI m co CTOf)OHbl BblnYKnOH \Ii) 101 BorHyTof! (6) 05pa3YIOU4HX BnycKHoro KaHalla na HraTenA 4H 30/38. 3aKoHOMepHocTH H3MeHeHHR K03tPcPtlUIo1eHTa mAnA BblllyCKHOro KaHalla ::ITOI"O lKe llBHraTeIlA npH h Kn = 6 M M npHBeAeHbl Ha pHC. 2.4.

npH nIlOCKOM MOAeIlHpOB3HHIo1 MO.uenb He scer aa BocnpOH3BOAMT B AOCTaTO~HOIl CTeneHlo1 T04HO reoMeTpl11O HCCIIeayeMoro 05l>eKT8. HBAOCT3TKIo1, npHCYI.J..IHe nJlOCKHM 3/1eKTpH~ecKHM MOAeIlAM. OTCYTCTBYIOT B 3JleKTpOIllo1TIo14ecKHX 05l>eMHbIX MOAeIlAX.

05bl4HO B K3'19CTBe npOBOllA~1M cpeAbl I-"IcnOllb3YlOT BOAY. He- 50nbwoe xonaxecrao paCT80peHHbiX 1'1 110HH3HpOBaHHhlX COIl 1M, coAeplKSU4IleCR B BOAonpoBoAHO~ BOAB, 06ecne'II1BaeT ef! AOCTaTO'lHYIO npOBOllI1MOCTb. Ecm; HCKIlIO~IoITb 311eMeHTbi eMKOCTHOIl pe8KTIo1BHOCTH, TO no CBOHM CBO':;CTBaM lKlo111KOCTb MO)f(eT C~IoITaTbCA YHCTblM npoBOAHHKOM H npl-1MeHATbCR AJ1A MOAeI1HpOBaHIoIA nonei1, onacsrBaeMblx ypaBHeH .... eM Ilannaea.

Bo H35e}KSHHe nonapaaauaa JneKTpOAOB npH 3JleKTpOnM3e BOAbl peKoMeHAyeTCH nOABo.uHTb K HHM HH3K04aCTOTHbl~ nepeMeHHbl~ TOK. AnA JTO~ UeIlH 06bl~HO HcnOllb3YlOT CeTeBOe HanpAlKeHl-1e nepeMBHHOro TOKa.

30

!'Me. 2.3. IoI3MeHeHI1e K03!1N11111.11oteHT8 m m BAIln .. II>1HMM TOKa I ~ I ~a) 101 11-

/I ~61 AIlR II nYCK"O'-O KaHBnS !lBM- I,!i I1IT .... R Y H 30/38 nPM palJ1MYHb'X MI1H'IHHHK OTKPblTMR K,nanSHa:

, - h KJl = 20 101M; 2 - h Kn = 16 1,0 MM; 3 - h Kn = 12 MM; 4 - h Kn = -8 MM; 5 ~ 6e3 Knanatta

,---
41
IfJ_
t-- / ~
~ f 4S o

25 so a 75 /t1J f2!i L,Nf

)j
I? /. ...
it!
/ )~. Yj
._..~~ ~""" r..:"J
~. m

1,6 /,2 0.8 Il,~

o '20 40 50 BO flJ{} 120 110 160 180 250 2'20 4f11f11

o

m

\
~
\ 2f
"- i '" V
..... 1,If

!'Me. 2.4. IbMBHeHlote K03CjItj)I1L1I18HTa

m .6nI13" .b,nYKnoM ~ 11 11 eorHy- 1,2 TOil (2) CT8HOK a .. InYCKHoro KaHana

... "r8l'1IJ1 II YH 30/38 npM h KJl = as

-6 ... M '

alf

11 M 80 120 I{j{J 200 '-,If It

p o

10

- ~~
I
:~ 21
I
I I
I I
f- I
I \';i
I AI
lUI .-
1111
1111 22

he. 2.6. 38KOHOM8pHoc-r.. 1ot3"'9-

"'HHII K03cM11otLll1eHTa A8B1U1HM" J~

IAQnt.. B limy 1(J10~ CT9H K~I" nonVllfeH· "DllIUlR anYCKHOro KaHana ABHraTe· " .. '-IH 30/38 "0 ""'" .... ,,,. o61,eMHoro 46 111 11 nnoexoro (2) 3nIlKTPOMOA9- IIMpOaSHMA c yyeTO" KOacMIM\lHeH· 58

tim 0 211 40 50 eo 1(JQ t,f'lH

..

3JleKTPIJl~ecKoe none B npOBOtll9 ~e~ cpene 1J13MCPAIOT nlllJl nOMO~IJI 30HAOB, BHOCIJIMblX B BOAY nepneHAI-IKyIlFlpHO K UEI nOBepXHOC111. ~3MepeHlJle 3JleKTpWIOCKIJIX noreauaanoa npOIJIJIlOAFIT KOMneHCaJ..IlJIOHHblM MeTOAOM.

06"bBMHble MOAeJlH peKoMeHAyeTCA I1cnonb30e81b nplJl onpeaeneHHH pacnpenenesua nOTeHlIl1aJlOB B npIJICTeHO~HO~ 0011,1(; IIJI KaHa11a BtlOnb xnanasa. B CBR31-1 C lTI-IM BCB 1-13Mepl-1TenLHLle 3DII.!!LI ueofixoAI-IMO pacnonarars B OAHO~ nnOCKOCTH, a ~1MeHH\J H MI!tll-lanbHOH nnOCKOCTIJI.

no pe3ynbTaraM HCCiletlOBBHI-I~ He nnocxca IJI ODbL:MIHHt JIIOKTpH~ecKHX MOAeJlAX ua PI-IC. 2.5 npl1BeAeHO 1J13MeHetll1e Klu!lulllJllll1eHTB AaBIlBHI-IA BAOJlb ElblnYKJlOH CTBHKI1 xauana ABl1ral~JlII 'til :10(38. vb aHB111Jl3B Al-larpaMM C11BAYBT, ~TO AaHHbIB, n0J1Y4BHHbl(! Itil JH'YMCDHO~ 3JleKTpI-I~ecKofi MOAeJll-1 C y~eToM 3Ha~eHIJIR K03q..tP"1I1J1!'"'' m_ YAOBJleTBOpI-ITenbHO COB n aaa lOT C pe3ynbTaTaML-1 L-1CCn[~JJ."I1'rlllJl" r"",ana Ha 06b€!MHO~ M oaen 1-1. Ha nJlocKofi MOAeIlI1 YA(H~r<:H fI'"rY41J1lh fionee 06W"PHYIO I-1H(j)oPMalll-11O 0 xapaKTBpHCTI1KaX no HlI<;l. 'InM H~ OfjbeMHO~. Ha o6beMHo~ MOtlenH Aa1'lI-1KI-I tlnFllJl3MepeHL-1n )IIl'K TI .... ,'lecKI-IX nOTeHl1.I1anoB AOJl)I(Hbl YCT(lHaBllI-IBBTbCl'l C warOM lie Mel1CU 5 MM. a Ha nnocKoH MOAenl-l 1-13MepeHHfl nOTeHlII1BJ10[3 MOl+<el !, .. "" IlpOI1JBeAeHO npaKTI-1~ecKI1 C 1l106blM urarovt. Ha y~acTKa)( r~"H"na. r ae MO)l(eT npol-l30fiTI1 orpsie nOTOKa OT CTeHOK (pC31'L'iC """{)POTlol o6paaYlOll.Il-lx xauana, pafioH KnanaHHO,," lueIlI-I). Heofix"Il"MIl "MIlT" Gonee noIlHYJO I1H¢lopMallHIO 0 3aKoHOMepHOCTRX 1J13MCIH'lIl1lt CKOPOCTI-I.

2.3. IotCCIlEAOBAHIotE nnocxoro nOTEHll,ItAIlbHOro A03BYKOBOrO nOTOKA

B BblnvcKHblX xaaanax, BKJlIO'IaA KnamlHHYIO l.UCII~. IIPH IlIlpctllJneHHblX nOilOlKBt<I1AX Knan3HS CKOPOCTb nOTOK.~ ra.ron n~II1())U1)1(aeTCA HnlJl paBHAeTCA CKOPOCTH 3BYKa. Y 6blCTPUXOAHLIX nnur.rrcnea fl 3a· BI1CI-1MOCTIJI OT nOAbeMa KJlanaHS CKOPOClb BOJtlyX') [11'11 unvcxe MO»cer 6blTb 3Ha'lHTenbH0f1 ('11J1CJ10 M ;;.. 0,4c .. O_6l. B yKa:laHH~lx cnv~aAX He06xOAHMO y~I-ITbI Ban. BnHRHl-le C}!{11 MaeM OCTI-I Ha xapaKTepl-lCTMKI-I nOTOKa.

AnA tl03BYKOBbiX Te'leHH~ nOTeHlIH~J1 CKOPOCTH 'fJ 1-1 cflVIII(lIHA TOxa W vnoenersopmor COOTBeTCTBeHHO cneAVIO~IJIM VflaBllc1H1AM'

(2.8)

a Po aw a Po ,)'1'

~ (-_.-) +-- (-._._.) = 0

ax P ox av p fly ,

(2.9)

rne P - nilOTHOCTb; Po - KOHCTaHTa ~ H~npl-1Mep, 11J10 .HOCTb 3AHa- 6aTHO 3aTOpMOlKetiHOrO r aaal.

32

YpaSHeHHA 12.81 H (2.9) npeJlCT8BnAIOT c060~ Henl1He~Hble ypaBHeHI1R, TaK Ka K K03cP<Pl1lJ,l1eHTbl pip 0 nH60 Po (p - CYTb ¢lYHKlII-II-I OT 'fJ H w.

c. A. 4Snnblrl1HbiM 6blno npBAllOlKeHO nepeH111 OT .:pH311'1ecKO~ nnOCKOCTH (x, yl B nnOCKOCTb ronorpadia CKOPOCTH (v El), rae II H EI - nonapasre KOOpAI-IHaTbl BeKTOpa CKOpOCTH. TaKaR 3aMeHa 111-1- HeapI-I3HPyeT ypaaHeHI-IR (2.81 H (2.9).

Flocne pRA3 npeo6pa30BaHIJI~ cnBAYeT, 'ITO

a r;;:- a w a a w

(j$ (v Kas-' + aEl (VK-ae I = 0;

(2.101

(2.111

rne K 3aBHCI1T nl-lWb OT nepBMeHH6~ s , CBA3aI-lHO~ C K09¢l¢lHlIl-leH· TOM CKOPOC111 ],_ COOTHOWeHl-leM

ds = jr--1 -_----c.,,__2::--- __!f},__

1_K-1],_2 A .

K+1

12.12)

JJ.nA CTalll-lOl-lapHoro nOIlR 3JleKTPIt<tecKOro TOKa 3anl-lCblBalOT aHanOrlt~Hble OTHOWeHI-IA:

(2.131

a r au a r au

ax (Yo" ax-' + ay (10' ay) = 0,

(2.141

r,lle")" - K03!PQlI1l1l1eHT ;meKTponpOBOAHOCTI-I; U - 3JlBKTpI-I~eCKI1~ noTeHLliJlan; Wa - ¢lYHKlIIJIR 3JlBKTpl-l~OCKoro TOKa.

3TI-I ypaBHeHltA nOAo6Hbi ypaBHeHI-IRM (2.101 H (2.111. ecJlH

1/-v'10= r Iro 1-1 -..!i<== r 0 Ir .

3Ha'lI-1T, MOlKHO BblnOnHATb 3neKTpOMOAenl-1pOBBHl-le A03BYKOBOn:t nOTOKa B nnOCKOCTIJI rOtlorpa.:pa CKOPOCTH C nOMoU4blO 3neKTpOnpOBOAHOV. CPeJlbl nepeMeHHO';' npOBOAHMOCTIJI. B CTPOrOM CMblcne CJlOBa 3neKTpOMOAenl'lpOBaHHe ypaBHBHL1L1 (2.81 11 (2.9) 8 ¢lH3H'leCKO!:1 n110CKOCTIJI He MOlKeT 6blTb OCYU\BCTBJleHO. OAHBKO C AOCTaTO'lHO(:i AnA peWel-ll-1A np8KTI-I .. ecKI-IX 3aAa~ CTeneHblO TO'lHOCTI1 TaKaA npouenvpa MOlKeT 6blTb BbmonH€Ha MeTOAOM nocneaoearensaerx npI16JlI-IlKeHH!:1.

3JleKTpoMOABfll1pOBaHHe nnocxoro ncreauaansaoro Te'leHI-IA ClKl-1- MaeMoro rasa npOl-l3BOART B 3JleKTp011L1TI-I~ecKoj:i BaHHe C CQOTBeTCTBylOU\I-1M npO.:pHJ1HpOBaHHbIM AHOM. npl-1 3TOM rny611Ha 3JleKTpOnl1Ta

33

h 113MeHAeTCR B 3aSI1CI1MOCTI1 OT nina 3neKTplol~ecKoi1 aHanOrl111 nponopuaoaansno I1ml 06paTHO nponOP41010HanbHO I1IlOTHOCTIoI r aaa, no.u50p np04llolnA .uHa OCYl1\eCTBnneTCft, KBK 5blno CKa3SHO Bblwe, M€TO.uOM nOCIleJI.OSBTenbHblX npIol6mllKeHloI~.

.unA COxpaHeHloIR nnocxoro Te'lBHI1f1 3neKTpL<l'lecKoro TOKa MOlK' HO IoIcnOIlb30BBTb npOBOtlRl1\I1~ cnol1 nOCTOflHIoIO~ Tonl1\I1Hbl f1 = = const c nepeM eHHblM y.ueI1bHbIM conpOTIoIBneH1oI8M. ,Ilnfl arcro B BaHHe c nnOCKIolM AHOM peKoMeHAyeTcR YCTaHOBL<lTb BepTIolKanbHble M8T8Jlnlol'lecKlole I1rnbl UK, 4T051>1 nnourans, 3aHIoIMBeMBA I1rnaMloI, 1013' MeHAnaCb S COOTBeTCTSlol1ol C nOTpe5HbiM 1oI3Met1eHloleM 3neKTpl1'18CKO' ro COnpOTI1BlleHl1R Cll0R (107]. TaKoV! MeTO.u no cnoso-ocra paBHO' 4eHeH Mo.uenL<lpoBaHI1IO ~ 8aHHe c np04ll1IlbHbiM AHOM.

nOCKOIlbKY nnocxoe noresuaansuoe A038YKOBoe Te'leHlole r asa Henocpe.QCTBeHHO MOAeniolpyeTcA B cnoe C r:epeMettHOV! nposo.uIolMO· CTLIO MOlKHO IoICnOllb30BaTb anexrponpoeonautvic 6YMary C nepeMett~blM y.ueI1bHbIM 3neKTplol4ecKiolM conpOTIoIBIleHl1eM . .unR aroro HB anekrponpoaonauieji 5YMare C BbiCOKI1M OMl1'lecKI1M conporaaneHl1eM He05xOAI1MO B JOHe, r.ue CKB3blBaeTCA BnlolRHl1e C)I(l1MaeMOCTI1 nBB, HaHecTI1 cno~ rpa41I1Ta TaK, 4T05bl npOBOtllolMOCTb 5yMarl1 1013- MeHRnOCb nponop4HoHBllbHO 113MeHeHiolIO nnOTHOCTIol rasa, Onsrr no' Ka3b18aeT, 'ITO BTOPOS npflMl1lKeHl1e asnaercs tlOCTaTO'lHblM WlR nolly4eHiolA y.uOBneTBoplolTel1bHblX .uBHHbIX [31].

2.4.3JlEKTPOMOAEJllolPOBAHIoIE OCECIoIMMETPIoI"IHOrO nOTEHu.IoIAJlbHOrO TE"IEHIoIR B KAHAJlE C KJlAnAHOM

BnYCKHble 11 BblnycKHble Kalolanbl HepeAKO 05IlBllBIOT B npe,Ql<nsnaHHOi1 05naCTiol C)ceBoi1 CI1MMeTPI1eV!. MO.ueJ1l1pOBBHl1e ocecI1MMeTplol~' HblX 3aAa'l Ha anexrponpoaoaauiea 6yMare n03BOnABT nOlly4101Tb .uOCTaTO'lHYIO AS1R TeXHIoI'I8CKI1X 4aJ1eV! creneus TO'lHOCTI/L Ilpa 3TOM CYLU,8CTBeHHO, 'ITO MOAeJ1101p08aHI1e oCecI1MMeTpl1~HbIX Te'leHI1I1 Ha nnOCKI1X MOAenRX 3Ha'lI1Ten\>HO npouie, ~eM Ha 06'bElMHbIX YCT' poHCT8ax.

CXElMB pOCCMaTPHBaeMOrO vsecrxa xaaana nOK83aHa HB PI1C. 2.6. nOcKoIlbKy cTeplKeHt. xnanaua He OKa3MBaeT cvuiecraeu-oro snl1AHiolfl Ha conpOTI1BI1eHloIe nOTOKY, 533 3Ha4I1TeI1t.HOH norpeWHOCTl1l1M MOlKHO npeHe6pe4b.

B cnvsae OC8CI1MMeTpl1'1HOrO Te'leHI1f1 yll05HO BBecTI1 4I1IlI1H.uplol- 48CKl1e KOOPlll1HBTbl z, r, 8. 1013 CIolMMeTpl111 3aAa'll1 RCHO, 'ITO cP He 3aBI1CIoIT OT 8. n03TOMY ypaBHeHl1e Jlannaca 8 4I1IlI1Hp,PI1'1CCKIoIX KOOpAI1HaTaX 3anl1WeM B BI1Ae

a a op a d<p

--az Ir ~l + ----ar Ir -a-, -) "' O.

12.15)

34

P .. c. 2.6. CXet.ll9 KaHana c Kn<m2HOM np .. pac-

CMOTpeH"'" OceQol""1eTpt.14Horo Te~eH"1'I Z,

,lI,nfl peW€HI1R KpaeBOV! 3aM411, coOTBeTCTBylO~eH ypaBHeH1110 (2.15). Ha' no c41oPMYIll1pOBaTb rpBHI1'1Hble ycnoBI1R Ha KOHTVpeabcd lpac, 2.7).

Ha Y'Iacl,<ax eb 101 cd rpaHI1'1Hble ve- 1108 101 A I1MetOT Bl'.ll:

a<p/az = f 1 Ir ) nPH 0 ,.;; r ,.;; R (z 1 ); (2.16)

a<p/az=fz (r) npl10";;r ";;R(zz),

r.ue t s 11 f2 - 3e.QaHHble 4IYHKUI1Io1. a

Ha Y"acTKe be l1011)1(I10 6blTb BbtnOllHeHO vcnoaae a: II, c = O.

3TO vcnosae Ha 3neKTpOnpOBOtlA l1\B~ 5yMare asmonuaerca esroe- 30M 5YMSrl1.

CllolKHee 4l0pMynl1pYlOTCfI rpaHI1'1Hble ycnOBI1R H8 OCIol xaaana Ir = 0). Y KnanaHa

(2.17)

rae RKn - paAI1Yc rapenxa xnanaaa,

1113 CloiMMaTploll1 38.ua'll1 nOCTY11l-1pYeM, 'ITO npo41I11111 nOTeH411ana He loIMetOT loI3110MB Ha OCl1 xaaana (Ha Y4aCTKax ZlZl 11 Z3Z4), T. e.

acp I = 0

a,- r~O • 12.18)

1II3 ypa8Hel-mA (2.15) cnenvsr, 'ITO nplol MO.uenl'lpOBaHI1I1 OCeCI1M' MeTplol~HbiX 3ap,a~ AS1A CYlU.eCTBOSaHf1R aHanOrl1101 M€)I(lly MO.uenblO 101 HaTypOi1 yp,eIll.H8R npoBOAloiMOCTb 5YMarl1 BAOnb OCI1 Z .uOlllKHa 6blTb noCTOAHHOH, a BAOnb OCIol r = R (z) 1oI3MeHATbCA no nl1HtMHOMY 3a· KOHY:

'Yz = const;

(2.19)

r.ueCj = const.

B cOOTBeTCTBl111 C yCOOBI1f1MI1 (2.19) aneKTponpOBOAAllIYIO cpehy nepeMeHHOH npoBOAl-1MoCTf1 peKoMeHllylOT 113rOTOBIlATb nYTeM CKnel1BaHI1A 3neKTpOnpOBOtlHbiM KneeM OTJI,enbflblX I1Io1CTOB 5yMsrl1 [112]. 3roT npouecc AOBOIlbHO TDYAOBMOK 11 nOJToMY MOlKHO nons- 30BBTbCfI KapTOHOM nepeMeHHOH npOBOAI1MOCTloI, aHIoI30TponHOCTb korcporo MeHbWe aHI130TponHOCTI1 3neKTpOnp080tlA uiero KapToHa, cocroauiero 113 CKneeHHblX nI1CT08.

Y'IVlTbIBafi B3311MHOCTb nOTElHl1l1aIlB CKOPOCTI1 1'1 CPYH Kl1l'1101 TO ka, MOlKHO YCTaHaBI1Tb Heo5xOlll1Mbie ycnOBI1A ,Qll!l nOCTpOElHI1A nlolHI1i:1 TOKa B OC8CI1MMElTPI1'1HbIX 3atlB'Iax.

35

U,/~r---~----'----,----,----, 2

PttC. 2.7. 30KOHOMepHOCT>i M3M,.. HeH"" oTHoanenWioli Ct<OPOCT~ lII,AOnb UeAMMbHOH J1MH ...... WTOKa lola 06Y9KaeM(lM rane WI" cnY~II"

1(." :lC~MMeTPI'I~Ho" (I) .. n"OCKO"

, 12) 3IIAl1~"

",",c. 2.8. 0'I3 .. eHOH.,0 OTHOCMTalllr Hoil CKOPQCT" v Iv 0 D 110m, Bbmy· Knolfi 14 BorHYT()~ CTOHOK BnYCKHoro KlIHana AB.,raTenA 410.5112, nonv~eHHo" MeTO.lla ... " "HTtlrpanlr H .. IX KDHTYPHb'X COOfHoweH .... (1) " 311aKTpon-III.PO.QMHIM"'~. Cl(()~ aHanor.,,, (21 WI" cny."" 111- '!OHM" B KaHana 063 I(l1BnaH8

'~hlf1-1- FJiW

a 20 fO 80 BO 101) 120 140 L,MM

¢lYHKU,I>1R TOKa B CIlv~ae ocecl>1MMerpWIHoro Te4~I>1A VAOBnI!lBO' paer ypaBHeHl>11O

_o_ (_1_ a'l-') + _il_ (_1_ a",) =c 0

ar r ar a z r i)z .

(2.20)

B TaKOM CIlV'I8e eneaver, UO AlIA nOCTpoeHI>1A I1 .... HIiII1 TOKa np-l-1 3JleKTpoMO,QeIJ .... pOBaIilHIt oceclilMMeTpliI'lHb,X 3a,1la4 npoaoa .... MOCTb I5VMarlii AOn)f(Ha 5MTb nOCTOFlHHoi1 BAOllb OCH Z L1 I>1SMI!HAT!.CR 05paTHO nponOI)4HOHCIJ1bHO r B HanpaBneHl>11>1 OCH r , T. e.

'Yz = const; 'Yr = czlr,

12.21)

rae Cz = const.

Eie3pa3MepL10e 3Ha~eHl>1e CKOPOCTL1 vIvo sAonb xnanaaa, nonv- 4eHHOe Ha OCHOBe MOAen"poBaHI>1R ocec .. MMelpWIHoro re4eHHA Ha I5YMare nepeMeHHOH hPOBO.QI>1MOCTH, nOKa3aHO Ha PI>1C. 2.1 WTPIilXOBoMn .. HItIM •

AnA nnockoa 3ella41i1 H3MeHeHI>1e OTHOCIiiTeIlbHOIl CKOPOCTOI v lv 0 Ha 06TeKaeMOM KJ1anaHe B 06U\11X 4epTax aHaIlOrl>1'1HO 3aKOHoMePHO' CTI1; nOl1Y'!ettl>1oi1 np .. paccMoTpeHI>1L1 OCect1MMeTpI>14HOIl saAa'!H (p .. c. 2.8). OAHaKo 1t3MeHeHI>1e BenH~I>1Hbl OTHOWeHl-IR v Iv 0 npoHCXOAHT Ha MettbWeM Y'IaCTKU M"Hbl nL1HH .. TOKa (V'IaCTOK A~BI. 4eM a cnvxae oceCI>1MMerpl>1'1Hoi13aAa'll>1 ~V'IacTOKA' -8'). MOAeIlHpos3HI>1eTll'leHHH 38

B npeAKnanaHHoll 05naCTL1 C nOMOUlbIO arreKTponpoBoAAW,eI1 6VMarl>1 noCTORHHO~ npOBOAI>1MOCT>I npl-190AHT K Onpe!,lJ,eIJeHHO~ norpeuiHOCTI1. AIIR 3TO~ 06I18CTL1 K<lH8I10B I1Y~WH e peavnsrarsr nOIlV4aIOTCR. ecIlM p8ccMaTp"SaTb ocecHMMeTpL1'I~V!O ::laAa~V .. MOAenl>1pOBaTb ee Ha 3neKTponpOBOAHO~ 5YMare, VAoeneTBopRIO~e~ VCIIOBI>1RM (2.19) >lnl>1 (2.21).

PaC~eTHo'3Kcnep>lMeHTaIlbHbli1 MIITOA nOCTpoeHHA KOf-l¢lOpMHblX oT05palKeHH~. HCnOnE>3VIOw,I>1~ B Ka4ecT1ge nepsoro npI>15I1l>1lKeH .... FI HHljJopMau,I-1IO, xcrcpea nonY4eHa M(}AeIll1pOBaHHeM nOTeHI.IH8J1bHbIX IIOIIeI1 Ha 3JleKTpOnpoBOAfl~e~ 5YMare, 3aMeTHo nOBbIWaeTTO'lHOCTb peweHHR 3aAa'l", HO ABnReTCR Kponoml>1B blM H rpOM03AKI1M.

4106bl onpe.llemrn. xapaKTepMCTlIKY nOTeHl.IL18J1bHorO Te~I!HHR B K8Hanax, MOlKHO I-1cnonb30Ban. T8K>!!e MelOn 3KBI>1BaIleHTHoro nnocxoro TlJ'lettMR B KpyrOBOM KaHaIle [108].

npe!,lJ,CTaBIIAeT ItHTepec cpaaaex .. e paav I1bT8TOB, nOIl}"leHHl>lX <lKCnep .. Mel-lTanbHbIM nVTeM .... ~HCI1eHHb'M>I MeTOAaMH pecsera.

HOI p-I-1C. 2.8 nOKa38Hbi 38e .. CHMoCTL1 v lv 0 = f (L) BAOIlb BOn-lVTO~ .. SblnVKIIoiJI CTeHO K kaaana llBMraTenFi 41 0,5/12, nOIlV~eHHb' e Me1OAaM .. 3JleKTpOMOAeJ1I>1POB8HI>1R Ii1 KOI--ITVPHblX I>1HTerpanbHblx coOTHOWBH .. i:i. Heo6xOAI>1MO OTMeTHTb xOPQWeeCOBnaABHl>1e pe3VIIbTaTOB, nOIlV4eHHbix 3THMI>1 MeTO.llaML1. MeTo.QoM KOHTVPHblX HHTerpaIlb' I>1blX COOTHOWeH>lj:i, MOlKHO onpenennrs IiIC;KOMble napaMeTpbl (B 4aCTI>1OCTL1, CKOPOCTh noroxa) c 60n8e Bb'COKO~ CTeneHblO TO'l1>10CTI1, "eM MBTOAOM 3r,l:lA.

rnaaa31 -- ___

CTPYKTYPA nOTOKA B KAHAnAX

3.1.05I1.lAR XAPAKTEPI1CTI1KA noTOKA B KAHAI1AX

Xapaxrep noro ka B K!JH8J18 3aBI>1CI1T DT ero KOHCTPVKU, .. H. Ha CTpV KTV' py nOTOKa B KaHane Bl1l>1AeT HllOKe lIepaBHoMepHOCTh nOIlR CKOPOCTH l>1a BXOAe B KaHan, HeCTal.lL10H8PHOCTb Te4eHI>1F1, IjJoPM8 KIIan8Ha 1>1 T. ll.

- npl1 nepeMe~eHL11-! KIIanaH8 xapakrepacraxa nOTOKa B xaaane 1>13MeHReTCFI. TaK, npl>1 He50IlbWMX nOAbeMax KII8naHa Te'leHHe BO SnVCKl>1b'X xaaanax nOA05HO Te4eHl>1lO B KOHcPV30PHbIX K8Hanax. B BblIlVCKHblX KaH8I1aX, H8050pOT, npl-l MaJlblX 3Ha~BHHAX h KJI HallaIl!.Hbli1 V4aC1OK Te4eHL1R, 8Kll104aR KllanaHHVIO utens, .. Meer Bb,palK8H' HylO AI'1I!lI!lV30pHOCTb.

B OAHO- H AByxI!lYHKI.IHOH8I1bHbIX BnYCKHblX K8H8I1aX xapaxrep Teoil!HHR nOTOKa cyw,eCTBeHHO OTIIWI8eTCA.

Ha Te'leHHe B KaHan8X OKa3blBaeT BIII1RHl>1e HepaBHOMePHOe none MBIIeH .. R. Kone6aH"R A8BIIBHHA B xaaanax B03HI>1K81OT nOA AeI1CT'

37

BI-IIlM llByX BOIlH AaBne+ll-lR [1291. DllHil 1-13 HI-Il< DIlPUlllUUlIITCA paaMepaMI-I KaH8flOB 101 COel1l-lHAIO~I-IX naTpy5KoB H I-IMUeT KOPOTKHi.1 nepL-iOA Kone5aHHR A3BneHI-IA. JJ.pyrilR C OTHOCI-ITenbHO rlOl1bWI-IM nepaOAOM Kone6aHH~ AaBlleHHA onpeaenaercs Pil3MCjJUMI-I enYCKHOI.1 I4fII-I BbmYCKHOH CI-ICTeM B Ue.nOM.

80 BnYCKHblX KaHan8X B03MO>Kl-lbl TpH Bapl1JHla lu~eHHA. nep' Bbl~ Bapl-1al-lT T8'leHI-IR - 6e30TpblBHbll.1 - Ha6nlOAaeTcil II KHHanaX c ntAPOAHH3MH'lecKI1 L!.eneco06pa3Ho~ cPOPMO~ npOTO'IHOH 'IDCTH. Eielorpu SHoe T6'leHHe B03MOlKHO BO BnYCKHblx KaHanO); 111111 M8J1blX noAbeMax KflaneHa. npeAnOnOlK9fHte 06aaOTpblBHOM 111'1111'1101101 RBnA' eTCA ycnOBHbIM, T8K K3K B nlO60M cJ.ly~ae nOTOI~ Oll'blooeTCR OT CTep>KHR xnanaaa I-Inl1 OT BblcTyna HanpaBlIFlIOIl\I~ l<llIIIlIlHIl. JJ.nA sroporo Bal»1aHT3 Te<leHI-IR xapaicreouo Hamt~l1e y t:HlllOK KaHana 1l0K8Jl1-I30B3HHb1X 0611aCTe~ ctpsiea nOrpaHI-I4HOrO cnon. 8 OCHoa' HOM I-IMeeT MecTO p9>KI-IM TpeXMepHoro HeCTaUI10ll,lp"orn OTpbtSa, OTllH~alO~erOCA H3MeHeHHeM BO BpeMl!HH HHTeHCI1"'ICl'~IH H nonoaceHI-IA 30Hbl ctpsrea. HanpHMep, nOK8JlH3DBaHHblL1 '''Pblll .111 Knanal-l' HOM urernoc a BblnYCKHOM kanane, I-IHTeHCI1BHOClh l<owporo I-IJMe-HAeTCA C HJMeHeHl-leM n0J10>KeHI-IR xnanana, Tpenlii llapl1rHt 1 TB4BHI1A OTllH'laeTCA H!lnl-l'lMeM B nOTOKe npOHI1KalO~I1X OT[ILlllml [1061. Taxoe Te'leHl-le Ha6nlOAaeTcA BO BnYCKHblX xaaanax IIpl1 CHflOCHTBnbHO 6ollbWI-IX aen ..... HHaX OTKpblTHR xnanaaa, OTPb'8 nOIOI(iI III CTeHKH npl1BOAHT K TOMY, 'ITO 'IaCTb nep .. Merpe KJ1anaHHOl-1 lllHll11 OKlI3blBa· eTCA BHe OCHOBHoro nOTOKa, 1. e. 3areHeHHDH. R :11()1-1 ~ilCTH KJ1& naHHOI.1 ~enH npoHCXOAHT 06pSTHoe Te'leHfIB 113 L,,,,,HIIJIl'll n xanan, npH OTKPblTHI1 xnanaaa npOHCXOAHT CTPYHHIoI;;' "11'10'''. I. U. orpsia OT BbmyKlloi1 1-1 BorHyTO~ nOBepXHOCTeH KaHil"" 11 III ""llltPKHOCHI ceana KnanaHa. CTPY~Hbl~ OTpblB Ha6J1IOAaeTCf1 ... U 11I,IIIYOC,<OM KaHa· J1B, OcOOeHHO npH M8JlbIX nOAbeMax xnanaaa.

B BbmycKHblX KaHaJlaX MO>KeT 6blTb Tper..,;;' 11.'1'[.1.'''' Hl4BHHA. 8 BnYCKHbix 101 BblllycKHblX KaH8nax, KpOMe lorn. "" ",111(mOT BTO' pL-i'lHble TB4eHHA, xoropsre HaKnallblBalOTcA H<I OCUOrlllOU Te~eHHe.

npH nepeMe~eHHH KJ1anSHa TB4eHHe B xauanax Mll>KeT hblTb KOH' JjJY30PHbiM 11 AHcPcPy:lOPHbLM, npH~~ CTBneHh K(lIilj'Y30PIIOCTI-I 1-1 llHcjxjJySOpHOCTI1 KaH8flOB saMeTHO H3MCHACr<:It. [l I< JII;JYW){ llUHraT9- nel.1 KOHcPy30pHoe T6'leHKe MO>l:.er nepexoaan. (l J).HcPcPY:JOJ)HOB, 1-1 H8060POT.

C YBenH'IeHl1eM llHcjxjJY30PHOCTH KaHlIna 1011111 lITACllhfthl)( Y'laCT' KOB ero npOTO'lHOH ~acTH norapa 3Hepn"H 3aMBTHD paCTYT. 1l03TOMY npOcPl'llll-lp08aHI1IO 3TI1X YUCTKOB K3HaJlOB cnenver YACIlIlTb ocorioe BHI1MaHHe.

npl-I nepexcne OT UHnl-lHAPWlecKOI.1 HJ1H KOt1cj:JY:JOPHDii ~acTl1 xauana K pacWI-1PAlOlUI!MCA B03HHK8IOT 1l0nOnHI1TCJlbHbiC BD3My~eHHAJ 3aXBaTblBaIO~l1e 06WMPHYlO 06nacTb xaaana H BbI3blBalO~"e Cyl!.(8CT·

38

BeHHYIO HepaBHOMepHOCTb nOTOKa B npoAOJ1hHQM 101 nonep6'lHOM Ha· npaBneHHAX. npl-I 310M M8CTHble rpe.c.HeHTbl A8BneHI1A B6nKJH CTeHOK KaH8Jla OKa3blBalOTCA SaMBTHO 60nbwe BanWtHH rpatlHeHTOB, KOTOpble nonY4eHbi paC'IeTOM HCXOAA K3 cpeAHepaCXOAHO~ CKOpO· CTH nOTOKa.

CTpyKTypa nOTOKa B AHJjJJjJy:lOPHOi1 'IacTH KaHana 101, CneAQB&rensao BeflH'lHH8 noreps 3HeprHH J8BMCRT OT MHOrl-lX JjJaKTopoB: yrna ; paCKpblTI-1A AHcPcjly30pa; CTeneHH paCWHpeHHA 4, paBHO~ OTHOWeHl-l1O nnolUl!AH Ha BblXOlle A, K BxoAHOi1 nnO~e.c.K A 1 reo' MeTpHI1 .(Uo1cjxjJysopa; Ton~Hbl norpaHH~Horo CIlOR; npO~J1R CKOpoCT .. B Ha'l8JIbHOM CB4eHKH; CTeneHl-I H8'1aJlbH0i1 lYpl5yneHTHo, CTH pe»CHMa Te46HHA; CTeneHH H8CTaIJ,110H8pHOCTH Te~eHHA 101 AP·

8enWII1Ha KPHTH~ecKoro vrna pacKPbIT!tA AI-IJjJJjJyaopa, nl»1 KOTOpOM· npOI1CXOAMT OTPbIB, S8BHCI1T OT ~HCJla PeHl-lollhAca It OT BeJ1H4H' Hb! 5e3pa3MepHoi1 BXOAHOH CKOpoCTH. 4 .... CJlO Maxa Bnl-lAer HD xapaKTepHcTKKM nero KD npl-I He60llbWHX '1HCJlClX PeiiHOJ1bACa. n PI"l 3Ha· 'IeHHAX '1HCna Re, KOTOpble Ha6mOAalOTCA BO enYCKHblX 101 BblnYCK' HhlX K3HilJ1aX, BIIHAHHeM 'tl-lcna M Ha Te4eHHe MO>KHO npeHe6pe'lb.

HepaBHoMepHOCTb npo¢ll1nA CKOPOCTI-I nepea l1I-IejlCPy:lopHoi1 vacI TbIO npHBOtlMT K 3aMBTHOMY YBenH~eHKIO ncreps B llI1JjJJjJy:lOPHOM l Y4BCTKe xaaana. npH HepaBHOMepHOM noTOKe 60 BXOAHOM CE!'IeHHH ! AHcjxjJY30pa YCKopAeTCA OTpblB norp8l-1H~Horo CJlOA OT CTeHOK KaHa-

na [29, 119], TaK KaK AO AHJjJCPy:lOPHOi1 '!aCTH KaHana HMeeTCA pal' BHTbIM nOrpaHl-I4Hbl~ cnOH, HapaCTaHHe KOTOporO npoHCXOl1l-lT 60nee I-IHTeHCHBHO npl-I HepaBHOMapHOM pacnpetle.neHI-IH CKOPOcrei1. B peavnsrare YBeflH'IHB!leTCA BepOATHOCTb O.TJlbIBa nOTOKa.

3.2. TE'IEHIoIE B KflAnAHHOA Ul.EJ1101

XapeKTepL-iCTHKH nOTOKa B KnanaHHoM ~eJ1K BnYCKHoro 11 BbmYCK' Horo KaHanOB cy~ecTBeHHO OTJ1101'1 alOTCA •

I-IccneAQB8HHIO CTpYKTypbl nOTOKa B KflanaHHoi1 ~BJ1H BnYCKHOM CMCTeMbl tlBHraTeJ1R BHYTpeHHerO CrOpaHHA nDCBAUIeH pAll pa60T [12,45,58,94,1321. Vl3 npHBelleHHblX HCClleAOBeH .... 1.1 CneAYBT, 'ITO Te~eHMe aoanvxa 113 Kn3n8HHOH ~eflH BnycKHOM C"CTeMbl HMeeT OT' pbIBHO~ xspaxrep. n0J10lKeHl1e MeeTa orpsiaa a8BMCHT OT CJleA'IIO' ~X cj:!aKTOpoB: eeflHYI-IHbl OTKpblTHA xnanaua, r80MeTpHH T8pe.nKI-I

101 CBAIla KJ10naH0, CTpyKTYPbl Hal5eralOl!.(erO K ~enl-l nOTOK3, HHTeHCHB' HOCTH ero TYP6yneHTHOCTH. Pe»CHM TI!'I8HHA. OnpeAenReMbl1.1 'IHCnaMI-I Pe~HOJ1hAca " Maxa, He OKa3blBaer BnHAHHe Ha TB4eHKe B xnanaaHOI.1 ~enH anvcxaorc KaHana. I]PJ., !I~!>.fl~bWHX notl"beM3X xnanaaa MelKAY ~ell.Jl0M H KOHYCOM ~anaHa 06pa3yerCR ~KOrii.!-leBO~ AHJjJ· .. cpyJoP. Tlccne tlOCTHlKeHI-IA OnpellefleHHO~ BaJlH'IIrIHbl nOll"beMa xnana-Hi"H~n~·(o603Ha''''M ero .. epel h KII.><) BJ1I-1AHl-le xnanaaa .... ero WTOKa

39

H8 n!~ el-Hie H e3Ha~IHeJ1bHOe, CnI!JlOBaTenbHO, npoxonuoe ceoulHllle MO)f(HO paccwarpaears KaK KOHI-1~eeKIilCi ,!lIllQJQJY30p. n03TOMY noTOK, BbITeKaIOWIII~ 1113 wenlll, npenctaanaer c060~ KonblleBytO I1nlll KOHIiI~eeKYIO CTPYIO C HepaBHOMepHblM pacnpeAeneHllleM CKOpOCTIil no nOnep9'lHOMY Ce~eHl1lO. Hepenxo, B oco6eHHOCTIiI B TaHrBHlIl1anbHblX xananax, B crpve IIIMeeTCA 3aTeHeHH3A 06IlacTb, Bbl3saHHaR oTPblBOM nOTOKa 01' CTaHoK xaaana, Ha xapaKTepl1CTIIIKI1 CTPYI1 OKa- 3bIB1leT BnIllR·Hl1e pacnoIlO)f(BHllle Ha CTeHKax KIlanaHHOCi ll.Ienl1 11 xnanaaa MeeT o'rpsraa norpaHl1'lHOro cnoa. no orxoure-nno K KIlanaHy Ha6nlOAaeTCR cny~aj;i T9'leHI1F1 rmoxooetexaeworc rena. 3TO T~eHl1e xapaxrepao AIlR BblnYCKHoro xaaana, OAHaKO MOAenb TEl~eHI1R nnoxoo6TeKaeMoro rena npIIIMBHIIIM8 11 AIlR BnYCKHoro xnanaaa,

B KOHIII~ecKoM crpve, BblTeKalOWeM 1113 KnanaHHoCi WElIlI1, KaK H B mo60H Typ6ynBHTHoH crpve, MO)f(Ho BblAeIll1Tb Ha'lanbHbl~ 11 OCHOSHOM Y'lacTKIII. nepBblH rl3 HIIIX COCTOHT 113 noreauaaneaoro aaoa III 30' Hbl CMeWeHI1R. AnlilHa Ha'lBnbHoro y'lacTKa B Typ6YIleHTHO~ xonsue- 80i1 crpve 33BI1CIIIT OT CTPYKTVPbl Ha6eralOWet"0 noroxa. reoMeTpl111 xaaana ce.o.na iii TapeIlKIil xnanaaa. Bo BnYCKHblx K8HaIlax no Mepe OTKP'rITIIIR KllanaHa OTHOCIilTeIlblHIR npOTR)f(eHHOCTb nOTet-tlll1aIlbHoro RApa 4thlK1" rae in - .Il11111Ha noreauaansaoro RApa, YMeHbW1leTCR. HepaBHoMepHocTb nOTOKa nepea KnanaHHoH WenblO iii YBem'l~eHllle IIIHTBHCIiIBHOCTI1 Typ6ynlll38l.1111-'1 nplilBOAI1T K COKpall.leHl11O 3H8'1!!HHR {n/ht<;n (106). 3H3'1I1T, npl1 npO'lIllX OAI1HaKOBblX YCIlOBI1AX B ABYXq,YHKLll-loHSnbHblx BnYCKHblX KSHaIlax OTHOCI1TeIlbHClfI npoTA>KeH' HOCTb nOTeHlIl1anbHOrO RApS MeHbwe, '1eM B OAHOcjJYHKllIiIOHanbHbIX.

KaK III nOTaHl1l-1anbHoe RAPO, 30HCI CMeWaHlilA Ha'iIilHaeTCA OT ceseHHR OTPblBa nOTOKa OT CTeHOK KIlanaHHoi1 uiena, T. e. 01 c~eHIiIA, B KOTOPOM Ha'lIilHaeTCR neoecrpoaxa K1'iHanOBoro Te'leHI1A n CTpyHHoe.

Wlllpl1Ha 30Hbl cMeweHI1R b B03paCT3tlT no nI-'lHeL'1HOMY JJKOHy

b =KX,

(3.1)

rne K - K03q,cjJI1l.111eHT nportopuaoaaneaocra, paBHbl~ 0,32 ... 0,40 11061.

Ha paccTORH~H, paBHOM AIlI1He nOTeHlIl-'lanbHoro RApa, 30tkl CMeweHIolR 3aHI1MaeT scio crpvio. B 30He CMeweHIIIA CKOPOCTb I-1JMCflReT' CR OT HynA Ha rpaaaue CTPYIiI AD cacero MaKCI1MaIlbHoro 3llil'leHlilfI Vma>:, p1'lBHOrO CKopOCn., B nOTeHl1l<1anbHOM AApe. n~H1 3TOM pacnpeAeJ1eHlile 1-135~ITO~HbIX cxopocresi B Ha~aIlbHOM y~iJ;; :.;:e 30Hhl CMew~ HHA, coanaaaer C yHI1Bepc(3nbl-lbIM npoq,I-'IIleM 6e3pa:;";:.T·hb'X C:Ki')pOCTel1, nony4eHHbiM AIlR Ha~aIlbHoro Y'lllCTKa Kpyrn,·,· CTpyH [2). TO"H~ TaK >Ke paCnpe,[leneHHe I-'IHTeHCL-1BHOCTI1 Typ5Yf,;tI IHbl)( nvnscal1L-11-'1 CKOPOCTIII aHSIlorlil'fHO pac n peAeJ1eH lillO, Xap'lKTq.JHoMY Anfl ·l Kpyrnblx CTpyi1. TaKL-1M 06pa30M, Hal160nbUJafl IIIHTeIfCL-Il<HlJCfb nvnscauL-111 6YAeT Ha rpasaue, HBI1Met-tbWaR - Ha oCI1 CTPYI1.

40

C
B
?
/
I /
/2
0 P"c. 3.1. Teo<eH~e 8 KJ1anaHf-IoCi u.&enl-l snYCKHoro xaaana

ECIlH nOTOK nepea KIlanaHHOCi utensio paBHOMepHbli1, 'ITO B onpeAtlIlet-tHOCi creneaa MO)KHO npl1HRTh AIlR OAHOq,YH KlII10HaIlbHoro KaHaIla,.TO MO)f(HO BblAeIlI1Tb Tpl-l pe>KI1M1I TeYaHl1R [106].

npl1 He60IlbWI1X nOAbtlMaX xrianaaa (h KnJdr < 0,11) orpsra npoI1CXOAI1T Ha BblXOAHblX KpOMKax KIlanaHHO~ l.l.Ienl1 [pac, 3.1, a). no Mepe OTKpblrnR xnaneaa MeeTO o'rpsraa Ha q,acKe CE!A.l'1a nepeMellla· eTCfI nporns T~eHHR (TO~Ka 8' H8 plilC. 3.1, 6). PacnonO)f(eHlile MeeT o'rpstaa HCI cenne K8H(IIla npL1 3TOM He 1-'13MeHReTCA. nplil 60IlbWIIIX OTKpblTI1RX xnanaaa (h KJ1ldr > 0,21) nOTOK npl1>KI1MaeTCR K q,acKe 11 OTPbl a npOI1CXOAIIIT rons KO OT cean a icauan a (TOY xa 8 Ha puc, 3.1, 8). 3TI1 A1IHHbie COOTBeTcTBylOT pe3ynbTaTaM, nOIly~eHHbIM iii B APyrl1x aHaIlOnt'lHblX IiIccneAOBaHHRX (K. Teaaxa, fl. 11. KacTHep iii AP.I.

CTPyKTyps nOTOKa B KIlanaHHow urena ABYXcjJYHKl11-10HaIlbHbix KaHaIlOB "MeeT CBOI1 oc06eHHOCTI1.

Hepaauowepuocn, pacnpeaeneuaa CKOPOCTI1 no nep"MeTpy KIla· naHHoCi ll.IeIlI1 B TaHreHl1l-'1anbHoM KaHane CYll.leeTBeHH8. MaKCIIManbHSR CKopOCTb aa KJ1anaHHoi1 LLtenbiO CO rrro poust BbLnYKJio!:i CTeHKI1

. xaaana pacnonosceaa B6Ill1311 q,aCKIiI xnanaaa, a CO CTopOHbl BorHY' T2F - B6Ill1311 ceana xnanaaa [45). npl1 MaIlblX OTKpblTI1RX KJ1anaH3 [h I<n = h I<nlh xn.rna x = 0,3) B03AYUJHblH nOTOK nOIlHOCTbI{) sanonHReT KnanSHHYIO uiens,

no Mepe OTKpblTI1R xnanaaa nOflBJ]£IIOTCR OTPblBHble 30Hbl Ha q,acKe KllanaHa, a 3aTeM Ha cenne, nplil h Kn = 0,9 ... , OTpblB nOTOKa npoI-1CXO.D,I1T OT q,acKIil III cenna xnanaua.

B BI<1HTOBblX xasanax nOTOK, nocrvnaiourari B KIlanaHHYIO uiens, HepaBHoMepHb111 BCne,[lCTBl1e HeeI-1MMeTpl1~Ho!:i q,OpMbl yIlI1TKI1. HanpaBnBHl-'le noroxa, BblXotll'lll.lero 1<13 KIlanaHHO~1 uienu. 3aBI1CIIIT OT

41

PI1C. 3.2. 3aal1c .. MocTb K03¢¢I1U, .. • eHTa l}I or yrna noeopora KOnaH"a· rorc aana

6bICOTbl, nOnO)l(€HI1Fl 101 npoqMna KpOMKIJI xauana, pacnono>K€HHOH sa Ce,!V10M. 101 np,

C YBeJ1IJ1'1€HlJleM AIJl.1Hbl ¢acKI1 H C8Ana OTpblBHble R6neHI1A HacTymlloT npl'l 60JlbWI1X 3Ha4e-

cP H I1AX h K"idr. 3TO 06bRCHReTCR

TeM, 'ITo 60JlbUJaR AnlllHa Kl1anaHHoiii lLIE!JlH COJl,8HCT6yeT OpraHIJI33111J11'1 nOTOKa, BblxoJI.RlI.Iero 1013 KIlanaHHOI1 uiena, nOA06H08 »ce BnlJlRHHe Ha Te4eHI1e B KJlanaHHoiii lLIeJllJI OKa3blBBeT Typ6ynH3aLlHf~ nOTOKa. nO:nOMy npH nposax paBI1!.IX ycnOBI1Rx S SHHTOBblX xaaanax OTpblB nOTOKa OT ceana H ¢aCKH KIl8n8HB HaCTynl1T no CpaSH€H1JI1{) C APyrHMI1 THnaMI1 KaHanOB npH 60nbWI1X 3Ha'leHI1AX h K,,/dr Hnl1 h Knlh k n.rna x- TaKoM BblBOA BblTeKaeT 113 roro, HO C YBsnWleHl1eM 411CJla Re vron paCKpblTHfI Jl,l-1cjJ¢Y30pa, npa KOTOpOM B03HI1KaeT orpste norpaHI14Horo cnoa or CTeHOK InK Ha3blsaeMblH KpI1TI1'1€CKl1iii YI"OJlI, pacrer,

,[InA Jl,BV1raT€TTA MeM3-968 paC'IeTOM Ha 3BM 6blJll1 onpeAen€Hbl OCHOBHble xapaKTepV1CTI1KIJI nOTOKa 6 KJlanaHHOM uren .. anvcxnoro KaHana [58], B pacsere npHHRTO, 'ITO Te<leHL-te rasa xepea KJlilnaHHYIO uiens aAHaOaTHO, rewneparvpa B npoueece BnYCKa 113M€HA€TCA npeHe6p!!}KIJIMO Mano, CKOpOCTb rasa no nOnepe<lHOMY Ce4eHI1Kl xauana noCTOAHH3R, a Ko3c!JcjH1'_'l1eHT C)f(aTHA nOTOKa He 113M efmeTCA C 1J13MeH€HL-teM h Kn'

PaC'IeTHble pe3YJlbTaTbl nOll.T6eP*.lletlbi 3Kcnepl1MeHTaJlbHblMH IJICCJle,!lOSSHI1RMH HS MO,Q.eJ1I1PYKllLlel1 YCT3HOSK€ 11 Ha pa50T<Il{)lLIeM Jl,BHraTeJ1€.

3aKOHOMepHOCTH 113MetleHHR K03¢¢I1UHeHTa CKOPOCTI1 l}I = = v ",Iv T' rAe v A 11 LI T cooTBeTCTBetiHO .aeHcT8I1T€nbHaR 11 reopera'1eCKaR CKOPOCTH nOTOKa, nplJIBe,!IeHbl Ha PI1C. 3.2. [58]. HalJl60nbwee 3Ha'leHl1e 1/i 6YAeT I1Men. npa MaJlblX BeJll1411HaX nOAbeMa KJlanaua. MIJIHI1ManbHoe 3Ha4€HHe K03¢(j:)Hi.tHeHTa l}I Ha5n!oAaeTcA S nePl10A HaHoonbwe~ CKOpoGTI1 113M€HeHI1F1 AasneH ... " dp/d.p. nP"l ManblX 3Ha'leHI1AX h sen f13-JS KOHcjJy30pHoro 3¢cPeKTB norepa M€Hbwe. TaK >Ke 3sKoHoMepHo, 'lT0 BenlJl'lI1Ha .... YMetibUJaeTCR C pOCTOM 3Ha'IeHHA dp/dl{), TaK KaK npH 3TOM no repa :lHeprl1l1 paCTYT.

3aKpyrneHHe KpOMOK ¢acOK cenna H xnanaaa npaeonnr K aaMeTHoMy yny'lUJeHlJl1O CTpYKTYp!'1 nOTOKa B KJlanaHHoi1 lLIeJlI1. 06 3TOM CBI1AeTeJ1bCTBYIOT HCCJle,!lOBaHI1R [1321. nplo1 oTCyTCffiHI1 3THX JBKpyrJleHI1M Ha6JllOlI.al;!TCR orpera nOTOKa, KOToPblCi B 3aSHCI1MOCTH 42

a

60

OT 3Ha'leHIJIR h Kr/dr MO>KeT 6blTb J10K(!JlH30BaHHbIM nHoo pa38HTbIM. nplo1 HanH4~H saxpvr JleHI1H flHTeHCIJIBHOCT!. OTPbl6HbiX RBJleHI1f1 YMeHbWaeTCR.

3.3. BIlI1RHI1E KPI1BOI1I1HEPIHOCTI1 CTEHOK, VrJlA 113IlOMA 11 «I>OPMbI nOnEPEL{HOrO CEL{EHI1R KAHAnA

HA CTPVKTVPV nOTOKA

n p€AnOJlO>KIo1M, 'ITO B xaaane nOCTOAHHoro Ce'leHHR nOTOK noaopa'1HBaeTCR Ha 900• 5YAeM C'I"TaTb, 'ITo B.nHRHlo1eM C)f(HMaeMoCTIJI MO)f(HO npeHe6pe'lo. nYTb, npoiiiAeHHbl11 '1aCTH,_,aMI1 raaa no KPHBOJlI1Heiii· HblM TpaeKTopl1RM, OKa3bl8aeTCA pa3HblM. HOOAV1HaKOBoe TaK>Ke 3Ha49HH9 ASBJleHHR Ha BorHYTOH H sblnyKno~ CTeHKax xaaana.

nOA Aei.jc~8HeM LleHTp06e>KHbIX CHJl RJI,pO nOTOKa OTTeCHReTCA K BHeWHeM IBorHYTOCi) CTeHK€. n03ToMY SAOJlb /-1 AaBJleHl1e aoapacTaer (PBor - P > 0), a BAonb 11-/1 - yMeHbWaeTCA IpBMn - P < Ol [pac, 3.3). Ha060pOT, sa nOBopOTOM Aa8JleHI1e Ha 80rHYTOI1 CT9HKe CHH>KaeTCR, a Ha SblflyKl10f1 B03paCTaeT. B CBR311 C 3TI<tM B cell eH I1A x KpHBOJlHHei1t-!oro xaaana B03HH KaKlT nonepesusie rpaAHeHTbl aaaneHIJIR. B pe3yJlbTaTe B KJHSne 06pa3yKlTcR STOplJI'lHble Te<leHI1R, KOTOpble HeJ1araKlTCA H8 OCHOBHOH nOToK. BTOPl1'1HblM nOToK R8nAeTCA CIJIMMeTp"'1HO-SIHTOBbIM. OH COCTOHT 113 ABYX nOTOK08: B uearoe OHH HanpaSJleH!.1 K BorHYTOfi nosepXHOCTIJI, a oxono CTeHOK - K Bbl' nYKJlO~. B nonepe'lHOM Ce'leHL-tV1 xaaana nHHHH TOKa STopl1'1HOrO ra'1eHHFl FlBJlAIOTCR 3aMKHYTbIML-l.

BTOpfl'lHble Te'leHflR B KpflSOJlI1Hei1HoM xaaane Sbl3blBaKlT nortonHf1TenbHble norepa 3HeprHH. TaK KaK Ha 11)( 06pa30SaHlJle 38Tp1l'l11SaeTCR '18CTb KI1HeTI1'I€CKoi1 3Heprl1L-l nOTOKa.

CTPYKTypa BTOpHliHOrO Te4€HI1A, a cnenoaarensuo. 11 SeJll.14V1Ha AOnOJlH .. TenbHblx noreps 3Heprfll1 3aSHCRT OT rOOMeTpV1H KaHalla [vrna nonopora, cpopMbl nonepexuor c Ce4et111R, H3MeHeHI1Fl nonepe-HblX CENeHlJlfi no JI,JlI1H€ KaHaJla,OT p!!}KHM(! nOTOKa:'1I1CeJl PSHHonbA' ca, Maxa HAP.).

Typ6yneHTHoe nepeMeWI1BaHHe npOHCXOAI1T no-pa3HOMY B6m,3H nJlOCKL-lX, 80rHYTbiX 11 BblnyKJlblX nOS8pXHOCTeM. 3TO RSJlReTCR Cll8J1,' CTBL-teM roro, HO AeiiicTBL-t€ 1I8HTp06Bl1<HbiX CIJIJl npl1BoAHT K YCl1neH .. IO Typ6yneHTHOrO 06M€Ha B6Jll1311 BorHYTOH CTeH KIJI 101 K ocnatineHL-l.o s6Jll1311 BbInYKnoi1.

C YBeJ1I1'1eHV1eM '1lJ1cna M yMeHbUJalOTcR rlOnepe<lHble rpaAH8HTbi AaBJleHHR B KPHBOJlHHaiiiHOM xaaane, 'ITO nplJIBoAHT K YMeHbUJeHL-l1{) noreps 3Heprl1V1. nOTepH S xaaane yMeHbUJ3IOTCf' C yS8Jl 114 etll1 eM 411' cna REI, TaK KaK Typ6YJll13BI.!HA nOTOKa, B TOM ~Io1CJle enos a6nlJl311 orpsiea, nP"lBOAHT K CMeLl.l€Hl11O JlL-tHHV1 o rpsiea no nOTOKY.

1i13S€CTHO, ~TO BAOJlb Y'laCTKOB I-I BorHYTOH CTeHKl-I11 II-II SbInYKJloiii CTetiKH [pac. 3.31 MoryT S03Hlo1KHYTb OTpblllbl. Ha BorHyTo('.

43

T

PHC. 3.3. CXeMa Te~eItHR B KP"BO' P"c, 3.4. CKeM8 AIo1(j)¢Y30pa c KP~BOI1~Hel1'

.nHHeI7lHoM KaHane HblMI-t c r eH I<BM~

CT\lHKe OTpblBHaR 30H3 A noxanaaoaaua, ~TO 06ycn08n6Ho KOHq,y· 30pHbiM xapaxrepow TEl'tettl1A Ha 3TOM y~acTKe. Ha BblnYKnoi1 CT6H· I~e OTpblBHaA 30Ha B "MeeT 60nbWYlO npOTA)f{6HHOCTb.

B AI1(jJc!lY30PHbIX xauanax xpvrnoro Ce~eHIIIA npl1 vrnax noaopoTil KaHana {3 MeHI!e 1 ()<> B03MO)f{HO 5e30TPblBHoe Te~eHllle. nplll yr nax noaopora 60nee 10" B KaHanax npOIIICXOAIIIT nonHOCTblO pa38lnbl'" OTpbIS; np" vrnax ncaopora MeHbWe 30" Ha~ano o rpstaa npaKTlotye· CIGl He 3aSI1CIotT OT vrna 13. ,[InR AIotc!l(jJy30pHbIX KplIIBOnl1HeHHblX Ka· HanOB Ha 11HTeHCI1SHOCTb OTPblBHblX ABneHlllii Bm-mer KpOMe vrna jJaCKpblTI1A a ratoxe OTHOCIotTeJ1bHaA JJ,I111H3 AIII(jJc!lY30pa '[ = N/A I (pIIIC. 3.4) [119].

Peavnsrarsr IIICC1H!AOBaHI1Ci CBIIIAeTanbCTBYIOT 0 38BI1CIIIMOCT" noreps 3Heprllllll B KplllBonlilHerlHOM KaHane OT KPI,'IBIII3Hbl 80rHYToi1 " BbrnYKIlOfl 06paJylOllIHX. nplII M1IIlbiX 3Ha~eHIotAX r 2/1" I , rne I" 1 lot I" I coomeTCTBeHHO pa,llHYCbl BorHyToiii 11 BblnYKno~ CTeHOK, npOIIICXO· AI1T TOpMO)f(etll1e nOTOKa BorHYToii noBepXHOCTbIO xauana, ~TO coA~cTByeT OTPblBY nOTOK8 8 30He noeopora KaHana. C YBel1l1'leHloIeM OTHoweHHFI r 21f I 3aM6THO YBenl1~I1BaeTCFI HepaBHOMepHOCTb nonA CKOPOCT€Ci Ha KP\o1E)OJ1f1H!MHOM Y4aCTKe, ~TO np"BOA\o1T K yBenl1'leHIilIO no reps. no AaHHblM [501, OnTI1ManbHOe 3H8'lettl4e r 2/r 1 IH!)f(f1T B npenenax 0,7 ... 1, 1.

KaK noxaaana orn-rrsr, BbmOIlH€HHble B 1'.1311 B. 111. HJ.1K~~TI1HbIM Ha AI1c!l¢V30pHbIX lot cnafic KOH(jJY30PHbIX KpIiIBomfH~HbiX K3H3Ilax, cpennee ce~eHlote xauana peKoMeHAyeTcA BblnorrHfjTb YBeJlI1~eHHbIM, a sa nOBopOTOM 06eene~"lb KOH¢Y30PHYto c!lOPMY KaHana. OrrrarJI<lIlbHbl€ 3Ha~eHI-!A paAI-!YC08 sorHYTOCi lot 8blnVKno~ CT€H()K 3SBIotCI'IT OT vrna nOBopOTB icauana.

44

80 BnycKHblX I-! BblnYCKHblx KaHanax BCTpe~aIOTcA TaK H83b1Ba€Mble vrnoasie TO'lKIoI, pacnoIlo)KettHble B MeeTe 1ot3110Ma 06p83Y1O~IIIX xaaana, 113noMbi C 60IlbWIIIMIII "11111 MettbWI1MI-! yrnaMI1 pacKPblTlilFI IIIMBIOTCA nplot nepexonax OT ceane xnanaaa K 06pa3Y1OllIeCi B BblnY· CKHoM xaaane (05paTHbliii nepexon BO BnYCKHOM KaHane) lot OT 4>ac· KH xnanaua K ero 06 pas ylOllIe~.

YrIlOBOCi >lSIlOM BHOCI1T B nOTOK B03MYllleHl1e, IIIHTeHCIIIBHoCTb -co'roporo 3aBI1CI1T OT MHorlllX (jJaKTOPOB: vrna a 1113IloMa, AllIotHbl y~acTKa, creneua HepaBHOMepHOCTJof nOTOKa nepen 113nOMOM, '1I11CIla Maxa 1II,1lp. B6m-'3" yrIloBoCi TO'! Kill IotMeeTCA He ronsxo npOAoIlbHblril, HO lot CYllleeTBeHHblii nonepe~Hblrii rpaAllleHT AaBIleHIIIA, Aa>+ce B npeaenax norpSHWIHorO CIlOR.

nplII Manbrx aHa~eHIotAX a B03MYllleHllle, Bbl3BaHHoe 113IlOMOM, He OKa3blBaeT cvuiecrueaaoro BJ1I1F1HIIIA Ha AaIl!.HeHWee reseane, ,[IaHHble 0 KpI1TI1~eeKOM vrne 1113IlOM8, nplllBeAeHHble B nureparvpe, npoTI1BOpe~1II8ble. r. M. 6aM·3enHKOBIII'I paC'IeTOM nOIly'lllll1, 'ITO orpsra noroxa npOI1CXOAIIIT acerna npl-! a> 6°. Pac~eTbl BblnOIlHAIlJotCb B npeAnOnO)f(eHIotIll, ~TO AIlIIIHa y'laCTK8 nepen vrnosoa TO~ Koii paaua He M!!Hee nsvx AI1aMeTp08 axonaoro nOnepe'lHOrO Ce4eHI1A. 3TO vcnOB"!! 06bl~HO He BblnOIlHReTCA 80 enYCKHblXIot BblnyCKHblX K8H8Ilax.

OnblTbl uexoropsrx aBTopOB CB>lAeTe..1bCTBY1OT 0 TOM, ~TO npl1 onpeneneuusix YCIlOBIilAX (AOCTaTO~HO AIl>lHHbICi BXOAHOH y~acToK, p8BHoMepHOe none CKOpOCTI1 Ha BXOAe lot AP.) 6eaOTpbl8Hoe Te<teHllle B03MO)f(HO nplII vr nax 50Ilbwe 60 [armo n, AO a = 200) [29].

8 KaHanax A8IotraT€Il!M 06bl~HO BXOAHOW npAMOIll1Hei1Hblii vsacTOK AO 143110Ma KOPOTK"ii, a yron a 50Ilbwe YK838HHbiX asuae 3Ha· 'IeHIotiii. nplot :nOM B MecTe 1113IlOMa B03HI1KaeT OTpbIB. 3a TOYKOCi OTpsiea Te~eHllle nplll06peTaeT CTpyL:iHbli:1 xapaxreo. 3aMeT11M, 'ITO yB€I1I1'1eHl4e yrna 1ot3IlOMa nocne AOCTIII)f{eH\o1A Beml'lIllHbl (1 = UKp He nplot· BOAIotT K 3aMeTHOMY YBeIllll4eHI11O no reps 3Hepnl".

B03MYlLIeHf1A, Bbl38aHHble 1113IlOMOM, P8CTYT C YB€nlll'leHllleM '1I11CIla

M. BXOAHO~ Y'I8CTOK nepeA 1ot3IlOMOM COA!MCTByeT IIIX yMetibweHIllIO. ilJlR yMeHbwetilotR OTpJ.1l\aT!!IlbHOrO 8IlI1AHf1F1 Ha Te~eHllle B xaaane yr· IlOBblX "3rtOMOS peKoMcHAytoT nenarj, B :noM MeeTe HeOOm.WVie CK· pyrIlBfH1A. Onsrr nOK83bIB8eT, ~TO Aa)f(e He6oIlbwoe cxpvrneaae naer cyw,eeTseHHblH nOIlO)f(IIITeIlbHbICi 3¢(jJaKT. B KalKJ\OM cnvsae I1MeeTCR OI1TIotMoIlbHblH paAI4YC CKpyrIl€HI1R 143IlOMa III AanbHeiiwee ero YBeIlIII· ~eHJ.1e He nplolBOAI4T K 3aMeTHoMY f!3Mellet1lotto xapaxrepacrax nOTOKa.

BxoAHoe ce~eHllle BnYCKHoro lot 8blXOAHorO BblnYCKHoro KaH.;lIlOB HMelOT (jJOPMY, OTIll1yalOltlylOcA OT KpyrIlol1. KaK 00 Ko3aIlIII >l3MepeHI4R VI. HI1KypaA3e, 8 xaaane C HeKpyrIlblM nonep6~l1blM Te~eHloteM B03HIotKatoT BTOpfj~Hble Te~eH~lA.

¢opMa nonepe-nrorc Ce'leH11A KaHaJ1a orcaasraasr Ha 8eIlI1~J.1Hy noreps ocofioe B!11ot"'Hl~e nplot BC3HJ.1KH08eHJ.1>1 orpsrea, TaK, AIlA AIII(jJ·

45

¢\f3opoe xpvrnoro ~ KBaApaTHOrO Ce~eHHi1 npH 6e30TPbIBHOM Te4eHIoWI pacxo)KAeHllle Me>KAY nOTepRMIll 3Hap· rlliH He npeesuuaer 4 %, a npa B03HIIIK· HOBeHl1H oTpblBa norepa B AI1¢cIlY30pe C KBaAPaTHblM nonepellHblM Ce4eHl1eM npl1MepHO B naa pasa 6om,we, 'IeM B KOHIII'!OCKOM [29]. nO:nOMY npa KOHCT· pYl1pOBaHHI1 KaHaJ10B ABHraTBJ1ei1 Heo5· XOAHMO Bbl511paTb KpyrJ1YIO <PopMY nonepesuoro Ce'leHIliR.

,ll,IlA npoaepxa aroro npeAnOIlO)l(ettHA 5blIlH conocraaneasi pe- 3YJ1bTaTbI .... CCIle,lloSaHI1A AByX KaHSIlOB, nocrpoeaasrx Ha 5a3e BnYCK· Horo xaaana ABloiraTenR R M3·641. nonepe~Hoe ce~eHlile OAHOro 1013 KaHaIlOB I1MeeT npRMoyroIlbHylQ cjx>pMy, e-ropcro - OeaJlbHylQ. ,ll,py. rl1e KOHCrpYKlI.HOHHble xapaxreoacra KJ,1 xauanoa (uanpaanaaae OCH xaaana, nnouraaa nOnepe'lHblX ce'lettloli1, cjx>pMbl xnanaua H T • n.) He OTIlH~amlCb npvr OT APyra. 4epT9)I( npOTO'lHO~ ~aCT~ KaHaIla C annanco05pa3HO~ cj:topMoi1 nonepesuoro ce~eHHA npHSe,lleH Ha pnc. 5.1. OnblTbl no xasana, sro neoexoa OT npAMoyronbHoro nonepesncr o Ce'lettlolA K oBaIlbHOMY (SIlIllolnco05pa3HoMY) npl1BOAHT K yIly'lwe· HIolIO a3p0.lll1HaMIiI'IOCK~X nOKa3aTenel1 xaaana (pille. 3.5). nYTeM aaKpyrneHHR vrnos MO)f(HO nosstc .... Tb Ka40CTBeHHbie no xaaarena Ka· Hana C npRMoyrOJ1bHblM Ce4ettlileM 11 npH5n .... 3HTb ero xapaxrepucraKH K a3poAI1HaMI1'1ecKIilM xapaKTepl1CTHKaM kai+ane C OBaIlbHblM (annHnnl'lecKHM) nonepe4HblM Ce'lettloleM.

Ham14~e KOIlIleKTOpa 11 8bI3BaHHOe .... M HepaBHOMepHoe none CKOPOCTI1 Ha axone BO BnYCKHoI1 KaHaJ1 MO)l(eT OKa3aTh CYl1.lOCTseHHoe BmlRH~e Ha CTpYKTypy no ro xa B xaaane 11 BCIleACT8He aroro Ha Benl111HHy ncreps 3Hepr ........ B npouecce BnYCKa.

Ha puc, 3.6 nplIIBe.(leHbl pe3YJ1bTan,1 3aMepOB CKOPOCTI1 no ro xa B MeAl1aJlbHOf; nIlOCKOCTIol exonaoro Ce'lettL-1R 8nYCKHoro «asana 'IeTaepror o UIoIIlI1HApa AH3enR 8M3·541 nplol COBMecTHOi1 patiore co BTo· PblM UloIn .... HApoM~ Ma KCHMaIlbHaR creneas HepailHoMepHOCTI-'I CKOpO· CTH SO SXOAHOM Ce4ettHIil icaaana Ha5nlO,IlaeTCA npa ManblX3HCl4eHI-IRX h Kn. C YBeIlt.14eHHeM BeIlH'IHHbl OTKpblTI-1R xnanaua YMeHI>WaeTCA H34anbHaA HepaBHOMepHOCTb llOTOK<I. 3TO 051>ACHReTCR uepae+ro-

46

3A.BnHAHt.1E KOnnEKTOPA

F'MC. 3.5. 3aeHC>1MOCTb pacxona "o~lIyxa m OT "enlol4HHbl onycKaHI'IA «nanaaa AMI BnYCK· HO ro KaHana c pa3!H14HOil 4IoPMoil ce4eHHR Ha4anWioro Y'lllCTo<a:

1 - npRMoyron.Horo; 2 - 3IInHncoo6pa31tOrO

PHC. 3.6. PacnpeAllIleH"'e CKOPOCll< BO 1/,

BKOII"OM C84BHHI1 KaHana 4BTBeproro MjG

LlloInHHAPEI A"I'IrSTenA "112/12 flM3-641

npa Han0l4101H I(OnneKTOpa (COBMecTHaA

pa60Ta 4·ra .. 2·m LlHn"'HAPOS): 50

1 - h Kn ""3 M"; 2 - h KI1 = 6 .oM;

3 - h I(JJ = 10 MM; 4 - h KI1 = 12 MM

~
l~ r-. ~
4 ,......
.....
rA V
~
;r-....._ r
'\ i
\!
\ J MepHblM pacnpe.llaIJeHHeM pacxoaa 40

·B03Ayxa Me>K.IlY lI..ulI1HApaMH npa COBMOCTHOi1 pafiore ABYX UI1J1I1HA-

poa. np~ ManblX 3Ha'leHHAX h KII JO

B OTAenbHbie Ul1nHHAPbl .IlBHraTeJ1R

[a AaHHOM CJlYllae B lIeTBepn'l~ UH-

IlHHAP) nocrvnaer OTHOCHTeIlbHO 2D

He6onbwoe KOIlI1'1ecTBO B03Ayxa. BCJleACTBHe sroro no CelleHHIQ «onne+cropa noTOK pecnoenenea HepaB· HoMepHO, 'ITO npt.1BOAI1T K HepaBHOMepHOMY pacnpep,eneHt.11O CKOPO-

to s

D fD 20 JO 4D L,"'M

CTI1 80 BXOAHOM Ce4eH .... t.1 KaHaIla.

CYl1.lOCTBeHHOe BIl~RHl1e Ha <PoPMl1pOSaHL-1e npoq,IiIIlA CKOPOCTeI1 B xauane oksasraaer cnep,YIOl1.Iee 06cTORTenbCTBO. npl1 ManblX 3HalIeHloIFIX h Kn, xor na pacxon B03.1lYxa '1epe3 KaHaIl MeHbwe pecxoaa '1ep93 xonnexrop, aa nOBopOTOM nOTOKa 113 xonnexropa B xauan 05pa3yeTcR e .... xpesaa 30Ha 3Ha ...... rensao 60Ilbwei1 HHTettCHBHOCTl1, lIeM npa 06bI4HOM noaopore, 3TOMY cnoC06CTByeT AHcIl¢Y30PHbICi sqxpeKT, BbI3BaHHbli1 YBeIll1l1ettlileM otiurero Ce4ettHFI AIlFI nOTOKa 8 MOCTe npt.1COeAHHeH .... A xaaana K xonnexropv. KaK nOKa3blBalOT pe- 3YIlbTaTbi onerroe, OTPblBHble FlBnetl .... R Ha5IlIOA8IOTCA He TOIlbKO aa nOBopOTOM npH BXOAe nOTOKa B KaHaIl, HO t.1 Y npOTt.1BOnOIlQ)KHoi1 npAMo~ CTeHKH [xonnaxropa}, rae I1MeeTCR nOKanH30BaHHaA OTpt,IBHaR 30Ha. 1i13 3nlOpt,1 CKOPOCTeI1 (pHc.3.6) cneaver, 'ITO MaKCI1· MYM CKopoCTt.1 CMell..leH B CTOpOHY Bb!nyKno~ CTett Kt.1 kaaana, no- 3TOMY MO>KHO npBAnOIlO>KI1Tb, 'ITO Ha BXOAe B KaHan y BorHYTof; CTettKIoI HMeeTCR BI1XpeBaA 30Ha, Bbl3BaHHaFi O'lpblBOM nOTOKa npt.1 aro nocTynnettlol~ 1'13 xcnnexropa B KaHan.

nplol saKpblTOM KIl8naHe Ha BXOAe B xauan 05pa3yeT'::FI BI1XpeBaR 30H8, KOTOpaA Bbl3blBaeT MecTHOe nO.o.>KaTlile nOTOKa, npoxonsurero xepea xonrtexrop.

Te4eHHe B xauane np .... nan .... '!t.1t.1 xonnexropa CVW.OCTBeHHO OTnl1- lIaeTCR OT Te4eHIoIA B KaHane 593 xonnexropa. Pil3H .... ua Me>KAY xapaxrep .... cr .... KaMH nOTOKa 80 BnYCKHOM xaaana C KOnn6KTOpOM H 693 noCJlBllHero SIISHCIoiT OT Benl'l'lI1Hbl h Kn .... paCnOIlO)f(eHt.1A 14I1J1t.1HApa. AIIA Hcc.nep,yet.lloro ABHraTaIJR MaKCHMaIlbHaR HepaBHOMepHOCTb noTOKa Ha5IllOIlaeTcR B xauane tpersaro Ulllnt.1HApa.

47

pile. 3.7. Ca~eH"R, rile 6blfl" npOIt3BellBHbl 3aMepr.1

B ycnosliIRx HecTal.l,IIIOH3pHoro Te'leHI1R xonnexrop Cotlci1cTsyeT yMeHbWeHlillO aMnnlllTYtlbl Kone6a~- __ ..,A,~±c'>=A:'-_- HIiIR CKOPOCTIiI 11 AasneHI1R B03t1yxa B KaHane. Onpeaeneaaoe BnlilAHIote Ha IIIHTettCIiIBHOCn. Kone6aHlilIir napawerpoa B03t1yxa BO snYCKHOfi ClotCTeMB OK8:abIBaIOT npoueccs: uanonaeaaa, nporexaiousae B tlPyrl1x L1l11nIllHtlpax, BnYCKHble naTpy6KIiI KoTOPbl x npl1Coe,!ll1Hettbl K TOMY IKe xonnexropv.

4106bl a npeaan IiITb creneas Bnlll' RHIiIA xonnexropa Ha TC'IeHllle so BnYCKHOM KaHane, 6blnlil npOBe,!IeHbl I1CCnBtlOBaHIotR 8nYCKHOfi CIiICTeMbl tl8111raTenA R M3-741. B 3KCneplllMeHTax snYCKHOfi TpaKT BKnlO'Ian xonnexmp, nOABOtlAUU1e naTpy6KIiI, BnYCKHble K3He11bl C K11anaHilMIiI iii L1li1nlilH,Ilpbl. B03AyWHbilir tPI111bTp, ycTaH8Bl11i1BaBMbifi nepen xonnexrcpow, IIIMMIiITIilPOBB11CR 3aCJ10HKolir, n0380nRlOwei1 nOtl6t1paTb cortporaanenae H8 axone B xonnexrop, cooraercrevcuiee COnpOTI1BneHlillO cjJlllnbTp8.

npOq,liInlil CKOpoCT!!i1 onpenenanacs B xapaicrepusix nOnepe'lHbl)( Ce'lettIilA)( KaHana iii KnanaHHOH l1.Ienlll. TaKl1MIII CB'leHIIIRMIiI B KaHane 6blnl1 8X0tlHOe ce'leHlile (/111 I/) .., npe.a.KnanaHHoe (II/III/VI. B xnanaHHOCi ll.Ie111i1 npoq,lIInlil CKOpOCT~ Onpe,!le11AnlilCb B urecra nonepexHblX Ce'leHIiIR)( wenl1 (V-XI (pl1c.3.7).

none CKOPOC1l1 B nRToM xaaane npa OtlHOBpeMeHHolir era paOOTB C 'IeTSepTbiM KaHanOM ncxaaaso Ha pac, 3.8.

3nlOpbl CKopocTeCi BO BXOAHOM ce'leH",1iI KaHana ABnRIOTCA npaxrn'lBCKIll CIIIMMflTPIiI4HbIMIll. Hexoropoe YBelllll'leHllle CKOPOCTl1 co CTO' poHbl 60KOBOfi CTeHKIiI (A8T'11otK n) Bbl3BaHo IiIMetOLl.II1MCA 3,1lBCb 3aKpyrneHllleM co CTOPOHbl xonnex'ropa Ha axone B KaHan. CKOPOCn. y npOTIllBOnOnO>KHoi1 60KOBOfi CTeHKIiI Mana OT11I11'1aeTCR o'r CpetlHei1 CKOPOCTIiI nOTOKa B Ce<leHIIIIII KaHana. OTMe'leHHaR 38KOHOMepHOCTb VlMaeTCR npl1 acex nOnO>KeHI1AX xnanaua iii He 38BI1CIotT OT pe)f(",MCl re"!!HillA. C ysenlll'lBHVleM OTKpblTIiIR «naneaa CKOPOcn. nOTOKa aoapecraer. Haafionee peaxoe 1113MeHeH..,e CKOPOCTI1 Ha6nlOAaeTCA np", Manerx OTKPblTIiIAX «nanaaa (hKA .:;;; 6 MM). B tlanbHe'::iweM Bn..,AHllle 3Ha'lett11A h 1<11 Ha Benlil"I1Hy CKOpoCTIll B xauane CKa3bl8aeTCR B MeHbwei1 creneaa, B CB'leHl1", nepBtl KnanaHOM n010K npaKT..,.tecKIiI 38nonHReT nonHoCTblO ace ceoteHlile, C OlllotH3KOBOc;, cxopocn-io y neplotcjJepJ.-l11 11 B Allpe ceoteHIiIA. TaKaR CTPYKTYP8 nOTOKa B KaHane tI'3I11'

48

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L.-'o,----""=---:''::-.,.....~

(J 5 15 25 J5 MI.~i'I Q 5 If 25 I.,I'I/If

11, "'Ie If,JfI/C

90 flO

7{! 70

10 fa

a S 15 25 J§ 1..1'11'1 0 5 15 25 L,I'I'"

P"c. 3.S. npoqlltn,; cKopocTei4 B rrOnepe"HOM ceQeHI1M KaHalla 6-ro IlI111MHApa npM ero COBMacT1iO~ pa60T8 c 4-M ll"flI1HAPOM: _ _. I _ 11 K11 = 3 MM; 2 - 11 lUI = 6 MM; 3 - h Kn - 9 hiM; 4 - h KII -12 MM, 5 - h KJI = 15 MM; 6 ~ 003 KIIanaHa

If,M/C gO

70 50 3D

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t.P '220I[Z//'I1 t1P=JOOK~/M2

PMC. 3.9. 3nlOpbl CKOpoCTlIM B ceQeHIII1, OTKpblsaehloM KnanSHOM !BnYCKHO>; KaHan 5-ro lll'lnltHApa npH pa60TS nocnellHero COBMIlCTHO C 4-M IIH111'1HAPOM), no11Y'feHH~le.ru1ll BllycKHoi'l C>lCTeMbI1l8.,raTenFi RM3-741

rarana OO"RCHAeTCA, C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, 6onbwI'IM 06"eMoM BnYCKHOrO xonnaxropa, C APyroH, - YAa'lHm1 KOHCTPYKLlI'let; nOABOARllIero naTpy6Ka OT xonnexropa K KaHany.

3mOPbl cxopocrn B KnanaHHOH uiena xaaana naroro 1..II'IIlI'IHApa npl'l ero patiore coasaecn-o c ~eTBePTbIM LlloInlllHAPOM npl'IBe.e,eHbl Ha pillC. 3.9. npl'lCOeAflHetHle narcro I..IlIInl'lHApa nplllxoALHCR Ha Tynl'lK xonnsxropa. YcnOBI-1R axona nOTOKa BO BnYCKHOH KaHan aroro LlI-1· IlI'lHApa OT/lIII~aIOTCA OT xapaKTepl'ICTI1K noroxa nepea BnYCKHblM «aHanOM Ce.Q.bMoro LlI-1IlI1HApa. Taxoe npeAnOnO)f(BHl-1e nonraepacnaerca pe3ynbTaTaMI1 113MepeHlolH. Ecnlll ConOCTaBI1Tb Al-1arpaMMbl 1'13MeHeHI'IR cxopocrea AnA KaHanOB ce.Q.bMoro III nATOro Lll-1nl'lHAPOB, To npl'lXOAI-iM K BbIBOAY, 'ITO 3nlOpbl CKOpOCTei1 B KIlanaHHblX uienax oTnlll'lalOTCA no 1j)0pMe, a CKOPOCTl'l - no a6conioTHOMy 3Ha'lI!Ho-IlO. Pa3HI'ILla B aruopax cicopocreri Bbl3BaHa HOOAI1HaKOBOii Ha'lanbl-1oiii HepaBHoMepHocTblO nOTOKa B YK33aHHblx KaHanax.

B KaHane naroro Lll-1nl-1HApa Te'leHl1e 60nee YCToii'lI-1Boe no cpaaueHI-1IO C Te4eHilleM B KaHane Ce.Q.bMoro Lll-1nlllHApa np1!KT1-I4ecKI1 npl'l scsx nOnmKBHI'IRX «nanaae. 3/l10pbl CKoPOCTei1 ABIlAtQTCR 60Ilee nonHblMI'I, HO CBI'IAeTE!J1bCTByeT 0 MeHbWI-1X paawepax oTPblBHblX Y'laCTKOB. TaK, npl1 h KJ1 = 9 MM nOTOK B paiiioHe pacnonO>KeHl'IR AaT'II1Ka X 3aHi-lMaeT npaKrn~ecK'" Bce C~eHl'le KIlanaHHoi1 uiena, B TO BpeMR KaK B lI.I.enlll KaHana Ce)lbMoro I..II-IIlI'IHApa npl1 ToM >KE! nonO>KeHlIIl-1 xnanaaa Wl'lpl'IHa HanpBBneHHoi1 CTpyl1 o~eHb He60nbwaR.

B KaHane CE!JJ,bMOro I1l>1nl'lHApa nPM h KJ1 ;:.. 9 MM B5Ill'l31'1 BbInYKnoi'! CTeHKI-I (B Ce~eHI'II'I C AaT'II'IKOM VI 6blna aaperwcrpapoaaaa I'IHTeHCI-1BHaR 30Ha 3aBI'IXpeHl-1ii, 06ycnoBIleHHaR oTpblBaMLoi nOTOKa OT CTBH KI'I xaaana. B xauane naroro I..Il'IniolHApa AiDKe npl-l h KJ1 > 12 MM B 3TOCi ~aCTI'I TeIIeHl-1A OTpblBHble R8J1eHIllA MeHee LoIHTeHCI1BHbtB. npl'l hKn = 12 MM (pl1c.3.9) B ce'leH 1'1 1'1 r rne pClCnOnO>KeH AaT'lI1K V, npoIjJI'Inb CKOPOCTEl1 I'IMeeT paBHOM!!pHylO Qx>PMY. 3Ha'lI1T Co CTopOHb. BblnYKiioiii CTeH KI'I B 3ToM cnvsae 101M eerca He!50nbwaR OTPblB HaA 30- Ha. C YBenl'l'leHl'leM 3Ha~eHI'IA h KIl I'IHTeHCIoIBHOCTb OTPblElHblX aaneHIIIH pacrer III npl'l h KJ1 = 15 M M npolj)l-1 Ilb cscopocreii, perl'lCTpl'l pveMblH e nOMOlJ.l.blO Aa~I'IKa V, cvuiecmeauo nepeMelllaeTcR B CTOpoHy xnanaae.

3HepreTl'I~ecKl'le xapaKT!!pL'lCrnKI'I KaHana naroro LlloInL'lHApa ny~we xapaKTePMCTIolK xaaana Ce.Q.bMOrO 1II-1IlI1HApa. IIIHTeHcl'IBHOCTb Bpall.l.BIOIJ.jerOCR A81'1>KBHl'lfi nOTOKa, BblXOARUlero 1'13 KaHaIla naroro I1l'1nl'lHApa, 5YAeT OOIlbwe. Taxoe pa3nl'l4L'1e B c rpvxrvpe noro 1<;;'1, nocrvneourero B Lll'lnI'lHAP, RBnAeTCA OAHOHI'I3 npl'l'4I'1H HepaBHOMePHO' crn npOTeKaHI'IA pa60~ero npoueeca no OTABnbHblM LlI'IIlLolHApaM ABI-1- r8TE!J1A.

XapSKTepl'lCTI'IKI'I nOTOKa B KnanaHHOH UleIlI-1 KaHana nepsoro I..IL'Inl'lHApa Mano OTnl'l'lalOTCA OT Te'leHI-1R B KnanaHHOVI 1J,l!tJ11'1 [lAToro

50

LII1nl'lHApa. 05"ACHfleTCfI 3To TeM, 'ITO nepBblH 1-1 nATblH U;.IIlI'IHAPbl nOAKJ1tO'IBHbl OAI'IHaKOBO K KonIleKTopy, a I'IMeHHO K rynlllKoBblM naTpy5KaM OTBeTBneHII1H xonnexropa ••

,lJ,pyraA KapTLoIHa HaOnIOAaeTCA B KaHE!J1e BoCbMoro I..II'IIlI'IHApa npl'l CoBMecrnoiii I'IX patio'ra C nepBl>lM l..IL<1nL<1HApOM. B AaHHOM cnvsae Bo ElXOAHOM Ce<teHI'lIol npocjJl'lnl'l CKOpoCTL'I 0TJ11'14atOTCR CYUlecTBeHHOiii HepaBHOMepHOCTbIO. TaK, co CTOpoHb. BorHYToii CTeHKL<1 CKOpOCn. ua 15 ... 20 % MBHbwe CKOpOCTI'I B5Illol311 BblnYKnoCi CTeHKI'I. 3Ta oco- 5eHHocTb nOIlA CKOPOCTei1 ao BnycKHOM xaaane BoCbMoro LlLoIIlIIIHApa coxpaaaercs npl'l acax nOnO)f(E!HL'lRX KnanaHa. 3TO 05"hACHRBTCA TeM, 'ITO KaHaSI BOCbMoro l\l1nl'lHApa pacnonoscea B HenocpeACTBeHHoVi 6nlll30CTI'I K BXO,llHOMY CeIIeHl'110 xonnexropa, rAe, KaK noxasuBalOT AaHHbl!! IoIccneAOeaHI'IR, nOTOK ABnReTCR Hep8BHoMepHbIM.

KOIlIleKTOp 1-1 Bbl3BaHHafi 111M Ha'lanbHaA HepaBHoMePHOCTb neroKa BO BXO,llHoM Ce<teHl'Ilil KaHBnOB OKa3blB8101 CYUlecTeeHHoe BnI'lAHl-le Ha CTPYKTYPY noro ice B KIlanaHHOCi Ulenl'l.

Creneus BIlI'I"AHI'IA xcnnescropa Ha Te'leHl'le 8 K8Hanax pa3IlI'I'lHafi .o.nR pasuerx nOIlO>KeHI'IH xnanaaa, OHa npOABnAeTCR TeM Cl1nbHee ~eM 60nbwe Benl'l~I-1Ha OTKPblTI'IR xnanaaa. '

npocjJl'lnl'l cxcpocrea B KIlBnBHHoCi llIeIlI1 3aBI-ICflT OT pecnonosceHIoIR COnpR>KeHHO pa60TalOUll-ix LII1nI-1HAPoB. B cnvsae OAHOBpeMeHHoCi paOOTbI Lll'lnI'lHAPOB, KaHanbl KOTopblX npl'lCoeAI1HeHbl K OAHOH 1'1 Toii )f(e BeTKe konnexropa, nona cxcpocrea B KnanaHHo'::; llIenlll 60Ilee HepaBHOM!!pHble, '1eM 8 cnvxae, KorAS KaHaIlbl COnpA)f(eHHO pa50TalOlI.I.I1X UI1IlI'IHAPOB COe,lll1HBHbl C pa3HbiMLoi BeTKaMI1.

TaKI'IM 05pa30M, npl'l npl-1COeAI'IHeHl-1111 KaHanOB COnpA>KeHHO pa- 60HllOllII'I~ Lll'lnl'lHAPOB K O.Q.HOH BeTKe KOIlneKTOpa CTPyKrypB nOTOKa B 60IlbweI'I creneaa 38BIIICillT OT xonnexropa, 'IeM npLoi nplolcoe.Q.IIIHBHI'IIil xaaanca ttL<1nIolHAPOB K pa3HbiM BeTKaM. 06"ACHReTCR sro cneAYIO' 1lI1>1M: npl1 npl1COe,llLolHeHl11'1 Lll'lnl-lHAPoe K O,llHOO BeTKe npOLolCXOAI'IT pa3AeneHl'le nOTOKa B xonnex'rope: Pe3KOE! 1'13MeHeHl'le nnouiana ce'1eHI1f1 BCIle,llCTBlole p83AeJ1eHI-lA noroxa nplolBOAI'IT K CYUleCTBeHHoVi HepaeHoMepHOCTI1 xapaxrepacrax no roxa ao BXO,D,HOM Ce4eHl-II1 KaHana. npl-I 3TOM Ha'lBnbHaR HepaBHOM!!pHOCTb nero xa 3aBI'ICI'IT OT Benl'l~L'lH OTKPblTI'IR xnanaua COnpR)f(eHHO pa60TalOUlI'IX Lll'lnI'lHApOB. npl-1 ~acnonO>KeHL'l1oi LlL'lnl'lHAPOB Ha pa3HbiX BeTKaX nOTOK, nocrvna- 101lII'ILoi 1'13 xonnaxropa B KaHan, HMeeT no Ce'leHLoIIO 60nee paBHoMepHbl'::; npol'j:)l1nb CKOPOCTEl1. BcneAcTBl'le sroro CTpYKTypa noroxa B KaHan:, B TOM ~l'Icne B KIlanaHHO'::; uiena, fionee paaaowepuaa. nony'IeHHbILoi Pe3YIlbTBT rOBOpl'IT 0 uenecooepaauocra I'ICnOnb30BBHI1A cxeMbl KonneKTopa, npl-1 KOTOpoii B03Mo)f(eH oTAenbHblii nOABoA B03Ayxa K Ka>K,llOMY I1l-1nI'lHAPY.

OTMe~eHHoe p(l3IlL'l~l'Ie B crpvxrvpe noroxa B KIlanaHHoii UleIlI'I MO)f(eT Bbl313aTb onpeaenesaoe p831l1'l'll'le B Ka'lecTBe cMBCoo5pa30Ba-

51

I I

I

,I

'j I

" I

(I

if,

!-fiC

.'20 F;;;o;;:::~~;o;±=-~t--

o

o

to

20 s

3[] L,i'1i'1

H~A B U~l1~H,Q,pax ABlJlraTel1R IJI orooaa COOTBSTCTBeHHYto HepaBHOMepHOCTb pa60TbI UlJIl1~HAPOB.

ConocTaBl1eHl1e arnop CKOPOCT~ B KnanaHHoi1 l1.Ie.n1Jl BnycKHoro KaHal1a ,Q,B~raTenA AM3·741 [pac, 3.9) IJI 4H 10,5/12 (A 144) (plilC. 3,1 O) cB~.aeTenbCTByer a 50nee COBepW9HHOH KOHCTpyKu~11 nporosHOH .. aCT~ kaaana napaoro ABl1raTenA,

TO'lHO TaK me 9blnycKHoH xcnnercrop cnocoecraver ynY'IWeHIJlIO CTPYKTYPbl nOTOKa B BblnYCKHOM KaHane, CTeneHb Bnl1AHIJIA xonnaxropa ua TeYeH~e B K3Hene 3a811CI1T or KOHClpYKl1l111J1 xonnsxropa ~ COeJlIIIHAIOUlero nalpy5Ka, paCn0110mI!HI1R KaHana OTHOCIJITe11bHO «onnexropa, BenlJlIIIJlHbl OTKpblTI1A xnanaaa h K11"

PacnpeJleneHllle CKOpOCTIJI nOTOKa B BblxoAHOM CEI'IeH~~ BblnYCKHoro KSHal1a AB~raTe.nR 4H30/3B npl1 OTCyTCTBIJI~ iconnexropa III Ha· nW1111J1 nocnenaero, nonY'IeHHOe B ycnOBIJIAX CTaUIllOHapHOH npOAYBKIJI npa nepenaae AaB,'eH~R B KaHane t:.p = 9,B1 Kn a, I1OKa3aHO COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha pac, 3.11 IJI 3,12, 3aMepbl CKOpOCTIJI npoBOAl1nl1Cb B BepTIJIKaIlbHOH ~ rOplJl30HTanbHOH nnOCKOCTl'IX xepes Ka)l(,ll,ble 5 MM, UHc:j:lpbl Ha rpac:j:lIJlKaX YKa3blBalOT Ha Be11l'lll~Hy OTKpblTI1A xnanaaa. 1'13 npHBeAeHHblX AaHHblX cneaver, 'ITO nPl'! Hanl1111J11J1 xonnexropa no' TOK nvvure aanonnaer C9'll!Hllle xaaana H CKOPOCn. raaa asuue. B 310M cnvvae OTPblB nOTOKa or BbmYKllol1 CTeHKIJI (PlJlc. 3.12, .. ) npoacXoAIJIT noasce IJI Aam.we no XOAY T9'leHIJIA, '1eM xorna KOl1l1eKTOp OTCyTCTByet (pac, 3,11, a). K aHanom'lHOMY BblBOAY MO)f(HO npHj;j· rn, ec1J1JI aHaTllJl311pOBaTb OlpblBHble ABl1eHIJIR OT OOKOSblX CTeHOK (PIJIC, 3.11, 611 3,12, 6) •. 01CIOJla cneaver, 'ITO npl'! HanW11111 K0I111eKropa pacxoa rasa 'Iepe3 BblnYCKHOH KaHS11 5yAeT 60nbwe, a norapa 3HaprlJllJl MeHbWe,

8

v.

Hie 100

8lJ

r-- -
- r-- -
- '{j
f \
\ -r-
r-- - j -.\ <,Vii
/ "-c--
/ r". -- ~Wt iX
~ ij I \' ~ ~ 12 a

P~c. 3,10, 3nlOp •• cKopocTe~ B KnanSotHOil wen" BnycKHoro KaHana AB"raTen~ A·l44 np" pa.n""Hb.X oonO)l(etlMAX I<Ilanalia:

B~h I<I1 =3 hiM; 15- II sen =15"M tV."X -HohllepaA8'1'1"KoB~

a

3.5. Bnl1RHI1E HEPABHOMEPHOCTI1

no nonEPELIHOMY CELlEHI1IO nona CKOPOCTI1

F'Mc. 3.11. CrpyKyYpa nCTOKa B Bb.XOAI<OM ce<teH'''' Bb.nYCI<HOrO KaHana .[IB"rarena "IH 30/38 nPM On:yTCTB .... KonnBKTOpa:

a - .. B!lPTMKanbflO~ nnOCKOCTM; (; -" OOP"30HTaIlbHO';; nl10CKOCTM

V;H/C 120 ~~~-----:~

o

20 5

80 BnYCKHblX K8Hanax Ha'lanbHaR HepaBHOMepHOCTb nOTOKa pacrer C YBenM'IeHlJlet.II 3HalleHIJIR h Kn' nosToMy no Mape OTKpblTIJIR xnenaHa MecTO orperaa nOTOKa o'r CTeHoK KaH8J1a nepaweuiaerca saspx no Te'leHllllO. OAHaKO C B03HI1KHOBeHlJleM o'rpstna B 3Ha'llJlTenbH0l1 creneHH YMeHbWaeTCR BnlJlAHHe CTeneHl1lrepaBHOMepHOCTIJI nOTOKa Ha BXOJle B AI1¢c:j:lyaopHyto 4aCTb xauane. nplJl H8J1I1'1I1111 OTPblBHblX aaneHIJII1 ypoBeHb nOTepb ABnReTCR BIoICOK ... M IJI HeKOTopoe CMel1.leHI18 TOil KIJI orpsrea nOrpaHIJIliHOrO C110R BnlJlAeT B MeHbWeH CTeneHIJI Hi! OTHOCIllTenbHoe YBenlJl'leHllle noreos.

B BblnYCKHOM xauane creneus HepaBHOMepHOCTH noroxa IJI CTeneHb AIJlc:j:l¢Y30ptiOcrn era npOTO'lHoi1 '1aCTI1 pacrvr C YMeHbWeHlJleM 3Ha'ieHIJIA h KIl'

HepaBHOMepHOCTb nona CKOPOCTIJI Ha exoae B AI1c:j:lc:j:lY30pHylO 'IaCTb KaHana onpe,Q,ellAeTCA, C OAHoi1 cropouu, Hecral1lJ1oHapHblM

53

PIle, 3.12. To _ •• TO H3 PMC. 3.11 nPM Han"."" KOnnOI<TOpa

xapaxrapow Te'leH"f1 B KaHane 11. C APyro~. reoMeTpl1~ecKI1MI1 napaMeTpaMI1 xaaana, OnpeAanAlOlI.\l1M napaMeTpOM npl1 :nOM nanaerca yron a paCKpblTMfI tlI1cjJQlV3opa. OnblTbl nOKa3b1Ba1OT, ~TO B03Myme· HI1R. Bbl3BaHHbie pe3K..,M 113MeHeH..,eM HanpaBneH..,f1 xanana, B03pacTalOT c YBenl1'1eHl1eM yrna a. n03TOMY 3Ha4eH"e yr na a .IlO HaKOTopoci crene-a xapaxrepaaver creneas B03MYll.\BHI1Ci 11 HepaBHoMeptlO' CTI1 nonfl CKOPOCT~ Ha BXOAe B Al1cjJq,Y30pHytO 4acn. KaHana.

HepaBHOMepHOCTb nona CKOPOCTl1 pacrer C yBe.nI1~8Hl1eM '1..,CJ1a

M. n03TOMY y 6blCTPOXOAHbiX .IlBl-1raTe.n~ cnenver o}K"'Aan. YBenl1~eH .... f1 CTenett.., Hep<lBHoMepHOCTI1 no C~ettl1lO noneCi MBneH..,R.., CKOPOCTI1 B xauane, 3TO YKa3blsaeT Ha He06XOAI1MOCTb npeDJ,RsneH..,f1 60- nee BbICOKI1X Tpe6oBaHI1~ K BnyeKHblM 11 BbmYCKHblM C..,CTeMaM 6blCTpoXOAHbiX AB..,raTeneti no cpaBHeH .... 1O C TI-1XOXOAHbIMI1_

np.., OAlotHaKoBOCi nnOll.\BAIot nonepesaoro C~ettI1R xaaana "'MnynbC HepaBHOMepHoro HepacKpY'lettHOro []OTOKa coananaer C I1MnynbcoM paBHOMepHoro nOTOKa C TeMIII }Ke 3Ha'ieHIIIAMIil paCXOAa III 3Ha~eH"'RMill AaBneH..,R P * 11 TeMnepaTYPbl T" nocne aA..,a6<l11-!oro 06paT..,Moro TOpMO}KettI1R noroxa [118]. B CBRll1 C 3T..,M cnoc06bl ycpeAHeHIIIR nepasserpoe HepaBHOMepHoro nOTOKa C coxpaHettl1eM pacxoaa, noTOKOB nonHo':; 3HTanbn..,III .., sarpona« ~ .... C coxpaHBHllleM pacxona, nOTOKOS nonHoi:i 3HTanbnlll .... 1-1 nonaoro I1MnynbCa B nlllHei1HoM npu- 6n"'}KeH..,11 3K9f1SaneHTHbl [102].

B Ka~ecTBe Kp..,TePl1A CTeneHIII HBpasHoMepHocT.., npoq,l1nR CKOPOCTI1 MO)l(HO np..,HRTb K03cjJQlI1UI1BHT [83]

1

K= --J... (v tv cp - 1l dA. (3.21

A" .... H

rAe A - nnoutaa» axoaaoro C~ettI1R; v 11 V cp - coomeTCTBBHHO TeKymaR .., CPeJ:lHRR CKOpoCTIII.Anfl BblnYKnblx npocjJ..,n~ CKOPOCTIII K> D. Anfl BorHyTblx K < O.

Ha OCHOBe 06pa60TKI1 60nbworo KCnl1~ecTB3 3KcnepIIIMeHTam.· HblX AaHHbIX. Bbl nonHeHHblX pa3J1111~HbIM"" 8BTOp<lM..,. cQlopMynl'lpoBaHbl CJ1BAYIOUlllle peKOMeHAaUI1f1 no SblOOPY KOHCTPYKU,I1.., AI1q,cjJy- 30pHbix xaaanoa [119,140]:

npIII oAl1HaKoBO~ crenesa pacurapeuaa A"'q,q,V3oP C KpyrnblM nonepe~HblM c~e.lI1eM osnanaer Ha"n'{'lw"'MI-1 a3pOAI1HaMIII~ecKI1MIII xapaKTepl-1CTI-t K3MI1; onT..,ManbHble yrnbl a p8CKPbITI1A AHcjJcjJy30pa 3a8111CAT OT cj>oPMbl nonepeenoro Ce~eHI-1A. AnA AI1q,q,Y30pa xpvrnoro C~eH"'R ao n r = 6 ... 80, npRMoyronbHoro Ce'leHI1R tlonT = 110; nPM yrne 150 .:;;; a':;;; 300 3cjJq,BKTI-tBHOCTb AI'IQlcjJY30pa MO}KHO YBenl1- ~"'Tb nYTeM cKpyrneHl1R KpOMoK axonsoro Y4aCTKa. 3q,q,eKTIIIBHOCn. JlI-1cjxj:JY30pe pacrer C YMeHbweHl1eM TOnml1Hbl nOrpaHI-1~HOrO cnoa HB BXOAHOM y~acTKe. n03TOMy ua norepa 3H6prl1H B KBIiBne oxeasraaer BnI1RHI<IB KOHCTPYKUI'IA KaHana I1nl1 CoeAl-tHI1TenbHOrO naTpy6Ka AO AI1q,q,Y30pHoro y~acTKa.

54

3T11 peKOMeHAaU,H'" MO}KHo npl1M6HflTb 1-1 K KaHanaM ABl1raTer.eH.

B cnnv cnomHoCTIII ABneHIII~. npoTeK81OUlI'Ix BO BnyeKHblx 11 BbInYCKHblX K<lHanax, 3cjxj:JeKTI1BHOCTb OT IIICnonb30BaHI1A YKaJaHHblX pexoMeHAaU,l1H MomeT Kone6aTbCR B 60nbWI1x npeaenax.

3.6. HECTAIU10HAPHOCTb TE"IEHHR nOTOKA B KAHAnE

OnblTbl CB"'AerenbCTSYIOT 0 TOM, 4TO nOrpaHI1I1Hbl~ cno':; B Qla3e yexopeu .... A p83Sl-tBaeTCfI nOA B03A~CTel1eM Ha T64eHl-te crpauerensuoro rp3Al1eHT8 llaBneHI-tR [30]. B cjJa3e 3aME!,'l.l1eH .... A nor pen .... 4Hbli:! cnoi:i pa3BI-1SaeTCA nOA an .... AHl1eM nono>KI<ITenbHOro rpeAl1eHTa AaBneH .... a, B03HI1KHoB9HI1e rpaAl1eHTa AaBneHI1R B KaHane Bbl3BaHO B OCHOBHOM Hanl141<1eM IIIHepU"'OHHbIX can.

no YCTofi~I-1S0CTI1 K OTpblBY HBCTau,I-tOHapHbICi Typ6yneHTHbiti norpaHI1~Hbl~ cnoi1 aaHI1MaeT npOMB}KyTo~Hoe nOnO}K9Hl-te M8)I(.IlY TYP- 6ynettTHbiM 11 naMIIIHapHblM nOrpaHl-1l1HblMIII cnOAMI1 AJ1A crauaouapaoro nOTOKa. OCHOBaHl-1eM ana raxoro BblBoAa cny)l(l-1T TOT q,aKT. 'ITO npoq,l1nb uecrauaoaapaor-o norpaHIII4Horo cnon 3aHIIIMaeT npoMB}Kyr04Hoe nonO}KeHl-1e M8)I(AY npOcjJl1nflMIil CKOpoCTei1 TYp6YIH1HTHoro 1-1 naMI-IHapHOro CTaUI-tOHapHblX Te~ettlll~ [30]. 3TO Bbl3BaHO TeM, 4TO B HecTau,OOHapHOM norpaHIII~HOM enoe vpoaeas AI-ICCl-lnau,l1111 TYP- 6yneHTHoCi 3Heprl1l1 Bblwe, ~eM B CTaUI-IOH<lptiOM TYP6yn6HTHoM re~eHI1I'1.

HeCTau,1-10HapHblf1 xapaxrep T~eHI-tR B03Ayxa B ra30B03.QyWHblx rpaxrax AB..,raTe.nR o npen ena eTC A nep"'OAI1~HOCTbIOABIII}KeHI-1A nopurHR III BnyCKHblX xnanaaoe. a Tal<}Ke nepeMeHHblM pe}KI-tMOM pa60Tbi ABlilraTenR. Bn..,RHl1e HeYCTaHOB..,BwerOCR Te4eHHA B npOT04HbiX sacTRX ABl-lraTenR 60nee CYll.\BCTBeHHO, ~eM en..,RH..,e HecTaUI10HapHOCTI1 npouecca, 06ycnOBneHHofi nepeMeHHOCTblO pe)l(l1Ma pa60Tbi ABI1- rarena.

HI-1}Ke npl-lBOJIATCR pe3ym.Tan.1 ..,ccneAOBeH..,R HecTau"oHapHoro Te~eHl1F1 BO BnyeKHoM KaHane ABl1raTe.nA 410,5/12 (.0. 37) BnanaMl-1pCKOrO TpaKTopHoro sasona.

4T06bl IIICKnlO'II1Tb Bn..,AHfle H<l uanonueaae ~l-tnflHAPa HanO}KeHI1R BonH AIIBneHI1A npl1 BK11to~eHI1'" K BnYCKHoMy xonnex'ropv oraensHblX u,l-tn .... HAPOB. I1CCneAOBaHl1A npoBoll..,nl1Cb Ha OAHOM, II I1MeHHO B nepSOM Ul1nl1HApe. K rcnomce U,I1nl1HApa 6bl11 nOAKnlO~eH KOPOTK..,ti nOABOARlI.\flH TpyoonpoBoA', npeAcTaBnRIOWI1H c0601i1 nPOAOn)l(ettl1e npoTo~HO~ 4aCTl1 KaHana (PM!:. 3_131.

Bo BpeMA onstroe 1-13MepAnl1Cb TeKYWJ-Ie 3Ha'ieHIIIA CKOPOCTK, A8BneH..,R .., TeMnepaTypbl nOTOKa. ,!J,aT'I..,KIII 6blnlll YCTaHOBneHbl B HaVl60nee lcapaKTeptiblx C~eHI1RX KaHana: BO BXOAHOM c~eH"'''', nepeA KnanaHOM III B BblxoAHOM CENeHl1l1, OTKpblBlIeMOM K11anaHOM. PacnOnO}KeHl1e A<ll'I .... KOB B KnanaHHoi:! wenl-t nOKa3aHO Ha pac, 3.14.

56

PIIC. 3.13. Pa ... _eHH& A8.....,KOB All" 38M8pe" cxopocra M A3BIleHII" BO BnVCKHOM KaHane

f'l.!c. 3.14. exe".e pecn0J10)l(eHIIR nar""KOB AIIR sa .. epaCKOPOCn1 rlOTOKB, BblXOAIIUlero ~3 KIlBnaHHoii UlaIlIt; t - H~t(efl8Bafl cToHKa; 2 - HHfb A81"1HK8

Bo 8XOAHOM Ce'leHl1l1 6bl11 YCTaH0811eH OAI-1H AaT~I1K. B c:e~eHI1I1 K(lHa118 nepen KIlanaHoM 1.13MepeHI-1e np0I13BOIlI-111OCb B ABYx TO~Kax, pacn0110)l(eHHbiX B BepTI-1Kal1bHoM Me.lll1anbHOM Ce~eHI1I1 1(8Hal1!1. YqI1TbIB8R, ~TO Hal16011bWaA creneas HepaBHoMepHOCll1 nOTOKa I1Me· er MecTo B BblxOAHOM Ce~ettl1l1, 0c:060e BHI1M!lHl1e 6b1n0 YAElneHo 38- MepaM napaeaerpos nOTOKa B YK!l38HHOM Ce'leHl1l1 xaaana no OKPYlKHOCTI1 l(11anaHHOIl l1.Ienl1 6b1110 YCTaHoB11eHO urecrs AaTQI1KOB ~ r ... 6) (Pl1c. 3.13). ,[IaBl1eHl1e B Lll1nl1HApe 1-13MepRnocb sepea OTBepCTl1e, npOCSep11eHHOe B AHl1l1.1E! roncaxa. AnA onpeAeneHI-1A cpensero paCXOAa B03Ayxa npl1MeHAl1l1Cb 06l1.18npl1HRTbie MemAbl. ,[lilA 3aMepa CKOPOCTI" nOTOKa I1cn011b30BanCA TepMOaHE!MOMElrp rana 3TAM-3A. ,[IaBneHI18 B 1I1.111I-1HApe 113MepAnOCb I1HAYKlII10HHbiM A8T'II1KOM 1-1,[1·3.

Teesnepervpa nOTOK(I 113MepA11acb annaparvpoji 3TAM-3A, npl1 patiore noCneAHeI1 B PEl)l(I-1M8 nOCToAHHoro TOKa. AnA 3BMepOB T8M· neparvps: I1Cn0I1b30B811I-1Cb TEl )I(e ,11<11"'111 KI-1, 4TO 1-1 npa 113MepeHI11-1 CKOPOCTI-1 nOTOK<I. 1-13Mep8HI1e TeMneparYPbl 8 1I11nl1HApe .IlBl1raTeJ1A np0I13BOAI111OCb Cr!lHAapTHblM AaT~I1KOM repM03H8MOMerpa. HI1Tb KOTOporo, 3aK11IO'I€HHaR B 3KpaH, Bblx0/ll111a B n0110CTb 1I1111I1HAPa. '3aMepbl CpeJlHeI1 leMnepaTypbl· B 1I1111I1HApe np0I13BOJl,l1nI-1Cb, KpOMe Toro, C nOMow.bIO repMOaneKTpl1'1ecKoro npe06paJOBaTe11R. rpaq:.., KI-1

56

IJ,I 2060 fIIOmo J22f1'1'
0.3 . /
\ .
/1,7 ir\---~/ft ~
I,B
'P fJ,1 eo ]'''lif" 'I' :>
0.3
0,7
1,8 1,8
10 10
{l
.i'w i;MJa PHc. 3.15. napaMeTpbl rlOTOKa BO 6)<0,(1,' PI1C. 3,16. napaMeTpbl nOTOKa 6 C(!'Ie.

HOM ce'le"~11 Ka~na: HI1~ nepen KllBnSHOM:

t - 30 0-1; 2 - 25 c-I; 3 - 20 c-1 1 - 30 0-1; 2 - 25 c-I; 3 - 20 c-I

1-13M8HeHI-1R CKOPOCTI-1 VI AaBileHl1R so snycKHoM KaHa11e npHBeAeHbl Ha pac, 3.15 ... 3.18 [361.

3aKoHoM8pHOCrl1 H3MeHeHVlA cxopocrn 11 .IlaBlleHVlR BO BnYCKHOM xanane ABloiraTe11A onpeAel1RIOTCR Cl1eAYIO~I1MI1 npl1'1I1H<lMI1. Ha'lal1b' HblYi HMnY11bC pa3pemeHI1R AaBneHI1A Bbl3blBaeT 3aMeTHbIH, npaKTI1- '1ecKI1 MrHOBeHHbl~ pocr CKOPOC1l1. Bel1Wll1Ha 3TO~ CKOPOCTVI Bblwe 3Ha'leHI1R, KO'TOpOS A011mHO 6bITb 13 COOTl3eTCTBI1V1 co CKOPOCTbIO nopums Ha AaHHOM arane npouecca BrrYCK8 (npH.p =20o). nOCKOl1bKY, KaK BI1AHO Ha OClIl1nl10rpaMM8X, 8 .Il8nbHeiiweM rp!IA1oI8HT ABSl1eHI1A MeHAeT CBOM SHaK, CKOPOCTb naaaer. YBel1l1~eHVle CKOPOCTI1 nopWHR npVlBOAI1T I( 3aTyxaHI11O BOI1Hbl .IlaBneHI1A, Bbl3BaHHolii Ha. ~anbHblM I1MnY11bCOM PaJPeJKeHI1R. OAH8KO, HeeMOTpA Hil YCKopeHHoe ABI-1)1(eHI-1e nopunra, Ha611IOAaeTCR naAeHl1e CKOPOC1l1 noroxa, TaK KaK, eo-nepasrx, YBen\1~I1BaeTCR npOXOAHoe ce'leHl1e AnA anvcKa, a BO-flTOpbIX, 3Ha~eHl-le CKOpOCTI-1 ace )l(e oCTaeTCA asuue TOfi

51

I

1

I,

l

I

PHc. 3.1 7. napaMeTpbl 110 TO I(a B ceseH .. H. OTKpblBa9ItJIOM K.nal1aHOM: 1-MT'I"1( 4;2-MT~"K 5; 3-lIaT'lI1K 2

o

so f20 ~O 20 "

P.,c. 3.18. napaMeTpbl ooTOK8 B ce'l1lH~"', OTKpkltBaeMOM Knan8HOM: 1-30c-l; 2-25c-l; 3-20c-1

Belll11~IIIHbl, KoTOpSII .o.ol1>KHa 5blTb B COOTBeTCTBlII1II co CKOPOCTblO nopWHA Il AaHHblH MOMeHT. 3nlM 05bRCH1geTCA naAelillle CKOpOCTIII, HecMOTpA HOI nOBblWeHllle AaBlleHIo1A HOI AaHHOM Y'IaCTKe npo ... eeca BnYCKa. 1'13 nptlBe.o.eHHblX OCLLV1IlIlOi-P<lMM cneaver. 'ITO TOpMO>KeHllle nOTOKa III KOIle6areJlbHbie RBlleHIIIR Ha'lIllHaIOTCA eute B nepBblH neplo1- 0,11 npo u eeca HanOI1HeHIIIR, a lo1MeHHO nocns noeopora KOlleH'IlITOI"O Balla Hil vron '+J = 200 nocne B.M. T.

CooTBeTcTB .. e Me1KAY CKOpOCTblO ASIII)f(eHlllfI nopuiua .., CKOPOCThlO nOTOKa HaCTynaeT npl1MepHO nplII yrne 110BopOTa KOl1eH'IaTOI"O Balla HOI 7()<> nOC11e B.M. T., KorAa AaBlleHl1e AOCTloiraeT MI1H .. MallbHoro 3Ha~eHIIIR, a CKoPOCTb nopuma 611t13K3 K CBoei'1 MaKCIIIMaIlbHOH sana'1I11He. npH IlHal1lo1Tlo1'1OCKOM IIIcc.~eAoBaHtllII npo u ecca B,lYCKa nonY'IeH aHaI10r"'1Hbli1 pe3YJlJ,TaT or [591. CKa3aHHbiM Bblwe MO)f(HO 06bRC' HIIITb, no'ieMy ua nepBoi1 CTaAl'I11 BnYCKS "MeeT MecTO 3aMeTHoe noBblweH .. e rexvurero 3H3'1eH~tR K03cjJc:pI'l ..... lIIeHTa HanonHeHHA, a Ha

58

Y'IaCrKe npouecca, rae nopuieus HMeeT HSI'I6011bWYIO CKOPOCTb, IIIHTeHCIIIBHOCTb pOCTa BeJllII'lI1Hbl flv T npaKT"'1ecKH paBHa HYlllO.

YMeHbWeH..,e cxopocra nopWHA nocne cepe»'IIIHbl era XOA<I conpoBo>K.Q,aeTCR pOCToM AaBneHf1A B nOTOKe. OAHaKO Io1HTeHCHBHOCTb pOCTa AaBlleHf1~ 5011bUJe CTer.eHI-I YMeHbweHHA CKOPOCTH nopWHA III nplll '+J = 1500 AaBl1eHl'le paBHO arMocc:pepHOMY. TOpMO>KeH .. e noroxa npOHCXOlll1T He TOllbKO H3-3a 3aMe,tII1eHHOro xoaa nopiuaa, HO TaK)f(e B peavnsrare npe06pCl30BaHHA ~aCTI'I KIo1HeTIII'IOCKO~ 3HeprH .. IlOTOKa B nOTeHI.\ .. al1bHYIO. KpOMe roro, 8 OC06et1HOCTloi npl-I 5011bWoi:i 4aCTorc Bpall.leHIIIA, Ha xapaKTepHCTIIIKI'i IlOToKS OKS3blBaeT eJlf1AH .. e cjJaKTap C)f(..,MaeMOCTf1.

PeayllbTaTbl I-ICCI1!!JlOBJHHii YKa3blBatOT ua HepaBHOMepH.OCTb noTOKa no OKPY>KHOCTI'i Kl1anaHHoii uiena. Haf15011bWHB CKOpOCT"', pefHCTPl-1pyeMble '1emepTblM AaT'lHKOM, Ha5BIOAalOTCfI co cropoas] 50- KOBblX noeepxuocrea KaH311S. 3TO 06bAcHAeTcR TeM, 'ITO H3 3TIo1X Y'laCTKax l"a30Al'!H3MIII'IOCKlo1e norepa MeHbwe, 'IeM co CTOPOHbl 801"HYTOi1 I'iI1H RblnYKlloi1 CTeHOK KClHaJla. OnpeAeJleHHOe BI1HAH .. e Ha CTpyKTYPY nOTOKa B Kl1an3HHO~ uien .. OK33blBSfOT CTeHK~J Ul'lll101HIlp3 BClle.llCmlo1e HOCIo1MMeTp"'~HOI"O paCn0110>KeHHA KaH3113 OTHOCHTellbHO nOBepXHOCTf1 I.\l-Inlo1HApa_

npl-I OTliOCHTel1bHO He6011bWf1X 3Ha4eHf1RX '13CTOTbl BpaLl.leHHFI KOllet1'18Toro aana CKOpOCTH. 3aperHCTplllpOBaHHbie BTOpblM 101 IlItTblM AaT'II-IK3MIII, Mallo OTIlI1'1aIOTCA APyr OT npvr a (33 I-ICKI1IO'IeH..,eM Y'lacrxa npo ... eeca, rAe op = 20_ .. 60°). OIlHaKo C yBell"'~eHl'leM 6b1CTpo)(OAH()CTI-I ABl'iraTel1A CKOPOCTI1 nOTOKa co CTOPOHbl BblnYKll0MI-I BOrHYTOH 06pa3ylOlI.I"x KaHal1a 3aMeTHO OTI1I'1'1aIOTCfI. nOC1le,tlHee 06bACHAeTCA TeM, 'ITO C POCTOM ~acTOTbl BpaweHHA Yllel1f14HBaeTCR AeHCTBHe ueHTp06e>KHb1X CI'II1 11 L1X BIlI1F1HI-IB H3 CTPYKTypY nOTOKa B KPHBOI1"'HeMHOM xauane,

,ll,I1A OIlBHKI'I ereneaa nplo1MeHI-IMOCTIII B pecserax c:popMYI1 KB33HCTaLLIo10HapHoro J.o1 HecTaLLIIIOHapHoro Te4eHL1~ MO>KHO f1CnOllb30BaTb Cl1eAYfOll.!lIIi1 MeTo». [67).

AnA onHcaHIIIA npo u eecoe BO BnYCKHOM .. BblnYCKHOM Tp3KTax 3anL1CblBalOT CIllCTeMY ypaBHeHHi:i 149J:

_1__ __j)p_ + v olnp + v a InA + ~ "" Q.

p at ox ax ox '

(3.3)

___fut_ + v __ k_ + _! _ -i)p__ + _A_v I v I "" D-

ot ox P ox Br '

(3.4)

ds dt

a A 2 dx 1

[--(7: - n+~-v ---J_.

pr C Br dt T'

(3.5)

59

,I II ,·1

p =pRT,

(3.6)

rAe p. p, T_ v - COOT6eTCTBeHHO AllBl1eHHe, nnoruocrs. rewneparvpa H CKOpOCTb ra3a; x, t - KOOPAHHaTll 101 BpeMR; A - nnouians noneoe-uoro ce4eHHA rpvtionpoaona: r - n1ApaBJlH4eCKHil PllAl'lYC ceYeHHA; A - KOJcpcpHuHeHT no'reps no AJlI1He; a - K03cpcpHUHeHT renncOTAa'lH K CTE!HKe; Tc - cpeAHAR TeMnepaTypa CTeHKI1; R - raaoaaa nOCTOAHHaA.

KaHan npeanaraerca nepeMIJHHOrO ce4eHHFI 101 AOl:T3T04HO KOPOlKHM, 'ITO n0360nAeT He Y4HTblBaTb KOHe4HOCTb CKOPOC111 pacnpeaeJleHHA B03MYll.!eHI1M. 1113 CI1CTeMbl ypaBHeHI1H (3.31 ... (3.6) nonyseua cpapMyl13 AnA CKOPOCTH uecreuaouapaoro nOTOKa:

v ~-----

rne v 0 - CKOPOI:Tb noroxa B Ha'lalle pacsen-oro I1HTepBalla speweHI1; ~ - K03cpcpHUI1eHT noreps Ha vsacnce: L 0 - YAeJlbHaR aAl1a6aT. H3jq patiora paclUl1peHI1A npa KBa311CTaUI10HapHOM npouecce reseHI1A; {" - 3KBI1BaJleHTHaA Anl1Ha Y'IBCTKll; Cp - renncess KOCTb raaa npH nOCTORHHOM AaBJleHI1I1; T - TeMnepaTYpll r aaa B KOHe4HOM ce'11JH1111 y'l scr xa: m - nOKa3aTeJ1b npouecca 113MIJHeHI1R naparaerpoa: f:!,;p - yron noaopora Balla ABl1raTeJ1A, COOTBeTCTBYIOWI1H pacxeruoaana ABl1raTenA.

My L1HTepBany BpeMetlH; n - xacrora BpaweHI1A 3KBI1aaneHTHaA Anl1Ha Y4aCTKll

'.

I" =1

(3.8)

rne to - reoMeTpH4ecK1iA ,uIlVIHa Y'IaCTKa; A 11 A2 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO TeKywaA 11 KOHe'fHaA nnoWa.Ab ncnepesaoro CeYeHI1A no rojca, nOKa3aTeJ1b m HaxoAIH 113 ypaBHeHI1A 113MeH€HHA 3HTpOnl1L1:

krnp~/pl

m =---------~~~~----------

(Inp2/pd - K [(;vall ~2cp n 1

II

, i

!

~3.9)

npl1 K!!33I1CTllUI10HapHOM Te~eHI1L1 Bblpalf<lJHl1e J11lA CKOPOC111 noTO xa npl1HHMaeT BIoI,u

(3.101

1113 npl1!!ElAeHHblX ypaBHetll1H cneaver, 'ITO CKOPOCTb nOTOK3 3aBI1- CI11 OT napaMetpOB r aaa PI, P2, T, ~aCTOTbI apaureuaa n, K03cp$1UI1' €HTa t a ra.oee reoMerpl1'1ecKHX xapaKTepl1C111K nOTOKa.

60

KOIlI1'1E.'CTBeHHYIO OUeHKY COOTHoweHHR BelWl~I1H v 11 v c nponaBOAl'll no napawerpv

j n V v

a = [~( ~- - ~c I] / In - 1) , (3. 1 n

i~ I V cp V cp

rue n - KOml~E.'CTBO pac4eTHblx I1HTepBaJlOB: v cp - cpenuee 3H3~e· Hl1e CKOPOCTI1 B paCCMaTpl1BaeMblf1 nepuon.

npl1 3TOM BeJlH'!I1Ha a 3aBI1CI1T OT 6e3pa3MepHoro Kpl1Tepl1A S:

(3.12)

r ne Li"oo - yron noeopora KOIleH4aTOro aana ABl1raTenA, COOTBeTCTBYlOllll1H paCCMaTpL1BaeMOMY nepl10AY BpeMeHLoI, B Te4BHHe KOTOPOro npcacxoaar npltlpall.!eHHe YAeJlbHOiir a.Al1a5aTHOH pa60Tbl t.L o-

Kpl1Tep!111 S B KIl1048 er Kpl1Tepl1H Crpvxana: Sh ~ (Li<Po v cp )/(6n{ l)' Q'IeBHAHO,

(3.13)

B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3Ha'leHI1A KplHepl1A S pacxer ra30AI1H3MHKI1 BnycKHblX "1111 Bb1l1YCKHblXCI1CTeM Heo5xoAItIMO BblnOIlHRTb no KBa- 311cTaLlHoHapHblM 1111101 HecTaLlHOHapHblM MeTon,aM. HanpHMep, ana AB~'r3TeJ1A 4,D, 13/14 npl1 S < 10 pac'leTbI seAYT no ypaBHIJHHAM Teoplo1l1 uecrauaoaapaoro ABI1>KeHHA, TaK KaK B npOTI1BOnOIlOlf<HOM CI1Ysae norpeWHOCTI1 CTaHoBRTCA HElAOnYCTHMo 60JlbWI1MI1.

3.7. BL13YAnH3AIlIiIA CTPyKTYPbl nOTOKA

MeTOAbi BI13yanH3aUI111 T€'1eHrtR Wl1pOKO I1cnonb3ylOT J11lA 113Y'leHI1A CTPYKTypbl nOTOKa C>KI1MaeMOH 11 Hec>KI1MaeMOf1 If<I1AKOCTI1 [116. 120]. 0 pona MeTOAa BI13yaJll13aUI111 npa HCCl1e,uOBIJHHI1 nOTOKOB B ra30B03AylUHblX rpaxrax ABHnlleJleil YKa3aHo B [23].

3TIo1 MeTOAbl, 06na.AalOll.!l1e 50JlbW0i1 Harl1AAHOCTblO 11 He Tpe6ylOll.!L1e TpYAoeMKO~ 05pa50TKH 3KCnepI1MBHTaJ1bHbIX AaHHbIX. nO:>BOJlAIOT nOllY4HTb KaK Ka'lecTBeHHylO, TaK 11 Konl1'1ecTBeHHYIO OLleHKY Te'leHI1A. Vlx nOApa3AeJlAIOT Ha OnTl1'1ecKl1e 11 Heon1114ecKl1e.

CpeAI1 HeonT"U'IecKUX Mero006 Hal160JlbWerO pecnpccrpaaeaaa HaWnl1: AbIMOBOH, nyablpbKOBblf1, Kp3COK, 3anblneHI1A, HI1TeH, MacI1RH0I1 nJleHKI1, I1CKpOBoH.

Onroveckue Meroo", OCHOBaHbl Ha perl1crpaUl1I1 OTKIlOHeHI1A nv~eI1, npOXOAAll.!IoIX '1epe3 CPElAy npa 113MeHeHHL1 nnOTHOCTI1 nocneaHei1. OjlHaKO B nocrieaaee BpeMA ace WHpe 06paWlIIOTCA K MeTOAa~~, I1CnOJlb3ylOll.!I1M BOIlHOBble CBOMCTBllI13nYlfBHI1A.

B TOM cnvxae, KorAa CTpeMATCA nOI1Y'llo1Tb IlOKanbHble 113MeH€HI1A CKOPOCTI1 B KaHanax, 06pawalOTCR K KUHeTU<reCKUM MeroOClM Bl13ya- 11113llUI1I1. B :nHX MeTOAax HCnOnb3ylOT rpaccepbl (nopOWKOI,I1CKPbl. 5€HranbCKl1e orHl111 T. A.I. ABI1>K€Hl1e KOTOPblX peracrpapv-or.

I., 61

OK83anOCb YAOOHblM B KS,!ecTBe rpeccepoa npl1MeHRTb pecnrrensHbl e ~aCTI1Ubl nl1KonoAI1R. TpaeKTOpl1R I1X ABI1)KeHI1A B8CbM2I Onl13KS K m1HI1RM TOKa 1-13y~aeMorO Te~eHI-1R [23].

YAa~HbIM OKa3anCA MeTOA I1cnonb30eal-ll1R I1CKP OT paapana BblCOKorO HanpR)KeHI-fR, KOTopble BCnblXI1BalOT Me>KAY 3neKTpoAaMI-1, pacnOnO)KeHHblMI-1 B raaOBOM nOTOKe [135J.

npl1 npl-1MeHeHl-f11 JlblMOBoro MeTOAa CTpyfiKI1 AblMa, BbITf!KalO~e 113 OAHori I1nl1 HacKonbKI1X TPYOOK, AalOT npeACT8BneHI1E 0 xapaxrepe Te~eHI-1A. 3Tl-fM MeTOAOM MO)KHO onpeaenars nOnO)KEHl1e MOCTa orpsrea nOTOK8, B KOTOPOM CTPYHK8 AblMa OTXOAIH OT 06TeKaeMOH nOBI!pXHOCTI1. CTPYHKI1 AblMa peKOtl/leHAylOT ocaeutars apKI-1MI1 naMnaMI1 H8 (jJoHe 'IepHOi1 creau. ,[InR oonbwei1 OT4eTm1aOCTI1 nony~aeMoH KapTHHbl Te4eHI-1R peKOMeHJlyeTcR I1Cnonb30BBTb TBKl1e XI1MI14ecKHe BEll.!eCTB8, K8K '1eTblpexxnopHCTblH n"ITaH 101 '1eTblpex' XnOpl1CTOe onoao. rYCToiil oenbl[;i JlblM MO)KHO nonY'lI1Tb npl1 CMeWI1' B8HI111 conRHOH KI1CnOTbl C aMMl1aKOM. YAOOHblri AJ1R I1CCl1eAoBaHHR AblM Mo)KHO nonY'lI1Tb, Harpf!BClR npOMBcneHHYIO npoaonoxv. 3'1"OT MElTOA I-1MeeT TOT HeAoCTaTOK, 4TO 3arpR3HReT nOBepXHOCTI1 MOAenl1.

MeToA HI1Teri oCHOBaH Ha cnOCOOHOCTI1 TOHKOH urenxoaoii HI-1TI1 I1nl1 npvr orc M arepa an a, AnR xcrcporo xapaxrepao Manoe conpon18neHl1e nonepe~HblM Ae(jJopM3l_111RM, CI1eAOBaTb nHHI1AM TQKa Ha 113Y'HIeMOM y~acTKe xaaana. ,[InR I1CCl1eAOBaHI1R CTPYKTYpbl nOTOKa 8 xanane ObinH I1CnOnb30B8Hbl urenxoasre HI1TI1 HecKonbKI1X l_IBeTOB (~epHoro, 5enoro 11 CI1Hero). ,QnI1HCI HI1T11 B Ka)KAOM I1ccneAyeMoM y'lacTKe xauana Bbl5Hpanacb T8K, 4TOObi HI1TH He HBI<1l8AbiBanl1Cb APyr Ha npvra. TeM caMblM I-1CKnlO4anoCb 11;( 3anYTbiSaHI1e B npouecce npOAYBKH xaaana B03AYXOM.

npl1 113YQeHI111 Te~eHI1R B RApe nOTOK8 HI1TI1 npHKpenllRIOT K TOHKI1M nposonoxew, H3TAHYTbiM no BOJMO)KHOCTI1 nepneHAI1KYIlRPHO K BepXHeH 11 HI1)KHe~ 06pa3YIOIJ.ll1M KaHana. Ha~anbHblri y~acToK HHTeH AnI1HO~ 5 ... 8 MM 6enoro uaera; OCTaJ1bHYIO ~acTb OKpaWL-IBaIOT 8 ~epHbli.1 LlBeT.3TO n03BOilReTHMtlTb60nee4eTKYIO KapTHHyoCTPYKType nOTOKa .

.QnR onpenene-raa xapaxrepe Te'leHHR y CTeHOK xaaana HI1TI1 npaKpennRIOT K BorHYT0I1 11 Bioi nYKJlOH CTeHK3M K<IH,lI1a npH OAI1HaKO' 80M ware OT BXOAHoro 11 BblXoAHOro ce4eHHi:i KaHana.

Ha xnanaae HI1T11 npaxpennmo r K CTeOl1IO, a raiose K o5pa3YIOll.!e(:! nenecrxa xnanaua. 60KOBbl9 CTeHKH KaHana peKOMeHAyeTcR 113rOTOBI1RTb 113 np03paQHOrO MaTepl1ana.

K HeAOCTaTKaM MerOAa wenKOBOI~ HI1TI1 cneaver OTHOCTI1 TO, ~TO flPI1 Typ6y.'H3aUI1I1 nOTOKa HI1TI1 Ha'lI1H8IOT K0l1eG8TbcA nonepe« ra- 30BOrO nOTOK<I 11 TeM C8MbiM I1CK<l1KaeTCR K3pTI1Ha Te~eHI-1R.

MeTOA nY3blpi>KOB R8nFl€TCR OIlHI1M 1-13 CilMblX npocrsrx 11 VAooHb'X. B Ka'leGTBe pa6o~ei1 1KI1AKOCTH HCnOnb3ytoT BOAY. B MRrKyKl

62

BOAY A05aBnRIOT He6onbwoe KOnl14OCTBO CYHbcPaTa HarpW'I. Bo 8XoAHOM Ce'leHI1I1 KaHana CI1BAyeT YCTaHOBI1Tb nl1aTI1HOBYIO npOB0I10;<Y, ~epe3 KOTOPYIO nOAaeTCR 3neKTpl1'lf!CKHL;1 TOK. >KenaTeJ1bHO. 'ITOObl npoeonoica CJ1y>Kl1na KaTOAOM. B nOM cnvsee Ha HeM npl1 anexrponuae BOAbl BblAenRtoTCR nY3blpbKH eonopona, OO.eM KOTOpblX B ABa paaa 50nbwe oo"eMa nol1y'laeMOro Kl1cnopoAa.

npel1MYlJ.leCTBO MeTOAa nY3blpbKOB COCTOI1T B ToM, HO nY3blpb' KI1 AOBOflbHO 'leTKO OTpalKalOT CTPYKrypy ncroxa KaK B OCHOBHOM Te'leHI1I1 11 B CJ1eAe, TaK 11 npl1 TYpoyneHTHblX Te~eHHRX, T8K K8K He TepFiIOT CBOto I1HAHBI1Jlyal1bHYIO (jJopMY nOAOOHO OKpaweHHblM cTpyiilKaM L13-3a AHcPcPy31111 noCntlAHI1X. npl1 I1CnOl1bJOBaHI1I1 B MeTO' Ae nY3blpbKOB He TpeoyeTcR BBeAeHl1e Kp3CI1Teneri.

HeAOCTaTKOM 11311araeMOro MeTOAa RBnReTCR TeHAeHl_Il-1R nvasipsKOB K acnnsrnuo nOA Aei.1cTBl1eM noAbeMHoiil CHllbl. OnblTbl, npoe eAeHHbie B KaH3n8X ABL1raTeneiil, nmcasana. 'ITO 3cpcpeKT 8CnnblTI1A ny3blpbKOB npeHe6pelKI1MO Man.

n Y3blpbKI1 B03Ayxa BBOART TilK)Ke HenocpeACTBel-iHO B ~I1AKOCTb 'lepe:3 HacaAOK, nOAOOHO ToMY, KaK no AenaeTCR C KpaCKOfI.

CTPYKTypa nOTOK3 B BblnYCKHOM xauane ABHraTBnR 4H30/38 AJ1R h KH = 10 MM, nonY4eHHaR MeTOAoM nY3blpbK08, nOK83aHa Ha pac. 3.19. nOTOK sanonaaer HeoonbwylO 'IaCTb xaaana. B ocooeHHOCTI1 npa MaflblX 3Ha'teHI-1FlX h kn- B KaHane HaonlOAaeTCA OTpblB nOTO' «a OT CTBHOK, conpOBOlKAaeMbli1 BI1XpOOOpa30B8HI1eM (0003Ha~eHbl 'Iepe38, 6,8,21.

Pa3HOBI1AHOCTbIO MeToAa ny3blpbKOB RBnReTCR MeToA, B KeTOpoM B «asecrae 311eKTp0l1l1ra I1cnol1b3ylOT PClCTBOP HOAI1CToro Kanl1A B Kp3XMClne.

,UnR BI13yanl13al_ll111 nOTOKa Hcnonb3YIOT xpacwrena, KOTOpble BBOAnT B )KI1AKOCTI1 sepea TPYOKY 1011111 rpe5eHKY, B pe3YI1bT8TB uero B BOAe o5pa3YtoTCA OKpaweHHble CTpyHKH. npl1 :nOM Heo6xOAI1MO, ~T05bl CKOpOCTb OKpaWe11Hori BOAbl B BblXOAHOM Cf!'I8HL11-1 Tpy5KI1 Obln3 paai+a CKOPOCTI1 HOOKpaWBHHoiil )KI1AKOCTI1 B 30He pacnonoiseHHR Tpy6KI1 I1nl1 rpeOeHKI1. )l{en3TenbHO BblopaTb KpaCI1TeJ1b 3(j:l. cpeKTI1BHO nornOll.!alOll.!Hri caer, B 3TOM cnvxae KapTI1Ha Te4eHHFI 6y' AeT 60nee 4eTKoH. KpaCI1Tel1b Aon)KeH HMeTb npl1MepHO TOT lKB YAenbHblVi BOC, 'lTO 11 pa50'laA )KI1AKOCTb B KaHane.

K8'1eGTBeHHble MeTOAbl 43ll.!e acero npl1MeHAIOT AJ1R nOBepXHOCTHOf1 BI13yanH3al_lHI1 nOTOKa C Llenbto 06HapylKel-ll1R 301-1 orpsraa.

OAI1H 113 cnocofioe 3aKIlIO'IaeTCR 8 nOKpblTI1L1 OOTeKaeMO~ noBepXHOCTI1 nery411M MacnoM [100]. Macno, YHOCI1MOe C nOBepXHGCTI1 Ttlna, YK83blBaeT Ha xaoaxrep er o 06TeKilHI1R nOTOKoM.

PeKoMeHAytoT I1CnOnb30B8Tb p83HOCTb B CKOpOCTRX cy6JII1Malll111 nl1eHKI1 xaonnua 11 HaHeceHHoi1 caepxv ner xo I1CnapFieMOv. 1KflAKO' CTH [135J.

~ ~

PI1C, 3.19. CTPYKTYpa no, TOKa B BhmYCKHOM KaHane AB"raTenR 'lH 30138 npn h Kn = 10 MM, nony'leH' HaR MeTaAaM ~y3bIPbKOB

I I:

,

!

B pa50Te npellIlolKeH cnocofi Bl13yam13SlWII1, Orn14~14TeJlbHoi:i

Oco5eHHoCTbKl xoroporo ABIlReTCA TO. ~TO B 05nacTb Te~~H14A B80- A>1TCA nOBepXHOCTb, nOKpblTSA 8143yaJl>13I1pyKlLlle~ IKI1AKOCTbIO. nplo1 OMbIB8H1411 nOBepXHOCTIo1 nOTOKOM Ha liei'l OCTaeTCFl CIleA peansaorc Te~eHI-lfI.

np<JcToii cnoco5 8L13y8Il143al41111 nOTOKa npa nOMOLllI'l KpaCOK aaKJlIO~aeTCR B clleAYKluteM [107]. Ha cBeTllbli~ cjlOH HaHOCRT M83KI1 IK[.[AKOV ~epHoii! KpaCKI'l, nOTOK, oMbI8aKlw,[.[~ TaKylO nOBepXHOCTb, OCTaBIlFleT Ha Heii CIleA, xap8KTepl13ylOutlo1~ Te~eHlo1e, ,ll,IlA COXpaHeHI1A nO!1y~eHHbLX KapTlo1H Te~€HI1" peKOM€HAYIOT KpaCKY H8HOCI1Tb H8 TOHKYIO nneu KY, Ha KIlaAblElaeMYIO ua nOB€pXHOCTb_

HanpaBIleH[.[e nOTOKa Y nOBepXHOCTI1 MCAeJlH MOIKHO BH3ya1l11311' POB8Tb, ecnw H8HeeT>! Ha n08BpXHOCTb MaC.1>1HYIO IlIHlHKY 1111101 Kil· neIlbKlo! MaCIla, Kanensxa MacIla AOBOllbHO ~eTKO yK83bmnIOT Ha MOCTHOB HanpaBIleHl1e 11 Ha B03HI1KHoBeHI1C OTpbI08_ npe,l.\J1<lraeTCR HIKlK'e (A, A. MaHAlKramlA3e) Ha BHyTpBHHIOKJ noeeoxaocrs 60KOBblX nllOCKI1X CTeHOK MOAeIlI1 xauana, 113fO-:-OBneHHbIX 113 opr crekna, HaHOCI1Tb CMOCb 113 aIlIOML-IHl1eBO~ nvnpsr, MOTopHoro MaCIla 11 COIlI1AOIla. B 30He 3KTlo![lHoro Te~eHI1A CME.'Cb nOCTsneHHO BbIHOCI1TCR, ~TO 1103BOIlR6T BblABI1Tb 05IlaCTb OTpblBHoro Te~eHI1R.

MeTO,ll 3ar.bIIlBHf1R npHMeHAIOT B OCHOBHOM AIl 8 onpeaeneuaa ME.'C· ra orpsraa ., I1HTeHCI18HOCTH OTPblBHblX ABlleHI1~I. B A6HHOM Clly~~e B nOT'lK BnYCKalOT :1blIlb '1aLUe acero 113 5eIloro 111111 I1BBmOro ransxa. IiIHOr,lla Ha nOBepXf'OCTb MOAeJ1L-1 H6HOCf-lT nIlaHKY Macr:a_ 4aCTI1l1bl nblnL1, npf1mmalOll.\JIIB K MBCIlf1Hoit nIleH xe. YK1I3blBllIOT Ha QC06eHuocrn Te~eHI1R_ B ME.'CT1IX, rne TOIlLll14H6 uanera nblIlI1 MaKC['[Mil)1bHaA, npOI1CXOALH o rpsie nOTOKa_ ,ll,IlR onpBAenSHI1A nOnOlKeHL-IR 06- ,IlaCT['[ orpsraa I1cnoIlL3YlOT TaK}Ke MblIlbl'lbll< pacr BOp, KOTOPblLi no-

64

il

','

1

AalOT no Tpy6K1IM K I1CCIleAyeMblM nOBepXHOCTAM MOAeJ1I1. MblIlb· Hble nY3blpbKI1 YHoCRTCR nOTOKOM, 11 B 30He crpsiea OHL1 CKanIlL4- BaIOTCR.

OnTI1~eeKl1e MeTOA!>1 BI13yaIll13al.jl111 nOTOKa OCHOBaHbl Ha CBOHCT' Be OnTI1~eeKOH HeoAHOPOAHOCTL1 r aaa, ABI1}KYLlIeroCFI npl1 50IlbUJI1X CKOPOCTAX, n~Lo1 CBeTa, HanpaBIlRBMbie OT I1CTO~HI1Ka CBeTa, BCTpe~aR Ha CBoeM nyTI1 CPCAY C nepeMeHHOH nIlOTHOCTblO 11, CIleAOB3TeIlb' Ho, nepeMeHHoi1 npeJ10MIlRlOuteH cnoc05HOCTblO, 5YAyT OTKIlOHATbCA OT caoero nepaouasansxoro HanpaBIleHI1A. B pe3YIlbTBTB aroro Ha [jJoHB Ha5IllOAaeMoro nona nOIlY'IaeTCA CBeTIl1lR KapTI1Ha nBpeMeLllaIOLlII1XCfI TSHeH, COOTBeTCTBYIOLlII1X 1013MeHeHI11t) nnoTHOCTI1 CPBAbl. Takne 113MeHeH['[A MOIKHO BI13yall11311pOBaTb 111111 cjloTorpacjll1pDBaTb.

3TI1 MeTOllbl 05IlaAlIKlT pFiAOM ADCT014HCTB, 3aKIlIO~aIOLlILo1XCR B I1X 5e3~IHepLl,I10HHOCTI1 lo! B OTCyTCTBl111 Hoo5XOAI1MOCT['[ BBOAI1Tb B noTOK npafiopst, KOTopble MoryT npl1BeCTI1 K IlOK1lIlbHbIM B03MyuteHI1- AM nOTOKa. OHI1 AalOT l1eHHYIO I1HcjlopMal4111O AIlA nOHI1MaH14A I1CCIleAyeMblx ABIleHI1H_

B MeTOAe Tennepa CMeuteHl1e L1305pa>l<eHI1A I1CTO~HI1Ka, COOTBeTCT' BYIOLlIee OTKIlOHCHI1IO CBeTa, npoxonauiero '1epe3 onpeAellaHHYIO TO~KY nons. Bbl3blBaeT 113MeHeHI1eOCBBLlICHHOCTI1 3TO~ TO~KI1 H3 3KpaHB.

OnTI1'1E.'CKloIe MeTOAbl YIl05Hbi AIlA I1CCIlCAOBlIHI1A nnOCKI1X MOAeIlei:i. B ra30AL1HaM14'1E.'CKI1X I1CCIleAoBaHHAX 06bl~HO npl1MeHAIOT MeTOil Tennapa, OCHOB8HHblH Ha npl1Hl4l1ne uinapea- MeTOAa 1116, 120].

npl1MeHAeMble B nocnaaaee ElpaMA l4BeTHble UJJll1peH-cjloTorpaIjlI1I1 (HanpL-lMep, np14 I1CnOIlb30BllHI111 YCTaHoBKI1 iii A 6-458) J]alOT 3KCnepl1MCHTaToPY 50IlbLJJYIO I1HcjlopMaUHIO 0 nOIlS Te'leHI1A, ~eM '1epHo-6eIlble, nOCKOIlbKY npa 3TOM BME.'CTO OAHOil nIlOll-lOC1l'I3aTeMHeHI1A I1MCIOTCR cpaav TPI1 KOMIlOHeHTbI OTTeHOK, a I1MBHHO LlBeT, HaCblLlleHHOCTb ueera 11 ApKOCTb 11305palKeHI1R.

MeToA I1HTep[jJoMeTpl1Lo1 n03BOIlReT nOIly~I1Tb KOIl[.['1ecTBeHHYIO OUeHKY nOIlA nIlOTHOCTI1. C nOMOLllblO Lo1HTepljlepoMeTpa ~8Ll1e acero BI13yaIll1311pYIOT rl1nep3BYKoBbie TB'IeHI1A I1nfl TeMnilpaTYpHoe none Harpe,Oro raaa 111111 B03JWXa o KOIlO nOB€pXHOCTL-I.

1i13y~eHl1e UJIll1peH-MeTOAoM 11 I1HTepcjlepoMBTpOM npocTp8HCTSSHHblX nOTOKOB B03MO}KHO AIlFl OCE.'CI1MMeTpl1~HbIX aanas. t\Pyr[.[e cnoC06bl I1CCneAOBaHI1A TpexMepHblx Te~eHI1i:i 3TI1MI1 MeTOA8MI1 [116] OKll38nl1Cb MaJ'l03ljlIjleKTlo1BHbIMlo1 11 Wl1pOKOrO npl1MeHeHl1Fl He HaWIlI1. ,ll,IlA BOCC03AaHI1A npOCTpaHCTEleHHOl1 KapTHHbl Te<!CHI1A I1CIlOIlb3YIOT MeTOA ronorparpaa. OH DeHOBSH Ha perlo1CTpaLl,l111 I1HT(;P(j:lepeHl4I10HHO~ KapTlo!Hbl, 05pa3YlOuteMCFl npl1 HaIlO}KeHI1L1 AByX KOrSpeHTHblX BonH OT naaepucro I1CTO'lHI1Ka CBeTa. Fonorpedsuo 31fKileKTI1BHO MO}KHO nplo!MeHATb AIlA I1CCIleAOBaHI1A TaKlKe HE.'CraLl,1oI0HapHblX Te~eHI1i:i. KpoMe roro, C nOMOLllblO ronorparpaa MOIKHO BblAeJl['[Tb AIlR 113y~eH11R 113 Bceii KapTI1Hbl Te~eHI1A He60IlbUJO~ 05beKT lo!IlI1 y~acToK T€4e!-lI1A.

65

.unA BIo13yllJ11013a~1ot1o1 nOTOK3 B ra30B03AYWHbiX nOTOKax nopuraeBblX ABlo1raTBflOO ~awe acero Io1CnOJlb3YIOT MaTOA Tennepa 101 Io1HTepcjJepOMeTpl1'1ecKIo1H MeroA. CpaBHIo1TeJlbHblH aHaJl .. 3 YK33aHHbiX ABYX MeTOAoB nOKa3llJ1, 'ITO TeHeBOV: MeTOA Tannepa Aller 6011bWYIO Io1H' cjJOpM au, 101 10 0 CTPYKrype nOTOKa [25]. VlccJleAyeMble 3IleMeHTbi snvCKHOi1 Io1JlIo1 BblnYCKHOH CIo1CTeMbl AeJ1aI<lT nnOCKIo1MIo1 TaK, 'Iro6bl BOC' npoaasecra cjJOPMY npOTO~HOI1 ~aCTIo1 KaHana B Me,ll,lilallbHOMCe'leHUIo1.

Xopouran KBPTIo1HB Te~eHIo1A nOTOKB B BblnYCKHOM KaHaJle Eibln21 nonvseaa npa nOMOllllo1 YCT2IHOBKI1 VlA6-451 [115]. nplo1 3TOM lo1enOJlb30BanCR Io1CKPOBOH pa3pRAHHK C epeMeHeM BCnblWKI1 2 - 10-6 C. 80 8XOJJ,HOH 'IaCTIo1 KaHana noro« OTKllOHReTCA 8 CTOPOHY ronOBKIo1 KaHana. 8 xaasne Ha51110JlBeTCR cepaa '1epeAYl<lllllo1XCA BOIlH C>KaTHA 101 pB3pe)l(eHIo1A, B TBlOKe OTPblBHble RBneHI1A. nplo1 h I<Jllh KJI. Max = = 0,66 B KaHane Io1MeI<lT MecTO CKB'lKH ynnOTHeHlo1R. OHH paCTYT C YBel1H'IeHlo1eM 3Ha'ieHIo1A h Kn/h k n , Max' CKa"KIo1 ynnOTHBHI1R 3aBIo1CAT TaK)I(e OT nepenaaoa AaBneHIo1A.

,ll,nA 113y'leH101A CTpyKTYPhl nOTOKB B BblrJYCKHblX 11 BnycKHblX KBuanax 5blnl'l HCn0l1b30BaHbl MOAeJ111 xaaana, npep,CTaBnRlOllIlo1e C050H paapeaa-u-vio CI1CTeMY, 3aKpblTYI<l C ABYX CTOPOH npo3pa'lHblMIo1 KPbIWK2IMIo1 1013 onraxecxnro CTeKIla. Ha 60KOBbiX nnccioix CTilHKax MOAenv, ycTaHaenHB3nlo1Cb TOHKlo1e MeAHbie WIo1Hbl, B KOTOPhlX 5blnl1 nplo1naAHbl HHXPOMOSble HIo1TH. HanpR)I(eHIo1B, nOA2IB2IBMOe K WIo1HaM, pervnaooeanoce JlaTpOM. B peavns'rare OMblBaHIo1R B03AYWHbiM noTOKOM HarpeTblX HIo1XpOMOBbiX HHTeM 3<3 nocneAHHMt.1 cnenvior CTPYHKIo1 HarpeToro B03Ayxa, KOTophle C nOMoUJ,bl<l YCT3HOB K~ Tennepa MO>KHO $-tKCI1POBaTb Ha 1jl0TonneHKe. 3rn CTPYHKIo1 yK2I3blSaI<lT H3 HanpaBJIeHlo1e nOTOKa.

CTpYKTypa IlOTOKa BO snYCKHOM KaHane ABv,raTllJ1R lJPH 62/64 npH h KJI = 4 MM 101 h 1<.11 = 16 MM, nony'leHHa9 onTIo1'1ecKI1Mt.1 MeTOAaMH, nOKa3BHB ua pac, 3.20.

Vl3 npHBep,eHHbiX CHIo1M KOB BIo1AHO, xro ooTOK, nocTynillOWHI1 B xauan, Hanp8BnAeTCA K BorHYToit creaxe. Co cropoas: BblnYKnOI1 05pa3'1l<lllle~ KeHanCi B~AeH OTpblB nOTOKa OT CTeHKH. no Mape OTKpblrnR xnanaaa MecTO orpsrea nepeMeU«leTC)'l saepx npOTHB reseH~R. npt.1 3TOM BI1XpeB8R 3OHOl y BblnYKnoi1 CTettKIo1 p8CTeT.

np" MllJ1bIX BeJl~"HHaX h Kn (h Kn = 4 MM) nOTO K nOJlHOCTbl<l aanDllHAeT KIlan<lHH)IlQ uiens: npa h KJI = 16 MM H86IllOAaeTcA OTpblEl noroxa OT ceana 101 OT ¢acKH «nanaaa.

XapaKTep Te'leHIo1A 8 8blnYCKHoM KaHane 6e3 KJlanaHOI ABl1raTeJ1R lJH 30/38 :KlKa3aH Ha plJlc. 3.21. Cpa3Y >Ke nocne BblXOAa 113 KnanaHHo~ wenlo1 nOTOK OTpbIBaeTCR OT .BorHYToit CTeHKI1 xauene. Y I3bICTYIll! AI1f1 srynKIo1 xnanaaa ofipasverca Blo1xpeBaFi 30Ha. B ABnbfleWweM nOTOK YAapReTCR 0 BorHYTYIO CTeHKY KaHaJla. Cry CTOPOHbl SblnYKnoti CTeHKI1 nOTOK XopOWO 06TeKaeT Ha~anbHbli1 Y'laCTOK noacpxaoCT~, a 3BTeM OTpbl8aeTCR OT uee,

66

1

a P"c. 3.20, CTPYKTYpa no roxa eo BnYC><HOM icaaane Alf .. raTeJleH 4PH 62164: 11- h sen =4 MM; 6- h KJI = 16 MM

PI1c. 3.21. CTPYKTYpa 110- To KB 8 ShtnYCKHO" KaHane AB"'raTen~ 4H 30/38 (KaHan 6e. KnaflaHa'

AHanOrH'IHble Io1CCneAOBaHL-IfI 6blJllo1 npOBeAeHbl npa Io1cnonb30BaHIo1Io1 r opauero 803Ayxa, HBrpeToro ,110 150· C. CKopDCTHaA KI1H.-:!C1>eMKCI crpvxrvpei nOTOKa np0lo13BOAIo1naCb npl1 nOMOllllo1 KIo1HOKaM6- Pbl (2400 KaAPoB/c). KOHBeKrnBHble TOKIo1, 06yCJlOBJleHHbie rpaAlo1eHTOM TeMneparypbl 8 nOTOK!l, nplo1BODJ'lT K CYU1eclBeHHo~ ero Typ6yJlIo13al4~H. OAHaKO OCHOBHf.lA KaprnHa Te~eHIo1R (pIo1C_ 3.22) Mano OTnHllaerCA OT TGf\, xoropas 6blna norrY4ilHa AJ1Fl xononaoro B03Ayxa (plo1c.3.20).

KJlan3H OK33t>IBaeT onpeaeneauoe I!JlIo1AHlo1e Ha CTPYKTVPY nOTOKa B KaHane. npH 3TOM CTeneHb BJlI1AHIo1A xnanaaa Ha Te~eHlo1e nOTOKil

.' €1

3aElHCHT OT ElenH~HHbl OTKpblTHA xnanaaa h KI1 H paaavca Kp..,S"3Hbl RKn 05pa3YfOlllIM xnanaua, 3TO E1"Q.HO H3 cjJOTOCH..,MKOEl, nonvseaI-IblX WIl"peH-MeTOAOM AIlA BblnYCKHoro «auana AEI..,raT8IlA 4H 30/38 [78].

npl'l H<lI1!14HH xnanaua nOTOK xopouro 05T8KaeT Ha4allbHbll1 y4acTOK E1"lnYKllO~ CTeHK,. K3Hilila. no Mepe OTKpblmA KllanaHa npO!1CXOA..,T nepeMeUleH..,e E1H,.3 no Te<l8H"'fO TO'lKI1 crpuaa nOTOK8 OT BblnyKllo~ CTeHKIo1. 3TO 05bACHAeTcR YMeHbweHHeM A!1cjJcjJy30pHoro 3<j)cjJeKTa aa Kl1anaHHOH 1l.!8I1bKl C YElell114eHI-1eM 3Ha4eHHA h K11' CO CTOpoHbl BOfHYTOI1 CTeHKH nOTOK orperaaerca OT nOElepXI-IOCTI1 cpa- 3y IKe nocne ero nsrxona 113 KIlanaHI-IO';; uiena, CTel1eHb OTKIlOHel-lHA nOTOKa OT CT8HKI1 KaHana 60Ill,W8, ~eM E! xaaane 6e3 rcnanaaa. 3TO 05l.ACHAeTCA CJleAYKlIl.!I1M. AI1R E1blnYCKHoro Kal-laIla xnanaaaaa mel1b np€ACTaBIlReT co50iii KOI-I<pY30p. 3a KIlanaHHo~ U~eJlbfO noroxv I1peAOCTaSI1ReTCA 60111,11.188 C848HH€. nOA05Hbl~1 AI-1cjJcjJY30pHbll1 3<j)cjJeKT npHElOAI-1T K ysellH'Ietil-1Kl rpaaaeara AaBneHHA. npl1 Ham141-1!1 KJlafl1IHa paCXQ}KA8HH8 M8>KAY Ce4eHI-1AMH B KllanaHHOM 1l.!811H H aa HeH CTal-lOElHTCA 60l1bWHM, 'ITO YB€J1H'IHBaeT E18POATHOCTb orperaa nOTOKa OT CT8HKI1. 8CIl€ACTBl-1e sroro HI-IT8HCI1BHOCTb 30Hbl 3a811Xpe.HHI~ 6YA8T 5011l>we, 4eM B xaaana 583 «nanaaa.

3a KIlanaHHOH uienuo co CTOpOHbl BOrHYTO~ CTEHKI-1 npOI-1CXOAHT cBoe05pa3Hbilf "c5poc" nOTOKa B 05paTHOM l-IanpasneH"'H. TaKHe 06paTHbi e r.OTOKlo1 XopOWO BHAHbl H2i pHC. 3.19.

CTPYKTypa nOTOKa Ha Ha'l8IlbHOM y~aCTKe BblnYCKHoro KaHana ABHraTeJlA 8M3-641. nonY'IeHI-lOM npa h Kn = 12 MM, BI1Q.H2I Ha dioTOCHHMKax (Ha PIIlC_ 3.23). Orpsts nOTOK8 npoHCXO,QI1T OT BorHYToM H BblnYI<11011 CTeHOK xauana. KpoMe roro, nOTOK OTpblBa8TCR OT KI1anaHa; np,. aTOM CTeneHb DTKIlOHEHI1A nOTOKa OT nosepXHDCTI1 60nbwe co CTOPO"bl BOfHYTOM CTeHKH_ Y 3TOM CTeHKI1 Ha6nfOAaeTcA 1'1 50ITee 05umpHaA 30Ha 38SI-1XpeHHA, Y KJlal121l-1a, Ha050poT, 50Ilbuiaa 30Ha 3aBI-IXpeHI-1A HaXOAI1TCA co CTOpOHbl BbInYKIlOV, CTeH KH. npIllBeJl.eHH8A K8pTHHa Te~eHHA YKa3blsaeT Ha Hoo5XOAI1MOCTb Yl1y~' weHVlA q,opMbl npOTO~HO~ '1aCTH BbtnYCKHOfO KaHana ABHfaTenA FlM3-641.

lib 1jJ0TOCHHMKOB CTPYKTypbl nOTOKa B Sbll1YCKHblX KaHanaXASI1- faTenefi YPH 36/40 (pac. 3.24) H YPH 62/64 (pHC. 3_25) EWIAHO, 'ITO noTOK, nocTynalOll.!H~ H3 KllanaHHoi1 utenn B xauan. OTpblBaeTCA OT BOrHyTOM 1-1 SblnYKJlOH CTeHOK. Oco60 HHTeHCHBHaA 30Ha orpsrea Ha51llOAaETCA ua 8bIXOAHO~ 43CTH BblnYKI10M CTetiK..,. OTOPB8BWI1HCA OT Hee nOTOK YCTPeMIlABTCA K E10rHYTOH creaxa rne I-1MefOT MecTO I1OTepl-l 3HepfHI1 ua YAap.

3aAe<I~ KonH4OCTBeHHbiX OnTIIl'lOCKI1X MeTOAOB HCCIleAosaHHkl noIlA nl10THoCTH CSOAHTCA K onpeQ.eneH"'lO S HCCJl€AyeMoi1 CP€A€ pacnpeAeJleHHA nOK83aT811A np8ll0MIleHHA HI1I-1 ero rp€AHBHTa.

68

I'

P~c. 3.22. CTPYKrypa nOTOl<8 B BblnYOK>fOM KaHane AB"ramnA 4H 30/38 no.., ere npOAYBKe ropA."'M a03AYXOM

PHC_ 3.23. CTPVl<rypa nOTOK8 e BbinY' CKflQM KaHane ABVlr8TenA RM3-641

!'MC. 3.24. CTpYKrypanOTOI(lI B Bblny- P"c. 3.25_ CTPYKrypa nOTOKa B BLlnyCKHOM KaHane ABHnlTIUlA 4PH36140 CI(HOM KaHane AB"raTenF' 4PH62fB4

B K"'WI1H8E1CKOM n0l1HTeXHI14ecKOM HHcnnYTe [9] p83pa50TaH nOIlApH3aL4HOHHO-onTH4ecKH~ M8TOA BII3yaIlH38L4HI1 Te~el-lI-1R B K8H8- nax. 3TOT MeTOA n03B0l1AeT nOl1y'lHTb 3KcnepHMetiTal1bHYKl I1Hq,opMaLlHKl 0 MHKpO- H MaKpOCTpYKTYpe nOTOK08. BH3YeJl!13aL4HKl MrHDBetiHOM CTPYI<TYPbl Te<leHHA BblllOI1HAKlT MeTOAOM HMnYIlbCHOH cPoroperactpauaa C 3KCn03!1L4HAMI'I nopaaxa (I ... 6110-6 C.

nOIlRpVl3al1HOHHO-onTl1~ecKI1~ MeTOA MOIKHO npHMeHATb AJ1R H8· XQ}t(AeHHA OnTI'IMaJlbHOM rOOMerpHII npoTO'lHblX 'laCTIM K,<iHaI10S, B KOTOPblX AOCTHraeTCR YMetibWeHHe nOTepb Hanopa III yseJlH'IeHHe pacxona npa !jJHKcHpoBaHHbIX nepeneaax A3Bl1eHI>1A. Ha ocaose peKOMeH,!IaUHI1 [29J npeanareercn cnocos nOCTpOetiHA npOTO'IHbIX

69

~acTei1 KaHaJlOB, OCHOB<lHHbl~ Ha Bit3V<lnbHOM OnpeAeJlelU1~ 8 C80- fiOAHOM nOrpaH14~HOM cnoe ~paHI1L1bl aaMel1.leH lot A , YAOBneTBOpAIOl1.Iei1 yC1l08~1O 3KCTpeManbHOCTJ.1. Hai1D,eHHaR T1IKJ.1M nyreM CTaH Kil 3<IMeHAeTCA TBepj\oti.

np~ nOMOlllJ.1 ronorpadiaxecxax MeTOAOB MOlKHO npOBOD,V1Tb OBbeMHYIO B~3yaJlJ.13au.111O nOTOKa J.1 nonvsars XOPOWYIO Ka~ecTBeHHYIO ~ KOIlJ.14ecTBeHHYIO I1HtjJoPMaU.J.11O 0 Te'leHJ.1J.1.

ronorpacj)114ecKJ.1e CXeMbl AeJlAT Ha CI1Ilt1YlOl1.IJ.1e: exeMa rafiopa (OAHOIlY'IeeaA), CXeMa neiha 11 YnaTHJ.1CKCa (AByxny~eeaA), CXIlMa J],eHI1CIOKa (Ha BCTpe~HbIX IlY'Iax) [18 J.

B [74] AIlA J.13y'leHJ.1R CTpYKTYP J.1 no ro xa B 8blnYCKHoM xaaane ABl'lraTeJlA BHYTpeHHerO cropaHHR ~cnonb30BaH MIlTOD, r onorparpa- 4ecKO~ J.1HTepcj)epoMeTplotH (D,BO~HOi1 3KCn0311L1J.1I1).

Ofipa60TKY J.1HcpopMaUI1I1, nonY'IaeMoi1 0 npocTpaHcTBeHHoM Te'1eHJ.1J.1 C nOMOl1.lblO ronorparpaa, 06pa6aTbiBalOT np~ nOMOl1.lJ.1 3BM. 1013y43eMble AaHHbie npaACTaBnRIOT B BJ.1Ae rpacj)HKoB.

AnA 113MepeH~A CKOpOCT~ rasa KpOMIl 06l1.1eJ.13Becmblx MeTOAOS V1cnonb3YIOT rasoce naaepao-orrraeecxae MeTOAbl: na3epHbl~ ncnnepOBCKI1i1 J.13Mepl1Tenb CKOPOCTM (n,D,VlC) J.1 8apJ.1aHT MeTOD,a tjJoKY' CI1PDBKI1 ABYX nY4eW (fl,QII>M).

B nepBoM MeTOAe npJ.1MeHRIOT ABYXllBeTH"I~ naaep co CABJ.1raM '1aCTOTbl 8 OAHOM J.13 u.BeTOBbIX xauan DB C nOMOl1.lblO aKYCT~Ko·onTl'I'lecKoro MOD,ynATopa. OH n0380JlAeT onpenenars TpJ.1 KOMnOHeHTI.l aexropa CKOPOCTI1.

BTOPOi1 MeTOA aaer B03MO>KHOCTb J.13MepRTb SeKTOp CKOPOCT~ ~ xapaKTepJ.1CTMKI1 ryp6yneHTHocTH B lJ13yx nIlOCKOCTRX.

npl1MeHAIOT T3K>Ke ABYXl1Y'lOOO~ na3epHblH MeTOD, lotHTepcj)apoMeTpJ.111 noTOK3, KOTopbli1 1lO3BonReT rpI1KCJ.1pDsaT" MrHOBeHHble KapT~Hbl nons nnOTHOCTI1 B HeYCTaHOBHBW<lMCA D,B~>KeH~I1.

B 3aKnlO'IeHJ.1e 3aMeTJ.1M, 'ITO BI13Y"1l113au.HA nornxa B KaHane no- 3BOnAeT AaTb npeABapl1TenbHYIO OLleHKY creneua era COBepweHCTBa B ra30AJ.1HaMI1'1ecKoM OTHOWeHHJ.1. nonY4eHHbie tjJoTOCHI1MKH yKa- 3blB1IIOT Ha Te Y'laCTKI1 npOTO~HO~ ~aCTM xaaana, xoropsie Tpe6YlOT yny4WeHl1A.

3,8. CTPYKTYPA nOTOKA B ABYXCIIYHKUHOHAflbHblX BnYCKHblX KAHA11AX

Ha PI1C. 3.26 nplotBeAaHbl ::mIOPbl CKOpOCTei1 so BnYCKHOM TaHreHUIo1- anbHOM KaHane D,8HraTeJlA lj 10,5/12 (,D, 37) [44].

Io1ccnlltlyeMbl~ Ta"'faHUl1allbHbli1 BnYCKHoi1 KaHan COCTOAn 11~ AByX 3I1eMeHTOB: nplltlKllanaHHoro Y'laCTKa C npAMOYfon"H"IM ce- 4eHio1eM no sceH AllIiIHe Y4<lCTKa ~ BbIXOD,HOrO Y43CTKa C KJlanaHOM, CBAilOM 11 nOBepXHOCTbIO, o'rpaHH'II-"!BalOl1.IeM sxon flOTOKa ua «nanau,

70

F't1c. 3.26. ~nl{)p~' CKOPOCTHVi so en vcKHOM raureuuaarieHOM KaHane II"'" raTenR'Il0,5112:

1 - h Kn '" 12 MM; 2 - h K1I = 10 MM; 3 - h Kn = 8 MM; 4 - h Kn = 6 MM; 5 - h Kn = 4 MM; 6 - fie3 xnanaae

J],B"'>KeHJ.1e B03,1lYWHoro nOTOKa B nepsoji 4aeTI1 KaHana MO>KJ.1O C'lI1- rare nnocxonapannensasrea: nOTOI', npoxOAAlllI'IH HenocpaACTBeHHO sepea K11anaH, - TpeXMepHbIM. L-1CXOAfl 113 aroro npeAKnanaHHbl~ v-acro« Io1ccnlltlOBancn B Tpex KOHTponbHblX Ce<leHlotRX, paCnOIlO>KeHHblX BAOJlb xaaana, ,[infl J.13MepSHI1A nOIlHblX H CTaTI14!lCKI1X aasneHI1H I1CnOnb308Bnl1 nHOOMOMeTplo1~ecKHe npJ.1BOpbl. npl1eMHIiIKaM~ craTI1~ecKtlX AaSlleHJ.1H cnY>Kflll14 npAMble Tpy6KJ.1 C OTBepcTl1eM AJ.1a· MeTpOM 0,7 MM. B Ka4ecTBe HacaAKI1 AllA aaMepa nonasrx AaBneHI1i;'j 6blna Hcnonb30SaHll r -ofipaanaa Tpy6KCI C IJ,1I1nI1HD,pl1~ecKOH ronosKOH J.1 3eHKOSKOft oraepcran, BblnonHaHHoro nOA yrnoM 45". Al1aMeTp npl1eMHOrO OTBepcTl1A - 0,7 MM.

nOo~eplltlHO 3aMepflnl1 CTaTl1'1ecKIiIS 11 nOIlHbIEl D,aBneHJ.1A B AeBRTI1 T04Kax B",6paHH"IX KOHTPOlll>HblX CB'laHJ.1i1 AJlA nRH1 nOnOll<eHI1i1 xnanaaa: h xn = 4; 6; 8; 1011 12 MM, a T3KlKe np~ nponvsxe K<!Ha· na 6eJ KIlanaHa-.

B KalKD,O~ IUM epAeMOH TO'l Ke nYTeM BpautaHl1A AaT~J.1 rca HaxoAIiInJ.1 BeJlWlIo'HY nom-oro AaSneHJ.1A 11 OD,HOBpeMeHHo BeKTOp CKOpOCTI1. Yron BeKTOpa CKopOCTH onpeaennna no cneu.l1alli>HOMY m1M6y,

71

YCTaHOBneHHOMY ua r0J10BKe ABl1raTeJ1A. BeKTOp CKOPOCTVI 11 BeJ1l1- ~I1Hy ncnaoro AaBJ1eHI1A 113MepAI111 OAHOBpeMeHHO Cl1e'_'l1aJ1bHO L-13raTOBl1eHHblM nATL-1AbIP'laTbIM 30HAOM. LJ,eHTpal1bHO paCn0l10iKeHHOe OTBepcTL-1e 30HAil cnY'KVlno AI1A aBMepa nOJ1HOrO AaBJ1eHI1A B TO'lKe ero HaXOiKAeHL-1A. 4eThIpe APyrl-lx oTBepCTI1A, HaKI10HHbIX nOA yrJ10M 670• 51.1111-1 pacnonosceau CI1MMeTPI-1'1HO nepBoMY B ABYX B3al1MHO nepneun .... KyI1ApHbIX nJ10CKOCTRX. C .... x nOMOutblO onpeAeI1AI1L-1 Belll1- '!I1HY 11 HanpC'lBlleH .... e BeKTOpa CKOPOCTI-1.

nonA cram .. ecx .... X AaBJ1eH .... Ci B KIlanaHHoi1 uien .... 113MepAI1 .... S'IEI' rsipex T04 xax C nOM0utblO npRMblX TPy60K, yCTaHOBlleHHblX Henocpencraeuuo ua cjlaCKe KI1anaHa. 3aMepbl CTaTl1'1ecKVlx AaSI1eH ... Ci B KIlllnaHHoi1 l1.Ienl1, TaK )l(e, KaK 11 3aMepbl nOJ1HbIX A8BJ1eHL-1f1 c nOMaIUbIO 30HAa, 5blJ1 ... OCYl1.lecTBI1eHbl l1J1A nATI1 nOI1D)I(eHl1~ xnanaaa,

PeiK .... Mbl npDAyBKI1 KaHal1a Dl1peAenAJ111 AnA KSiKAorD nonosceHI1R knanaua no Al1arpaMMe pecxoaa BD3Ayxa '!epe3 KaH<lI1 B 3aBI1C"'MOcnt DT vrna nDBDpDTa KOI1C1H'IBToro BaJ1a. PacxPAHan xapaxrepncTHKa KaHaJ1a nony4eHa no pe3ynbTaT3M pacsera npouecca BnYCKa H8 3BM [591.

Pe3YJ1bT3Tbl I1CCJ1e.qOBaHI1A CTPYKTYpbl nDTDKa BD BnycKHDM Ka-Hane D5pa5DTaHbi B 5e3pa3MepHD~ cjJopMe no !jJopMYI1aM:

Pi-PO - "'i

P = Po v ~/2 .., =--;-;;-'

rne P - Koa!jJ<!lI1Ul-1eHT A3BI1C1HI1A; Pi 11 Vi - CODTSeTCTBeHHO CTaTI1'1ecxoe AaBI1eHl1e 11 CKOpOCTb B 11CCJ1e.qyeMoH TO'l Ke «auana: Po, Po, V 0 --'- COOTBeTCTBeHHO crarasecxoe AaBl1eHl1e, nl1DTHOCTb VI CKOPOCTb noTOK3 so BXOliHOM CE!'IeH ....... KaHaJ1a.

B BepTI1KaIlbHDCi nl1DCKOCTI1 KaHaJ1a I1CCl1eAYeMbie napasaerps: noTOKa pacnpenenmorca HepaBHDMepHO. BADIU, Hl1iKHeCi CTeHK ... KilHana CKOPOCTb 113MeHeHI1A napaMeTpOB 3Ha~I1Tel1bHO asuue CKOPDCTL-1 113MeHet-I ... A napawerpos S,!l,DI1L BepXHeVI CTeHK ... , npocjll1l1b KOTOPO~ ElbIl10I1HeH no palll1Ycy 50J1bUl0i1 KpL-1BI13Hbl. TaK, AaBI1eHl1e DT ceseHI1A I-I AD 1i1-IIlYMeHbwaeTcA ElAOl1b BepXHeVI CTeHKI1 HOI 67 %,8 BAonb HL-1iKHeVI - Hil BO %. CKOPOCTI1 nDTDKa COOTBeTCTBeHHD BD3- pacraicr Ha 32 11 57 %. Cl1eAOBaTes1bHo. npl1 ABVliKBHl-111 nOTOKa y BepXHeH CTeHKI1 npoI-1C)(OAI1T ero 33Me.qJ1eHL<1B, a 851111311 Hl1iKHe~ - ycKOpeH .... e.

Flp ... AaJ1bHei1weM npOAEWliKeH1111 BD3Ayxa aa ML-1H ... ManbHoe nonepe4HDe Cll'IeHl1e III-Ifl 31110pa CKOPDCTeVI TpaHc!jJopML-1pyeTcR. Hanoaaneaaoe ABl1iKeHVle nOTOKa coxpauaerca ronsxo B era cpeAHeVI '1acrn. B CIlORX. npl1J1eralOutI1)( K CTeHKaM KaHana, npoacxonar OTPblB norpaH"''1HOrO CI10A C 05pa30BaH ... eM 3DH 3aBI1XpeHI1A. lII3 arnoPbl pacnpe.qes1eHI1A CKOPOCTE~ AnA Ce<leHI1R IV-IV BI1AHO, ~TO OTphlEl nOrpaHI14HDrD CI1DA DT sepXHeVI CTeHK ... npOI1CXOAL-1T S51lL-13L-1 ce'1eHI1A IV-IV 11 BI1XpeBaA 30Ha pecnonaraerca BHI13 no nOTOKY sa

72

'i I

I

1

3TI1M Ce<leHl1eM. or Hl1iKHei1 CTeHKH nOTDK OTpblBaeTCA 311a'lI1Tel1bHD pausuie 11 K Ce'lBH"'1O IV-IV nOAXoAI1T YiKe C jlB3B ... TbIM BI1XpeBblM lIBl1iKeHl1eM. nO;lTOMY BI1XpeElaR 3DHa 3Aecb 50l1bwe ... norspa 50l1ee 3H8'1I1TeJ1bHble. Y 5DKOBbiX CTeHDK KaHaJ1a He Ha5mOliaeTCA OTPblS norpaH .... '1Horo cnoa, nDTDK CI1eAyeT aa KOH!jJ ... rypaUI1ei:i CTeHOK; snlOpbl CKopOCTeCi ... lIasneHI1~ YK33blBalOT Ha I1X paBHDMepHDe pacnpEAes1eHHe BADnb CTeHDK KaHana.

Y npDTO'lHDi1 4acrn KaHaJ1a 33 ce~eH ... eM III-III HanpaBl1et-1l1e eepxHe~ 11 50KOBbiX CTeHDK Mes10 "'3MeHAETCA, B TD BpeMA KaK H .... iKHAA CTeHKa D'IeHb M3J1bIM paAI1YCDM nDBOpa'lI1BaeTCR nO'lrn Ha 900 no OTHOWeHl11O K ee nepBoHa'lanbHoMY HanpaBJ1eHHIO. 3TD npI1BO,Ql1T K pe3KOMY y891111~eHI1IO, npl14eM HecI1MMeTpl1'1HOMY, npoxonaoro Ce'leH"'A KaHana.

TSKI1M 05pEl30M, HEl OTPblS nOrpaHI1'1HDrO CJ1DA nDTDKB OAHDBPEl' MeHHO BI1 ... AIOT peaxoe YBes1"'~eH ... e npoxonaoro Ce<leH ... A (n0J10iK .... - TeIlbHblCi rpaAl1eHT AaBl1eH .... R), HecI1MMeTpL-1~Hblii nOBopOT KaHana (3aTOpM8)I( .... aaiouiee AeHCTBl1e KpI1BOnI1Hei1HD~ CTeHKI1), a TaKiKe HEI' paBHDMepHoe pacnoeaeneuae CKDPOCTeif WI BXOAe K 3TOMY y'l3CTKY (ce'leHl1e 1II-1I1l.

3a Ml1tll1ManbHhlM Ce<leHl1eM KaHana Ha Al1cjl!jJy:mpHOM Y'IaCTKe n0l10iKCIH"'e «nanaaa CYl1.IecTBeHHO BJ1I-1AeT Ha I1HTeHCI1BHDCTb npo ... cXDAAl1.Il1X B AaHHOM Y'IaCTKe B ... xpeo5pa30BaHI1V.. npl1 MaI10M DTKpblTl-111 KIlanaHa, CYAA no anlOpaM pacnpaaeneaaa CKDPOCTBH B ce'IeHI1'" IV-IV, pa3Mepbl BI1XpeBl>IX 30H MEHbwe. ~eM npfl 5DI1bWl1X 3Ha'leH ... AX Ben"''1'''Hbl OTKpblTI1A xnanaaa, n0I10iKeHl1e xnanaaa B 3Ha'lL-1TeJ'IbHoi1 CTeneHI1 cnpeaenaer CTPYKTYPY nOTOKa B KllanBHHDi1 utellL-1. 4eM 60nbwe Belll1~I1Ha DTKpbIT .... A knanaua, HIM 50J1bWaA HepaBHOMepHOCTh pacnpeneneuna CKOPOCTeii B uiena. npfl nOlloiKeHl111 h Kn = 4 MM BO ecex ~eTblpex TO'lKaX saMepa CKOpOCTl1l1MelOT DAI1- HaKDBDB uanpasneuae 11 BEI1I1'II1Ha "'x Kone511eTcA B He3Ha~I1TenbHbIX npe.qes1ax. nOnepe'lHOe cesesae nOTOKB B 3TI1X Mecrax TaKiKe DTJ1L-1- ~aeTCA DAHOPDAHOCTbIO. 3nlOpa cxopocresi COOTBeTCmyer I1X paBHoMepHOMY pacnpe.qeneHI1IO. Cneaoaarensao, npa h I<n = 4 MM B03- AYWliblf1 nOToK nocne npOXOiKJ1eH ... A Ce'leH .... A IV-IV, MHHYA BVlXPeElble 06J1aCTl1, nJ1aBHO paCTeKaeTCA 110 noaepxaocra canna 11 !jJacKL-1 KI1anaH3 11 5e30TploIBHO asrrexaer 113 lUenl1 B u ... I1HHAp. nDTepl1 B 310M cnvsae COCTOAT 113 noreps KI1HeT ... ~ecKDi1 3Heprl1l1 BbIXOAAl1.Ie~ CTPY ..... Benl1~I1Ha KOTOPOi1 onpeaenaerca CKOPOCTbIO ee I1CTe'leHI1A.

npl1 o.3I1bHeHWeM OTKpt,IT ...... xnanaaa CKOPOCTb no nepi1MeTPY npoxonuoro Ce'letlI1A nepepecnpeaanaerca: 50l1bWI1e CKOPOCTiol Ha· 6J1IOA3IOTCA - B Hanp3BJ1eHl1l1 OCI1 KaHana, MeHbw ... e ~ C npo'raacno- 110iKHOW cropoasr KJ1anaHHoi1 w,enl1. 3nlOpa-CKopoCTeii nonepe-lHoro

Ce'leH A nOTDKa B lUeJ111 T9KiKe "'3MeHAeTCfl, BblTArl1BaACb B uanpas-

neHL-1 AApa CTP'{ .... npl1 pa3I1 ... ~HbIX n0I10iKeHI1R'x KI13naH8 M8KC",-

73

,

I

P"c. 3.28. v!30TaXI4 B B.,HTOBOM xaaane

PI1C. 3.27. CTpyKTVpa nOlOKB B KaHane EO aasl1C1<MoCTI1 or BenH~I4Hbl h KII'

(J - hK1] =5 114M; 6- h Kn=9 114M; 8 -h 1<11=13 114M; l- KaHSn Oe3l<nanaHa

ManbHblE! CKOpDCTI1 B C!!'IE!HI1I1 CTPYI1 Ha5moAalOTCfl B CE!~eHI1AX VI, a, 6 1'1 B B5m"311 !jJaCKI1 xnanaaa, a B Ce~eHI1AX VI, Z - B5nl1311 ce,lI1111 «nanaaa. YKa3aHHoe nepepacnpeaaneaaa cxopocrea Bbl3blBseTCR 113- MeHeHl1eM CTPYKTYPbl nOTOKa B uienn. nOCnE!AHI!E! npOABIlReTCA B OTpsrse nOTOKa or csana xnsnaaa (C!!'IeHI1R VI, a, 6, a) L-t !jJacKI1 xnanaaa (ce'leHltA VI, e] nl150 8 OAHOBpeMeHHOM orpsrae OT ceane L-t !jJacKL-t KnanaHa, ~ro Ha51110AaeTCA npl1 h Kn = 10; 12 MM.

o crpvxrvpe nOTOKa B BI1HTOBOM KaHane MOlkHO CYAI1Tb no 11306apaM (pI1C. 3.27), nony~eHHblM npl1 CTaUl10HapHOH nponyaxe AnA P:3. IlWlHblX 3Ha'leHI1i:1 h I<n [1341. Ha pl1cYHKe BI1AHO, ~TO Ha BorHYTDI1 [II BbmyKJ10ii CTeHKax KaHana I1MetOTCR orpblBHble 30Hbl. Beml'lIlHa srux 30H pacrer c YBeJ1Io1'1eHYIeM h kn- AnA KaHana 5e3 xnanaaa TO'lK3 orpsraa nOrpaHI1'1HOrO CIlOR OT CTE!HOK nepeweuiaerca nporaa re'11lHL-tFI.

~3ME!HeHl1e AltaME!rpa r0pJ10BI1Hbl xaaana d; OT 59.u0 53 MM Mano BnI1AE!T Ha xapaxrep TE!qE!H[IIR B xaaane. npl1 .uanbHei.1WeM YMeHbWIlHYlL-t AL-tBMeTpa dr (dr = 51 MM) crpvxrvpa nOTOKa 3aMerHO yny'luraerca, 3TO 05bRCHRerCA YBenl1'1eHlleM KOH!jJY30PHOCTII KaHana.

none cxopocresi B npOAonbHOM 11 nOnep!!'IHOM Ce~eHI1AX xauana nOKooaHbr Ha PI1C. 3.2B (npL-t h Kn = 13 MM L-t dr = 59 MM). npltBtIAeHHblE! onsrrasre AaHHbie YKa3b1BaIOT H(I acI1MMeTplt'lHOCTb CTPY Kl'Y· pbl nOTOKa, nocTynalOlllero 113 icanana B 14I11lI1I1AP. 3TO 05ycnOBneHO HanwmeM OTPblBHblX 30H (Ha PI1C. 3.2B OTM!!'IeHO L-tHA€KCOM tll1 HtIpaBHOMepHOCTl>1O nOTOKa nepea BI1XpeBOH KaME!poH. BCIleACTBl1e

74

(],6 f---+---+t---::;.....-F'----i 0,4 I--~y..-+-+-----I

PHC. 3.29. CrpYI<Typa no roxa B BHIITOBOM P"c. 3.30. 3aBHCI<MOCTb ><03ll>q, .. -

KaHane 11l1etiTa paCXOAB OT rrO.llbeMa Knanaaa:

1- BMHTOBOH xaaan; 2- raHrelf~.anboH blM KaHan

1

Ii

,il

Ii

iii

!i

II· 1,1

'[

sroro I1HT8HCI1BHOCTb aaxpeeoro ABHl-KeHI1R B03Ayxa B BI1XpeBoi.1 K1IMepe pa3nl1~HaA no OKPYlkHOCTI1 L-t BblCOTe KaMepbr. Hanbonsuraa 3Ha~eHL-te CKOPOCT!1 nOTOKa B61111311 CTaHOK KaMepbl (100 M/c), H311- MeHbwee - B5111-13101 CT(!Pl-KHR xnanaaa (50 M/c). B 05IlacTI1, npL-tMbrKlIlOJJ.<eii K Y'IaCTKy xanana AD YIlYlTKI1, cxooocrs nOTOKa MaKCI1- MlIIlbHlIA (150 M/cl.

CTpYKTypa noroxa, xapaKTepHlIA AnA BYlHTOBoro xauana. nDKa311- Ha Ha pac, 3.29 [121.

CpaBHI1TeJ1bHbli1 aHanL-t3 raHreHlIl1l1nbHOro 101 BI1HTOBOro KaHaIlOB BblnOl1HeH r. o. rapAeH5eprOM 101 r. J],aYAeJ10M [134]. Ha pac, 3.30 npl18E!AeHbl a3pOAI1HaML-t4ecKl1e xapaKTepL-tCTI1K11, r1DIlY~€HHbre ArR

75

YKa3aHHbiX KaHanOB. CTPYKTypa nOTOKa B BIo1HTOBOM xaaane 60nee P2IBHOMepHaA. no cpSBHeHl-11O C TaHreH~lo1anbHblM KaHanOM TO'IKa OTpblBa nOTOKa OT CTeHKIo1 BIo1HTOElOro KaHana pacnonosseaa no nOTOKY HIo1)1(e, na,lleHlo1e A2IBnaHIo1A MeHbwe. 3TO npIo1BOD.I-1T K TOMY, 'ITO Ko3¢!jJ1-1LJ,l-1eHT pacxoaa B BIo1HTOBOM KaHane asuue, OAHaKO nonY'IaHHblii aBTOpaMIo1 BbIBOD. Henb3R C'4Io1TaTb 05ll\I-1M, TaK KClK KOHCTpYKIU1A cpaeHI-1BaeMbix KBHanOB HeoAIo1HaKOBaA. B '1aCTHOCTIo1, OHIo1 OTnlo1'1aIOTCR no Alo1aMeTpy rOpnOBI1Hbl xaaana. no AaHHblM [12], nplo1 OAI-1HlIKOBOiil LJ,l1pKynA~1111 CKOpOCTI-1 a3poAI1H8MI-1'1ecKl1e xapaxrepacra KI1 TaHreH· LJ,1121nbHbIX 11 BI1HTOBblX K2IHanOB Mano OTnl1'1aIOTCA APyr OT APyra.

3.9. CTPYKTVPA nOTOKA B BblnVCKHOM KAHAIlE

B BblnYCKHOM KaHane B 321BIotCIotMOCTI1 OT nOnO>KeHIotA xnanaaa MO>KHO BbIAeJ1I1Tb A!<9 p9)l(Io1Ma Te'leHI1R [53]. nplot ManblX nOAl>eMaX Kncr na-ra aa Kn<lnaHHO~ ll.lenbKJ Ha5nlOAaeTCR cTPyiilHoe Te'leHl1e - nOTOK Y3KO~ KOHI1'IElCKOi1 cTpyei1 D.BIot1KeTCA anons nOBepXHOCTI1 ll\cnl1, OTPbIBa1lCb B AanbHElI.1WeM OT KPOMOK ceana 11 !jJaCKI1 KnanaHa. Y CTeHOK xaaana 06pa3YlOTCR BI1XpeBbie 30Hbl. npLil ManOM paALilyce Kpl-1- BIo13Hbi COnpR)I(eHl1R CTep)l(HR C rapenxof I'(nanaHa OTpblBHBA 30Ha Ha5nlOAaeTCA 11 Y xnanaaa.

nplo1 X = 1,5 ... 2, rae X OTHOWeHl1e KOOPAI1HaTbl x, aaaroe no oc ..

KaHana, K Al1aMeTpy dr, nOTOK "npl1nl1naeT" K BorHYToH CTeHKe xeaana. BI-1XpeBa1l 30Ha Ha :lTOM Y'laCTKe KaHalla I1MeeT nOKanbHbl~1 xapatcrep, Ha050pOT, y BblnYKIloi1 CTeHKI1 I<IMeeTCR pa3BLIITaA OTpbIBHaR 30Ha. BcneACTBIHl aroro CTPYKTYPti nOTOKa no Ce'leHI1IO KaHana RBnReTCR HepaBHOMepHoi1.

Typ6ynaHTHOCTb noroxa ua H2I'IanbHOM y'l2lcTKe KaHana BI>13BaHa, C oAHoiil CTOPOHbl, CTpyi1HbIMI1 nOrpaHI1'1HblMI1 cnORMLil nplo1 orpsraa 1-1 C D.pyroi1 - SOnHaMI1 C>KaTVIA 1<1 pa3pe)l(eHWR sa KI1anaHHOfi uiens-o npl1 CBepXKpI1TI1~ecKI1X nepenaaax llasneHI<IR. MClKCI1MSnbHble noKanbHble CTeneHI1 typ5yl1eHTHOCTI1, xoropste 6blIll-1 3aperl1CTpl1pOS!IHbl [20] aa KnanaHHOii ll.lenblO BblflYCKHoro KaHana ASl<lrllTe11R 4410,5/12, COCTaBnRIOT CQOTBeTCTBeHHO 25 11 40 %.

B KpI-1S0nI1Hel1HOM KaHane ueHTpo6e)KHble Cl-1nbl I1HepUl111 npl1BOART K CMell.leHI110 RAPS nOTOK8 B CTOPOHY BorHYToi1 CTeHKIo1. BcneACT· Bl1e nora S03HWKalOT BTOpl1'1Hble Te'letll1A rana "napl1bli1 BI1Xp ..... KpoMe loro, EtVlXpeaaA 30HCI y B .. myKnoi1'CTeHKI1 pacrer, nonecKopocrl1 B KOHLJ,e KaHana H9Ci-lMMetpl1~HO OTHOCI-ITeJ1I>HO BepTI1KanbHO~ nnocKOCTM. KaK nOKaJeJ111 3Kcnepl1M1lHTanbHble I1CCneAOB<lHLIIR [20], noKaJll130BaHHbie OTpblBbl 11 C~eHI1A crpva npI1BO,!1AT K lOMy, 'ITO Ha ' CBepXKpI-1T"'~ElCKLilX nepeneaax llaBneH"'H CKOPOCTIot B Y3KOM C'i!'letll1l1 npoTO'lHoii '1aCTI1 KaHana np.., onpi,aaneHHblX YCl10BI1RK, a LIIMaHHO Manblx 3Ha'letlI1RX 7i Kn, MeH~We CKOPOCTI1 3ByKa.

76

,

C yBe11I-1'1eHl1eM 3Ha~eHLIIA h xn H8cTynaeT aropoa p9)l(I1M Te'leHI1R, A11R ko'roporo xapaxreoao 3anOnHeHI1e nOTOKOM BCIlf"O Ce'leHI<IR ae KnanaHHoi1 ll.lenblO (I1nLII Ha HeJHa'iLIITeJ1bHOM pacCTOFl.HI1I1 OT Hllf"ol.

B BblnYCKHOM xaaane OTPblB nOTOKa OT CTeHOK onpeneneu rnasHblM 05pa30M KOHCTpYKLll1ei1 npOTO'lHoi:1 ero '!aCTI<I, B 'I actHOCTI1 , CTeneHblO 113nOMa npoqll1nR. IiIHTeHCI-IBHOCTb OTpblBHblX 30H 06ycnoenena reoMeTpl1'4ecKO~ AIo1!jJcjJY30PHOCThIO npl-1 pa311I1'1HbIX Benl<l'1I-1HaX h kn 11 rI<lApoAI<IHaMI1'1ecKofi HecTa~1-10HapHOCTblO nOTOKa, T. e. np0l13BOllHblMI1 OV 10 x LII OV lot [20]. TaKoi1 nOAXOA 03Ha~aeT onpeAeneHHYIO CXIlMaTI13aLllo11O Ael1Cml1TeJlbHoro npouecca. KaK YKa3aHO B [91, 129]. norepu B HecTaLllo1oHapHoM nOTOKe 3aBIo1CRT TalOKe OT BTOpOi1 npolot3soAHof1 (l2v lot2•

Ha ra30AI1HaMI<I~ecKl1e RSneHI<IR B BbmYCKHOM xaaane Snl1ReT BCA CI<ICTeMa BblnycKa: LJ,l<Inl1HAp - KaHanbl - KonneKTOp - Typ60KOM-

npeecop. -

Aaa XapaKTepHblX npoueeca I1MetOTCR B SblnYCKHOii CI<ICTeMe:

B03HI1 KHOBeHl1e CKa'l KOB ynnoTHeHI1i1 npl1 BHe3anHOM paCWI1PeHl111 nOTOKa raaa 38 BblnYCKHblM KnanaHOM; nocneaviouiee pacnpocrpaHeHlo1e BonHbl AaBneHI1R 11 ABl1)1(eHl1R MacCbl npOAYKTOB CVOpaHI<IA. nocne rero, KaK SOnH!I A!lSneHI1R AOCTI1raer orxperroro KOHLla TPY- 5bl, 803HI1KaeT OTpa1KeHH3A aonaa pa3pe>KeHIo1A, nepeMell\aKJLl.!aRCR B 06PClTHOM HanpaBneHI1I<1. Hal-160nee nOnHaR npOAYBKB ~l-1nl1HApa npOI1CXOD.I1T B TOM cnvsae, ElCIII-1 sonua PaJpelKeHI<IR nOAXOAI1T K BblnYCKHOMY KnanaHY B nepaoa nepeKPblTI1R KIl3naHOB, Ha xapaxrePI-1CTI-1KI<I SlolnYCKHblX ra30S nepea Typ50KoMnpeccopoM OKa3blBalOT Bnl1AHl1e rl-1ApOAI1HaMI1Ka nOTOKa B KaHane 1<1, B nepBYIO O'iepeAb, OTPbIBHble RBneHI1R. nepeMeHH8Fl no XOAY npouecca I1HTeHCI<IBHOCTb OTpblBHblX RBneHI-1f1 05ycnOBneHa reOMeTpl1ei1 KaHeJ1a lot KnanaHa, nepeMeHHblM B npouecce astnvcxa >KIo1BOrO Ce'4aHI1A CTpylot 11 MeHAKJll\I1MCR BO 8peMeHI<I pacxOAOM rasa ~epe3 KIl3naHHYJO WeJ1b.

B BblnYCKHblX xaaanax Tenno05MeH M_AY BblIlYCKHblMI1 ra3aMI1 lot CTeH KaMI1 KaHana Bnl-1Rer HB yCTO':;;~I1BOCTL norpaHLII'!Horo cnoa, Ha050poT, H3 I1HTeHCI1BHOCTb Te'leHI1A OKaJblBaIOT BI1I<1RHHe Oc05eH-

HOCTI<I TE!'IaHI<1R B npl1CTeH04HOiil 06n8CTI1. "

npl1 5eJOTPbl8HOM Te'leHl11<1 TeMnepaT_ypHblH Hanop COCpeAOTO'leH rnaBHblM o5pa30M B TellJlOBOM nOrpaHI1'1HOM cnoe, B BI1XpeeO~ 30- He npOI1CXOD.I-1T I<IHTeHCI1BHOe nepeMewl1BaHl1e nOTOKa. nOCKon~KY nplo1 Te~eHl1l-1 r esa BPeMR HaXO)l(AeHlo1A 4aCTHLJ, B BI1XpeBO~ 30He aaMeTHO npeesuuaer BpeMR _HaxOlK,lleHI1R '1aCTI1~ B nape nOTOK8, TeMneparvpa ra30B B 30He OTpl>lBCI ~T OTRI1'1aett:R OT TeMnepaTYPbl ~ RApa nOTOKa. 06 3TOM cS"'AeTenbCTBYIOT 113MepeHI1R, BbmOllHeHHble HB AI1HaMLII'IecKo~ MOAenLil [20]. 3rnM Sbl3SBHB paauaua B I1HTeHCI1BHoern renn006MeHa B SblIlYCKHOM KaHane B 6e30TPbIBHO~ lot BI1XpltBoi130Hax.

17

P;~c. 3.31. CTPYKljIpa. nOTOKa B Bbl"YCt<HOM KaHane:

a - MCXOAHblM KaHan; (j - ynyqWeHHa!'! cjlopMa KaHana

B [57] npeJJ,J10lKeH MeTOA pacsere Te~eHIo1A 0 Ha"anbHOM y"acT«e ObmYCKHoro xauana, Y'IIo1TblBalOllIL-1ii orpsre norpaHL-1'1HOrO cnoa, MeroA n0300l1Aer onpeaenL-1Tb nona CKOpoCTeii raaa, BKnlO'IaR 101 OL-1XpeoylO 30J.1Y.

B pac'leTHO~ MOAel1H noennonaraerca oceclo1MMeTpL-1'1HOe Te'leHL-1e HeclKL-IMaer.llO~ lKIo1AKOCTL-1 C orps> BOM, OTCyTCTBHe nonepesaoro rpa-

PMeHTa ABeneHL-1R, HanL-1'1l1e 8030-

Ii pamoro Te'letH1F\, pBOHOMepHoro

npo!jMI1R CKOpoCTE!I1 Ha 8XOM 0 KaHal1 II B AApe OCH08HOro ncroxa (npH 3TOM dp! dx*OI, a npocjJL-1nb K3Hal1a npoH3BonbHbli1. B pecserax, nplo10eJ1eHHblX B patiore, y'II1ThIeaerca AI1cjJcjJy30pHOCTb KaHana 11 H3J10M npocjJl111R.

1/13 A3HHbiX pee-era cnenver, 'ITO C YMeH!>weHHeM nOJ1ber.lla KI13naua Ha611IOAaeTCR YAIlHHeHl1e BI1XpeBoi1 30Hbl 11 COOTBeTCT8eHHO pOCT Tall \Utl Hbl enos CMellleHI1A.

Ha pac. 3.31, a 11306p3lKeHbl 1-1306apbl, nony'IeHHbie B ObmYCKHOM xaaane AOlliraTeJ1A npl1 h Kn1hKn.Max = 1,0 [134]. noneCKopocTeii B KaHane HepaBHoMepHoe. He BblXOAHOii '1aCTI1 eblnYKl1o~ CTeHKI1 I1MeereA paaanraa OI1XpesaA 30H3. C YMeHbweHllleM 3Ha'leHI1A h Kn acnencraae YBenl1'1eHL-1R AI1cjJcjJY30pHoro :xi>cjJeKTe HepaoHoMepHOPTb nOl1A CKOPOCTl1 0 KaHane pacrer,

YMeHbWeHl1eM 8bIX0J1HorO Ce<leHIo1A K3H 311 a, rl1aBH!>IM 06pa30M npH H3MeHeHI11t KOH!jMrypaL4HI1 B!>lnYKl1oiil CTCH KI1 (pac, 3.31, 61. noI1Y'leHO 3aMeTHoe yny'lweHlte CTPYKTypbl nOTOKa B xaaane, npl1 3TOM OJ1HOBpeMeHHO 6bln YMeHbWeH Al1aMeTp rOpn081-1Hbi xaaana (C 51 AO 45 MM), n03TOMY TPVAHO Cy,uI'lTb 0 TOM, B KaKoii CTeneHH 113MilHilHl'le cjJOPMbl BblnYKnOM CTeHKIt OK2Sal10 Onl1AHl1e Ha xapaxrepl-1crnKl1 noroxa,

3.10. XAPAKTEPIiICTItKIiI nOTOKA Y CTEHOK KAHAIlA iii KJlAnAHA

.ue~CTElI1e can SR3KOCT" oc06eHHo npORB1lReTCR TaM, rne B03HI-1 xalOT 60nbl1Jl1e nOnepe'lHble rpaAl-1eHTbl CKOpOCTI-1 L-I BHYTpeHHl-1e xacaTenbHblC H1lnpRlKeHItA. Taxoe COCTORHl1e nOTOK<l I-1MeeT MecTO y 06- TeKaeMo~ nosepXHOCTI1 rena, Vl3Y'leHVle T€~eHI1R 8 npl-1CTeHO'lHblX

78

I

(

06nacTAx n03B0l1Aer AaTh npeABapl1TCIJlbHYIO OLlilHKY COBepweHCTBa cjloPMbl npOTO~HOI1 '1acrn K3Hal1a It YK33i1Tb H3 y'laCTKI1, xoropsre Tpe6yIOT KOHCTPYKTOPCKOH: Aopa60TKI-1 JJ,J1R ynY'IWeHI1R rI1APOAI1HaMI1KI-1 nOTOKa B npo!jMnl-1pyeMblx K3Han8X.

PeJynbTaTbl 'aroro aHanl13a paCCMOTpl1M Ha npl1Mepe anvciorcro KaHal1a ABl-1raTenA lIH 30/3B. BaOl1b 06pa3YIOlUItx KaH3I13 It xnanaaa ABl'lraTenR lIH30/3B 6blno YCTaHoBneHo 44 J1aT'IIo1Ka, KOTOpblMH 1-13- MepAnOCb CTaTIt'HlCKoe AaBneHl1e y CTeHOK. Pe3ynbTaTbi 3aMepOB npencraaneast 0 oltAe Al1arpaMM, oTpalKalOllIHx 3aKOHOMepHOCTb 1-13- MeHeHI1A KoJcjJcjJl-1L4HeHTa ii BAonb BblnYKno~ 11 BorHyTol1 creao« Kaaana (pHC. 3.32). ~3MeHeHlte K03cjJcjJHL4l11eHTa p BAonb 05pa3YJOllIe~ xnanana, 06pallleHHo~ K BorHYTo~ CTeHKe, nOKa38HO Ha pHC. 3.33.

B OKpecTHOCTL-1 TO~KIt 9 (pl-1c.3.321 Ha6nlOAaeTCR MItHHMYM AaeneHItR MI. nOnOlKeHl-1e 3TO~ TO'l KI1 MallO 3aBIo1CL-1T OT BeJ1I11~I-1Hbl OTKpblTHA xnaneaa. B TO'lKe SI, BI-1AI-1MO,npOHCxOAI1T orpsra norpaHI1~' soro cnoa or BorHYTO~ CTeH KL-1. TaKO~ peavnsrar cneaver C'II1TaTb 38KOHOMepHbIM. KaK 113BecTHO, B KpI1BOnHHei1HoM K8Hal1e Ha BarHYToiil CTet1Ke MOlKeT 803HI-1KHYTb orpsrs. MOlKHO npeanonoaorrs. 'ITO B AaHHOM cnvsae npOItCXOAIliT MecTHbli1, He nony~HBwl1H AaJ1bHeHwero pa3BHTItA, OTpblB nOrp3HI1'1HOrO cnoa, conpOBOlKABlOlUItHCA 06paTHbiM npHnJ.1naHl-1eM TYp6yneHTHoro CI10R K noBepxHOCTI1 BOrHyToii CTeHKH xaaana, TaKoiil nOKanVl30BaHHblH OTpblB 06ycnOBneu, C OAHOii CToPOHbl, cjlopMOi1 npOTO'lHoi1'1aCrn xaaana, C J1Pyro~, - onl-1AHHeM xnanaxa. 3aMeTI1M, '1ro 1-13MeHeHI1e cjlopMbl J1ItarpaMM Ha- 6nlOAaeTCA B 06nacTI1 ro~eK 9 ... l t , p<lCn0l10lKeHHbIX aa CTeplKHer.II icnanaaa, rne 11 MeeTCA aapOAI1HaML-1'1ecKItI1 cnen,

Orpsre Typ6yneHTHoro norpaHwlHoro CI10R npoItCXOAL-1T B TO'lKe Sl. (TO'lKa '7 Ha «anane). paCn0l10lKeHHO~ 33 BTOPblM MI-1HHMYMOM AaBneHHA MJ.. nonOlKeHHe xnanaaa MCIJlO anaaer Ha pacnonosceaae T04KI1 OTp!>IBa S2' B AaHHOM cnvsae OTPblB 05ycnoonett ItCKnlO'IHTeJ1bHO cjJopMoiil KaH3I13 0 oxpecruocra :no~ To'lKI1. AeiilcTOI1TenbHO, aa TO'lKOiil f7 npOL-lCXOJ1l1T peJKIo1~ nosopor CTeHKIt KaHal1a, 'ITO 11 npI-1BOAL-IT K OTPblOY nOrpaHI1'lHOrO CI10R. AHanCrIt4H!>IH peavnsrar 61.111 nony~eH Onrn'lecKHMIt MeTOAaMI-1 ItccneAoB8Hl-1ii. nltWb nfll'l h Kn = 24 MM 11 AI1A KaHal1a 6e3 xnaneae orpsre nOTOKa npoL-1CxOPMT e TO'lKe '6.

BAonb BbmYKnol1 CTeHKI1 KapTItHa Te'leHI1A I-1HaA. no Mepe OTKpblTI-1A xnanaae MI1HHMYM AaBI1eHHA M It T04Ka orpsraa S CME!W8IOTCA saepx no nOTOKy. TaK, nplt h xn = I) MM MI-1 H 11M all bH oe 3Ha'iett11C AOcraraerca 0 TO'lKe 25, npill h Kn = 24 MM Me>K,Il,Y TO'IKaM.l1 231124, a JJ,J1R KClH3I1a 6ea. xnanaaa MBlKllY T04KaMH 22 H 23. AHanorH4HO 0 KaHane 6133 KI1anaHa orpsia norpaHI1'1HOrO cnon OT CTeHKI1 6YAeT np0I-1CXoJ1Io1Tb MellQ\Y T04KaMI-1 23 1124, 3 npl1 h xn = 13 MM - B61111· 311 TO~KI1 26. TaKItM 06pa30M, cnenyer, ~TO pa3BltTlte nOrpaHI-1'1HOrO

79

~

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OTpblB8 norpaHH~Horo CJ10R OT CTeHKH nepeMelJ.l8eTCR BHH3 no Te'l9HH10, 'ITO 4fJ

npKBOAHT K 3aMeTHOMy YM9HbWeHHIO J5 JJ st 29 27 2f

IlOTepb, 06ycnOBlleHHbiX OTpblBHblMK HOI'Tepa (l1()~ef(

ABneHKAMK. nOnOlKeHKe xnanena CKm,HO BllHReT He pecnpenaneaae K03¢1¢1HLlHeHTa AaSneHL1R SAonb SblnYKIloil CTeHKH KaH!Il1s.

PaccMOTPHM TII'l9HK9 BIJ,Ollb Knan8H8. npH M!Il1blX SeJlH'IHHaX OTKpblTKR KnsnaHa TlI'leHKe nOTOKa BIJ,Onb 06p8aylOw,aiI, 06paw,eHHoil K BblnYKno~ CTeHKe, flsnReTCR 6eaOTPbIBHbIM. npK 3Ha'leHKK h KJ1' paBHOM npHMepHo 12 ... 13 MM, B TO~Ke28 npoHCXOlJ,lH OTPblB IlOTOKa OT «nanesa. no Mepe OTKPblTHR xnanaaa TO'lKa orpsiea nepeM&uiaerca aaepx npOTKB TlI'leHHR. 3TO npHBOAitT K YBellK'IeHHIO 30HM 3aBHXpeHKft HB CTeHKE xnanaaa, KaK nOK33blB81OT peaynbTaTbI, nollY~EHHble OnTH'IecKHMH MeTOAaMH HCCJ1e.a,OB8HKfI, npH h I<n = = 24 MM OTPblB nOTOKa OT CTeHKH xnanaaa npoacxonar npKMepHo B TO~KE30.

H a nOBE!lXHOCTK Kll anaaa, 06paw,eHHoil K BOrttVTOH CTeH K9 K2IH811a, B TO'l KBX 39 ... 40 06pasyetcA a3pOIJ,KHaMK'IecKHH cne.a" S03HI.1KalOWI'1i1 npLot 06TeK8HKK KlllmaHa nOTOKOM soanvxa. Xapaxrep A1tarpaMM ua pHC. 3.33 nOKa3bIBBe-r, 'ITO B AaHHOM cnvsae npOKcxOAKT 1l0K811bHbli:! OTPblB, KOTOPblH He nonvsaer IJ,anbH9H11l9rO pa3BKTKR. 0611aCTb paCnonOlKeHHfI a3pOAl'lHaMK',ecKoro cneaa MallO 3eBHCKT OT BenH'IKHiol OTKPblTHR Kn8nSHa. B TO 11<9 BPeMR nonOlKEHKE xnanaaa OK83bl' BaET BnH1'IHKe Ha a6comOTHoe 3HaIIEHHe K03¢1¢1Kl!HEHTlI AaB1l9HHfl P. 06"RCHReTCR 3TQ TeM, 'ITO napaM9Tpbl nOTOKa 1'1, B ~aCTHOCTK, cxoPOCTb 1'1 ABKII<9HKe B03Ayxa 3aMeTHO K3MeHRIOTCfI C K3M9HEHl'leM h 1<J1'

81

PI'IC. 3.33. ~3",eHe~~e Ko""'<ltMLI .. a.tTapBAOI1~ P Q6pa3YI(IU4eM KIlanaHa, Q6pa~eHHO" K aor-

HymM CT8HK8 KOHaJ10: 4

, - h I<n = 6 MM; 2 - " 1<11 = 13M'"

cnoa y BblnYKnOH CTeHKK B 6011bWei1 8 crenesa, ~er.I y BOfHyrOH, 3aBHCHT OT IlOllOlI<etlHR xnaneaa, npH npoeKTKpo- 12 saHKK 1'1 ,O,oBOIJ,Ke BnycKHblX KaHallOB 6onbwoe SHKMaHKe Heo6xoAHMO YAe- ffj nRTb COBMecTHOMY npo¢l!lilll.1posaHHIO npOTO'lHO~ '1aCTK «aaana 1'1 ¢IopMbl 2f) xnanara KnanaH OKa3blBaeT cvuiecr- 24 B8HHoe BI11'11'1HHe Ha paenpeaeneaae Kogq,¢l!liLlKeHTa AaBlleHKfI SAOnb CTe- 28 HOK xauana, npH M!Il1blX BeJlH~KHaX

I I

OTKPblTKR xnansaa ySeJlK~HBaIOTcR noTepK "HeprHH Ha TPeHH9. BMIlCTe C T9M, e YMetibWeHHeM 3Ha'leHHfI h Kfl TO~Ka Jti

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I\.
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0,5

2

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- f-" .......... ~
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/i 6

8

a

s

POle. 3.34. ConocraB1leH~e ~aKO>iOMepHocTH .. 3MeHeH"" Ko3¢<PHtteHTlI lIaSI1eHOI" ii SlIOnlo oon<\lTO';; ("I ... a",n\lKnO';; (61 CTeHOK AM" rpex THnOB KaHMOO IISl'IrarenR Y 10.5/12 npe h KIl = 12 "'M:

11'12 - p<!KOM .. HII\I" .... I .. KaHan .. ,; 3 - cep ..... H .. I .. KaHan

ConOCTaBneHHe pacnpeAeneHHfI AaBneHKfI P BAonb CTOHOK KaHana, nony'leHHoro AJ1F1 rpax runoe KOHCTPYKUKH BnYCKHoro xaaana .!1Bl1raTenR 410,5/12 (A 37). noxasano, 'ITO HaHI1y~wl1e a3p0/l,HHa· MH'IecKKe xapaKTepKCTKKH KMaeT KaHan 1, HaKxyAwHe - CepKHHblH KaHaI1 (pKC. 3.34).

3.11. Bm'lAHHE KnAnAHA HA CTPVKTYPY nOTOKA

OnTK'IBCKKMK MlITO,IlaMK 6!>lll0 onpensneno BnHFlHHe (jJOpMbl rapenKK xnanaua He CTpYKTYPY nOTOKa BO BnYCKHOM KaHCII19 ABlilraTenR 4H30/38 [771.

BapKaHTbl KOHcrPYKUKK KI1anaHOB npHBe,ll9Hi>1 Ha P"C, 3.35. B KIl~ecTBe napawerpa, xapaKTepK3YIOlJ..IerO KOHCTpYKUKIO xnanaaa, npKHATO OTHOWBH ... e paAKyca R KIl KplllBI13Hbi 06pa3Y1OllIe~ K AK3Merpy dKn rapernca xnanaaa, AnF1 YKa3aHHbiX Ha pHC. 3.35 BapKaHTOB xnan3HOB 3TO OTHOWBHKB paBHO: 0,8; 0,6; 0,5; 0,4; 0,311 0,2. cIlopMo- 06pa3YIOIJ.II1H, COe.aI1HAIOIlI"~ CTep)f(eHb C KOHYCOM xnanaua, B 3Ha'lHTellI,HO", CTBneHK npeaonpenenaer CTP\lKTYP\l nOTOKa B npeA- III aaKnanaHHOtit 06I1acTF1X. r9QMeTpK'IBCKOe Ce'lBHHe, OTKpblBaeMoe xnanaHoM, 3aBlllCliiT OT BBIlK'II1Hbl PaAKyca R KIl' JIIa aHanHaa nonY'IeHHblX C:HKMKOB cneaver. 'ITO npH h Knlh KIl ... ax';;: 0,25 rpaaaua BKxpeSOH 3OHbl, 06paaoBaHHoH B peavnsrare OTpbIB<l nomxa OT BblriYKnoH CTeHKK KaHana, AOXOD,lilT AO KI1anaH3. TaKaA xapraaa Ha611IO,IlaeTCFI AJlfl acex paccMOTPBHHblX BOlpL1aHTOB KOHCTpYKUlII1II xnanaaa, C BorHYTOH cropoast KaHana BHxpeBaFl 30Ha o~eHb He3Ha~KTBIlbHaA. 31'0 CBI1AeTeI1bCTByeT 0 HetpaBHoMetpHOCTI1 CTPYKTypbl nOTOKaB KnanaHHoH uiena: HaK60I1bwyIO WKPKHY nOTOK KMBeT C BorHYTO~ CTOpOHbl KaHCII1a.

C yBenK'IBHHeM 3Ha'lBHI1F1 h 1<11 YMeHbWaeTCfI HetpBBHOMepHOCTb pacnpeAeneHHA ncroxa no o KpY)f(HOCTM KnanaHHoH IlICII1I-1. npl1 STOM

82

Pile. 3.35. I1ccneA\leM~le aep .. aHTb. Kn8naHQB

creness HepaBHOMepHOCTL1 aaBIIICI1T OT OTHOW eH 11 A R .<.r,/d KIl. TaK, npK OTHOCKTenbHOI1 Benl1'1KHe OTKPb;TKR xnanaua ht<lllhKn,Max == 0,5 AJlFl RKflldKfl == 0,8 paccroAHKe S OT KOHyea xnanasa AO rpaHI1L1bl BI1XpeBOH 30Hbl Bblny- 1<I10H CTOpOHbl paeao 5 MM; AJlR RKl1ld"ll = 0,5 sro peeCTORHKe paBHO 3,5 .. .4 MM; a AJlF1 RK"ldKIl = 0,2; S == =3MM.

npL1 3H3'1I-1TenbHbIX Bel1K~KHax h w.th KI1 ... ax Ha nOBepXHOCTI1 xnanaHa, o6pallleHHo~ K Bbl nYKll0~ CTeHKe xaaana, ofipaaverca BL1XpeaaFl 30Ha. 'V1HTeHCL1BHOCTb 30Hbl 3aB"xpBHIII~ 3HBI1CKT OT h Klllh xn , MaX L1 Rl<n/dKfI' np" h Klllh Kfl. MaX = 0,75 BKxpeBble RBneHIotR Ha KnanaHe IIIMelOT MBCTO Anfl RKI1/dKn < 0,5.

npl1 h I(fllh xn . Max = 1 He3aBI1CKMO OT 3Ha4eHKfI R KnldKfi Ha noBepXHOCTM KJHl/laH8, 06p3Il1BHHO~ K BblnYKnoH CTBHKe, Ha6nlO/l,3er· CR BKxpeeaR 30Ha. Pa3Mepbl 3TO~ 30Hbl pacrvr c YMeHbweHllleM orHoweHKA R KflldKI1' BL1XpeeaA 30Ha, B03HKKalOIlIaA HH xnanaas, KaK 61.1 npl1)f(KMaer nOTOK K CTeHKe xauane. 3TO npl1BOAIliT K HeKOTOpoMy \lMeHbWBHKIO 301-'1,1 3aBKxpeHIoI~ y BblnYKno~ CTBHKK KaHana.

AnR RKlIldKII = 0,8 npM hKn :;;. 18 MM xnana« 3arpOMO)l(,IlaeT npoxoAHoe CB'lBHL1e AJlA BnYCKa. n03ToMy npK AanbHeHweM orxps« T,,101 knartaaa He cnenver O)f(I1AaTb YBBIll14eHKA pacxona B03Ayxa. :.hOT BbIBOt! nOATBep)l(AaeTCR pe3ynbTaraMH, nonY'IBHHbIMK nplollIICCf1eAOBaHKM KaHl)IlOB Ha yCT3HoBKe CTaUL10HapHO~ npo,llYBKK.

KpOMe ror o, AnR 60nbWl1X 3Ha'leHHi1 RKIlldKII np"h KIllh KII. Max> > 0,75 xnanaa III CTeHKH KaHana 06pa3yIOT KonbueBO~ ,IlK(jJ(jJY30P, 4TO CO,llei1cTByer OTPblBY nOTOKa OT ncaepxaoeru xnanaua.

Ha npOTKBOnOnO)l(HOtit CTOPOHE KnanaHHO';; 1lIaJ1I1, T. e. co CTOpO' Hbl BorHYTOH CTeHKfI xaaana. Ha6JllOAaerCA OTPblB "OTOKa or KPOM' KK xoavca xnanaaa. OTKI10HeHKe noroxa OT xouvca YMeHbwaeTCfI c YBenIll'H!Hl1eM 3Ha~eHK~ h Kn/h xn ... ax 11 RKn/dKn.

lilc:cne.aOBaHKA noxaasraa-or, 'ITO nOTOK XopOWO 06TeKaeT BorHY' TylO nOBepXHOCTI> anvckuoro k aaana ABlilraTeJ1F1 I.j H30/38 He3aBI1CHMO OT h Knlh KI1.Ma>< 101 RKnldKw B ro see BpeMfI CTpYKTypa nOTOKa B61lM3K BblllYKnoi1 CTBHKK xaaana B 3Ha'iKTenbHO~ CTeneHIII onpaaenserca BaJ1,,4"HaMl1 \lK1I3aHHblx asuue napawerpos. C YMeHbWEHKeM

83

0.

~~ -- r-..
9 )/, r----.
8
7 PMc. 3.36. 30""c"MocnOTHOCMT8JlbHorO 3HaQeH"R pacJ(OAB B03Ayxa OT P8A«Yca Kpo.BH3Hb' Bb,nYCKtruro KllanSHB ABHr ... Tell" RM3·741:

1 - CePMflHb,ii KllanSH; 2 - peKOMeH· AYet.lb'i'i I<IIBn8H

0,

0, 15

20

OTHOUJettl-1A R I<n/d KII TOYKa OTPbIB<I nOTOKa OT B~I nYKlloH CTeH Kill KaHana nepeMelJ.laeTCA BBepx npOTI-1B Tll'IeHIIIA. AHlInOfl-1'1HaA KapTI-1' HB Ha61110AaeTCA C YBeI1l11~eHllleM lHa'ieHIIIA h Knlh KI1. Max'

B psavnsrere IIICCneAOB3HI-1H YCTaHOBneHO, 'ITO OnTI-1MaJ1~HOe 3Ha· '1eHiI1e OTHOweHIliA RKII/dKII ,!lnA xnanaaa ABlilraTeI1A 4H30/38 panHO 0,6.

BeI1l11'1I11Ha .paAI-1yca R Kj1 KPIIIBIII3HIoI rspen KI-1 «nanaaa oxaastaaer CVlJ.lecTB8HHoe BnlllAHl-1e Ha CTPYKTYPY nOTOKa B BlomYCKHOM xaaane. Ha PI-1C. 3.36 nplIIBeJ\ettbl 3aBI-1CIIIMOCTI1 npl-1Be,!leHHoro pacxoae B03Ayxa sepes BblnYCKHOH KaHall ABlllrnenA AM3-741 OT BeIlH'II-1Hbl RI<II' 3aBI1cI-1Moqlll 6blnl-1 nOIlYlleHlo1 Ha YCTaHoBKe cTaUllioHapHoii npoAYBK,.,. HCClle,!lOBaHI1A noxaaana. 'ITO tlnTlilManbHaA Benlll'llliHa paAlilyca Kpl-1BI13Hbi pa3nlll'lH3A AllA pa3HbiX 3Ha'ieHl-1~ h 1<11' n03TOMY HeB03MoIKHO npeAnolKlIITb cPoPMY TapeIlKI-1 xnanaua, ~OTopaR oeecnll'llilna 6101 onTIliManloHlole ycnOl~IIIR npoueccos envcxa III BblnycKa npM acex 3Ha'ieHIliA x h I< II' O'ieBIilAHo. Hal111Y'lweii (jJOPMOH KnanaHa HaAO C'II-1TaTb Ty, nplll KOTOPO~ AOCTHraeTCR OnTl-1ManbHlolH cyMMap' Hbl~ 3<I:J(jJeKT aa aecs TaKT anvcxa IIInlll BlolnycKa. ,D,nA 8101 nYCKHOH CHCTeMbl ABlllr1)TeIlR AM3-741 Halll60nbWiliM p3CxOA B03Ayxa npoucXOAI-1T nplll BeI1l-1'1i11He R «n - 21 MM.

AHanOrl-1'1Hble IIIccneAoBaHIIIA, BblnonHettHb'e AIlA ABlllr.nenA 6V4 13111,5 (CMA-60I, noxaaana, 'ITO AflA YMeHbweHIliA COnpOTI1B' nettl-1A BOJllYWHOMY nOTOKY He06xOAI-1MO IIIJMeHIIITb P<l3Mep P8AIIIYca RKn nepexoaa OT CTeplKHA K rapel1Ke III vron () (jJacKH CE!AIl8 xnanaHa. PeKOMett.aY9Mble 3Ha~eHI-1A: RI<ll = 25 MM, () = 45" [1ooJ.

rnaBa4 _

onpE~EnEHHE rHAPOAMHAMH~ECKH ~EnEC006PA3HorO ·npO$MnR KAHAnA

4..1. conOCTABnEHIiIE XAPAKUPIIICTIiIK nOTEHIIIiIAJ1bHOrO H BRJKOrO nOTOKOB

B COOTBeTCTBIIII'I. C H3110IKettHO~ Bblwe Me1'OAlliKoH BblnOnHIIIM Ha npaMepe BnYCKHoro KBHaJ1<1 ABMraTeJ1R 4H30/38 cpaBHIIITeJ1bHbIH aHanl-13 p~YllIoTaTOB, nOlly~eHH"')! npl-11113y<1ettl-1111 nOTeHUIIIBnbHoro nOTO' Ka III Te'leHlotR peaJ1bHOiiIKIliAKOCTlot.

84

3aBIIIClilMOCnI p = f (L I, nony~ettHbie MeTOAOM aneKTpoMOAeI1l11- pOBaHIiIR Tll'IettHA HB BorHyToi:i CTeH xe xaaana, H30fipIDKeHbi Ha_plllc. 4.1 ••• 4,5 WTPIIIXOBOO nl-1HHeH. Ha rex >i<e pMCYHKax cnnOWHOI-1 11111- HlileH AaHbl 3aBHClilMOCTlil p = f (L I, nccrpoenusra no AaHHlolM sxcneplIIMeHTaJ1bHblX lIICCl1eAOB8HIIIH Ha YCTaHOBKe cTaullioHapHoM npOAYB' Kill. Yilicna, YKa3aHHbie no OCIII a6cUlllcc, COOTBeTCTBytOT TO'lKBM. 1-130- 6pIDKeHHbiM Ha C)(eMe KaHalla (CM. plilC. 3.321. ,D,nR acax nonOlKeHlllii Knan8H8 Ha BXOAHOM y~3CTKe xauana (AO TO'lKIll 9) 1i13MepettHOe pacnpeaeneaae AaBneHIIIR COBn8AaeT C Teopent~ecKIil OnpeAeI1eHHb,M paCnpeAel1eHllleM AflR IIIAejinloHoH II<IIIAKOCTH. B AaIlbHeHUJeM 1-13M&peHH~'e 3H8'leHIIIA pili noIlY'leHHble HB 3IleKTpOMOAeJ1111 OTKnOHRtOTCft APyr OT Apyra. npl1 3TOM creneas I1X OTKIlOHeHI-1R CYlJ.lecTBeHHo saBIllCln OT nonolKeHI-1A xnanaaa.

npl-1 hI<li = 6 MM Ha6ntOAeeTCA xopouisa OOaneAeHHe peavnsraTOB, nOIlY'lettHbix 3KCnepMMetlTaJ1bHbiX nYTeM 1-1 MeTOAOM snexrpoMOABIllotpOBaHI-1R no aCeH AIlIilHe 06TeKaeMol1 nOBepxHOCTH (plllc.4.1, a). nlllWI. Ha He6onbwoM y~acT~ (ME!lKAY TO'lK8M'" _12 1-1 161 IIIMeKlT' CR OTKIlOHeHHR 3a8111CI-1MOCTeM p = f (L). npH'IIliHOH aroro nO'BIIIAI-1' MOMy RBIlReTCR MecTHblH, He nony..I-1BWI-1H AaJ1bHeMWero Pa3BHTI1R OTPblB nOrpaHIII'IHoro CII0A, conpOBOIKA8IOlW'IiiCA 06paTHbiM npllilllIInaHI-1BM CJI0R K nOBepxHOCTH Te1Ia. 3H8~IIIT, nplllh Kn = 6 MM 6~ cylJ.IecTBeHHoii norpeWHOCTI-1 noTOK MOlKeT C'lI1T3TbCR 6e30TpblBHbiM III norepa 3Heprl-11-1 BAOllb BorHYToH nOBepXHOCTH 6yAYT COCTORTI. 1113 noreps ua TpeHllle.

nplil OTKpb'nllll xnanaua h '<II > 6 MM peansaoe Tll'IeHl-1e OTKllOHR' eTCA OT noTBHUManbHoro, nonyqettHoro He aIleKTpOMO,!lenlil (pille. 4.1, 6 ... a). npill 3TOM creneas IIIx OTKIlOHettlliA pacrsr C _Y8eJ1I1'1eHIII9M Benl-1'1MHbl h Kn' ECJ1111 npH h K11 "" 12 MM 38BI-1CI-1MOCTbP = f (L) AIl~ peansaoro noTOK8 He3Ha'll-1TeIlbHO OTKnOHReTCA OT TeopeTH'Ul~KOI1 KPIIIBO':; Ii = f (L) BAOllb BceH nceepxaocra 06T9KBeMoro rena, TO AIlA h I<n = 18 MM 1-1 h KII = .24 MM Ha611IOAaeTCfI 3Ha'liliTenbHoe pa.:_xO>l<JlettHe peansaoro iii IIIAeaJ1bHOrO pacnpe,!lenettlllR AaBnettlllR p. 06 .... RCHflBTCR 3TO T9M, '1ro H3-38 BHYTpettHerO TPeHl-1A B peanbHlolx IKL-I.QKOCTFIX npoI-1C)(OAI-1T OTPblB norpaHl-1'1HOrO CIIOA OT 06TeKaeMoro rena, B pe3YllbTaTe '1ero 1-13MettAeTCA peansaca Tll'IettMe no cpasueHIilIO C TeopeTIII'IecKI1M.

PaCCMOTpl-1M, HanpHMep, ABHHlole, nOllY'lettHlole nplil h Kn = 24 MM.

B 1O'IKe 12 npoHcxOAIliT OTpbIB·CllOA, KOTOPbIM, 6YAY~1-1 Kpai1He He· yC1OH'IIIIBbIM, nplllnHnaer K creaxe xauana (TO'lK8 15). OAHBKO B ,!lanloHeHWeM (rO'lKB 16) norpatilll'lHblH CJI0~ crpsraaerca OT CTettKH, conpoeoseaeerca 60nee paJBHToi:i. '19M B OKpecTHOCTI1 TO'leI<"12-14, 0611acTblO 3aBlllxpeHIIIH.

Halll60nee pesxoe OTKllOHeHl-1e peenpMeI1eHIIIA AeBlleHIIIR, nonv'1eHHOrO AflR paansuoro 11 reoperaxecxoro Te'leHHH, Ha6ntOA<leTCR B

85

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a - h -cn = 6 MM; 6 - h Kn = 12 MM; B -"]()1 = 18 MM; i' - h om = 24 MM; a - oel KflanaH9; 1 ~ no AaHHblM "POAYBI<~ t(a:l-lana; 2 ~ no AaliHbtM 3neKT· POMo~en"POBaHHR

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KaHane 6e3 xnanaae. B AaHHOM cnvsae O'TpbIB norpaHH~Horo CllOA OT BorHYTO':; CTeHKIoI KaHBlla npOHCXOAL-1T B TO~Ke 9, pacnollo>t<eHHo~ 3Ha~"neJ1bHO asuue TO'leK, a 30He KOTOPblX orpssaaerca nOTOK npK HanK~KM xnanaua.

PaCnpeJ1eJ1eHL-1e j;iaBlleHHA no BblnYKno~ CTeHKe xauana npaaeneHO Ha pKC. 4.2. 3aBHcKMoCTill pacnpeaeneaaa j;iaB!1eHM~ nOIlY"eHbl ,[InA '1eTbipex nOllOlKeH"'~ KIl8n8H3 Ip ... c. 4.2, 8 ..• l) K IlIIB cnY~aH 're'1eHKR nOTO xa B KaHane 5e3 xnanaaa (pIo1C. 4.2, o).

L13 np ... BeAeHHblX AI1arpaMM cneaver. HO npa scex nOllo>t<eHKAX xnanaua B Kj;ieeJ1bHOM 101 peallbHOM noroxax OTKnOHeH ... e AaBneHKA p peansaoro Te~eHKA OT 3Ha'leHKfI p nOTeHIIKaIlbHOrO Te~eHKR no MKHe BblnYKllo':; CTeHKM 60nee Io1HTeHCKBHoe, 'IeM B r.lly~ae j;iBKlKeHMR B,[IOllb BorHYTo~ CTeHKIII xauana.

nplo1 MallOM SeJ1 ... 4 ... He OTKpblTKR xnanaua (h Kn = 6 MM) A ... a· rpaMM8 pacnpej;ieneHKR AaBlleHM~ a peaIlbHOM nOTOKe j;iO T04KK 24 COBnaAaeT C .II. ... arpaMMo~ paenpeneneaaa AaB11eHM~ B nOTeHLlKaIlb' HOM Te'leH~M. 3a TO'lKOM 24 a peaIlbHOM nOTOKe Ha6I1K1A8eTCR SHa'la· ne 33MeJlfleHHOe naAeHKe AaBnetlMR M, H8'1KH3R OT T04KM 25, IoIHTBH' CKBHbl~ ero POCT, 3m npOKCXOj;iMT nOTOMY, ~TO AO TO~KM 24 npoTO'lH3R 'IaCTb KaHalla Io1MeeT KOHcPY30PHYKI <IlOPM.Y, a aa :3TOM T04KOK ,[IMcPcPy30pHylO.

C YBenK'IetlMeM OTKPblTIo1R xnanaaa YMeHbwaBTCfI y~acTOK, Hit KO' TOPOM 3aB ... CMMOCTIo1 pacnpej;ielleH"'R j;iaBneHKII B peeJ1bHOM M nOTeH' LllliaIlbHOM Te4eHMRX COBneAaIOT, TaK, nplo1 h xn = 12 MM MOT y'Iac· TOK ADXOAKT npKMepHO no T04 KK 21, npM h Kll = 1 B MM - AD T04KIo1 20. npill MaKCKMaJ1bHOM OTKPblTKM xnanaaa (h Kn = 24 MM) MMHa Y'laCTKa COCTaBJ1f1eT He 6011ee 10 MM OT BXOAHoro Ce'lBHIo1A xaaana, Ha51llOAaeMOe RBlleHMe MOlKHO 06"bACHKTb TeM, 'ITO no Mape OTKp~l· WlA xnanaaa npoaexonar K3MeHeHMe cPoPMbl npOTO'lHOK '1aCTH, cnoco6cTaYIOLUee pOCTy TOllLUKHb! norpaHIoI4Horo CllOI! Ha BblnYKI1oj;i CTeHKe KaHaJ13. nOCIl9AHea conpOSOlKAaeTCA MHblM pacnpe,[leneHMeM AaB!1eHMA P enons xaaana no cpaBHeHLoIIO C paenpeJ1elleHMeM .ll.aBneHMfI a nOTeH~MaIlbHOM T9'letlHK. I'IHTeHCKBHblM POCT TonLUMHbl norpaHlii4Horo enos npMBOAIo1T K ero OTPblBY OT CTBHKIII KaHana ... B03HMK' HoaeHKIO 30Hbl 3aBMxpeHKR.

npL-1 h Kn = 12 MM ... h x n = 1a MM crpue nOrpaHK'fHOrO CllOR S03MOlKeH B TO~ K9 26, npa h KI1 = 24 - B TO'! xe 25, a MR xaaana 6e3 xnaneua - B TO'IKe 24. TaKMM 06pa30M, no Mape OTKPblTMR KllsnSHa TO~KM orperaa nOrpaHK'IHOrO cnoa napeMBtl.I81OTCA HaBCTpe~Y nOTOKY. 'ITO np ... SOAl1T K YBeJ1Io1"eHL-11Q 30H 3SBMxpeH"'~ ~ nnrepa 3HeprKK B KaHane.

Pacnpe.a.enSHL-1e AaBnBH ... A ii snons BorHYTOH H BblnYKI10':; CTeHOK BbmYCKHoro xanana ABKrarenR RM3-741 AJ1A BA3Koro 101 nOTeHuaansaoro nOTOKOB nOK838HO Ha pac, 4_3. Conocrasneaae 3TKX

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a - hlUl =6 M!'; 6 -hKJ1 = 12MM; B -" xn =18 M!'; ~-" lUI =24MM; iJ - 6e3 KJ13rn1Ha; 1 - no ASHHblM npoAYBKI4 KaHlIl1a; 2 - no AaHH.IM aneKT· POM0Ael1I'1POB8HI1F1

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PHC. 4.3. PBCI'1peAenBHHe ABBlIaH.,,, jj BAon. BorHyTOM (al M BbmYKlloll {61 CTeHOK BblnyCKHOro KaHana AIJIoIriITel1" AM3·741 AMI h KI1 =9 M!':

t - no ASHH.I!' I1poAYIIKI4 Katlana; 2 - no ABHH.IM 3.n8KTPO!'OAeI1HpoaaHH"

38BIoICHMOCTeH .Il11A HAeanbHolii 101 peam.HoH >KIoIAKOCTeH YKaJblBaeT HB TO, 'ITO cPoPMa BorHYTOH CTeHKIII KaHana FlBllAeTCA HeYAa'lHoH. Cpa· 3Y )f(e nocne BblxOAa 1013 KllanaHHoH UleJ1101 OOTOK orpsreaerca OT 06- pa3YIOlJ.leH KaHana. B KOHue Y'IaCTKa Te'leHIolA OTKnOHeHHe D,aBnetllllA AnA BA3Koro 101 nOTeHlIIiI8nbHoro nOTOKOB Bbl3B8HO YABDOM nOTOKa o BorHYTYIO CTeH KY xaaana.

nplol conOCTBBneHlII1II 3aBIIICIiIMOCTeH Ii = f (L I, nocrpuenasrx .Il11A peansaoro 101 nOTettlllllanbHoro Te'leHIoIH, BI1AI'IO. 'ITO creneas IIIX OTKllOHeHlIIR APyr OT Apyra pacrer C YMeHbWeHllleM 3Ha4eHIo1A h Kfl'

Y BbmYKllolii CT9HKIiI H8 Ha4ll1lbHOM Y'4acTKE! Te'leHIIIFI B 33BIoICIo1MOCTI-1 or 3Ha'letlIIIA h Kn pacnpenenesaa ABBneHIo1F1 BAonb CrE!I'IKIol .Il11A BA3Koro nOTOKa B OCHOBHOM aH3nOrIll'IHO 3aBiolCiolMOCTIiI p = f (L) .Il11F1 nOTetll.\f13nbHOrO 00 TO Ka. Aanee 3aKOHOMepHOCn1 H3MeHeHIiIR AaBneHIiIR .Il11F1 BA3Koro 101 HeBAJKOI"O nOTOKOB OTnlll'laIOTCfI Apyr OT APyra. nplol aTOM. 'IeM MeHbWe 3Ha'ieHlole h Kn, TeM urpsie norpBHlII4- uorc enos OT BblnYKI10~ CTeHKIoI npoacxoaar paasure.

TaKKM 06pa30M, CpaBHIoITenbHbli-i BHllIllolJ xapaKTeplolCTIolK BA3KO- 1"0 f1 nOTeHlIloIanbHoro nOTOKOB n03B0I1AeT YKa3BTb nYTIol ynY'lweHIiIFI B rlolApoAIoIHaMIoI'IecKoM OTHoweHliI1II npocl>loInFi npOT04HOH 4acrn KaHa· na. MerOAOM noCl1e.qOB8TeJ1bHbIX nplol6nlll)f(eHHH Ha OCHOBe pacsera nOrpetllt'lHOrO enos MO)f(HO HaHTIol rIilAPOA .... H8MIoI'IecKIII uenecooepaaHblH npoq.,.J1b. 06ecne'lIilBBIOUlIIIH TaKOe pacnpeneneaae j1aBneHIiIR (c:KOPOCTI'" y 06TeKBeMbiX noaepxuocrea. nplil KOTOPOM Te'leHlole IIII3Kt1M *M.QKQCTK B Halll60m.weH CTeneHK nplil6nlollKaeTcA K vcnoaaAM noTeHlIlllanl.HOrO Te'leHIIIR_

89

4.2. PAC'4ET nOrPAHIII'4HOrO CIlOR HA CTEHKAX KAHAnA

fI.~Horo~KcneHHble ~CCl1eAOBaHKR 0TPbIBHbIX TEl'leHK.1 [119] noxaaerBaIOT, 'ITO ABneHKll, 803HI1KalOllI~e BO BHYTpeHHKX Te-.eHKFlX, 3aBKCFlT OT KPI1B~:iHbl xanana, vrna paCKpbITKR. rpe.a.l1eHT!I AaBneHKR B HanpaBneHl111 Te'leHKA, YCJlOBKit Ha BXOAe, Han~'1KFI AOnOnHI1Tl!JlbHblX neperopoaox ~ Ten lI<nanaHa)_ CBoeo5pa311eM OTnK'Iaem:FI Te~eHl1e B KnanaHHoi1 III en 11. npOUecCbl B KaHBI1SX xapaKTepK3yIOTCA TaKlKe cYllIeCTBeHHoH HecTaUI-10HapHOCTblO. Am .. cpaBH~Tl!JlbHblX paC'IeTOB OAHOTKnHblX nK60 511K3KHX no KOHCTPYKlJ,~~ CKCTeM (B '1aCTHOCTK, npl1 Bbl50pe OnTKMaflbHblX Ij>oPM npOTO'lHOI1 'IaCTK KaHaI10B) MOIKHO npKM~HRTb MeTOAbl pee-era, OCHOBaHHble Ha ~cnonb30BaH~11 MO' ,neilK nnocxoro YCTaHOB~BwerOCFI nOrpaHK'IHOro CIlOR. TaKOH nonXOA onpaBAaH TeM,~TO 50nbUJKHCTBO 3KCnepKMe!iTanbHb1X AaHHblX, KMelOUjKXCR no BnYCKHblM 11 BblnYCKHblM CKCTeMaM ABl1raTel1eH, nOllY4eHbi AJ1F1 CIlY4aee KBa3I1CT8lJ,110HapHOro T9'leHKR.

npKMeM, 'ITO IKKAKOCTb RBnReTCR HeDKKMaeMoH. B03MOIKHOcrb npeHe5peIKeHKA ClKl1MaeMOCTblO B pacsere norpaHL1'1Horo cnoa npl1 JJ,03BYKOBbIX CKOPOCTAX 050CHoBbiBaeTCFI TeM, 'ITO TeOpeTK'IecKI1MI1 L1 3Kcnepl1MeHTallbHblM~ ~CClle,nOBaH~AMI1 nOrpaHK'IHOro enos Ha nnacrua xe ,nOKa3aHO CnBAYlOllIee: HanpAlKeH~e TpeH~A tw Ha CTeHKe cna50 3aBI1CI1T OT '1Kena Maxa, annors AO M < 1,5 (107).

KaK 6blil0 CKa3aHO asuue, 3KcnepKMBHTanbHYIO I1H!jxJpMalJ,KIO, He05xoAKMylO AnA Bblnol1HeHHFI pacxera nOrpaHL1'1HOrO enos Y 05pa- 3YIO!J.II'IX, MOIKHO B3RTb no pf!3YllbTaTaM KCCJlBAOBl3HKFI noreuuaansHoro nOTOKa B KaHane.

OTPbl8 nOrpaHI1'1HOrO cnoa Bbl3blBaeT Pe3KOB 1l0BbiWeHI1e conpoTKBneHKR 05TBKl3eMbIX IKI1AKOCTblO Ten, yMeHI>WeHI1e noneaaoro pacxona lKot.!lKOCrn 'Iep93 K(lHan, eospacrauae noreps 3HeprKL1 101, KilK cnencrsae, yMeHbWBH~e K03(jJ(jJKlJ,l1eHTCl nOIl93HOrO AeMCTBI1R. n03TOMy 3BAa~a onpe.a.el1eH~A TO'IKK OTPblBa nOTOKa OT CTeHOK K K3blCKaHI1e nyTeii, n03801lRIOllIKX nepeMecTI1Tb MecTO OTpblB8 Hl1lKe no Te<leHKIO, KMeer Bl3IKHOe npaxnorecxce lIHl3'1eHl1e.

no AaHHblM onsrros H8 nl1SCTKHB p83HI1L1a B TOl1!J.11'1He norepa 101M' nynbc8 AJ1A CIK~MaeMO.:t CPBAbl Ii~~ K HeclKKMsilMoii IKI1AKOCTK 1i'H'::>KCOCTaanAeT AJ1A M = 1 He 60nee 5 % [107]. 3TO Aller OCHoaaHKe He Y'lL1TbIB8Tb III1KFlHl1e C>KIIIMaeMOCTK npl1 pacsere norpaHI<I'IHOrO CJlOFl

AnR A038YKOBbiX 11 OKOll03BYKOBbiX pe>KKMOB TeqeHKR. .

TeoPI1R nOrpaHI1'1HOrO CI10R pa3pa50TaHa B OCHOBHOM JJ,J1A nnocKKK Te'leHl1fi. B 05nacTK pscnonolKeHI>IR xnenaua nOTOK MOlKeT peeCM!lTPKB<lTbCA Kl3K nl10CKKK TonbKO C onpBAeneHHblM np~511i1lKeHK- 13M. T9'leHKe B KaHane C "n!lJl!lIOIlIKM" nOTOKOM C80JJ, ... TCR K CJly .. alO OCecKMMerp ..... uoro Te'leHKR. B T<lHreHLll1aflbHblx KaHaJ1ax xnanaa rrpenerasnaer c05011 reno BpallleH~R, KOCO nocraeneaaoe no OTHO-

90

weHKIO K norcxv. T8Koe Te'leHKB He MOlKer 5blTb peuieao B paMKax ABYXM9pHOK 3BAa'lK.

MeroA pacsara nOrpaHL1'IHOrO CI10A JJ,J1R CJly'laR OCecKMMeTpL1'1HO' ro re .. eHI1R pf!3pa60TaH B AOCTaTO'lHOH CTel1eHI1 XopOWO [119, 121].

B CI1Y'1ae TP9XM9pHoro Te'letlKR B nOrpaHK'IHOM cnoa B03HI1K81OT CKOPOCTI'I, HanpaBI1BHKe KOTO!lblX MO)KeT CKnl>HO OTnK'IaTbCR OT HanpaBl1eHHFI BHeWHBro TB'leHKA_ B CBR3K C 3TI1M MorYT B03HKKHYTI> Cl1nbHble BTOpK'IHble T9'letiKA. n03TOMY 0 TpeXM9prlOM nOrpaHK'IHOM cnoe TEl'leHKe 3aMeTHO OTnK'IaeTCR OT cny'lBFI AByxMepHOrO 05TeKaHKFI rena, CIlI13"''IecKKtl npBACT3BneHKFI 0 TOM, xorna ~ rne orpsraaerCR TpexMepHbl.:t nOToK, euia He BblRCHeHbl ncnaocrsio.

B ocaose pa311K'IHb1X MeTOAOB pacvera Typ5yneHTHoro nOrpaHK'Iaoro CI10A lle>KaT 3aBKCKMOCTK. KOTOpble npKHKMalOT AJ1R onpeneneHI1A nyTL1 GMeWeHKA i ~nl1 Typ6yneHTHoH BA3KOCTK J)t. B nareoarvpe npKBOARTCA pa3l1K'IHble (jJopMynbl AI1R onpBAelleHKFI AJ1KHbl nyTI1 CMeWBHL1R.

B CYlllecTBYIO~x MeTOAax pac'leTa npKH~MaIOT MHoroCl10HHbie CXeMbl nOrpaHK'IHorO CI10A ~I1K Kenonb3YlOT nonpaaoxas.e K03(jJ(jJKUKeHTbI. 06ecn9'lKB!IIO~e HenpepblBHblH nepexoa OT nOACJlOR K R,npv-

npl1 KcnOllb30BBHKL1 B pacserax ryp5yneHTHoro nor-paHK'IHoro cnoa 33SKCKMOCTI1 AJlR K03(jJ(jJKLll1eHTa Typ5YlleHTHOH~R3KOCTL1 sauie acero npl1MeHRIOT AByxcnOHHylO MOAMb Typ5YlleHTHOH BA3KOCT~. npBAflQ)KeHbl MeTOAbl paC'IBTa, B KOTOPblX K03(jJ(jJKUKeHT Typ5y· neHTHOH BR3KOCTL1 eo BHeWHeM 'IBCTK CJlOA yMHolKaeTCFI Ha K03(jJ!jlIoJ' LlHeHT nepeMeIKSBMOCn1. PFlAOM KCCJle.aOBaHKI1 YCTl3HOBneHO, 'ITO pacnpeJJ,eneHKe nyTI1 CMeUJeHI1F1 no ronuiaae CJlOFl MeHee 'IyBCTSL1' Tenl>HO K npOAOl1bHblM rpaAl1eHTBM AaBneHL1A, 'IBM pacnpeaeneaae Typ5yneHTHoI1 BR3KOCTK.

Pa3HKlJ,a B paorerax norpauasnorn CI10Fl BO MHorOM 05ycnoBneHa Bbl60POM q,YHKUKK, yqKTbIBalOllIeM B3aL1MOAeI1CTBKe MOl1eKynRpHoro 11 MOI1ApHoro 05MeHOB B5nK3K TBep,nOI1 creHKL1. B_ [71) no xaaaHO 'ITO B 06l1aCTK HaJ1KHeMHOrO B3BKMOAefiCTBKR 01ltOWeH ... e nonaoro' KaC!lTeJ1bHoro HanpAlKeHI1A K BR3KOMY HanpFl>KeHHKl ABI1ReTCA (jJYHKLI .. eM 110KaflbHOrO 'IKCna Pei1HonbAca.

AHanl-13 MeTOAOB paC'IBTa Typ5yneHTHOrO TOOl10BOrO nOrpaHK'IHOro cnoa npl1BOAKTCFI B MOHorpB!jlIoJK C. C. KYTaTeI1BA3e. L1 A. 1'1. Jl eOHTbaea [681. B nccneaaee BPeMR YAI!JlReTCA BHL1MaH~e pa3pa60TK9 MeTOJJ,OB peweH~R TaK Ha3blBaeMbiX COnpRlKeHHblX 3aAa'l rennoofiMeHB. OAHa K3 TaKHX MOAeJ1ei1 peuieua A. W. Aop(jJMaHoM.

Pa3pa60TBHbi nony3MnKpK'IecKKe MeTOAbl pacxera nO~paHI1~Horo cnoa AIlR CIKKMaeMOk1 CpBAbl [68, 71 L AJ1R HecTalJ,1'I0HaPtloro norpaHK'IHOrOCnOR 171,119].

B nocneaaee BpeMR ony6nKKosaHI>I pa60Tbl, B KOTOPblX KpoMe npBAflo)KBHKR 0 nyT" CMeweHKFI .. ryp6yneHTHoH BR3KOCTI1 paccwar-

91

pl1BaeTCA "HTBrpanbHOe YCJ10Bl1e, nony~eHHoe B pe3YllbTare "HTerp"· pOBaHI1R no TOnll.l"HB CJ10A ypaBHBHIo'IA fianaaca Typ6yneHTHol! SHep· rl1l1 I1nl1 ypaBHElHI1A nepeaoca Typ6yneHTHbiX xacarensusrx HanpAlKeHlo'I~.

Pac~eT Typ6ynetiTHoro norpaHIo'I~Horo CJ10A BblnOnHeH nn MeTOAY, 113nOlKBHHOMY B [111 J. Pac .. er CBOA...,TCR K coBMecTHOMY peusea ... tO ua 39M OAHom A...,cjJcjJepeHu ... ansuoro ypaBHBH ... A ... MnynbCOB Typ6ynearaoro norpau .... IHoro CJ10A..., serstpex llI1re6pal1'lBCK ... x ypaBHElH ... ii1.

no H3i1l1et1HOMY ...,3 ypaBHeH...,A ""MnynbcoB 3H3'lBH"'1O ~"'Clla PeHHom,Aca Re**, AnA KQTOpOrO B Ka'lBCTBe xeosx repaoro pa3Mepa np""HFiTa TOnll("'H8 norepa I1Mnynbca 0**, B AaHHOM Ce'leHI1Io'1 8bl ..... cnaeor K03cjJQ:»H-IIo1eHT noaepx HOCTHoro TpeH ... A cr. TOil Ky orpsraa nOrpllHI1'lHOro cnoa HaXOAF!T B TO'lKe (CeIleHIo1l1l, rne Cf 06pall(aeTCA e Hynb.

Eionbwl1e cnOlKHOCT ... npeacraanaer pacxer norpaa ..... HOI"O CJ10R npa 06TeKaHIo'IIo'I nOTOKOM xp ... BOnI1HeHHbIX (BorHyTblx It BblnyKnblx) nOBepXHOCTeH. OA ... H ... 3 peKOMeHAyeMb\X MeTOAOB 3aKntO'IaeTCA B cnel1ylOll.IeM. np"HI1MlltOT, 'ITO norpau ... 4HblH cnol! Ha rene ABnAeTCR Typ6ynBHTHbiM npaKTIo'I'IOCK" OT nepeAHBH KpOM K'" otirexaesaoro rena. nOBepXHOCT ... KaHana 3llAatOT ccaoxvnaocrsio TO'leK. nplo1 3TOM KalKI10H T04Ke COOTBGTCTByeT 3Ha4eH ... e paAIo1yca, onpeAenAeMO~

Kp B ... 3HOH noeepXHOCTI1. npl1HI1MatOT opTOmHanbHyKl e ... cTeMY KO·

opn HaT (5, n), BKnlO'lalOtlIytO KOOPI1 ... HaTHylO lllo'lHl1tO, KOTopaA COB-

naaaer C 06pa3YKltlle..1 xaaana. 8 eroovio C HopManblO K nOBepXHOCT'" rena. nporpaMM3 I1TepaU1111 npBAYCMaTpl1BaeT nepeaon AeKapTOBOH CIo'ICTeMbl KoopAIo'IHaT B Ulo1nIo'lHAp ... 4BCKYtO KPI1BollI1Hei1HYtO CI1CTeMY KOOPA"HaT, CBR3aHHYtO c noeepxxocruo xaaana np ... 8bl'll1· CneH1111 nepBoii1 11 BTOPOi1 npo ... 3BOAHOH OT pBA ... vca 06BOAa no KOOp· A"HaTe 06pa3ytOtlIBH.

Pac'lET noresu ... anbHoro TeIletillR, He06xOAI1Mblii1 JJ.JlA 3<IAaHIo'IA pacnpeaenea ... A nlHT"eHl.\I1anbHOH CKOPOCTI1 H8 BHewHe~ rpaaaue norpaHIo'I~HOrO cnoa. MOlKHO np0I13BOA ... Tb AByMfl AononHRIOUU1MI1 APyr I1Pyra MeTOAaMI1: MeTOAOM "CTO~HIo'IKOB 10'1 CTOKOB; MeTOAOM, OCHOBaHHblM H8 'l...,cneHHoM pacsere 6e:lOTpblBHoro 06TeKaHI1A rena CnO>KHOH !jxJPMbl. Heo6xOAI1MytO "'HcjJopMal.1lo'1lO no noraau ... anbHoMy nOTOKY MOlKHO nonY'lIo'lTb TaKlKe H3nO}KeHHbIM Bblwe MeToAOM 3neKTpor"'APOAI1HaM,,~ecKoH axaner .......

npl1 ItCnOnb30eaHIIII1 B pacsere nOT8HI.1 ... ansuoro 06T8KaHHA KP"'BOnI1Hei1Ho~ nOBepxHOCTH CI1CTeMbl KoopAI1HaT (s,n) I1MeKlTCA orpaH""'leH"'A. nepBoe 06ycnoBneHO TeM, 'ITO B pac'leTHofi nfinacr ... MOlKeT nOAS..,TbCR ocofiaa TO'lKa. Bo enYCKHblX ... BblnYCKHblX xauanax - 3TO ... 3nOM B paHOHe pacnonQ)KeHI1A 606b1WK ... 11J111 CEAna xnanaHS. npl1 paesere TeIletl..,A anone B(,lnyKllo-florHYTMx Ten sro orpaHIo'I'leHL'le CBA3aHO C BEI1 ... 4 ... H0ii1 pE!AHyca Kpl1BI13Hbi xp ... BOllHHe..1HbIX Y4aCTKOB. np" nepexone OT BblnYKnoii1 4aeTI1 K BorHYTO~ Ha6ntOAB- 92

eTCA MBKc ... ManbHbIM ecnnec« CKOpOCTl1 10'1 MHH...,MYM ABBneHHR, a npa nepexoAe OT BorHyroo nOBepXI"IOcT ... K BbtnYKllOii1 - MIo'IH"MYM CKOpOCTl11o'1 MBKCMMyM ABBneHI1R.

Bropoe OrpaHH'leHl18 Bb13BaHO TeM, 'ITO npH paC'I8TB llOTetlUIo'I8nbuoro T8'leHItA rpaHIt'lHble YCJ10BI1R AOlllKHbl 3aABBaTbCA HB 6eeKOHB'lHOCTI1. OAHaKO B pelll1bHblx ycnOB...,AX C Y4eTOM ManOH TOnU1l1Hbl norpaHIo'I'lHOrO CIlOR 3TO rpe60BaHlle YAOBneTB0pAeTCR. Typ6yneHTHbll'i OOrpaHIt'lHbIK CJ10ii1 paCC'lHTbIBBtOT B C ... CTeMe Koop.a. ... HaT (.5", n L'ITO n03BOnReT CBeeT... cnOlKHYtO 05naCTb I1HTerpllpoBaH ... A K npRMOyrollbHoi1.

CItCTeMa ypaBHeH ... i1 nOrpaHIt'lHoro cnoa, 3an...,caHH8R B CHCTeMe KOOpl1 ... HaT, KOTopaA CBA38HB C 06T8KaeMoii1 nOBepxHOCTbtO, y"HTblaaer ... 3MeH8H ... e paAHyca Kplo'lBH3Hbi BAonb nOBepXHOCTI1, ... 3MeH8H ... e AaBlleH ... A nonepek nOrpaHH'lHOrO enos. B TaKlKe Bn...,AHItE PBA"'yca 05TeKaEMoro Tena Ha xapaKTepl1CTI1KIo'I Typ6yn,eHTHoro nOrpaHI1'lHOro enos.

9 pacsere paccMaTp"'BatOT ronsxo ycpe.aHeHHble xapSKTepI1CTHK"" (npocjJ ... n ... CKOPOCTIII, K03cjJq,..,UH8HT ccnpnraanea ... A rpeH ... R, TOllUU1· HY norpaH"'lHOro cnoa, HanpAlKeH"e Ha CTeHKel ryp6yneHTHOrO norpaHI14HOrO CJlOA.

K"HeMaTI1'lOCKHii1 K03cjJcjJlo'Iu,..,eHT Typ6yneHTHoi1 BA3KOCT" E BblpalKaIOT 'lepe:l rp8A11BHT CKOPOCT..., " nyTb CMeweHHR C KoppeKTI1pytO· Il(I1M MHOlK ... TeneM 9aH-ApI1CTa.

Pac4eToM OnpE!ABllRtOT AHHaMI1'lBCKYIO CKOpOCTb LI', K03¢q,..,U ... • eHT COnpOTI1BneH ... A Cf, npocjJHnl1 npoAonbHoH 11 nonepe4HoH CKOpOera, ronui ... Hy norpaa .... IHoro enos 0, TOntl.ll1HY norepa "MnynbCa 0** " BblTacHeHHA 0*. a TSKlKe TO~KY crpsrsa nOrpaHH'lHOrO CJ10A OT CTeHKI1.

B ApyroM MeroAe [127) AllR pee-era Typ5yneHTHoro norpaa 'l·

uoro CllOA B Kp...,BOnI1He.:iHOM xaaane npennara-or nOTOK paCCMaTp •

B8Tb B B"liE AByX nOrpaHH'lHbiX cnnsa H8 BorHYTO~ ..., BbInYKnOi1 CTeHKa)(, H8XOAAUU1XCA BO B3a"'MOA~CTBI1"'. YKa38HHble cnoa Io'IMelOT 05W"'H npocjJl1nb CKOPOCTl1, HO OTAenbHble npocjJ ... n ... xacaraneHblX HanpAlKetI ... i1. AnA Y'leT<l B3aI1MOAeHCTB ... R cnoee npennonar eor, 'ITO B ueHTpaJ1bHOI! 06nacTl1 KaHana HMeeTCR 30Ha nepexpsrraa, rae KacaTenbHble HanpRlKetll1f1 paBHbl cyMMe pasuoro 3HaKa H8nPAlKEHHI! K8)f(J:10ro C}',OA.

Pacnpel1eJleHl1e CKOpoCTH BAollb BOfHYTOH 10'1 BblnYKnoi'i CTetiOK BnYCKHoro KaHana AB ... r arana lIH 30/38, nonYlleHHoe AnR nOTeHu",ansaoro noroxa, nOKa3aHO Ha pac. 4.4. nonY'leHHble B BI1Ae rpaq,lo'I· KOB ...,n..., B B"Ae nocnencaaranuuax ~lo'Icen 3Ha~eH"'A v tv 0 'lo'Icoonb3YtOT AJ1A paC'IeT8 norpaaasacro cnoa. Ha p"'c. 4.5 10'1 4.6 B Ka~eCTBe nplo'lMepa [131] nplo'lS8AeHbi rpa¢ ... K ... ""3MeHeH"A '1l1cna Re** 10'1 rontI.II1Hbl nOTep..., HMnynbCa 0** BAonb BorHYTO~ CTEHK ... Killiana 6e3

93

I bLiJ2fF¥ I §ffl\[l

2 Ii 6. e 10 12 a 14 16 f8 20 22 N 26 X,eM

4 6 8 to 12 PI

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P~C. 4.4. I1sMetllIHMe OTHOC .... BnbHOro 3HB~9MMfI CKOPOCllI v Iv 0 BADnb aofHY· TOM (Il) M BbmYKlloii (6) o5pasylOUJ.MX CTtlItOK 8nycKftOI"O KIIHanl' ABMfBTBnFl "IH 30138 no .IIlIHHb'M SoI'IeKTpoMOAeJ1MPOBaHIlII

o

2

8 L.CI" 0

6

2

8 !..,[/'I

Pile. 4.5. rpaq,MK M3MeHeHHA ~ .. cne Re** 8AOIJb sonlVToi1 CTIIHKM BnyCK' HOro 1<8HanaAElMraren .. "IH3OI3B npM pa3J1M~Hb'X 3Ha~eHH"X CKOPOCTM 803' ~yx8 V. HaI!XOA88 KaHan (KBHan 683 K118I'IaHI):

, -30 Mle; 2 - 50 M/e; 3 - 80 M/c

POle. 4.6. rpa(j)IOi< I03M9MetlM .. TOnL!.llO' M .. , nOTBpIl ""mynloCll BAWl" ElorHYTOi'i CTtllti< .. BnyCKHOfO KaHana A .... raTtlll .. "IH30/3B np~ pa3Hb,x 3H~eHI1I1X CKO' POCTH Vo (KaHan 693 K115nBHB):

t - 30 ",/e; 2 - 50 M/e; 3 - 80 Mlc

KIHln8H8 I1J1R rpex 3Ha'II!HIIIH CKOPOCTH B03.1\yxa HB axone B KBHan:

VI = 30 M/c; V2 = 50 M/c; V3 = 80 M/c.

Cnnccraaneaae onbiTHblX .l\8HHbIX C Pe3Yl1bTaT8MIII pa~eTa norpaHI1~Horo cnon, nOKa3a110 xopowee COBnep,eHKe p8CnOnOJICeHIIIR TO'lKI1 orpersa nOTOK8 OT CTeHOK KaHena, nony<leHHOrO 3KcneplllMeHTanbHblM III p8c~eTHblM MeTO.I\8MI1. D.I\HilKO, Y'IIIITbIBaR, 'ITO nplll nOMO~ 3BM MOIKHO IIICC11eAOB8Tb 60l1bWOe KOnK'IecTBO KOHCTPYKLU10HHbIX BapKaHTOB KllHWlOB AJ1A onpep,eneHKA TO'lKIil OTpblB8 nOTOK8 OT CTeHOK KaHan8 1011111 xneneaa, cneayer npKMeHATb MeTO.l\. OCHOB8HHblH Ha pacsere nOrp8HK'IHOrO CIlOA. nplot :nOM. KpoMe roro, BbI'II1C11RIOT I1HTerp811bHbie TOil IlU'IH 101 nOrpaHK'IHOro CIlOR. Heo6xo.l\IIIMbie AJ1R ouea KI1 noreps HB 6eaOTpblBHOM Y'l8CTKe KaHana. Onl1CaHHblM Bblwe MeTO.l\OM onpep,enAIOT Hal160l1ee uenecoofipaaavio B rK.I\p0.l\l1H8MlII'leCKOM OTHOWeHKIII ¢IoPMY CTeHOK K8Hana, T. e. npoAonbHbli1 npo¢lKnb KaHana. ConpAIKetiKe MelK.I\Y CTeHKiiMK (BepXHeH, HIOKHeH 101 6oKOBbIMIiI) KaHana. T. e. 1jJ0PMY nOnepE!'IHblX CE!'IeHIIIH KaHana. HilXO.l\AT reoMerpK'IecKKM KOHCTpYl1pOBaHlotl!M ero npOTO'lHoi1 'IaCTK.

rnaBa5 __

rEOMETPM'IECKOE KOHCTPYMPOBAHME KAHAnA

5.1. nOCTPOEHI1E nPOTO'lHOA 'lACTIll KAHAnA rPA¢OAHAflI1TIII~ECKIllM METOAOM

rKAPO.l\l1HaMl1'lecKaR xepaxrepacnoca KaHanOB onpeaenaerca rnaaHblM 06pa30M ¢lopMol4 ero npOTO~HO~ ~acTK. DAHO 1113 3¢l¢leKTI1BHblX cpeacra YMeHbWeHlotR nOTepb aHeprKIil B KaHane - K3bICKaH ... e nYTeH CHIilIKelil1A CTeneHK HepBBHOMepHOCTl! nona CKOPOCTH B rno- 60M ero Ce<leHIIIK. HepaBHOMepHOCTb nona CKOpoCT .... B CBOIO ovePMb, B 3H<l'lKTenbHOH Mape 3BBKCKT or nl1aBHOCTK nepexona OT oaHOrD Ce'leH"'!'! KaHana K APyrOMY. B CBA3K C aTIIIM CYUlecTBeHHblM RBJlReTCA aonpoc 06 06ecne'leHlotH nnaaxoro conpRlKeHKA p3311111'1- HblX CKOl1b vroano ManblX Y'laCTKOB xaaana, 3TOT aonpoc KMeeT ocoeoe 3Ha'leHKe .l\I1A KaH8nOB C HeKpyrnoi1 1jJ0pMO~ BXO.l\HOfO CI!'IaHK!'!, T. e. OTnlll~aIOLUei1CR OT IPoPMbl BblXOllHOro CE!'IeHI1R.

3a.l\a'lefi rpa¢oaHanKTH~ecKOro MeTOAa RBI1ReTCI'l: no 3a.IIaHHbiM ocHOBHblM KOHCTPYKUKOHHblM xapaKTepKCTlotKIlM I«!Hana (nonOlKl!HlotA OCI1 KaHana. IjxIpMbl 101 nnouien ... BlIllAHOro III BbIXO,Q,HOro Ce'leHlotH, nnoUI!!.IIeH nOnepE!'lHblx ce'leHKH) nocrpoars npoTO'lHYIO '1a';:Tb.KaHaJ18 C nnaBHblMIil nepexO.l\iiMl1 nplot CKOl1b yro,Q,HO oonbweM Koml~ecTBe npoMelKyTO~HbIX o6paaylOllU'Ix.

AnR flOCTpoeH1II1I noaepxaocresi KaHana nonb3ylOTCR npoQll1l1bHOnpoeKTIiIPYlO1.!.IeH nOIrePJC1otOCTblO. Ee HanpaBlleHl1e COBnBAaeT C TaK Ha3blBaeMbiM npo¢lKl1bHblM CIlMOM, T. e. C npoeKUHeH noaepxuocra.

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B TOM ~lIIcne rpaQlIIIK pa,ll .. ycoB.llerKO nonY'l"Tb ..-pacj.)!ll~ecK" 1113 saAaHHoro rpacjJlIIKa 1113MeHeHIIIR nnOlllBAe.:1 nonepe~H~lx c~eHIII~ nyTeM ero 06paTHoKBBAPaTIII4Horo npeo6pa30BaHIilR. B K(I~ecTBe npeo6pa- 3YlOllIero 3IleMeHTa UeJ1eco06pa3HO Bbl6paTb napa60ny C eepruxansHOH OCbIO. TllKIIIM 06pa30M. nlllHeHHble 3IleMeHTbi Ce4eHIIIH onaoneoaMerplII~Ho onpe,llenRIOTCA 1113 rpa$1K3 nnolllB,Ile.1 nYTeM npeoepaaoaaHIIIR vepes KBe,IlpaTIII'IHylO napaeonv, rpaQlIIIKIII 1113MeHeHIIIR paAlilycoB p8BHoBanlllKlllx Ce49HIIIH Moryr 6i>ITb Onpe,lleneHbl H pa~eTHblM nyTeM.

BBeAeM cneAylOWI1e 0603Ha~eHIIIA: Pij - p3.l1l11yc-BeKTOp npoaaaonsaoro Ce4eHIIIA no i·MY ny4y; R; - PaAHYC paBHOBeJ1I11KOrO Kpyra ,IlnA i-ro CeoIeHIIIR; L - AflIllHa KaHana BAonb ero OCIII; L; - PaccTOAHille BAonb OCIII KaHana AO npcaaeonsaorc npOMelKyTO~Horo ce4eHMA (TeKYIll3A KOOPAIIIHaTa); Kij = Prj! Rj - P3.l1M an bHblH K03Ql$1UMeHT QlOPMb' Ce4eHMA; aij = K;j - 1 - PilAlIIBflbHblH K03cjJcj.)!IIUllleHT nonanTI.l C9'leHMR.

Vl3MeHRR no Onpe,lleJ1eHHoMy 3aKQHY K Mnlll a B,IlOllb OCM KaHana (B HanpaBfleHMIII scex "Y4eH). nonv .. aeM AflA nlO60il aenH'lIllHbl L; onPeAeneHHblH KOMnneKC MX 3Ha'leHIoI~ 101 TeM caMblM KOHQllllrYPcll.lll1O npoM_ym"Hi>IX ce .. eHIII~ KaHana.

1113 BOSMmKHblX 3aKOHOB IIISMeHeHIIIR pa,lllolanbHblX K03Qlcj.)!llUl1eH'roa QlOPMbl CeoIl!1illlR H811160nbwH~ npaKTI14ecKIIIH IIIHTepec npeacrasIlRIOT JaKOHbl: ecrecraeaaoro, npAMOnlllHeHHOrO 11 KplilBOnlllHeHHOrO H3MeHeHIoIH. 3Ha .... r. B !1PIoIHUlilne MO)l(HO nollY4111Tb pa3Hbie (j>oPMb! rooMe>KYTO .. HbIX ce"eHIlli1. O,llHaKO, KaK no Ka3blBaer 3 KCr1eplil MeHT, nplil npaxr .... ecKIil B8)I(Hbix npanertax 1oI3MeHeHillA Kij (0,7';;; Kjj .;;; 1,51 paC)(O)l(AeHIIIR B ,IlaHHblx, n0l1Y4eHHbiX pa3nll'lHblMlil MeTO,llaMIoi. OlleHb HesenlllKIil (He npeBblWaiOll.II1e 2 % nnouiaa« cpeaaero Ce4eHIIIA). no- 3TOMY UeJ1E1COO6paJHO nplilMeHATb 3aKOH npAMolllolHei1Horo 1oI3MeHeH .. A Kij, KaK Halll60nee y,ll05HblH AflA ab,nonHeHl1R Bbl'll1cneHlllliI.

nplil nOCTpOeHM'" xaaana C4111TalOTCR 3e,1l8HHbIMIoI: BXO,llHOe III 8101' xonaoe ce4eHIoIR KaHana; rpacj.)!llK Ai = fILl 1113MeHeHI1R nnOlllilAe.:1 nonepe4HblX ce4eHIIIH, HOpMeJ1bHbIX K OCIII xaaana: OCb KaHana, KOmpaa B 06ll1eM cnvxae RBnReTtB npoCTpaHCTBeHHOH KPIIIBOi1. Deb nooxonar .. epea lIeHTPbllH)I(ecTIil scex npoMe>KYTo~Hbl)( C!l'IeHlllliI.

noCne,llOaaTellbHOCTb onepaLl,ltH nplil nOCTpOeHMIoI xaaana cne,llylOllIaR [7):

1)' npeo6p83oaaHlileM rpacjJlIIKa nllOllla,lleH npl-! noMOlll1t KBaAPaTI1~Hoi1 napa60llbl nonv .. slOT rpacjJlIIK 1113MeHeHMR paN1Ycos paaaoaenlllKMX KpyroBblx CeoIeHillH. 3TH Pa,QIllYCbl MorYT 6blTb abl4111cneHbi III aHanIllTIII'IeCKIll AnA K8)I(,IlOrO npOM8)I(YTO .. ucro ce~eHIIIR KaHana;

2) eta sruope COBMellleHHblx ce4eHIII~ COBMelllBlOT BXO,llHOe III BblXQAHOe CeoIeHlllFi KaHana (no ueHTpaM loll{ TA)I(ecTlII1II no Hanp8aneHlllIO rJl8BHblX oce~);

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~ % U '... ~ ~ ,,,,=*1""'1 ~I ,*""Ei!! ~

.... • ~ • s:>

I_ """"'-11--. ~ .. t-I ......... ~_"-1

,

'''''I I~I "'=1 ~ ~ '''''''

I:'" 1::0, r:..,

'.... I~ ~ 1m-I 1_ ~ '~1':li:I I~

"" ' ~ ,

'--, ............. --'.. ................... .. ....... ~

.

~ 1 1::'" ~ ... ""I "'=1

t~ -I t:--.

(.:0.1

~ ~ co

. -,

1 """

'" -/--+-----1r--..... -+-+---1-

"I- -+-+-___jf">----I--,_;_-l-

Y,H/r:

~ r r-.::: ~ ~",

~m._ K I'm. "\ ~ ~
~\ r": "- r-, <, ~
r-, ~ r. <, ~ \ ~
r\ ~' r-, r-; i'-- ~ ~ ~
r--
\ ~ j'-f, r-.:~~ r- '0-4
1\ 'rt to-
f\ 2 '< \ ~ ~ 6 f2[) fOO 80 60 4Q 20

o

10

t5 20 25 so a

•

o 5 m ~ m n ~ ~~_

o

PII<:. 5.4. CTPYK;Ypa nom-ca B BblKOAHOM C8'1BHMM cepMHI<Oro BblnYCKHoro KaHana A"HraTflIIA A-I44 (H8 rpscltL4K8X YKa:taHbl BanH~HHbl IlOA"eM8 KnanoHal:

B - B B9Pll'lKanbHO" nnoCKOCTM; 6 - " rOpl4!1OHTanbHoi4 nnOCKOCTM

3) HaHOCAT AOCTaTO'lHOe,!JJl~ noCTpoeHMA KOJ1I1'1ecTBO paAManbHblX J1Y'1eM. Jly'Iloi MCXOART M3 u,etnpa Tl'IlKBCTM Ce'leHI1~. ECJ111 Ha ora- 6slOII.II'Ix Ce<teHM~X MMeIOTCA ocOOble To'l KI1, TO nY'lIoi Heo6xoAloiMO npoBCl,IIHTb '1epe3 3TL4 TO'lKI1. AnA K3lI<.I1oro J1Y'1a onp<IAeJ1AIOT sena'1I11Hbl P<lAloIyCOB aexropoe BXOAHoro Po; M BblXO.l1Horo Pnj Ce'leHI1~;

4) onp<lAeJlRIOT 3Ha'leHI1A K03$¢KU,MeHTOB ¢IoPMbl BXOAHorO Kaj M BblXOAHoro Knj ,ce'leHMit ViH.I1eKC i YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, 'ITO K03¢KPL4- l.P'IeHTbl Kif III Knj Bbl'lIllCJ1RIOTCA ,!JJlA cooreercraviouiero ny'la:

(5_1) 101

a

If. "'Ie f(}O ~----I---+-

fI}

2a

a

10

PMC. 5.5. CTpY KTypa B B~myC:KHO'" C9'18H0111 cnpa~ .. mI1POBaHHoro Bb,nyCKHO ro KaHane ABliraTBrlR A-I44 B ropM30HTanbHOH ~61 M BepTIiKanbHOH (If I "nOCKOC'TIIX

51 H3 OeM KaHana H8MI!'I81OT TO 4 KI1 , .. epea xoropere 6YAYT npoxoAIoITb npOMe>t<yTO~Hble Cl!'leHIoIR. KaK 6bl110 CKa3aHO, OCb xaaana Ha· npasneaa no HopManll K Ka>KAOMY 113 Bbl6paHHbix Cl!'leHII~. Ha Kplol' BOI1Io1Hei1HbIX Y4aCTKax KaHana II B6nl'l3101 BblXOAHoro ce4eHIoIA war Me>t<AY ce..eHI'IAMII AOI1>KeH 6blTb MeHbwe, 4eM H8 npFiMonlolHe.:htCM y~acTKe Katl ana;

6) 33AaBWI1Cb 3aKOHOM 1'13MeHBH"FI K03IPqlllll-1 .. eHT3 K BAOl1b OCI1 KaHaJ'la, OnpeAeJlAIOT KOMnneKC 3Ha4eHI'IH 3TIIX K031P1P1oI1.lloleHTOB AJ1A KaJKAO:O 1013 npoM!!)KyTo'lHbIX Cl!'leHlI~. npl1 :HOM AnR 38KOHa npaMOnl'lHeiilHoro 113ME!HeHI'IFI BeI1l1'1l1dbl Ko3$tj:JMl.lloleHTOB Bbl'll'lCnAIOTCA

102

"" e-, -+-+--1-

~ '<>-

r-, «s :

"".-

Q ;:j~±===iI

113 COOTHoweH"A

(5.2)

7) YMHO>K;lA KOMnneKCbl pllA"anbHblx KO<l!IxP"~lIeHTOB Kij Ha aenl1'lHHbl paAIIYCOB paaHoBenHKllx KpyroB AnA Ka)I(Aoro npoMEm<yTO~Horo ce~eHIIR. nony~alOT KOMnneKCbl nonApHblX pa,jl,l1YCOS 3TI1X ce~eHl1~ :

(5.3)

Bbl'll1cneHHble 3Ha'ieH1IA pa,D,lIycoB-aeKTOpos OTKna,D,bIBaIOT no COOTl;eTCTSYIO~IIM nY'IaM Ha srnope COBMellleHHblX ce~eHIoI~. HaHeceHHble Ha ny~ax ,D,loICKpeTHble TO'lKII Coe,D,MHAIOTCA nnSBHOH KPHBOH, KOTOP8A ABnAeTCA I1CKOMOH 06pa3YIOUleM KaHana S paccMaTp"BaeMOM ce~eHIoI".

Heo6xo,D,"MO nO,ll'lepKHYTb, 'ITO I1OSepXHOCTb npOTO'lHOH '1acTIoI ItBHana COCTO"T, eo-neosux, "3 06pa3YIO~"X, cjJopMa KOTOPblX HaXO,D,MTCA Bb1Wel13nOH<eHHb1M MeTO,D,OM, " BO-STOPbIX. "3 npOCTpaHCTseHHblX noaepXHOCTeH, pacnonO>KeHHblX MEm<AY 06pa3YIO~IoIMI1 npoMEm<yTO'lHbIX CeoteHl1~.

Ha p"c. 5.1 npl1Se,lleHa npoTO'lHaR 'IacTb anvc-ororo KaHana ,0,9101- rarena flM3-741, nOlly~eHHaA rpa[jJoaHanMTI1'1ecK"M MeTO,D,OM. BxoaHoe Ce~eHl1e KaHana BbtnollHeHO OBanbHbIM.

Ha PI1C. 5.2 H 5.3 nOKa3aHbi npoM_YTO'lHble CeIIeHHA COOTBeTCTBeHHoceplIHHoro 11 peKoMeH,D,yeMoro BbtnyCKHblX K8HanOB ABl1r6- TEmR 4H' 0,5/' 2 (A-l44). npiol npOlPloInlolposaHIolM KaHana 6bln I1Co nOnb30BaH rpa[jJoaHaJlHT"'IecKIoIH MeToA KOHCTPYIoIPOBBHI1R. 3aMepbl non A' CKOPOCTeti S BblXOAHOM Ce'leHIilIol KaHana (Pl1c. 5.4 101 5.5) no Ka3anl1 , 'ITO peKOMeHAyeMblH KaHan IIMeeT 60Ilee YAosneTsopl1- TenbHble ra30,lllllHaMt-I'lecKMe nOKB3aTenl1, TaK KaK B :lTOM cny~ae noTOK ny~we senonaaer Ce4eHI1e KaHana. IlM[jJpbl Ha srax rpacj)I1K3X COOTBeTCTaYIOT 3Ha'leHI1AM OTKpblrnA KIlaneHa hKn• 4epea S 0OO3Ha'IeHO nep_e~eHJlle ,IlaT'lHKa npl1 BblnonHeHl111 38MepoB.

B blnYCKHOH KaHan ABlolraTenA fI M3-74', nOCTpoeHHblH MeTOAoM reoMeTplI'IecKoro KOHCTpyHpoBaHI1A, nplIBeAeH He piolC. 5.6. nplol :noM coxpsaeaa HeM3MeHHOH cj)opMa 6-ro CeIIeHJIIA KaHana.

5.2. nOCTPOEHVlE KAHAJ1A HA OCHOBE METOAA TEOPVlM nnOCKOro nOTEH~VlAJ1bHorO nonA

B COOTBeTCTBloI11 C 3TI1M MeTO,D,OM npoM~YTO'lHble nonepesasre ce'IeHI1A KaHana, Y,D,OSlleTBopAIOIUI1e YCJ10BJllIO o6ecne'leHI1R nnaBHQCTIol nepeXOAa or oAHoro CeoteHl1R K ,D,pyroMY, CTpOATCI' no rflopMe 3KBMnOTeH~anlM nnocxoro CT8~MOH8pHoro nona, KOTOpoe S orpe,D,eneHHOM M8CWTa6e OrpaHM'IeHO nJIIHMA MI1, CQOTBeTCTBylOlUI1MIoI no cjJopMe 8XO,D,HOMY '" BblXO,D,HOMY ce~eHIIAM KaHana.

104

npeMMYUlecTBO npe,lVlaraeMoro MeTO,lla COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO nonyUHHble C ero nOMOUlblO pac'leTHble cjJoPMYllbl MorYT 6blTb nerxo peanl130B8Hbi Ha 3BM.

CYUlHOCTb MBTO,o,a COCTOI1T B Cne,llYIOUleM [39]. nplIAnonOlKloIM, ~TO 3l1AaHbi cj)OPM8 11 pa3Mepbl BXO,D,Horo 11 BblXO,D,HOrO Ce'leHM~ KaHena, nonOH<eHl1e OCM (reoMeTpl1'lecKoe MecTO lleHTJlOB TAH<ecrn ce'1eHM~) 11 38KOH M3MeHeHMR nnoUlllAe.;i npoXOAHblX CelleHI1~.

nOnOH<MM Ha'lanbHOe M KOHe'lHoe CeIIeHHA KaHana reoMeTpM'IecKIol no,D,06HblMI1 3aMKHYTbiM IlI1HHAM norenuaana 'AI = const .., <t'n = = const (n1ol60 nlolHIolAM TOKa 1/10 = const 11 l/i = const COOTBeTCTBeHHO). KOHTyP oaaor o CeIIeHJIIA pacnonaraarca BHYTPH APyrOrQTaKllM 05Pa30M, 'lTO nnOUlBAb BHYTpeHHerO B 2 .. .4 pasa MeHbwe nnO~BA" sHewHero KOHTypa. npOMEm<yro'lHble Ce'leHMA Heo6xo,D,MMoro palMepa CTPOATCR nO,D,06HblMI1 cjJopMe 3KBlolnOTeH~HanbHbIX nllHII~ <t'i = = const (nll60 IlI1HIoIH TO Ka l/i i = const) nllOCKO napannensacro CT8- ~1oI0HepHoro nona, HaxoARUlerOCA MEm<,D,Y Sbl,lleneHHblM101 KOHTypaMM.

Ilbno>KeHl1e npeanaraesaoro aHanllTII'IecKoro MeTOAa nocrpceHIolA npOTO'lHOM "acTH KaHana paccMOTPI1M Ha KOHKpeTHOM Dpl1Mepe. KOr,lla ABM>KYlllloli1CA nOTOK raaa BblXOAI1T 113 Tpy6bl Kpyrlloro CelieHHA '" 8XO,lllllT JaTeM a Asa nepW'<O,llHbIX KaHana, BblXOAHbie Ce'leHHA KOTOPblX HMeIOT TaK>Ke KpyrnYlO IjJoPMY.

nYCTb 38KOH 1oI3MeHIlHIoIR nnow,a.ae.;i OTBeTBlleHHoro KaHana 3BAaH B IjJopMe

Af=KiA~,

(5.4)

rne A~ - nnolllBAb H8'1anbHoro Ce'leHHA; Kj - MHOlKMTenb, Y'lI1TbISeIO~~ paCWMpeHl1e (cYll<eHloIe) C8'leHHA KaHaJla (0';;; i';;; n - '); n -, _ ""eIlO npOM_YTO'lHbIX CeoteHl1~. B ,D,anbHlMWeM 6Y,lleM C'lI1TaTb, 'ITO KOHTYPbl npoMEm<YTO'lHbIX CeIIeHl1H nO,D,06Hbl COOTBeTCTSYlOlUI1M IlH' HIIAM TOKa ,D,I1nOnR, nOMellleHHOro B nnocKonapanllenbHblH nOTOK (pl1c.5.7).

AnA ynpoUl!lHJIIA BblKllBAOK CKOPOCTb Ha6eralOULero nOTOKa .., pa,D,IIYC OKPY)ICHOCTI1 abl6epeM B 5eap83MepHoM cjJopMe 101 npl1MeM pasHblMII BAI1HM~e. B aTOM cnY'lae noresuaan CKOPOCTIoIIoIIPYHK~HA TOKa B nonRpHblX KOOp,D,loIHeraX r, t! IoIMetOT BI1A:

.p= (r +_1_) cosO,

r '

(5.51

.,_. = (r - -'-) sint!

r -

(5.6)

nl1HloI1oI TOK8 OT ,0,101 non II 5Y,D,YT ll~aTb BHYTPI1 OKPY>KHOCTIol M !1PBACT8BnAIOT c060it 3aM KHYTble KpHBbie TpeTberO nopaaxa, HyneBaA nIolH"A TOKa, COOTBeTCT8YIOI1.I8A Ha'lanbHOMY CeIIeH1110 KaHana,

105

~MeeT tIJopMY nOJ1YOKpylKHOCTIII. npeAnOCneAHee ce'IeH~e 5YAeT O'lep'l~BaTbCfI n _ 1 nlo\H~~ TOKa. nOCnElJ\Hee Ce4eHlo\e RBnAeTCfI OKPYlKHOCTblO.

nOnO)l(lotM, HO IV = Cj, rne Cj - HeKoTopble nOCTO-

PMC. 5.7. Cl<eMB A .. nona flHHble Ben~IIIIIHbl, nonnescal1.I~e JaTEM onpelleneH~IO.

Torna ~3 ypaBHeHlilfi (5.6) cneaver BblpalKeHllle AnA 5eapa3MepHoro paAlo\yca-BeKTopa i~ n~H~~ TOKa.

r= rc, ± -/C'-;-·+-4-si-n-f}-)12smll. (5.7)

1-13 aaanasa QJopMym.1 (5.7) cneaver, 'ITO Benl1l1lotHaM C, < 0 iii noJ10)l(IotTenbHoMY 3HaKY nepen KopHeM COOTBeTCTBYIOT nlo\HHI1 TOKa, ne)Kal«~e BHYTPIoI BepXHeili nonYOKPY>KHOcrn. nplot Co = 0 nonYllaeM rpaHlil'lHYIO nHHloI1O OAB < O. B npsaene, xoraa Cj _,. "", KpliIBble, Onl1CblBaeMble ypaBHeH~eM (5.7), nepeXOAAT B OKpylKHOCT~, nnouiaAlo\ KOTOPblX CTpeMATCfI K HynlO. Eieapa3MepHafl nnouiaa» Ai npOME!' )KYTO'lHOrO KOHTypa copenennerca no !jJopMyne

A. = c, 11f VCi + 4sin2: 9 11

I ---r- & sinfl dO + 2" (5.8)

Ha OCHOBaHI1~ 31In~nrn4I!CKI1X I1HTerpanOB )KeHHe (5.8) MO)l(HO np!IACT8BHTb B BI1Ae

Ai=; {1 _ C; 11 + __ 3_C....:.7_+ 5C1 +a1},

• Bv"4+CT 4 (4 + C~ 32 (4 + Cll 'l (5.9)

nepaoro polla Bblpa-

rAe a - OCTanbHble 'IneHbl pana, ManbH! no cpaBHeH1il1O C nepBblMlo\ 'In eHaM 101. 1'13 (5.9) cneaver, 'ITO AnR sxonaoro Ce4eHIoIA nnoL4ilAb Ao =1r/2.

MacwTa6Hbiti K03<jl!jJHlzyleHT AIlA t-r» KOHTYpa onp!IAenl1M 113 co-

OTHoweHIiIFI

Ai/Ao = mi· Torna 1013 3aBI1Clo\MOCTlo\ (5.9)

c1 3C'

~ [1 + 4(4+ch

Ha OCHOBE 3aKOHa (5,4) C Y'lerOM CCOTHoweHIoIR (5.10) MepHoro pMl1yea-BeKTopa j-ro CeoieHloIR nonY4101M !jJopMyny

rr = riJ (2KjAl') 171m;.

(5.10)
l.
15.11 )
AJlFl pea- l
(5.12) • mj= 1

106

1(0HcTaHTa Cj, exoaauiaa B ypaBHeHloIe (5.7), onpenenaercs cneAYIOI1.II1M 06pa30M. CHa'iana npoBoAIoITCR 3KBIoInOTeHl,IIIIanh Halol60nbW~ AnlolHbl _ nHHIoIFI ODEL (pille. 5.7). nOCKOnbi<Y ypaBHeHlo\FI nlolHIoI~ TOKa npeACTaBneHbl B CIoICTeMe KOOPAlo\HaT r, fI, C l,IenblO YA06- CTBa 0603Ha'leHIoIH ypaBHeHloIe 3K811nOTeHl,IloIaJ1111 ODE L 3anlllweM B HOBOH eMCTeM e KOOPAI1H8T a, iJ C H8'1anOM B TO'l KE! 0:

P = (1 - siniJ) IcosiJ,

(5.13)

rile 0 < JJ < 11/2.

PaJAenlo\M reneps J1Io1HMIO ODEL Ha n orpeaxoa paBHoH Anlo1Hbl ll.l, = h . .an~HY Ka)l(Aoro 1013 OTPe3KOBll.lj onpB,llellReM na.QJopMyne

h = J JJ j cos? iJj-. + (1 _ s iniJ; _ d2ll.iJj, (5.14)

cos i-1

. (5.15)

nyCTb nepeceseaae J1Y'1a i3 = iJ,. C nlotHHeH ODEL npO"cxoAIoIT B TO'lK€ D(iJh Pi). nonOlKlilM fI =B], r , = Pi. nplII BbI6paHHO~ AIl"He ornesxa h 1013 cpopMynbl 15.15) HaxoAHM 3Ha~eHlo1e 13;. Y4101TblB3R, 'ITO Pi = rs, 113 (5.13) onpM,enReM rj, a aaTeM 1013 (5.7) Benl1'1lo\HY Ci. n pI1 ,HOM 8 (5.71 BM8CTO fJ nOACTasnAIOT 3HalleHIIIR iJi' 3aTeM 1013 (5.111 onpeAenRIOTCR m., a 113 (5.12) - BeIllol'llolHbl paAlo\YCOB'BeKTopOB 0. nony'leHHble 3Ha'ieHIoIA p8AloIycoB-BeKTopOB I1CnOnb3YIOTCR AnA noCTpOeHIo1F1 IoICKOMb:X KOHTYPOS npoMelKYTO'lHbiX Ce'leHlo\H KaHanOB.

Ecm-l 3eJ1aIOTCA 60nee cnO)l(Hble npo!jJlo1nl1 Ha4anbHoro" KOHe'lHOro ce'leH"fl, scorna np"MeHeHlo1e Bb1We113no)KeHHOrO MenOA8 COOPR' )I(€HO C OnpellelleHHblMlo\ TPYAHOCTAMI1 MaTeMaTlil'leCKOro xapaxrepa, TO npOMelKYTO .. Hble C€4€HMR Yll06HO CTPOMTb rpacplo1'1I!CKIoI c IotcnOnb- 30B8HI-1eM 3Jl8KTpOnposOAHOH 6YMarl-l. Ha nlo1CTe ane-crponposonacfi 6yMarl1 B Bbl6paHHbiX M8CWTa6ax CHa'l8n8 Bbl4ep4lo\BalOT Ha'laJ1bHOe 101 KOHe'lHOe C8'leHIo1A (pIoIC. 5.8) . .anR YAo6cTsa nocrpoesaa nlllHI-1~ peaaorc nOH!Hl,Il1!1n8 MaewTal) AIlA nnOLLlaAIot KOHe'lHOrO Ce4eHI1R peKOMeHAYIOT Bbl6101paTb B 3 ... 5 pas MeHbwe MacwTa6a H!l4!1nbHoro ceo '1eHlo1F1 xaaana. nocne aroro npOBoAAT Hal160nee AflI-1HHylO nl1HloI1O TOKa AE, pa36"BaeMylO Ha OTpe3KloI paBHol:1 AIll-lHbl, KOnl14OCTSO KOTOpblX paBHO '1Mcny Bbl6paHHbiX Ce4eHlo\i1 xaaana. 3aTeM MeTOIlOM anexrpowonenapoaauan H8HoeAT nHHI1~ paaaoro nOTeHLLI1ana, npoXOAAl1.IIiIe '1epeJ KOHlJ,bl OTpe3KOB. nony~eHHble 3aMKHYTbie nl1Hllllo\ RBnAKlTCR I1CKOMOi'i ¢OPMOH npOMe)KyT04Hb1X Ce'leHl1i1. nmlHIo1MerPOM onpeaenmcr nnOl«Mb.tr, OrpaHH'IeHHYIO i-101 3KBI1nOTeHLLlotanblO . )J.nR onpenenesaa MaCWTa6a m, Io1CnOJlb3YlOT COOTHOweHl1e, aaano-

107

Pile. 5.8. ncerpoe .... 1I3KII"I1OT9Hl.I_08

PIIC. 5.9. eXaMB K8HBIIB

rH'IHoe (5.10):

m, =If/lAo''.

(5.16)

YsenH~eHl-!e IoIIlH YMeHbWeHi'le npoxoAHblX Ce'leHl-!H Y,Il06HO npoao,Ill-!TbC JIOMOI1.lbIO nattTorpa(jla. MacwTa6HblH Ko~4K1L1lo1eHT KOTOPOro paseH YK;I mi: rne, KaK i'l B (5.4), Kj Y'IHTbISaeT CTeneHb pecuiapeHHA (cyJKeHHR) Ce'leHHA KaHana.

1013110IKeHHIoIH Me-rOA JI03Bo.nReT i'l35emaTb OWH60K aa CTB,IlHi'l npoeKTlolpoBaHHR 11 MOIKeT 5bITb Hcnonb30BaH npHKOHCTpYIoIpoBaHi'll-! KOH(jlY30PHbIX H AIoI(jl(jlY30PHblX K8HanOB C OTIlH~aIOL1UoIMHCR cjJopMaMH BXO,!1Horo 101 ElblXOAHOrO Ce'leHHH. Ha pHC. 5.9 nOKa3SH KaHan, nOCTpoeHHbli1 BblWeH31l0IKeHHblM MeTOD,OM.

5.3. nOCTPOEHItE KAHAJ10B HA OCHOBE CBOPlCTB rAAMOHIt~ECKItX ~YHK~ItA

B npB,llllaraeMoM MeTo,lle [38] npoMelKyro'lHble nonepe'lHble ce'IeHl-!FI KaHana C"TpOAT JIO (jlopMe 3aM KHyTOH IlHHHH '/J (T" • al = const, rAe '/J (r ,a) - rapMOHH'IecKaA (jlYH KLlHR, onpe,QeneHHaA B orpaHi'l'IeHHOH 05f1acTH G. Ha ocaoae npHHLlHna MSKCi'lMYMa (jlYHKLli'lR <P (f , a) HenpepblBHiI H nnasuo 113MeHReTCR npi'l nepexoae OT rpaHI1L1bl r. AOr2·

B CSRSH C TBM, ~TO 3I1eKTPi'l~ecKi'lH JIOTeHLll'!an onHCbIBaeTCR rapMOHH'IecKHMH (jlytiKLlHFlMH, 06nacTb G peKOMeHAyeTCFI Bblpe3STb 1013 aneKTponpOBO,llHOH 5YMarH TaKHM 05pa30M, 'IT05bl rpaHHLla r, 5blna JIOA05Ha Ha'lanbHOMY (KOHeotHOMY) CeoteH1ol1O KaHana, a rpaHHLlS rl - KOHe'lHQMY(Ha'lanbHOMY) CeoteHi'l1O KaHana 101 HaxO,[llolnaCbJ!lHYTPH 06.naCTH, O'lep'leHHOH nHHH~ rl• ,ll,riR YA06cTS8 nocTpoeHHR npoMelKyTO'lHbIX ce .. eHHH LleHTPbl TRlKecTI1 nIlOUlE!A~, OrpaHH'IeHHbIX riHHHRMi'l rl H r" pacno.nar aHlT B OAHOiil TO'l Ke. K rpaHHuaM r, H r2 1 npHK.n8AbIBeKlT H8'1a.nbHbIH 101 KOHe'lHbliii OOTeHLlHanbl COOTBelCTSeHHO '/J,. H <PK' npoMBlKYTO'IHble CB'leHi.tFl KaHana CTPORT no (jlopMe .nHHH';; <Pi = canst, rae <PH < '/Ji < <PK' 3KBHOOTeHLlHanbHbie .ni'lHl-!H y,qo5- HO CTPOHTb C rloMOWbIO i'lHTerparopa 3r/lA. B 3TOM cnvsee JIOTeHLlHanbl <PH 11 <PK IoIMeKlT 3H8'1eHI>IR: <PH = 0, 'PK = 100 'lb.

1011

PMC. 5.10. nOCTpoeHHII npoM8IKyTO'IHblX a!I-'I8HH" K8Hana

H8 OCHOBaHI1H Tpe60BaHHH TO'IHOCTH 101 YA05cTBa IlOCTpoeHHR nHHH';; paaaoru noTeHUHana pa3Mepbl nHHH';; r'l H rl Elbl5HpalOT TaKHMH, 'IT05bl OTHOWeHHe nlloUl8AeH, O'lep'lHBaeMbIX HMH, paBHRnOCb 4 ... 8 (pHC. 5.10).

MecropacnonOIKeHHe nHHH';; <P (~) = oonst MO>KHO Bbl6pIlTb HaH- 601l ee paLIi'lOHanbHbl M 05pa30M, onpClAe.nHB BHA (jlYHKLlH';; (3Jl.ecb ( - OOA05H1iR Koop,llHHara OCOOO';; .nHHHi'l).

rpaAHeHT nOTeHu,I1ana Y TO'lKH A fionsure, 'IeM Y TO'IKl-! B. npi'l nepexoae C nOCTORHHblM warOM OT .nHHH., r, AO rz (jloPMbl COCClAHHX :tKBHnoTeHLlHan~ B5n113., .nHHHH r1 5y,IlyT S MeHbWei1 CTeneHH OTni'l~aTbCA npvr OT APyra, ~eM B5nH3i'l nHHi'l11 rz.

OnTHManbHbl~ BH,Il (jlYHKUI1i'l <P (t) 6YA8M pa3blCKl-!BaTb, HCno.nb- 3YR cBoikTBa noTeHuHanbHoro nona,

KaK w.3BecTHO, nOTeHUHanbHoe none onl-lCbIBaeTCR ypaBHeHioleM Jlannaca, (jlYHA8MeHTanbHOe peweHHe xnropor o HMeeT BHA

<P = (1/21!')lnr, 15.171

rAe r - nonRpHblH PClA.,YC.

nOCKO.nbKY npH MOAenHpoBsHHH C nOMOl1.lb1O YCTaHOBKl-! 3rAA Ha rpaH"u.e rl H r2 nOMep>KHBaIOT nOTeHLll-!ant>1 'PH = 0, <PK = 100 'lb, BMecTO (jlYHKU(.tH (5.17) Heo6xOAl'lMO BBecTH $yHKLlHIO, KOTopaR vaosneraopana 5bl YKa38HHbiM rpaHIoI'IHbiM ycnOB.,AM B TO~Kax A HB.

TaKo';; (jlYHKUHeH RBnReTCA

(5.18)

nony~eHHaA $yHKLlHR ¥AOBIleTBOpRBT rpaHH'IHbIM ycnOBHRM ronexo Ha OKPYlKHOCTflX, npoxOAA!J.II'IX ~epe3 TO~Kl-! A H B COOTBeTCTBeHHO. C ee nOMOU\b1O MO>KHO YCTaHOBHTb Bi'lA (jlYHKLlHi'I npoaonsHOH KOOPAHHaTbI OCOOOti .nHH.,H KaHana.

lII315.17) i'l (5.18) CnBAyeT,'1TO

r = r AeB<P*, (5.19)

rne a = 0,01 In Ir Blr A l.

Ha OctiOB8HHH .,3.r10>KeHHoro AnA nonyqeHHA n.naBH\>lx neoexonoe (jloPM npOMemYTO'IHbIX CeoteHH,;i KaHana MO)l(HO Hcnonb30Ban. cne,IlYIOWYItl MeTO,llHKY.

Pa3,1le.nHM H8H6onee AI1IUIHYIO nHHHIO TOKa AB H80npeAe.neHHoe KOnl'l'IecTBo paBHblX OTPe:!KOB, 'Iepe:! KOHLlbl KOTOPblX npoBeAeM

109

I1~H~" pasuoro noreauaana P~C[10IlO)K~M nonepe4Hbie Ce4eH~FI Ka· uana P3BHOMepHO no AIl"He OCeBOI1 n~HI1". CSFl3b Me>K,llY TeKyw~ Bem141-1HOH nonapaoro pea.l-1yca r 1-1 TeKYW51llnIolHoH 10ceaoH Il~H~1-I npellCTlIB"M S B"lle

l = L [ (r - rA) / (rs -r A) 1.

(5.20)

rne L - KOHCTaHTa, paBHaFi j]J1HHC oceeoti Il"HIo1~ KaHaIl3. V1CKnI043F1 ~3 Bblpa>KeHlo1H (5.19) " (5.20) paA~Yc r, HaXOJU'lM

1 1 TS

,n* =-In [1 + {-(-- -1)1

T' a m TA .

(5.211

nOIlY'leHHaR QxJpMyna crporo cnoaseanaaa ronsxo B cnvsae, xorna Il~H""H r1 101 Fz F1SnFlIOTCA '1aCTblO KOHl,IeHTpI-l4ecK"X OKpy>K· HOCTCI1, npoxons LI..I"X 'lepEr.! T04 Kiol A 101 B.

IIIcXOAFI "3 Sf1lla rpopMym'1 (5.21) aaKOH 1J13MetieHl1fl noreauaana I{! B 3aSIo1CI1MOCT~ OT TeKyll.l~ AIlI1Hbl I OCeBOI1 IlI1H~~ MO)KHO sanacars cnlUlYlOlUIIM 06pa30M:

I{!* = Cln (dl+ 1).

(5.22)

3Aecb d "" 1 / r; C - K03<prp~l,I~eHT, onpClleIlACMblH 113 yCIl0BI1A, 4TO

Cln (L/ fA + 1) = 100.

(5.23)

..p* = (l+p)n + cr.

(5.24)

Floxesarens creneua n Yll06HO nplo1HRTb paSHblM OTHOWCHI1IO r AI re. 3Ha'leH~F1 P III q onpeAenAIOT 1013 ycnoslo1';;, 'ITO

pn + q = 0; (I + p) n + q = 100.

(5.25)

,lJ,IlA OnplUleJlCHIo1R nnouiana i-ro ce4eH~A MlICWT36 YMeHbweHIo1A (yaeIl~4eHIo1A) i-';; 3KBloinOTeHUlllaIl,., onpenenajor "3 COOTHOWeHlo1R

(5.26)

rAe fl.j - nn 0 L1..18Ab, OrpaHlo1'1eHHBR i·';; 3KB,.,noTeHl,I~anbH0l1 aaMKHYTO~1 nHH~51 (onpenenaerca c nOMOll.lblO nIlaH,.,MeTpa); Ai - nnolI.Ia.Ab COOTBeTcTsylOLI..ICrO nonepesaoro Ce'leH"A xaaana

nll0ll.l8Ab Ai onpeaenmor ,.,3 aBnaHHoro saxoaa 113MeHeH,.,R nnoW!lJl.e.:; nonape4HblX ce'leHl111 BAonb OCI1 KaHBl1a.

B COOT8CTCTBIo1" C Sbl'll1CJlCHHblM 3HCi'leHl-1eM M; IlpOMC>KYTO'lHoe ce<lel-ilile nnouianejo Ai, reoMeTPI1~ecKI1 nOAo5Hoe i-i4 3KIl...,nOTeHU,,anbHoH 3aMKHYT0l1 IlIo1HI1,.,. SbI4ap~I1BaeM nplll nOMOll.ll-1 na-rror padie.

110

5.4. MHOp, npOdJ~m'POBAH~A Cn~pAI1bHOR K11AnAHHOR KAMEPbl

Ha pa60411H noouecc A",3enA SI11-1fllOT conporaaneaae anvckuoro rcaaana 101 Io1HTeHCIilSHOCTb s03AywHoro BI1XpA. 3rprpeKTI1BHOCTb Blo1xpeaoro ABI1>KeHI1R nOTOKa S l,I~IlIo1Hllpe llslolraTenA MO>KHO yBen~~I1T~ npl1 nOMo1ll11 cnlilpanbHoCi rpOPMbl KnanaHHOI1 KaMepbl.

PacCMOTPIoiM reoMeTplo1~ecKoe KOHCTpyl1poBaHllle cn"panbltOI1 KaMepbl ABYXrpYHKUloioHanbHoro BI1HTOBOro KaHana [37].

Hanpaanmouia ... 101 nosepXHOCT", AsnRIOTCR OKPY>KHOCTb a, ne>KallIaR B OCHOBaHl1111 KaMepbl, 101 cnapans b (pIo1C. 5.11). 3a o6pa3YIOLllYIO ncaepxuocra nplo1HIo1M3eTCR npAMaR I, npoxonauiaa '1epe3 T04- Kiol nepece'leH~R KPIolSblX a H b C nl10CKOCThIO (3, Io1HUIIIAeHTHo!li oca noaeoxuocra a. 3TOT reoMeTplll4ecKIo1H onpcABIlIoiTenb n (a, b, q) 06ecne'llo1SBeT cnlo1panbHYIO rpOPMY KaMepbl. Ee npoeKT"'pYIOT B npoCKLI,Io1F1X c yrnoBblMIoi OTMCTKaM" " nonvsaior Ha '1epTe>Ke 06pa3ylO· lUIIe nosecxaocra cpa3Y B HaTypanbHylO BOnlo1'1Io1HY.

B OCHOSB npoBKUHH C yrnosblMIol OTMeTKaMIol ne>KIo1T MeTOA OKpY>KHOCTHoro npoel,llo1pOSaHI1R. B npocrpaacraa Bbl6,.,paCTcR nnocKOCTb npoeKU1-IIii Il, S KOTOPO';; pacnonoseeaa OCb npOeKUI"lI1 i. Koop· AIo1HaTa ... 11 RBI1f1IOTCA: R - paAIo1Yc npoCUIo1PyIOLlle.:; OKPY>KHOCT". Zannnaxara, <{I - yrnosBR OTMeTKa, yron ... e>KAy nnOCKOCTblO npoexLJ,Io1H 101 nnocxocrsjo, npoxoARLlleV! '1epel AaHHylO TO~Ky III OCb npoexLJ,101';; i. YKa3blsaeTcR HanpaBneHlolc npoeuapoaaaaa.

Ha pac, 5.11 ae nl10CKOCTbIO npoeKl,Ilo11ii nplo1HRTa !j)poHTdJ1bHaR nnOCKOCTb It, -s KOTOPOH pacnonoxceaa OCb i = Z. C Helii AOI1>KHa cosnea.aTb ocs nOBcpxHOCTIll cr. floaepxaocre paccexeercs nY'IKoM nnocxocreji L C OCblO i. Ka>KAOCi ceKYLlle.1 nnOCKOCTIol C yrl1oBoCi OTMCTKOI1 <{! Io1HLI,Io1AeHTHbl ABe 06pa3ylOWfle. Y OAHOH "3 HIolX yrnosaR OTMeTK3 pasaa ..p, y STOpOH - 1800 + «!. Ecnlil Hanpa811eHI1e npoeuapoB!lH"A npl1HATb no 4OCOSOH crpenxe, TO 06pa3ylO~e C <{! < 180'> cnpoeuapvjorca B ny'loK npRMblx, ne>KaLllIolX cneaa OT OCIII i, npOBKLl,1II11 06pa3YIO~x C <{! > 18()o 5yAYT pacnonosceast cnpesa OT OCIol i.

np~ OKPY>KHOCTHOM npoet.l"poSaH~11 rplo1rypbl, ne>KalUlle S nnocKOCTRx ny'! KB t, He ~3MeHRIOT caoe.:; cjJoPMbl 11 pas ... epa, CneaosaTenbHO, o6pa3ylO~e nOBepXHOCTI1 ~306pa3f1TCA Ha nnOCKO~ npoeKLJ,1111 S HaTypal1bHYIO Banlo1'1",HY. Ecn,., KOHCTpYl1pyeMYIO nosepxHOOTb""paCCe4b rppoHTanbHonpoCUI1PYIOWeH nnOCKOCTbIO a (pIoiC. 5.11), TO Harypal1bHYIO SeJllo1'1I1Hy Ce'leHIllA MO>KHO non'f'lI1Tb MCTOAOM COBMell.letilo1f1 nnOCKOCTIol a c n"}., epauiaa a BOKpyr ee rppOHTanbHoro cneAa an2. nplol 3TOM TO'IKI1 Ce'leHI1R A, 8, C ... 6YAYT epautarsca S nnOCKOCTRX {j 1 a. nepeceK81Ol1II1X nocneAHlO1O no rop~30HTanRM h. nnocKoc1'1II n'f'lKa L 6YAYT nepecexars a no npRMbl ... S. npoXOARlUIIM xeoes T04 Ky S = aX i. TO'lKIol Ce'leHIoIR Onp!IJI.eJlRIOTCR S nepece'1etil1'" npRMblx h 101 S.

111

P~c. 5.11. nOCTpOBH~a TO~8K otipaay>ouaeii C6'18HMA DMxpeaoii KBMepbl

P~c. 5.12. nOCTpoBH,.e o6!>aaYlDlU"x IlOBepXHOCT14 BIIXPIEOM K8Mept.1 e npoeKU~RX c y!"110BbIM~ OTM&TI<8MH

OnlllcaHHblM CJlOC060M roplll30HTaJUoI h npoeulllpylOTCR B npaMble, nepneHl1l11KynRpHble K oca i = Z, CI npoeKLlIIIH npRMhlx S npoH' I1YT -epea TO~Ky S. 3TOT MeTOA npoeulllpOBattlll~ OOXpaHReT nplllH' L.llo\n npIIIHlI"I1II9)I(HOCTIII. 3Ha<lIIIT. npoeKLllII1II roplol30HTeneti h2 101 npaMblX sf npoHAyT 'Iepel COOTSeTCTBYlOl1.IlIIe npoeKl,IlII1II TO'leK At, st, c'f .... HlIIlKHIoIH IIIHAeKC B 0603Ha'ieHIIIRX YKB3h,BSeT. HS KaKYIO nnocKoen. BeJlOCb npoeulo\poBBHllle, BepxHIII~ - vrnoavio OTMeTKY. nIloc· KoCTb B npoeKl,IlIIAX C yrllOBblMIII OTMeTKaMloi aanaerea rllaBHoH IIIII' HHeH HaI/I6011bWero CKaTa C lllllHlo\eti. npoxO,llRWeH 'Iepea TO'lKY S = 112

~- aX i '-I n(lpneHl1v.Kym~pi1o~ K rO!JI'I30IiTanRM nJiOCKOCnl fl. H3 !1)1C. 5.12 nl1l)CKOCTb '1'3anaHa IPPoHlaia.HbiM emmOM anl, TaK KaK C HV.Iv' Y cPpoHTanI>HO-np09l,1l1pylOLLi,ei1 nnCCKOCTVI ccananaer r naauaa nv.Hi'lR HClIII6onbwero CKaTa C.

,[InR HaXO>KJl,eHi'lA HBTypanbHoi1 Ben"~>tHI>I (;[l'leHi'lA onpenenaer cn pll,!l ero TOIIOK. Ha PI1C. 5.12 npencraeneuo nOCTpOeHI1€ TO'lKIo\ A. '{epes TO~KV At npOSO,lll1TCR npRMaA h2 1 i AO nepeCe4(lHI-1A C cn : 'C_ = ct B TO~Ke 1. B coaMOLLi,eHHOM nOnOlKeHl-II1 nIlOCKor.:TI1 it ropasoatam. npOf1AeT +epes TO'lKY 1 nepneHnlolKYIlAPHO K un2. lt13 TO~KL4 S AyroH pa,lll-1yca SAf H8 h AenSeTCA 3ace~Ka. KOTOPSFt 1-1 onpenennr TO~Ky A. TaKIIIM o6pa30M HaXO,llATCA ace TO~ KIo\ Ce~eHI1R.

KOHCTPYl-1poB8HI1e 110BepXHocr", uenecoofipasao BbinOnHHTb C noMOll.lbH) 3BM. Hl-1lKe nplIIBOAVlTCA anroplilTM 3aAaHVlR nOBepXHOCTI1 B npOeKl,IHAX C yrIlosblMIII OTMeTK8MIo\. Hasano 1<00pAHHaT coanaaaer C ueHTpOM HanpaBnAlOll.IeW OI<PYlKHOCTI1. C"CTeM8 KOoPA"H8r HB nnOCKOCTI-1 neaas.

1. YpaBHeHVle OKpY)I(HOCTH a : R = R I, TaK l<aK OKpy)l(HOCTb npoeUIoIpyeTcA B TOIIKy C KooPAI1HaroH R I, p<mHo~ pannvcv OKPYlKHOCTIII RI_

2. YpaBHeHl1e cnl-1pani'l b : R2 "" RI q'Pll iI.

3. Pa3HocT;' 1<00pAlilHaT roxex OKpY>KHOCn1 1-1 Cni'lgam1, I1Metoll.ll1X paSHl>le vrnoasre OTMeTKH: 0 = R2 - R 1 = R 1 jq'l'f2 - 1).

4. Yrol1 HaKIlOHa npoeKl,Il1H o6p.nYlOl1.IeH I< OCH R '" x : t91 = hi b, rna h - paCCTORH,,€ Mef<Ay OKpy)KHOCTbH) a H cnaparuoo b.

5. YpaBHBH",e npOeKl,Ilo\i'I 06pa3YKlll.leH

1'!:Z=i9')'R-!bl, (5.27)

rAsb=-R119-Y-

Ecnlo\ nOACTaBIIITb 3H8'leHHA tg,) H b, TO OHO npl-1MeT BIo\,Il

Z= 11 __ - iR-Rd.

RI (q'P/171 -1)

(5.28)

rne 'I' = 0 ... 2.

npliinaBaA <p pa31l11~Hble 3Ha~eHi'lA H nOBOpa4i'1SaH o6pa3yKlLLi,yto Ha cooTBeTcTBYIOU\14C; vron, nOJly'iaeM noaepxaocrs, KOTOPdA taK)I(e OnIllCI>IB<larCA ypaBHeHH€M (5.28).

6. rnaBHaR nHHVlR Hal-16om,wero CKaTa C'! = a(J 2 33nl1L:JeTCR vpaaH€HllleM Z = tg/3 R + b l, rne iJ - vron HaKnOHa C~ I< OCIII R ~ x; bl ~ = H - l,oOpAI1t'aTa TO~KH' nepece-reuan rllaBHOl1 m1HL-iVI Ha",6onbwe· ro exars C OCblO I:

7. YpasHeHHo npOOK141-1H npflMoH

Sf: Z = tg I/J R + H,

(5.29)

rne tq Ib "" HIS 1; S I = Cx/COSI{J; Cx = H/tg{3, TOrAJ 19 \j; = COS1'tg,:l. 113

!~

ra''P''l

I I I

I I

I

~ r I

r--'--
,........-
.-r-
.--r-' ~
- /2

26,5

fe11F1CMA-60

8. npoEl(lIMI-1 TO~eK Ce~eHI-1A nonvuarca B .,epece~eH"l-I nposx- 1l1-1i1 {f 1'1 sf. Ka>KI1OlA 'lpAMaA st neoecexaer ABe npf1Mblelt. Y OAHOi1 1'13 Hl-IX yrnoBaA OTMeTK3 paBHa I{!. Y BTOpOi:1 - 180'> + I{!. KoopAl-IHaT~1 npoeKLLl-li1 TO'l61( onpBABIlRTCR 1'13 CIleAYIOUl,I'IX Cl-ICTeM vpas-

h

Z= tg')'lR-lbtl = Rl (ql{!/"Hr -1) (R- Rd;

Z = tgl/lR + H = cosl{!tg/J R + H;

(5.30)

h

Z = tg')'2 R - Ib, I = Rl (qlB-O-+-'-'I{!-I-21T-_-1-)~ (R - Rd ;

(5.31)

Z = tgl/t R + H = cos.ptg{l R + H.

V13MeHRA 3Ha~eHl-Ie napasserpa .p. nony~aeM KoopAIoIHaTbl Zj, R; OKPYlKHOCTHblX npoeKIIIoIi1 pa3Illol'lHbiX T04eK Ce~eHl-IA. nOBOpOT TO'lKI-I Ha cooTBeTCTBylO'lll'llii yroIl onpenenar ee nOnOlKeHl-Ie B npOCTpaHCTBe. OpTOrOHaJl~Hble KOOPAI'IHaTbl H<lXOAfiM no cjJopMYIl3M: Xop =. = Rcos.p, Top = Rsin.p. ZOP = Z.

1i13IlolKeHHbli1 MeTOA n03BOIlReT 0llH03Ha'lHO npoeulolpOBaTb noaepxaocrs cnl-lpanbHoi1 KaMepbl anvcxsoro xnanana. 1i13MeHAA 3Ha· 4eHl-Ie R3600 norapl'lcjlMI'I'Iecl(oi1 Cnl'lpaIU1 1-111101 h - paccToRHl-Ie MelK· AY OKPy>KHOCTbIO a 1-1 cnapansro b. MOIKHO yCTaHoBIoITb onTIo1MaIlbHYH> fIOBepXHOCT~ cnl1panbHoi1 l(aMepbl, 06eCne4l'1BalOw.ylO rpe6yeMoe BIoIxpeBoe ABl-1lKeHVle B03AywHoro aapana Ha BblxoAe 1-13 kaaana.

4epTe>K cnl'lpanbHoi1 KaMepbl. nOCTpoeHHoi1 1oI3IlOlKeHHbiM MeTO" 110M H8 5a3E! BnYCKHoro l(aHaIla ABIoIraTeI1F~ CM,Q-60, nOKa3aH Ha pL1c.5.13.

5.5. npOllllllmtPOBAHVlE nATPYSKA. COEAMHRlOll\ErO

KOI1nEKTOP C KAHAnOM

KOHcrpYl(lIlolA xonnexropa 1'1 naTpy6KoB, coeAIoIHAIOILLI-1X ero C xaaa naMVI, cyw.eoTBeHHo Bnl<1ReT ua CTPYKTYPY nOTOK8 B K8HaIlax 101 BCIle,lJ, crsae sroro aa norepa ::!Hepr-L1L1 B npouecce snvcxa I-IIlL1 B~lnycKa.

Kpl-1TepVleM AIlA OLLeHKIoI I(OHCTPYKlIMI'I narpvfixa MOlKBT cnY>KVlT;, pacnonoscesae TO'lKI'I crpsiea nOTOl(8 OT nOBepXHOCTL1 naTpy6KlI L1IlV KaHaIl8.

PaCnOnOIKeHfle TO'lKI1 orperaa peKoMeHAyeTcA Onpel1eIlRTb IoIJ pac ~eTa nOrpaHL1~HOrO eIlOA B COOTBen:TB>l11 C MeTOAI'IKoi1, L13IlOlKeHHol:; Bm.4.

MeTOA npo!jlI1IlL1pOBaHI-1R naTpy5Ka L1IlIlIOCrplotPYeTCA Ha nplolMepec BnYCKHoi1 CVlCTeMbl I1BloIran'nR ~ 10,5/12 (,u 37) [40]. npl1 <lTOr.< paCCMaTpl1BaIlCR npouecc BnYCl(c 13 nepsbli1 11 TpeTl'li1 Lllotnl1HApb' (p14c. 5.14).

116

PHC. 5.14. CxeM8 BnycKHoi'i CI1CTeMbl ABHraTsnll .Il·37M

0,2

---.. I--.. ~'A 2

J
~ ~2 ~
1\
\ 31
1\ 4 ()

1,2 lid

lid

0,4 0.8

a

o

1,2

PHC. 5.15. 3aBI1CM .. ccrs Cf = f!il d) :

/I - AIlR naTpy6Ks nepeoro l\Hn''''APII npH "1 = 4 MM; 6 - All" naTpy6Ka TJ)eTbero LlHnl1HJ1pa nplt "111 = 12 MM~ 1 - R = 15 .... ; 2- R =25 MM; 3- R = =43MM; 4-R=53MM

Ii1ccIleAoBaHlotA npoaoaana AIlR '1eTblpex 3Ha~eHlotH P8AL1yca KPL1- eH3Hbi naTpy6Ka (Ha P14C. 5.14 <lTOT Y'IaCTOK OTMe4eH 6YKB0i1 AI. a I'IMeHHO: AIlA R = 15; 25; 4310153 MM. 3Ha"eHL1E! R = 15 MM COOTaercraver CepI'IHHoi:1 KOHCTPYKIlHIol BnYCKHoi1 CIolCTeMbl.

51>111101 npoaH8IlL13I'1POBlIHbl cn8AYlOlllME! BapL1aHTbl nOnOlKeHIoIH BnycKHblX xnanauos: nepBblH hi = 4 MM; hili = 12 MM; BTOpOti - hi =hlll = 8 MM; TpeTVli1 h, = 12 MM; hili = 4 MM.

3aKOHOMepHOCTb pacnpeneneaas CKOPOCTI-I Ha BHewHei1 rpasaue nOrpaHI1'1HOrO CIlOA onpeaenaerca OT Ce'leHI1R ee nplol paCCMOTpeHL11'1 HanOIlHElHIoIA nspaoro UloInl-1HApa 11 Ce'leHIolA bb AJlR npouecca anvcxa, OTHOCAlllerOCR K TpeTbeMY IIIo1IlI1HAPY·

Ha PI1C. 5.15 npL1SeAeHbl peaYIlbTaTbl paC'IeT8 nOrpaHIoI'IHOrO CIlOA AIlR nepsoro Bap143HTa. no oca oPAIoIHaT OTKnaAblBaeTCf9 K03cjlcjll-1L1lo1- eHT TpeHI'IA Cf, a no OCI1 a6cuIoIcc - OTHOWeHl'le TE!KYW.ei1 OPAI1HaTbl. OTC'lVlTl>lBaeMOH cooTBeTCTBeHHO OT CelieHloIR ee 1111101 bb K AloIaMeTpy xonnekrcpa d. ~3 rpacjlL1KOB cnenver, 'ITO nplot hi = 4 MM cjJopMa naTpy5K8 A MaIlO BnlolneT Ha nOIlOlKeH"e Ce'leHI'IA crpsiaa L1 H8 CTPYKTYPY nornxa B KaHane ~pl'lc. 5.15. a). 06'bRCHAeTcA 3TO TeM, 'ITO nplo!

117

He3Ha~t.tTeIlbHOM nOAbeMe xnanaaa anYCKHO~ KaHan npeACTaBIIRaT co60~ KOHtjlY30p.

Ha cjJoPMl1poB8Ht.te npoljll1nA cxopocrea a KaHane, npIolCOBJl,I1HeH' HOM K KOIlIleKTOPY, CYLl.IecTBeHHO BnlolAeT enap,YIOWlle: npt.t ManblX 3Ha~ettl1flX OOAbeMa K11anaHa h, KorAa pacxon soanvxa ~epe3 KaHan MettbWe pacxoaa 4epel KOIlIleKTop, sa nOBopoTOM nOTOKa t.t3 KOIl' I1eKTOpa B KaHaIl 06pa3yeTcR Bt.txpesaR 30Ha 60nbwe~ t.tHTeHCt.tBHO· CTIoI, 4eM'.npl1 06bl~HOM noaopore. 3TOMY cnocobcrever At.ttjltjlV3oPHbl~ 3!flC!JeKT, BbI3BaHHbl~ yseIll1'1ettloleM 06Ll.1e~ nIloWllo,t.t c~eHt.tA AIIR nOTOKa B ME!CTe npt.tcoeAt.tHettI1R KaHaIla K KOIlI1BKTOPY. KaK noKa3bIBaIOT pe3Yl1bTaTbl onsrroa, OTPblBHbie RBI1eHt.tR Ha6I1IOAaIOTCR He TOnbKO sa nOBopoTOM npt.t BXOAe B KaHan, HO 101 Y npOTMBOnOIlO>KHOili nj)RMoili CTeHKt.t (xonnexropal, rne I10KaIll130aaHa OTpblBHaR 30Ha. Ha BXQAe B KeHM Y BorHYTo~ CTeHKt.t I1MB8TCR Bt.txpesaR 30Ha, Bbl3BaHHaR OTPblBOM nOTOKa np\oI era nocTynIleHl111 t.t3 KOIlIleKTOpa B KaHan. Cornacuo AaHHblM pt.tc. 5.15, a, npt.t MaIlblX 3Ha<leHI1RX h I1HTeHct.tSHOCTb OTpblBHblX AsneHt.tili Mano 3aBt.tct.tT OT 3Ha4eHI>1A R.

AnR hlll= 12 MM KapTt.tHa Te4eHt.tR \oIHaR (pt.tc. 5.15,6). C yeaIlt.t· '1eHt.teM paAHyca Kpt.tBt.t3Hbl naTPy6Ka OT RI = 15 MM AOff3 =43MM Ce'leHHe OTpblBa noroxa nepeMew,aeTCR BHH3 no T~eHt.tIO. ,[IaIlbHeHwee YBeIl114eH.:le 3Ha4eHl>1i1i R He CKe3blaaeTCR Ha HHTeHCI1BHOCTH OTpblBHblX RBIIettl1i1i t.t, en8AOBaTMbHO, Ha CTPYKType nOTOKa BO enYCKHOM KaHMe.

8bl80o,bl, nOIlY4eHHbie AnA aroporo Bapt.t'lIna npt.t hi = 12 MM 11 hili = 4 MM, Mano OlIlt.t'laIOTCfI or co,enaHHblX paaee, Oo,HaKO IlnR nepsoro no XOAY nOTOKa 1.It.tI1t.tHo,pa npenensaoe pacnonosceaae ce~eHt.tR orpsrea BHt.t3 no TENeHt.t1O AOCTHraeTCA y>Ke npt.t Rz = 26 MM. 3TO 061.RCHReTCR MeHbwei'i B o,aHHOM cnvsae no cpaBHeHt.t1O C npeAblAYLUIoIM Bapt.taHTOM creneasio BIII1AHHR Ha CTPYKTYPY nOTOKa r a- 300,t.tHaMl1'lecKI1X ABIIeHI1H, npoHCXoARUI,IoIX B npoueece HanOIlHeHIoIR B KaHaIl3X o,pyrl1x Ut.tI1Io1HApOB.

Pe3yIlbTaTbl, IlOIIY4eHHbie AnA K03<f!QlMl.lloIeHTa TpeHIoIR Cr. nOA' TBeplt<o,aIOTCA pac4eTHblMt.t o,aHHblMI1 AnR 'mena PeHHOIlbACa Ren• Ccrnacao pac4eTaM, AIJR 3Ha'leHt.tili hi = hili = B MM nnenensaoe nepeMeLl.lBHt.te BHI'I3 no Te'leHl1lO Ce~eHI'IR orpuaa OOrpllHt.t4Horo CI10R AOCTlo1rlleTCFI npH Rl = 26 MM.

Ha OCHOBe SbloonHeHHoro aHant.t33 peKOIIIIeHAyeTcR IlIlA IIBLo1raTe- 111'1 410,5/12 yBMt.t'lt.tTb eeJIt.t4t.tHY pa,Q,loIyca Kpl1BI13Hbi narpvfixa or 15A040MM<

118

rnaas6 __

rEOMETPM4ECKME OCHOBbl CAnp nQBEPXHOCTEA KAHAfiOB

r:

6.1. nOCTAHOBKA 3AAA'iI1, I1CXOp,HblE AAHHblE 11 3TAnbi npOEKTI1POBAHI1A

06111101e npLo1HIlt.tnbl aBTOMaTI13al.ll111 npoeKTHpOBaHIoIR TeXHt.t~E!CKt.tX tjlOPM nosepXHoCTeiIi B MSWI>1HOCTpoeHIoIt.t npap,YCMaTpI1BaIOT KOMnI1eKCHbIH noaxon, 3aKIII04aIOLl.II1~CFI a TOM, 4TO npoueccu npoexrapOBaHI1R, aocnpOt.t3BeAeHIoIR 3KcneplolMeHTanbHbiX 06pa31.10B t.t Io1X I1CnbiTaHIoIR, a TaK>Ke 1013rOTOBIIeHt.te 1oI30,eIlI1~ cepl1HHOrO npoaaeonctsa AOI1>KHbl 6asl1pOBaTbCR Ha eAt.tHO~ MaTBMaTt.t4E!CKOili MOAenlol.

P(l3pa60TKa CIoICTeM aBTOMaTH3101poaaHHoro npoeKTMpOBaHt.tA (CAnp) KaHana noennonaraer pa3I1114Hble YPOBHIoI ee pa3St.tTt.tR.

06paTlolM BHI'IM8Ht.te Ha TO, 'ITO POl1b Bepl.t.tpyeMo~ reOMeTPH'IeCKoili MOAenl1 Ha nepBoM ypOSHE! He CBR3blBaUTCR C OnTIoIMI13al4t'01lHblMIoI 3aAa'laMIoI KOHCTpYl1pOBaHIoIR nOBepXHOCTM KaHMa HenocpeOCT8eHHO no 3ao.aHHbiM rt.tllPoAI1HaMI1~8CKt.tM t.t TeXH0l10rlol4ecKHM xapaKTBpt.tCTt.tKaM. Io1CXOo,HbIMt.t AnR MOAMt.t RBIIRIOTCR KOHCTpYKTt.tBHble AaHHbie 0 reoMeTpt.t1ol Ha~enbHoro t.t KOH~Horo c~eHt.tfj, OCI1 KaHana 1'1 rpatjllo1Ka nIlOLl.l8AeiIi Ce'lettt.tH BAQl1b,OCI13ap,SBaeMbIX KOHCTPYKTOPOM no CYll.IecmYIOLLI"'M MeTOAt.tKaM pacsera [3,51,80, BS] IT< B. CBR3b C TBXHOIlOrl'l'lecKHMt.t xapaKTeplolcTIoIKaMIoI onocpencrsosaaa). no 3Tt.tM t.tCXOAHbIM AaHHblM MO~HO nocrpoan, 50C'1t.tCIIeHHOe MHO~E!CTBO noaepxaocrea KaHanos co CKOIlb yroAHo nIlOTHblM KapKBCOM nonepENHblx Ce4eHI'I~ 11 npoAoIlbHblX HanpaSIIAIOUI,IoIx.

Ha JTOM ypoBHB onTIoIMMbHblili KaHan onpeaenaerca aa cser nepe- 60pa 3Kcnept.tMeHTanbHblx 06pa31l0B, pecc~t.tTaHHbIX Ha 38M.

Paspa60TKa aroporo ypoBHR CAnp KaHana npennonaraer BHa~aI1e 3anIlaHt.tpoBaHHoe TeOpeTIoII<0-3Kcnept.tM eHTaIlhHoe I1ccIIeAoBaHloIe 3aBHct.tMocTeit Me!>KAY pa3I1I1'1HbIMIoI reoMBTpH'f8CKt.tMIoI napaMeTpaMI'I MOAMIoI Ketlana 11 ero TeXHOIlort.t4ecKt.tMI1 xapaKTept.tCTI'IKaMI1, Hanpl1Mep, t.t3Y'IeHLo1e 61lLo1AHt.tR Kpt.tBt.t3Hbl 11 KPY'leHI1R OC'" KaHana Ha norepio 3Heprl111 BHyrpt.t Hero t.t T. n.

Bbl6paHHbie AnA BapbLo1pOBaHt.til reoMeyPl14ecKt.tB napaMeTpbl MOrvr no-pa3HOMY BIIt.tRTb Ha TexHonort.t4E!CKloIe XapaKTept.tCTt.tKM. 06- pa60TKa peavnsraroe npt.tBap,eT K onpeo,eIleHloI1O 06I1aCTeH onTMMaIlbHblX peWeHl1H no rpynne reoMeTpWlecKl1X napaMeTpoB 101 BblABIoIT pa- 1.1110HanbHble npap,anbl t.tx t.t3MeHeHHR. Ha 3TOM arane nplol npoexraPOSClHt.t1ol KaHana B03HI'IKaeT B03MO>KHOCTb B t.tCXO,IIHble o,aHHble BK11IO'IaTb H TelCH0I10rt.t~ecKt.te xapaKTept.tCTt.tKI1.

B H8C10RLUei'i rnase paCCMBTplolBalOTCR reoMeTpIol4~Kt.te OCHOBbl CAnp KaHana nepsoro ypOBHR. OAHaKO pa3pa60raHHaA reoMeTpl1-

119

~OCKaR Bapblo1pyeMafl MOAenb MO)f(OT CnY)f(I'ITb DCHOBO~ 11 ,!l,J1R C02,11aHillA CAnp xaaana aroporo ypoSHR_

flpennaraewaa MOAeIlb yHI1BepC;;lh,~lil B TOM CM6lcne, qTO OHa no 3BonReT npcexrapoeers npaKTlo1QOCKIil ece MHoro06pa3111€ ¢OPM kaHanOB ABlllr3Tenei1 BHYTPetiHerO CrOpaHI1A.

¢lopMa BXOAHoro 11 BbiXOAHoro c04eHV1i1 xaaana onpenanaerca npa KOHCTpYIilPOBClHl-11.1 qacTllIiI f13Aenlo1A, COeALotHAOMblX K3HilJlOM. nonY4aeMbie ¢OPMbl Ce"eH.,i1 o"IBaIOT npOCTblMili 8 Bf1Ae OKpylKHO(.T~ L-1nl-1 annanca .,nlll COCT8BHblMlil B BI-1Ae MHoroyrOni.H.,KOB co cxpvrneHHblMII! yrnaMIII, OBMoB, CoCTOAWI'1X 113 nvr OKPYlKHocTei1 I-1nH Apyrl1x Kp.,BbIX.

B CllOlKHBWeHCA npaKTlo1K€ xaaan aaaaerca 4eprelKoM, KaK npa Bl'lnO, HenonHO 3aA31OllII1M era nOBepxHOCTb (Ha4anbHoe H KOt-te'lHOI.' ce~eH""A, O~epKoBble nHH .... i'! Ha ¢poHTanbHo~ II! rOpf130HTallbHoi1 npo eKUI1RX, HecKOJlbKO KOHrponbHblx nonepev-u-rx Ce'leHI'li1 H ,lip.)' ¢lop· M8 nOBepXHOCTf1 coaaaerca MOAenbllll1KOM Ha H3TYPH0l1 MOllenlll CKynbnTypHblM cnocofiov no 3aAaHHbiM nonepe'lHblM Ce'leH"AM.

04HO f13 DCHOBHblX npel-1MywecTB 8STOMa1113f.1pOBaHHoro cnoco- 5a npOeKTLotpOBaHI1A - B03MOlKHOCTb Mon,enl-1pOBaH .... A HenpepblBHblX ceMEMcTB nonepesastx CeqeHI1H Lot npollonbHblx HanpaBnAIOULlo1x, .. nony~eHL-1A I1H¢OpMau .... lo1 0 mo60M I-1X KOnV1QOCrBe B sl-1Ae rafinau KOOPAI-1HOIT I1nlll qepnllKe1 uratinouoa.

¢lopMa OClo1 KaHaIla :aaBL-1CI-1T OT nonoscea .... A Ha4anbHoro. KOHe'lHO· ro .... npoMelf(YT04HbIX ce4eHHH. OCb npoxonwr 'Iepe:J ueHTpbl TA>1<eCT .... ce'letl~~ TaK, 'ITO nnOCKOCTH ce'teHI1H nepneHIIHKynRpHbl K HllIiI. OCt> MO)l(eT 6bITb npAMOH, nnockoa f.1nV1 npocrpaHCTBeHHOCi KPI-1BOi1. npoCTOH nl1Hl-1eii1l1!nl1 pa3BeTBneHHoH.

B"II OCH onpeaenaerca no KOHCrpyKTHBH"IM cOOOpalKetlHRM C Y4eTOM orpaHH4eHL-1A npocrpaucraa CMelKHblMH qaCTAM .. 1I!3Aen1'lA, Ha ocuoae cpaBHeHlo1A c aHaIlOraM .... , C yqeToM Tpe60BaH .... i:I. C8A3aHHbiX C oc06eHHOCTRMI1 nOBeAeHIIIA cpeAbl npL-1 ABL-1lKetI .... Lot B KaHane, HanpHMep. Tpe60BaHLotA paaaeranea .... Fl nOTOKa .... AP. 6naronpHFlTHoe SnI1A· Hl'le oxaasreaer COBnMeHHe OCL-1 KaHana C reOMeTpL-14OCKMM MecTOM ueHTpOB TAlKllCTI'I nOnepeqHblX Ce~eHI-1f1, T. e. c nl1Hl1e11 napa nOTOKa, Or crene- .... KPl-1BH3Hbi H Kpy'tetll'lR OCi'! KaHana 3aBL-1CRT BHyTpeHHl'le ncrepa 3Hepr .... 1I! B KaHane .... ero npOnyCKHaA cnocofmocrs, KOTopaA yMeHbWaeTCA He ronsxo aa eser Tpet-t .... R cpeAbl 0 CTeH KM xaaana, HO H OT B03HMKHOBeH .. A 30H OTPbIB<I Typ5yneHTHOro norpaa .... qHOrO CJlOA .... np.

V!CXOAHbIMI'I A<lHH.,IMI-I AnR M8TeM8Tlo14ecKoro onV1caHV1A (j>aPMbl OCH cnvxcar KOOPAV1H8Tbl ueHTpOB rRlKllCTI-1 KOHe'lHbIX V1 npoMe>KyTO'lHbIX Ce'leHI'li1 n .... 60 BblnOnHeHHb111 KOHCTPYKWPOM 4epTe:-K OC" B npoeKUlo1RX. no KOTOPOMy MO)l(HO COCTaBHTb Ta6nL-1lW KOOPALotHaT ee 1O'leK. AnA 3BTOMaTlo13lo1pOBaHHoro cnocofia 3aA8HIiIR OCb AOlllKH8

120

J

OblTb onacasa aHanL-1T .... 'IecKI1 KaK 008011, CDCTORWI'1H .... 3 xp .... BbIX 2-m nopRIIK8. BI1HTOBblX nHHI1i'1 Hnl1 npocrpascraeaasrx KplilBblX 3 .... 4-:0 nopanxoa.

CYllJ,el:TBetlHYIO pons B MOlleIl .... IIIrpaeT rpa¢HK 3MBHeHHA nne-

llJ,aAeL1 ceqettHi'I SAonb OCM KaHana. Or rpa$1K8 aas CI1T ran xaaana

(1l1ll¢¢Y30P, KOH¢y30pl. nnowaAl'I nOnepe<lHbiX CE!'IeI-IMI1 BXOAAT B pac-er pa3nH4HbiX rHApoAI1H8Mlo1'lecKI1X xapaKTepHCTI1K KaHana. a rpa¢ .... Ke nnollJ,aAeL1 npM cKym,nrYPHOM MeroAe npOeKTl'lpoBaHV1A MrnKHO CYAl<lTb no nnOllJ,aARM KOHE!'IHbIX 11 npoMe>KY1O'lHblx CeqeHHI1.

8 npaAnaraeMoM reoMeTp"'IOCKOH MOAeJlI1 rpatP K BblpalKaeT nHHeL1-

HylO HnH napa60nl141lCKYlO 3a8 .... clo1MOCTb. Ecn T8K0l1 rpa¢lo1K He

YIlOBneTBOPReT rpe60BaH .... AM KOHCTpYKTopa, TO L-1MeerCA cnocof KOppeKTI1poBKI1 rpatP .... K3 38 CQeT lo1CnOnb30B3HL-1R npeo6pa30B8HIIIA nOAo6MFl B KalKAOM nonepe'lHOM CE!'IBHlo1H.

TaKHM oopaaOM, rBOMeTpl1'1el:K8A Bblpbl'lpyCMaA MOAeIlb AonlKHo o6ecne<l .... Tb KOHCTPYKTOPY B03MOlKHOCTb 8bl60p8 ecex nepE!'l .... cneaHblX asuue A8HHbiX B nKl6blX I1X KOM6I-1HaUL-1FlX.

PaccMOTp .... M HAatO (j>aPMI1POBatll'1A BapbV1pyeMOI1 rOOMerp"'1eCKOH MOAeJlV1 KaHana HB npl<1Mepe (pac, 6.11.

nYCTb 3aAaHbi .... CXOAHble CE!'IetlI1A: do - npAMoyronbHI1K co cxpvrnetlHblM>1 yrn!lMYI 01 d" -. a KpYlKHOCTb, npocTpaHcTseHHaA OCb H ee npoaxu .... lo1 {t 11 -t. (pV1C. 6.1, al, rpa¢HK nnollJ,aJl~ Ce'leHI1H S= fo (x) (pV1C. 6.1,6).

Heo6xOlll1MO nony41'1!b MOAeJlb KaHana C 3aABHHbiM KOnl1'1ecTBoM nonepe-u-srx 06paaylO WI'1X (ce~eHH~) 11 npOAonbHblx uanpaanruouuex.

Pa300beM npoueec C03A9HI-1R MOAeJ111 KaHana Ha aran .. r:

1. ¢lOpMHpoBlIH e !Ilo1Hei1'la1OH n08epXHOCTH b., npoXOAAllJ,ei'I xe-

pea Ha~anbHoe do KOHE!'IHOe do CC4eHlo1A, pacnonolKeHHblf.! B napan-

nenbHblX nnOCKOCTFlX (MOIleJ1b CeMeL1CTBa nonepeorsrx Ce'leH .... i1). npeACT8BI1M DCb KaH ana 8 B .... ne rl16KOrO vnpvroro creplKHA, ,C KOTO' pblM lKetTKO COeAI1HCHbl ce4eH .... A; UCHTPbl TAlKecTlo1 3111)( Ce4eHI'II1 aaXOARTCR HS OClo1, S lo1X nnOCKOCTVI nepneHAL-1KynRpHbl K HeL1. Ec:n .... oct>

cnpAM .... rs, TO Ce<leH~lR do dn OKBlKyTCA B napanJlenbHblX nnOCKO·

CTAX lp .... c. 6.1,81. Yepe3 3T Ce4eHL-1A MOlKHO npoaeer .... OAHY pasaep-

TblBaeMylO mlHeI1'1aTYIO noaepxaccre" 11 MHOlKecTBo Hepa3BepTblsaeMbIX. Ha puc, 6.1, a nOKBsaHO neoaoe peweI-Il1e.

PS3BepTbiBaeM8R nOBepXHOCTb B reowerp .... 11 KOPOTKO HiJ3bIBSCTCR TOPCOBOI1, L-1nL-1 TOpCOM. Tope MOlKHO IlOJly'l .... Tb 06KaTKol1 nnOCKO· CTbIO IIBYX 38JJ,aHHbIX xp .... BbIX do 11 d n .... CoeAl<lHeHL-1eM COOTBen::TBElH' HblX TO'leK KBcaHlo1A 06KaTbiBaeMOM I1nOCKOCTI1 npAMblMlo1 06pa3yKl' llJ, .... MI1. B K36paHHOM npl1Mepe TOpC COC,OI1T 1'13 4eTbipex OTC€KOB IKYCKOB) f1JlQCKOCTeiiI H 49Tb'Pex OTceKOB KOHyCOB. nOBepXHOCTb

it nCBepXHOCTb, KOTOPVIO MO)KHO ~3n16aHllleM 5a3 paapsieoe '" CK.ilaAO"';:

COSMecr"'1'b C MOCKOCTbMl .

•

121

P"c_ 6.1. :hanbl reoMeTp"'.9CO:Oro MOAen"'poBat-t..,R nOBep)(HOCTH KaHana

iJ

11, nocrpoeaavio Ha do H dn npH BbmpRMneHHoM OCH t', Ha30eeM MOJl,e.nblO ceMeUCTBa nOnepe<lHl>IX Ce<leHuiJ.

2. flonY'letH1e Ha50pa nonepe-n-eix Ce'leHHH c nnaBHblM nepexoAOM OT cjJoPMbl Ha'lanbHOrO ce~eHHA K (j)opMe KOH~Horo. TaKoH H3- 50p ce~eHHi:f nonvsaerca KaK pesvnsrar nepece<leHHA nOBepxHoCTIo1" Do nIlOCKOCTFlMH, nepneHAHKynApHblML.f K cnpl9MnettHOil OCM f (pHC. 6.1, e].

3. Koppercrupoaxa rpa¢lL.f K3 nflow.aAIM nonepesasrx c9'leHl'lil.,aIlR orcaxos n"H!S1~aTbIX nOBepXHOCTeH c napannenbHblM .. ce4eHHAMH rpa¢l .. K I1X nnouiaaea S = {(xl B 05w.eM cnvsae, K8K 5yAeT nOKa3!1'HO aanee, napa50IlM~ocKHi:f .. MO>KeT He vaoanereopars 3an.aHHoMY

122

rpa¢l11 KY S = f 0 ix). Henon b3yA npeo5pa30B8HHe nOAo5HR, KalKlloe ce4eHHe MOlKHO CKOppeKTl1pOB8Tb. Ha pHC. 6.1, l nOKa38HO WTPl-'XOBoiil I1HHl1eH cKoppeKTHpoBaHH09 B COOTBeTCTBl11'1 C rpa!jll-lKOM S = = fo (x) epeaaee C9'leHH9.

4. Pacnpen.eneHHe CI!MeflCTBll Ce~9HI1H anons 3allaHHoiil npocrpauCTBI!HHoiil oc .. l. CnpAMn9HHaA ocs i' CQBMIlCTHO co cxoppexrepoeaaHblMH C9'lettI1AMI1 nccpeacraow H3rH5aHMA H Kpy~eHHA npHBollHTCA B HCXOIlHoe nonOlKettHe I. npl1 ::nOM nonepe~HI>le ce4eHHA pacnonolKaTCA B"nIlOCKaCTf!X, nepneHAHKynAplll>lX K npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH OCH I, a nHHeH~aTble o5pa3ylOLLI,I'Ie nOBepXHOCTH Do CT8HOBRTCR KpHsonHH!S1HbIMH npononsas: MH nl1HI1AMM MOllenM xauana (pac, 6.1, a).

BapbHpoBaHl<1e cjJoPMbl MOAeIlI1 KaHana MOlKeT npaHCX()IlMTb 38 C'IeT nepe60pa ¢lOPM Ha~anl>HOrO H KOHe~Horo Ce~eHi1H, SHIlH OCI1 I-' rpa[j)HKa nIlalUaAei1 1'1, ~TO OC06ettHO BalKHo. se cxer pa3nl-1~HblX cnocotioe 3eJl,aHH'" noeepxaocra Do - MOAenM CeMeHCTBa nonepesHblX Ce<leHHfI.

TBKI1M 05ra30M, npOeKTi1pOs3H .. e noaepxaocra KaHanOB C pac- 4eTOM aa HCnonb30BaHl1e 3BM 11 nepi1¢lepHHHoro 060"PYAOSElHHR B Bi1lle rpad. .. 4ecKI-1X AHcnneeB .. rpaeonccrpoarenea HB nepaow ypoBH9 B03MO<-l<HO. ecn .. :

¢lOPMII'l.'30saH noouecc npoercrapoaauaa Ha acex ere sranax: paapatiot aHa reowerpasecxaa BapbHpyeMaA MOIlaJ1b B IlHAe CeTeH nonepe4Hbix obpa3ylOllJ,HX (c9'lettl1iAll1 npoAoIlbHblX HanpBSnAIQllJ,HX, n03BOnRIQLU3A no OJl,HHM H TeM lKe L>1CXOllHI>IM AaHHI>IM C03Jl,aBaTb pa3nH~Hble BI11\1ol nceepxaocrea KaHaJ10B Ha OCHOBe pa3niol~Hblx saKOHOE' (j)opMQo6paaOB8HHA nonepequsrx Ce<leHHH 11 rpa¢l"KOB I<1X nnoutenesi:

reOMerp>1~ecKaR MOAenl> MaTeMaT"'1ecKI<1 onacaua B TOil cjJopMe, xnmpan Hoo5>wJ\HMa AnA HCnOIlb30aaHHR 3BM 101 pa3pa60TKH naxeTOB npHI<J1al,HoIX nporpBMM.

BH9Jl,peHHe CAnp xaaanou npMBOAi1T K coaepW9HCTBOBaHI1IQ npouecca npo exrapcaaa .. A KaHanOB Ha acex ero aranax OT paapa- 60TKI-' 'IepTelt{!S1 110 L>13rOTOBneHI1R H HCnblTElHI1R onsrrasix 06pa31l.0B aa cser:

YCKopeHHA npoeKTi1poB8HI<1A;

nOIly~eHI<1A H cpaBHeHI-1F1 60nbwero KOI1H~ecTBa BapMaHTOB, nocrpoeaasrx no OAHHM 101 reM lKe I1CXOAHblM A8HHbtM;

B03MOlKHOCTH OOIlY4eHioIA AOCTaTO'IHO nonHoil reOMeTpi1'1ecKoiil I1H¢lopMaUHI1 0 KalKAoiil L>13 pa3HOBIilAHOcTei:f KaH8110B (Benl'l .. HHbl nnolUEl,Il,!S1 nonepe~HblX ce'letti1H. HX rpa[j)1<1 Ka, nOnOlKeHl<1e ue-rrpoe TRlKecTL>1, pacnp'en.eneHl-1e Ce<leHHi/t eaons OC .. «aaana 1<1 AP.);

pa3pa60TKI-1 HOBoiil TeXHonor"'1OCKOiii OCHaCTKi1 .I111A aocnpowseeAeHMA onblTHblX 05pa3uOB, 011le'lalOlUeH npeAnareeMblM 3aKOHaM [j)opMoo6pa30BaHHR;

123

COBepWetlCTBOBlIHfoIA npouecca I1CnbITaHI1i1 3KCnepI1MeHT8J1bHbIX 06pa31.10B, OCHOB8HHoro ua B03MO)l(HQCTI1 60Ilee nonaoro y4eTlI Bnl1AHI1A reoMeTpfolfi1 KaHana HO era TeXHI1'IecKfoIe xapaKTepl1CTI1KI1 foI 3KCnIlyaTau,HOHHble K84ecTB3.

6.2. nI1HEA'IAn.IE nOBEPXHOCTI1 KAK MOAEnl1 CEMERcTBA nOnEPE14HI>IX CE14EHI1R

6 K8'lecTBe MOAenei'1 ceMei1cTB nonepe<lHblX Ce<leHH~ npe.o.narCleTcFI Ha60p OTceKOB I1I1HeM'IaTbIX nOBepxHOCTeM.c. (Ta6J1. 6.11. npfi1 copellanettHI1 He60pa foICXOAHM 113 Heo6xOAfoIMOCTI1 n0J1Y4eHHR uiapcxcro posHo06pa311A cPoPM KaHana B C04eTaHHI1 C npocroroa reoMeTpfol4ecxoro MOAenHpOBaHfoIA foI aHanIHI149CKOrO OnfolC!lHHA. 6 Ta611. 6.1 npaBa.IJ,eHO 11 P03J1H4H blX BI1AOB nil Hei1'1aTbiX nOBepxHOCTeM .c.. VI36P8HHble nOBepXHGeTIoI AeJ1ATCA H8 pa3SepTblS8(1Mbie tropcoasrel - l , 2, 3, 10 11 Hepa3seprbisaeMbie (Koeblel - 4 ... 9101 11; no cPoPMe Ha'1aIlhHbiX 11 KOHEl4HbIX Ce4eHloI~ Ha npocrue - 1, 2, 4 ... 8 11 cocrasHi>I(I - 3, 9, 10, 11; no ¢opMe OCI1 - Hepa3sersfleHHI>Ie 1 ... 9 fi1 psseersfleHH/>/(I1O, 1~.

Kparxo oxapakrepaavese npa.lJ,naraeMbl~ MOAenH.

TOPCOBIo18 MOAenl1. Topcosaa (pa3BepTblBlleMaAI nOBepXHOCTb .c. nOIlY4aeTcA 06KaTKoM I1CXOAHblX Ce4ElH>lH do 11 dn 06wej;i xacaTeJ1bHOit nnOCKOCTblO, KOTopaA Bb15>1paeTCA TaK, 4T06bl 06a Ce4eHI1F1 6bHlfoI no OAHY CTOPOHY or Hee. Ha4anbHbiM do 101 KOH~HbiM dn ceseHt.lFlMI1 MorYT Cny)l(HTb npOfollBOI1bHble BblnyKflble KPfolBblB foII1H BblnYKnble 06BOAbi (COCT<lBHble nl1HloIH) f.1l npRMblX f.1 KpHBbIX. npl1 3i1' AaHHI1 HCXOAHbJX CeIIeHloI'" AfoICKpeTHO TO~KaMIoI OHI1 Moryl 6blTb annpOKCI>1MHpoBaHbl (3a:MeHeHbl) MHoroyrOJ1bHHKaMH C BepWI1HaMI1 B 3T>lX TO~Kax. 3TO npaaener K 3aMeHe TOPCOBoH noBepxHOCTI1 60' KOBO~ noeepxaocrsro annpoKcHMHpYlOwero npI13MBT0I1Aa". lIeM ryuie 83AThi TO'lKH H1I Ce<leHI1RX, TeM T04Hge <lnnpOKCHMaufoIA.

6 ratin. 6.1 npHBtlAeHbl Tpl1 BHAa TOPCOBblX nOBepxHOCTei'1: 11 06a Ce4ettloiA MHoroyronbtlf.l KH, annpo KCHM I1PYIOUlI1e BblIlYKI1ble KpHBbie (1); 21" 06a CEl4eHfoIR - BblIlYKIIbie Kplol8ble 2-ro nopAAKil [21; 3) 06a loII1H OAHO Ce'lettHe ABJ1AeTCfI 8blnyKIIi>IM 06BOAOM 1013 npl9MblX f.1 KPHBblX 2-ro nopanxa (31.

6 nepBOM cnvxae npl1 06KaTKe K9CaTanbHaR nI1OCKOCTb, npoXOAA ~epe3 8epwHHY OAHoro 101 CTOpOHy npvroro Ce'leHI1R, onpaaenaer TpeyroIlbHYIO rpaHb annpoKclIIMl1pYIOw,ero npH3MaTOHAa, a npOXOAR '1epea napanIleJ1bHhle CTOPOHbl Ce'leHI1H, - TpaneulllllAanbHYIO rpaHb.

60 8TOPOM cnvsae npa 06K<lTKe BbInYKI1bIX ¢Hryp S KalkAbl~ MOMettT 05w,aA KacaTe{1bHaR nJ1OCKOCTL AaeT Ha Hf.1X napbl COOTBeTCT8et1-

,.. nptl3MElTOIo1A - IIJIIHororpaH1-I ... K C napannenhHltlMVl OCHOB8HHAMKJ 6oKOBaR nOBepXHOCTb Kompof"O CO::TO"T 10'13 -rpeyronbH.-tKOB ~ TpaneUH~, omtpalOLJ..I""CA Ha flepWlo1ttbl " CTOpoHbl OCHOB8H"j;i.

124

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e>l'lrl3dou 0.1-11 KL::JoOHXda'E30U

9).1'ttl::ldou O.J-t' +'I.1.JOH)(CkteoLi

el'lso:x!0.L

HblX TO~eK Ao M An KaCaliI1A, scoropere onpaaena-or 06pa3ylOmylO TOPCOBO~ nOBepXHOCTM. KacaTaJlbHble npAMble K c~eHMAM do 101 dn. napaJIl1eJ1bHbl Me>KAY c060~. Ec.nl'l Cfl'Iet1MAMM ABnAIOTCA napa uenoA06Hblx 3.n11i1nCOB MnM nOA06HbiX C Henapanl1enbHblMH OC1'IMH (HenOA06Ho pacnol10llCeHHblX), HllH, B ~aCTHOCTH, annunc 101 a KPYlKHOCTb, TO noeepxaocrs C, ABl1AeTCA noaepXHOCTblO S-ro nopaaxa.

EcnM a nepaOM 101 BTOPOM cnvsaax C~ettHA nOA06Hbi (HnM pasHhI) 101 nOAci6HCl pacnonO,lICeHbl, TO B03HHKalOT nOBep:(HOCHI C nOA06- HblMIol (lollIH paBHbiMIoI) Ce<leHMAMH: nHpaMIolAanbHble (npIol3MaTIoI~eCKHe), KOHl1'lecKlole (UHnMHAPM~ecKMe)

B llleTbaM clly~ae nplol COCTaBHblX Cfl'IettM1'IX nOBepxHocTb c" KaK COCTOALLlYIO 1013 OTCeKOB nepBblX AByx BMAOS nOBepXHOCTloI, Ha30BeM COCTaBH<M TOpcOBOfi. Ee rpaHM MorYT 6bITb TpeyranbHblMM, rpeneLlel1p,aJlbHbIMH, TOPCOBbIMI1 101, B ~aCTHOCTH, UloInl1HAplll'leeKI1MH M KOHH~eeKHMM OTceKaMIol.

TOpcoBYIO MOAenb MOllCHO ner xo nOlly~VITI, B HaTYpe 1013 nlO60ro nHCTOBoro MaTepHaJla C HaHeceHHeM Ha Hee Heo6xoAIoIMoro KOllM~eCTBa Ce<leHHI:L

KOeble MOAMM. Hepa3BepTbiBaeMbie nI1HeL1'1aTble OOBepXHOCTM 3a,qaIOTCA lllaMA HanpaBlIAIOLLI,I1MH_ VlcxoAH"le AaHHbie BK11104alOT TOl1bKO ABe M3 HI1X - KpMBbie do 101 dn. B03MOllCHOCT" 3aAaHHA rpeTbeH HanpaBn1'l1O~eH onpeaenaer MHoroo6pa3Me $oPM ncaepxuoCTeH c,.

XapaKTepHt»i 0.co6eHHOCTblO AnA KOCblX noeepXHOCTeL1 (cM.Ta611. 6.1, pac, 4_ .. 8, 11) ABnAeTCA TO, ~TO TpeTbelii HanpaBnAlOmelii Bb1611- paerca npAMaR - OCb 0 nY~Ka nnOCKOCTeH. 06pa3ylO~I1e, HanplolMep AoAn. BoBn, nonY'l31OTCA KaK pe3ym.TaT nepece4eHMA nnOCKOCTl-1 II) nY'lKa 0 I: KPMBblMH do M dn•

B 06~eM cnvsae sersipe T04KM nepeee<leHIolA Ao 101 An. Bo 1-1 Bn MOllCHO COe,D,HHMTb AB01'lKO AoAn, BoBn MnH AoBn 101 BoA". 06pa:JYIOLLI,I1e AoBn M BoAn M3 pa<:CMOTPeHHA HCKlllO'IaIOTCA, TaK KaK CHili nepeeeKaKlTCA a npoMe>KYTKe MelKAY Ce<leHMAMM do H dn 11 noaeoxHOCTb f:!., nOllY4eHHall 113 raxoro poaa 06pa3YIO~Hx, 6YAeT HMeTb MBlICAY Ce<let1IilFlMM do H dn nMHMIO caMonllpec~eHHA, 'ITO Henp"',,~, lIeMO AnA noeepXHOCTM KaHaJla. 3TO 06CTOFlTeJ1bCTBO Y'Ii1TbIBaeTCR npH paspatiorxe MaTeMaTH'IecKoro 06ecne4eHI1A AliA aBTOManl3l11po, BaHHoro npoeKTl-lpoBaHMR.

Bbl60p nonOllCeHHA OCH 0 nY'IKa cexvumx nnocxocrea AJ1R noBepXHOCTei:i f:!. 4 4-ro nopsmca 1, 7 H B-ro BL-1Aoe* orpaHM'Iett - J]JlA nOBepXHOCTH l-ro BIolAa OCb 01 AOllllCHa 6bITb napannensaa nnocxoCTl'IM "o,"n KpI1Bblxd(), dn M cnY?KI1Tb pe6poM AsyrpaHHoroyrna, rpaHili 1"1,1"11 «oroooro KacalOTcR o60MX C~ettHi1 do M dn. Flceepxaocn,

• Bcero n"HeH~aTbl" noBep,u,oCTe;; 4-ro nopnnxa ABeHaAIl3Tb B~AOB. 1-t3 HMX All" "en .... H9CTOALLleK pa60TbI I1cnonb3YlOlCR "eTblpe B"'AiI ! I. 4, 7101 8). 8 10011_ 6:1 BKI1IO.""b. TPI1 ". 7" 81. Ocransue.re "p"aB,IIeiibl B [13,811.

126

t-ro BMAa I1MeeT euie OAHY OCb O2, KOTOpaA, etnM 3aj18Hbl KpL-1Bble do, dn 101 OCb 01, OnpeAeJ1AeTCA eAI-IHCTBettHblM 06pa30M.

B 4acTHOM Cl1Y'Iae OCM 01 11 02 Moryr coanaaan, (nn~eDXHOCTb c,4 4-r0 nOpAAKa, 4-ro BI-IAa).. AnA nOBepXHOC1'I1 f:!." 7-ro SIUIl! OCb o He AonllCHa 6blTb nepannensae nnOCKOCTFIM KpHBbIX. '-Iape3 KPMBble do 101 dn MOlKHO nposecra MHOlKecTBO nOBepxHocTeIii 7-ro BL1Ha. AnA aroro B nllOCKOCTH OAHO~ 1013 KpHBblX do npolol3BollbHO JaA!H!TCA TO'lK8 001, '-Iepe3 Hee npoBoAATCR ABe nllOCKOCTI1 'TI 11 Til, xacaTaJlbHble "HapYlICIfO" K KPHBblM do 101 dn. IlHHMR nepeee~eHIolA nnocKocTe~ ABnAeTCA IoICKOMOH 01:1.10 o. B APyrMx MOAenA)C

a) AllR noaepxaoc'ra c,4 8-ro BMAa OCb 0 nellCHT B nnOCKOCTIol 7, KacaTeJ1bHO~ K KPHBblM do H v-: nOBepXHOCTb 8-ro BMAa MOlKHO paccwarpaaars KaK npeAenbHbli1 cny~aii nOBepxHOCTM 7-ro BI1AB, KOTOPbl ~ B03HH xaer npi1 c6nl1lKeHMM nnocxocrea 71 101 'TIl ennors fJP cOanaAeHlilR;

6) AJ1A noaeo XHOCTM C, 8 S'ro nopanxa (CM_ Ta611. 6.1, pMC. 7) OCb o MOlKeT nepecexars nnOCKOCTM KPMBblX do 1-1 dn B 1I106blX BHYllleHHIAX TO'lKaX, B T861111Lle OHa npOXOAI1T '1llpea UeHTpbl KPl1BbIX;

B) AnA nOBepXHOCTBH C HeBbtnYKl1blMM CB4eHHAMH do 101 dn' TO'IKM 00 M On Bbl61-1palOTCA TaKHM 06paaOM, '1T06bl nllOCKOCTM ny'lKa 0 nepecexana OAHOBpeMettHO 06a Ce<leHHA He 60nee ~eM B ABYX AeHCTBIolTenbHblX T04Kax. B npHBeAeHHOM npHMepe T04KB 00 Bbl6paHa KaK TO'lK8 nepeee<leHIo1F1 Kacarel1bHblX t] 101 t2 B TO~Kax neperafia, Ee MOlKHO 6blno B3RTb B nlO60j:j TO'IKe 3aWTpIolKoBaHHoi1 06naCTH;

r) AnA COCTaBHblX KOCblX nOBepxHocTei1 C, HCnonb3ylOTCA MOAYllbHble OTceKH nHHeH'IaTbiX nOBepXHoCTei13 H 4-r0 nopAAKOB (811. CTbl KyeMble no TOPCOBblM 06pa3yiOLLI,I1M, ~TO 06ecne4101Baer 06mYIO KeeaTeJ1bHylO nnOCKOCTb Ha CTbl ice, B K3'1ecTBe OAHofi 1-13 B03MOlKHblX MOAenefi aroro BHAa noxaaaaa MOAeJ1b 9, COCTOA~aA M3 'IeTblPBX OTceKOB nOBepxHOCTei:i c,4 4-ro nopanxa 7-ro BHAa;

A) AnA pa3BeTBlleHHbiX KaHaJlOB ropccaaa MOAeJ1b COCTOMT H3 rpex Y4acTKoe: BnYCKHoro, nepexoaaoro 101 paaeeranaaaoro. Xapascrepaaa OI:OOeHHOCTb MOAenM 3aKnlO~a1OTCR B TOM, 'ITO oaa AaJlMTCA Ha nea CIAMMerpH4HbiX MnVl C 311AaHHbIM COOTHOWeHloleM nnoma,qelii nonvxauana, nepeceicaiouuaxca B nepexoAHo~ ~aCTH no paaaenarensHOMY pe5py. Kocsre pa3BeTB11eHHbiB KaHaJlbl pa3nM'IalOTCA TOllbKO COOC050M nocrpoeaaa 06pa3YIOlJ.Ullx MOAenM. 06pa3ylOlJ.Ulle MOAellH f 1 nOnY'lBHbl KaK pesvnsrar nepee~eHMR nY~Ka nllOCKOCTeH, npoxOAAmer:o sepea OCb 0 CHMMBlllMH KaHalla.

6.3. np"'3MATO"'Abl KAK nOBEPXHOCT ....

AnnpOKC ... MIotPYIOII.\ ... E n"'HEA'tATbiE MOAEIlW

KaK 6bl HH 6blfll1 3a,qaHbl I1CXOAHble AaHHble - ynopRA04BHHbiM PRAOM TO~eK HlIM ypaBHeHHAMl1, npouecc pacsera noaepXHOCTI1 C, 11 BbI4ep~I1eaHHR ee Ha rpatponocrpoarene OCHOBblBaeTCR HB AHcKpeT-

127

HOi'i HH$oPMClUI1H, C y~eroM 3a/l3HHOri BenH~I1Hb' norpeWHOCTI1 5" 3TO 3H3~I1T, ~TO Ha~anbHoe do ~ KOHe4Hoe d" ce4ettHA annpOKCI1MHpytoTCfI MHoroyronbHHKaMI1. npH norpeWHOCWI 5 = 0,05 Bbl4ep'leHHbl e Ha rpaqmnocrpowrane MHoroyronbHHKIo1 BIo13yanbHo BOCnpHHI1- MatoTCfI KaK Kplo1Bble.

T8K;.1M o6pa30M, AnR aBTOMaTIo1JHpOB8HHoro npoEKTl-lpOBaHHR noaepxaocrea KDHanOB IoICnOn"JOB8HH9 nplo13M3T0l1AOB KaK MOAeneCi CeMet.1CTBa Ce'leHIoIi.i ~MeeT npaxravecscoe 3Ha'leHI-19.

flpennar aercn pa3nH48Tb rpH BHAa rpaHHblX rtoeepxaocrea, KOTOPblMH annpoKCI1MI1PYtoTCfI TOpCOSb19 1-1 KOCble MOAeJllA: TOPCOSbli'i, KOCOi.i, Tpl1at-trynfll!.HOHHblf;_ nOBepXHOCTb BblnYKnoro Ilp1A3MaT0lo11l8 acerna pacnonarserca no OAHy CTOpOHy or nKl6oi'i 1013 nnOCKOCTeL1 era rpaHeL1" PaHee ynOMI1HanOCb, 'ITO OH nonvseercs ofiKaTKoi.i nnOCKOCTbKl HCXOIlHblX MHoroyronbHH KOS do I'l dn" C reoMelpl14e· CKOi.i TO~KI1 3peHI1f'1 allAHTb nplA3M8T0l1A 3TO 3Ha'H-tT yeTaHosl1Tb no" PRAOK COa/lHt-teHI1"'1 BepWHH MHoroyronbH~lK06 do 11 dn H a8!IJHKcloIocaan, KOOPIlHHaTbl KOHUOB ero 60KOBbiX petiep, AJ1f1 aroro xepes CTOPOHbl MHoroyrOnbHHK8 dn npoBoAATCFI nIlDCKOCTH C "HapylKHbIM" KacaHl1eM no OTHoweHHIO KO BTOpoMy MHoroyronbHI1Ky (pHC. 6_2, a]. Cne.c.b' 3TlAX nnOCKOCT~ Ha nnOCKOCTk1 MHoroyro11bHI1Ka do o6pa3ytoT MHoroyronbHI1K d~ C 4101cnOM CTOPOH m M CTOPOH3MH, napa;l!lenbHbIMH cropoHaM MHorOyrOnbHHKa dn- 3n1 m nnocxocrea "KOCttyTCA" MHoroyrOnbf-lHKa do B eepWI<1HaX B, C, D, E, xoropste COBMOCTHO co CTOpOH3MIiI MHoroyronbHloI!<3 dr; 06r1aJYKlT rpaHI1 BHG, BGF, EFK, EKI H DHIC. nOCneAl-tAR rpaHb rneneueanansaaa, TaK K8K COOTSeTCTI!eHHble CTOpOH'" DC ~1 IH napa!1I!anI>Hb~_ Ee MO)l(· HO paccwarpaears KaK COCTOAll!.YKl >13 A&YX CQBnaBWb4X B OAHY nnOCKOCTb rpevroneastx rpaHei.i: OAHY C BepWI1HOV: D H CTOpOHO~ IH, a APyrylO C BepWHHOi.i H 11 CTOPOHOH DC, B 06ll!.€M cIlY'lae, xorAll ace cooraerctaeaasre pe6pa OCHOS3HHf! dfJ, dn HcnapannenbHb:, KOnl1'lOCTBO pe6ep paBHO 2m_ nOHII!MSR BC' .. JMO)l(j-H)CTb Bbl naAeHHI! pe6ep aa C'IeT Cnl1l!HI1R rpevronsaerx rpaHw, B AaJibHciiweM 3Ty 4aCTHOCTb oroeapaaan, He 6YAeM.

DOKr.lBaA nOB!tPxHOCTb «ocoro npl43MaTOl-\lIa COCTOl'll 1013 OTceKOB rl4nep60nl1~ecKHx napa50n0l1AOB (KOCblX nnockocrea). "!rODbl ero nOny4HTb i'ta annpoKCHMHpyeMoi'i nOBepXHOCH!~, t-tanpI-1MepLl.4 S-ro BHAa, c v~eTOM cnoco6a ee oopa30BaHIoIR 101 HeOOXOIlv.MO~1 Benk1~HHoi'i norpeWHOCTI1 5, CTpORTCA AHCKpeTHoe xonaxecrso (.'11) 05pa3ylOuiax 1<1 aHanftTH~ecKH paCC~HTbIBaIOTCA (CM. nansuie crp, 145) KO- 0PAftHaTbl I1X KOHlIOB. CMelKHble oDpa3ylOLtlHe AoA", BoB", C()Cm··· onpenenaicr s ODll!.eM cny~ae npocrpaacraeuusre 4en.lpexyronbHft· KH AoA"B,J3o, BoBnC"C() •...

Paccexan HX nonepe'lHblMI-1 nnOCKOCTAMH, nony'lI1M BblnYKnble MHoroy.-onbHI-!KI-1 c ~l1cnOM cropoH,paBHblM m, a B npenenax o/lHoro

128

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e

~eTblpexyronbHIo1Ka, HanplilMep AoAnBnBo, - OTceK rlo1nep60111014ecxoro napationonaa.

DOKOSaR IlOBe.'XHOCTb Tplo111HrynRUlo1oHHoro nplo13MaTOiolAll COCTOlilT 1ot3 TpeyronbHblX I"pllHelii. OH nonvsaerca, eCI1t. ropaCTpaHCTBEHHble 4eTbipexyrol1bHIIIKiol AoA"BnBo, BoBnCnCo, ... pa30lllTb IIlotarOHanRMIol Ha rpevronsuere rpaHIil. nOCKOl1bKY AlilarOHanlM B KalKD.OM 4eTblpExyro11bHI1KE IIBe, TO B03HIIIKalOT BC'3MOlKHOCTl1 B3pblotpOSaHIII>'! /I11R llY4We..1 annpOKCIilMaUlil1ot nOBepXHOCTIol A. nplil TJ)i1aHrynAUllloHHOM cnocces B 06weM cnY4aE nony~alOTcR HeBblnYKnLle nplo13MaTOIolAbl. npi1 onpeAenetlHblX B3alotMHbiX n0I10)l(EHII>'!X IICXOAHblX MHoroyrOl1bHIilKOB dO 11 dn TpllaHrYllRUIilA 11 06KaTKa lIalOT OAIoIH 11 TOT )l(e npasM8TOIilA.

KalKAbl1ii 1013 paccMOTpetlHblX npll3MaTOiolIIOB MO)f(eT 6bITb Bbl6paH annpOKCIIMIilPYIOWI'iM nlO6yIC 113 IlOBepXHOCTIM A. Bbl60p onpaaenaeTCR ycnoBloleM 3a.Aa4 lot ,

JlnR IlOl1y'leHI'iR nn3BHoi1 nOBepXHOCTIol xaaana rcpccasre noaepxHOCTI1 A annpOKCIo1MIo1PYIOTC>'! TOPCOBblMIol npIot3MaTOIIAaMi1, a xocere nOBepXHOCTIot A - KOCblMIil npIot3MaTOi1AaMi1,

B sanasex. rAE Tpel'iyeTCR 33Metla Kocolii nOBepxHOCTl1 paaeeprerBaeMoi1, uenecccbpasuo annpOKCIotMlllPOB3Tb TOPCOBI>IMIol nplot3Ma· TOIolAaMi1 C OOR3aTenbHbiM Io1cclleAoBBHllleM B03HIo1KalOmelii CTeneHII norpeumocra IIIlIol TpIl3HryI1RUl'ioHHbIMi1 npI'l3M3TOIllAaMI1, «oropsre AI1A aTIIIX uenei1 MoryT 6blTI> eonee T04HbIMIo1, TaK KaK 1ot3 2m peoep nplll3MaTOMAa n0I10B~1Ha ABI1RIOTCR o6pa3ylOLUI'IMI1 nOBepxHOCTIM A.

nYCTb npM3M3TOHA 3a.AaH KOOPlllotHaTaMIol KOHUOB era pe6ep (Ta611. 6.21. AHaIliotTIot4ecKoe OnlotCilHlole npIo13MaTO"AOB OCHOBaHO lola TOM, 4TO nonepe'!Hble Ce4et1101Fl Aarll'lT pe6pa I'i OCb t Ha nponopuaoHaIlbHble 4aCTI'I. 3amlweM ypaBHeHMA xapxaca pe6ep III Ce4eHMi1 nplot3MaTOl'llIa:

x

V= Voj+-X-(Vnj -Voil;

n

x

Z = Z o] + -- (Znj - Zajl ,

xn (6.11

rAe 41'1Cl10 pel'iepj = 1,2 .... ,9, O";;;;:x ";;;;:x",xn= 60 MM.

nplI ¢IoIKCMPOBBHHOM x = qXa ypaBHeHI'IR (6.11 onpenensscr KOOPAI1HBTbl aepWHH nonepe4HbiX Ce4et1l11i1. nplil qJ .... KCHpOBBHHOM i ypaBHBHi1A (6.11 onpaaenaior pefipa npi13MaTOIotAB. HanplotMep, npM x = 0,5xn KO,oPIIIIIHaTbl BepWIotH V = 0,5 (Vai + Vnjl. Z = 0,5 (zoj +znjl. npM i = 1 ypaBHeHHe peopa 1 (AF) nonvsaer BblpalKeHlote x = 12z -

180. V= O. '

nIloma.Ab npOl'l3B0l1bHOrO, HanplilMep, cepen .... HHoro Ce4eHIIIR Haxo· AIotTCR KaK C'{MMa nnowallei1 TpeyrOl1bHMKOB, 3a.ABHHbIX HB4arlOM 0 MecTHO~ CMCTeMbi KOOPlllotHaT (pMC_ 6.2, 51 " KalKA~ CTOPOHOi1 ce~eHIotW

130

2m

S = 0.5 . L (I'JZi+l- Yii-lZjl.

1=1 rne i= 1, 2, 3, .... 2m.

nl10waAb Cepa.AHHHoro CE4EHIotR SCP = 1042,57 MM2. JJ.nR uearpoC .... MMeTpIo14HbIX MHorayrollbHIIIKOs do H dn KOOp4l1HaTbi ueurpos TRlKecTe~ A/lFl npOMelKYTO'lHbIX CElieH1II14 COana.AYT C OCblO I'.

B 06me,., cnvsee OHM pacC41otTblBlllOTCA no tPcPMynaM:

2m 2m

L SjVpj ,L SjZpj

j= 1 S ; Z p = "':«:':

(6.2l

Yp

(6.31

COOT'

BeTCTlIetiHO nll0ma.Ab 11 KOOPIIMHaTbl ueurpa TR)I(ecTIol j-rt» rpevronsHIotKa.

4ro6bl vnpocrars 3alla4y Onpa.AeneHHR nnomallei1 npoMelKYT04- HblX C9'letmi1 np .. 3MBTO .... na, uenecoofipaauo BblABIIITb rpacjJMK S = f(xl pacnpEAeIle""R nnOWalle~ Ce4eHiotlii BIIOnl> ycnosHo~ OC,", t . JJ.nR pe· WetllllR 3BAB4H pB306"eM npI13MBTO"1I Ha TaKl'le ¢11rYPbl, AI1>'! KOTO· psrx I1POCTO yCTaHoBI1Tb rpa¢IIIK nJ10 ma.AeH. K H .... M OTHOCATCR nlil' paMIilAbl, OCHOBaHHA KOTOPblX HaxoAATcA B nnOCKOCTIil nepsoro MHoroyronbHI'IKB, a BepWI'IHbl B nl10CKOCTM aroporo, lot Heo60poT, a TaK>Ke rpevronsusre n .... paMHAbl, y KOTOPblX ABa CKpeLUi1BBlOwIo1XCA pa6pa ne)l(aT B nll0CKOCTRX Ce'leHHIll do .... dn. B OTI1 .... llIIe OT nepesrx, 110CnClAHi1e HB30BeM TeTpa3l1paMIot. I'1CKOMbl~ rpaqJlIIK n0l1y4 .. TCR KaK cyMMa rpaqJ .... xes nnouianea qJl'lryp. Ha icoropsre pa3610tBaeTcFl reno MOAell ... Pa36111et11ote cnaaver npcecnars B T1IKO~ nocnenoaaTenbHOCTIot: HIIIlBIlbHoe CE4et1I'1B do Bbl6paTb 3a'OCHOBaHHe ABCDE ni1pBMHAbl C Bepwlo1Ho~ B TOIiKe On I pnc, 6.2, BI.

Ce4eHl'le dn pa3610tTb Ha m rpevronsaa KOB C o6welii aepWI'IHO~ fI On, kcropsre COBMacTHO C BepWHHaMI'I B, D, E onpaaenaor euie m ni1paM"A BFGOn, BGHO", DHIO", EIKOn, EKFOn. YKa3aHHbie m

T a 611 ~ u a 6.2

Pe6po T04Ka Voj Zoj TooKa VlJj _ Znj
1 A 0 15 F 0 20
2 B 24,62 8 F 0 20
3 B 24,62 - 8 G 19,02 6,18
4 B 24,62 8 H 11,76 -16.18
5 C 10 -13J6 H 11,76 -16,18
6 f) -10 -13,76 I -11,76 -16,18
7 E -24,62 8 I -11,76 -16.18
8 E -24,62 8 K --19.02 6.18
9 E -24,62 8 F 0 20 131

nl'1paMI1A lienonHOCTblO 3 ali 01 MalOT 06beM npOl3MaTOOIAa. ,QnR liarnAAHOCTOI 06beMbl,311HRTble nOlpaMI'1A8MI1, pa3JlSI1HYTbi {pac, 6.2, e, z]. OCTaSWI1i1cA 06beM npencraanaar 113 ce6A m TeTjJa3ApOB ABFO", AEFOn, BCHOn, DCHOn, DEIO", I1MetoLUHX OOLUylO BepWI1Hy On 11 npOTL-IBOnOnOlKHole pe5pa, nplIIHaA11elKaLUl-1e nnOCKOCTRM ocHOBaHOIi'! do 11 dn (pOle. 6.2, d).

nOCnB pa36HBKI-1 npH3MaToOlAa Ha nl1pl'IML-IAbl L-I rerpasnpst Ka)l(AOe npoMelKYTo~Hoe C9'leHl1e, Hanpl1Mep cePMHIiHoe (pIllC. 6.2, al, MO)l(HO npeACTaBI1Tb COCTORLUI-1M 113 C!!'IeHI1H 3TIIIX Ten (pac. 6.2, e, 2, dl.

JlOKelKfM cneaviouiee npeAnO)f(eHl-1e_ fl106af1 npU3M8TOUdHaf1 MOden/> KaHafla UMeeT napa50nU'IeCKUU 3aKOH U3MeHeHUf1 nflo(lfadetJ Cl!'IeHUU edonb ycnoeHoU OCU t'.

Caaxana AOKa>KeM, ~TO rpaq:,VlKI1 nnOLUaAeM ¢l1ryp, 3anOnHAIOLUI1X npVl3MaToHA, napa6onH~ecKl1e_

1113BecTHo, 'ITO OTHOWfHllle nnoLUaA61 C9'leIiI'1H, napannensaerx ocHOBaHl11O nl1paMI'1Abl, paBHO OTHoWeHl1to KBaApaTOB paCCTORHI1H OT eepWI1H AO nnOCKOCTH C9'leHL-IH. B CBA311 C :HI1M nJ10LU3Jlb SI npOMB' )l(yro~Horo Ce4eHI1A nOloaML-IAbl ABCDEOn

51 = 'I (x) =So (1 _-1-)2,

_n

rne xn - Bbl(;OT;I nl1paMI1Abl, So - nnouiaas do-

rpa¢HK npaacraenaer C060H nepationv SI =t, (x) C BepTL-IK,lI1bHOH ocsic, npoxonaurvio sepea T04KY 00 (0, So) 11 I1MelOLUYto sepWI1Hy B TO'lKe'On (xn, 0) {puc, 6.2, s},

AHaJ10rl1'1HO onpenenmorca rpaq:,I1KI1 AIlR nto60H 113 m nl1paMI1A, npl1MbiKalOLUL-IX K OCHOB8HI11O dn (pHC. 6.2. e], ronuco BepWI1Hbl napaooJl COBna.AYl C H84anOM KOOpJlI1HaT 00. CyMMapHblH rpa¢OIK acex 3TI1X nL-lpaMOIA - nspaeona, npoxousuiaa 4epe3 TO~KI1 C KOOpAL-IHaT3MM (0,0) H (Xn, Sill. rne Sn = S, + S2 + ... +Sm - CYMM8 nnoLU3AeIiI oCHoBaH~(;1 nOlpaMOIJl, npVlMblKatolUl1X K dn. AnR acex napaMI1A cYMMapHbl~ rpa¢L-I K nnoLU3Ae~ 6YAeT ra-ose napa60noo:

x2

S1 = f2 (xt = Sn -2-'

Xn

npoxoAALUe(;1 4epea T04KY (Xn, S nl [pac, 6.2,21.

3TOT rpa¢I1K n03BonReT Bbl~L-ICnHTb All" npoMelKYTO'lHbIX CfIIBHI1i1 cpaav CYMM3PHYto nnourans m n~paMI1A, lie npHoerafl K Bbl~l1- Cnelil1to nnOLUaAeM KODKAO~ 1013 nlo1paMI1A.

PaCCMOTpl1M rpacPL-IK 1113MeHeH~A nnOLUaAeM AIlA onaoro ABFOn 113 TeTpa3APOB. nYCTb pa6pa AB 11 FO" I-1MeHlT BeJll1'1HHbl 8 01 b 11 CKpeLUl1BalOTCA nOA yrnoM 'P. npoMelKYTO'IIiOe i-e Ce~etlHe B·061i1.eM cny~ae I1MeeT ¢OPMY llapaIlnenorpaMMa CO CTopoHaMI1 8; III b], nno-

LUaAb KOTOPO ro

(6.41

132

Beml~HHbl CTOPOIi 8; 11 b; nponopUHOHanbHbl 8 ~ b:

x

; b;=bx-.

n

(6.5)

nOACTaBJlAR (6.5) B (6.4), nony'lHM rpa¢I-1K nnolU3AeIiI:

(x,,-xlx .. (xn-x)x

S;j = ab sin 'Pj x~ Sj' 4 ' (6.6)

rAe S; - vcnosaea nJ10LUa.Ab nepannenorpawwa, nccrpoeaaoro ua SeJ1I1'1I-1HaX a 11 b. nony~eHHbl~ rpa¢ll/tK nJlOLUa.AeM nonep9'llibiX ceseHL-I~ - napationa C 8epTI1KanbHoi1 OCblO, npoXOAALlUIR '1epe3 TO'lKI1 C KOOPAI1HaTaM~ (0, OJ ~ (xn, 01 (pac, 6.2, d). BepwHHa napaoonbl ccoraercrsver MaKCOIMaJlbHOO nnOLUaAI1 CflleHHA 101 11 MeeT KOOPAI1Ha-

x - - -

Tbl (~, Stpj), rAe ~pj = 0,25~ sin'Pj = 0,251>j - OTCIOAa CYMMep-

HaR nnoLU3Ab cpeauero Ce'leHOIA ~p TeTpa3APoB

_ m

~p = 0,25 . ~ Sf = 0,2~p" J ; I

CYMMapHblH rpa(j)HK nnOlUaAeM S~ = f~ (,l() AnA m rerpaanpoa npeACTasnAeT C060H T3K)I(e napefionv, npOXOARLUylO xepes TO'lKI1 C xn

KOOPAIo1HaTaMI1 (0,01, (xn, 0), (2; O,2~p).

TaKL-IM 06pa30M, B llenOM AJ1A npl-13MaT0l1Aa rp3¢11/tK S = f (x) 113- MeHetilotA nnOLUaAe~ [pac. 6.2. e] BAonb ycnOBHO~ OCI1 RBnAeTC1I napa6onH'IecKMM 1-1 Onpa.AeJ1AeTCA KaK peavnerar CnOlKeHI1R rpex rpaq:,I1KoB. nOJlY'IeHHbIX AIlA n~paMOIAbl C BepWI1HOi1 B TO'lKe On 11 OCHOBaHl1eM do (PlJlc. 6.2, e], AIlR m nl1paMI1A C OCHOeaHL-IAMIo1 B nllOCKOCTI1 dn lot BepW~HaMIll Ha do (pac, 6.2, 2), AIlA m TeTpa3ApOB C npoTL-IBOnOnO)f(HbIM~ CTopOHaMVI B nnOCKOCTAX MHoroyronbl-ll1KOB do 11 dn (Pl1c. 6.2, 0').

YpasHelil1e pe3YJ1bTHPy1OLUelii napa60nbl

S=px1. + qx + r. (6.7)

K03¢¢Hlll1et1Tbl p, a, r OnpaAaJ1AIOTCA 113 YCnOBI1R npoXOlK,Q,etlillA napations: ~epe3 TO~KIo1 C KOOPAHHaTaMI1 (0, Sol. (.!'f-. SCP I 11 (x n, Sn), rAe Scp = 0,25 (So + Sn + .s::p)' nOACTaBI1B 3Ha~eH~R KOOPAI1- HaT YK3a3liHbiX T04eK B (6.7) ~peWI1B CI1CTeMY ypaBHtlHI1H, HaHAeM 3lia'leHHe K03q:,¢ll/tUl1eHTOB:

2So -7cp .q=-

,,=So· (6.81

p

KOOPAL-IHaTbl BepWIIIHbl nepaOOJlbl

sc = [2So - ~pjXn ; Zc = 4SoSn - (S~p)2

2 (So + 5" - S~p) 4 (So -t Sn - S~pl

(6.9)

133

PeJynbTI1PYIOW8R nepabona rpa¢ll1Ka nllOUl8JJ.ei1 BOrHYTB npl1 51p < 0,25 (So + Snl. BblnYKna npl1 S1:p > 0,25 (So + Sn) 11 npeepauiaerca B npAMYIO npl1 S~p = 0,25 (So + Sn)-

ArIA nplolMepa, npl1BQJleHHOrO Ha pHC. 6.2, So = 925,67 MM2, Sn = = 951,1 MM2, ~p = 2293,5 MM2, Xn = 60 MM.

OnpeAenHB no (6.8) p, q 11 r, nonY'IIiIM ypaBHeHHe rpa!fll1Ka nno-

S = - 0,116x2 + 7,369x + 925,67.

KOOPAHHaTbI BepwHHbl napa601l101 (31,83; 1042,96).

6_4. TOPCOBAR MOAEnb C HA'tA.nbHbIM iii KOHE'tHbIM CE'tEHt4RMt4 B BI1AE KPI1BblX BTOPOrO nOPRAKA

MOAMI. nonvxaerca 06KaTKo~ KPI1BblX do 11 d n nnOCKOCTblO T e "HaPYlKHbIM" KaCaHl1eM. CoOTBeTCTBettHble T04KI1 Ao, An KpWBblX do 11 dn HMetOT napannensuue KOCaTeIlbHble (PI1C. 6.3, a)

Onl1W9M MOAenb B aHam1TI1'IecKoCi <j:)opMe AIlR CIlY4aR 4al.Lle Beero acrpesa-otueroca B np(lKTI1Ke, xorna OAHO 113 Ce4ettl1~ - OKPYlK' HOCTb. )laHbl annanc ddao.bo) 11 OKpYlKHOCTIo dn (R). 3TI1 ycnoBI1R 3aAalOT eAI1HCTBettHylO MOAenb, npeACTaBllRlOl.LIYIO c060i1 OTceK 0A' HOO nonbl TOPCOBOCi nOBepXHOCTI1 8-ro nopanka,

YpaBHeHI1e3nnl1nCa (Pl1c. 6.3, 5):

y = ao cos.p; z = bo sin"".

(6.10)

YpaBH€HHe 0 KPYlKHOCTI1:

y=Rcosu; z=Rsin(T.

16.11)

PaBeHCTBO vrnoesrx K03¢¢111111€HTOB KO 11 Kn, KacaTenbHlotX B T04Kax Ao 11 An, n03BOllReT yC1BHOBI1Tb CBA3b MelKAY yrnaMi-t I{J 11 (T:

tg.p = bte tg (T.

(6.12)

nOCl1e H ecllOlKHIoIX npeo6pa30BBHI1i1 nOlly4l1M: ao CO$U

(6.13)

(6.14)

rAec5 = a~ + b~.

KOOPAI1HaTbl COOTBeTCTseHHblX T04eK A(), An KI1 (6.13) 11 (6.14) B (S.10) CneAYlOl.J..II1e:

134

nocne nOACTaHoB'

P"c. 6.3. Topco .. a .. MOAMI> ceMeKCTBB nonepeQHb')( ce~eft .. i4

a

N~~

~ "/ ~\

a/; \ 'I\;@';;""'"

,

8 iJ

a~ COS(l

Yo = ";85 - c~sin2 (I b~ sinu

z i) =. -;::::=::;::==;~

.Ja~ - c~ sin2 a

(6.15)

Yn = Rcoso; zn = R sin c.

(6.16)

I

I'

COQJl~HeHl1eM COOTBeTCTBeHHblX T04eK nonv .. aeM nI1Hei1~aTble 06· pS3ylOl1.II1€ TOPCOBO~ nOBepXHOCTI1.

135

Koop,QMH8TbI TO~eK npOM9)I(YTO'lHIoIX ee'leHl1~ onpenenaior 113 yeJ10BI1R nponopU~HanloHoro AeJleHHA 06pa3ytollJ,I1X:

Yn (01 ~ Yo (01 ( I

y= Xn x+YoO;

(6.171

Zn (01 ~Zo (01 ( I

Z =' x + Zo 0 .

Xn

YpaBHeHl1e (6.17) aaaaer nosepxaocn, TOpea S napaMeTpl1~eCKOM SHAe. npl1 <P ~ canst, x ~ var ncnv-aerca ypaeHeHl1e 06j:>a3yIOllJ,HX nOBIlpXHOCTH. npl1 <P ~ var, x ~ canst ~ ypasH8HI1e nonepesHoro Ce'lOHI1A nOBepXHOCTI1. npl1 x = O.5xll nOJ1y~aeTcFI CepeAI1HHOe ce~eHHe dcp (Pl1c. 6.3,5) B BI1Ae OAHO~ BeTBI1 KPI1BO~ B·ro nopanxa,

rpaiPl1K nnoutaAeiiI nonepe~Hblx Ce'leHI1~ Om-1CbISaeMo~ MOAenl1 MOItmO nony~HTb ASYMA cnoc06aMI1. nepsblH enoco6 3aKJ1IO'IaeTCA B TOM, ~TO TOPCOBYIO noaapXHOCTb annpoKCI1MI1PYIOT npH3M8rol1- AOM H AanbHeiiI~He paC'IeTbl aeAYTCfI TaK, KSK onl-1caHO S § 6.3.

¢lopMa Bnl-1CaHHOro npl13M8T0l1Aa AOn)l(Ha y~I1TblaaTb cnocof 06- paaOBaHHA ropea. C 3TOM uenuo Ce'leHl-1e do pa361'1aaeTCA Ha m '1acTeM (H8 pHC. 6.3, 6; m = 161. Ha aTopoM ee~eHI1I'1 HaXOAATCA COOTBeTCTBeHHbie TO'IKH, 113 YCJ10BI'IA napennensaocra KaCaTeJ1bHbIX. B 06llJ,eM cnY'lae npl'l3M8TOI1A 11 MeeT 2m pe6ep.

npeI1MYllJ,8CTBO aroro cnocotia 3aKnlO~aeTCFI S TOM, ~TO OH HOCI1T 06lL1,11H xapaKTep H B paSHOH CTeneHI1 MO)l(eT 610lTb Mcnonb30aaH AJ11l ntoOblx nMHeH~aTbiX MOAeJ1ei1. B TOM '1l1cne ~ AnR KOCblX (CM. ratin. 6.1).

BTOPOH cnoco6 npennonaraer BblASneHl1e aHanHTM~ecKI1X 3aSI1' CHMOCTeiiI. Y~HTbIBaKH~x cneLlH!jJ11 KY KOHKpeTHoro BiolA'; MOAene~. AnA onpaJIaneHI1F1 3TH X 38al1CHMOCTeH Bnl1eaHHbl~ npl13MBT0l1A pas- 611BaeTCR eAI1HCTBeHHblM 06PB30M H8 m + 1 nl1paMI1AY 11 m TeTpa3ApOB. B cepeAI1HHOH nnOCKOCTI-1 noxasaaa (pMC. 6,3, 6) KBpTHHa I1X Ce'leHMA.

3aWTpl1XOBaHHbie Y'IaCTKM AalOT nno~aAb Ce'leHMR (m+ 1) -napaM I1A, paBHYto 1 /4 ~aCTl1 CYMMbl nnOUlaAeH Ha~anbHoro So 14 KOHe'IHoro Sn Ce'leHI1~.

He3aWTpl1XOBaHHbie ytlacTKM B SHAe nepannanorpaeawos llalOT nJ1ol14llAb 51p Ce'leHM~ m TeTPa3ApoB, KOTopaR Ha3BBHa CMewaHIfOH,

OnMWeM cnocoti nonytleHMA CMewaHHO~ nJ1outaAl1 aHanMTM'IecKIil. nnOllJ,aAb OAHOro nepanlleJ10rpaMMa paaua ~p/2ml b, rAe P ~ nepaMeTP 3J1nMnCa do, a h - BIoICOT8. rpa<pliI~ecKM nno~aJlliI napannenorpaMMoB MO)l(HO 3aMeHMTb paBHOBeJ1HKMMM npRMoyrOJ1bHHKaMIii (Pl1c. 6.3, e. z).

nplil YBenl1'1e1o'1l1l1 ~Hcn8 CTOpoH m Benl1~I1Hbl BblCOT 3neMeHTIlpHblX npAMoyronbHMKos CTpeMATcA K Senl1~IIIHe O,5R.

136

ECJlI1 Ayry anrtanca Cnpf!MHTb, TO S CHCH!M€ y, Z nnouiaas ~p SblP8Sl1TCR npFiMoyronbHI1KOM [pac, 6,3, d):

~p =O,25Rp,

rAep - nepHMeTp annanca, KOTOpblCi MO)l(HO nOAC~HTaTb no npH6JlIII)l(eHHbIM !j:l0pMynaM, Hanpl1Mep,

p = 7f 11 ,5 ~ao + bo) ~ ~].

TaKI1M oopa30M, nnouians cep8AHHHoro Ce'leHI1A

Scp = O,257f{R2 + 8obo + [1,5 (ao + bo) ~ ~] R}, (6.181

B § 6,3 6blno AOK';38HO, ~TO rpa!j:l~lK S = f (x) 113MeHelil1R nnouiaAei1 nonepesastx ce~eHMH npl13MaTOI1Aa - napa60nl1~ecKllliii. n3p860- nl140CKlilM OH 6YAeT 11 A/1A ropca, K8K npeAenbHoH ncaepxuocta. K KOTOPOf; CTpeMIllTCA npH3MaT0l1A nplll HeOrpaHI'I~eHHOM YBenH'IeIU11i1 ~lIIcna ero rpaHei1.

nap;;60nl1~eCKIII~ rpacj>I1K {pac, 6.3, e]

S = pX2 +qx +r

onpenenaerca no TpeM TO'lK8M (0, Sol, [xnl2, Sepl, Ixn, Snl C IIICn0J1b30SaHH€M !j:lOpMyIl (6.81.

nOCKO.1bKy do H «« - LleHTpOCI1MMeTplll~Hble !j:llllrypbl, LleHTpbl TA>KecTH npOMelI<yTO'lHbIX Ce'leHI1H ccanaaacr C OCblO x. Ha PIllC. 6.3, )I( nOK83(1H Ha60p ce~eHl1iii.

np"Mep onpeAeneH"" rpaq,MKa nnolLl8l1Bit. l1eXOAltble AaHHble; AJ1A MOAe·

nM [P.,c. 6,3) "0 =45 MM; bo =20 MM; R = 30 MM; xn = 108 MM. nnOlLlaAb cpem-ero ce.eH.,,, onpeJI,en"eTC" no <!>opMyne (6.18;:

Scp = 0,25 7f (302 + 45 . ~ + 11.5 (45 + 20) ~ V45 ·20] 30 = 3004 "M~. napa60n".eCKL1" rpa<jJL11< Bblpal1<aeTCA ypaBHeHL1eM S = ~ 0,6362 xi +

+ 63,62x + 2a27. K03q,q,~LlL1eHTbl p, q ., r onpeAeneHbl no q,opMynaM (6.8):

2827 + 2827 - 4·3004 -2,2827 + 4 . 3004

P 1002 0,6362; q 100 53,62;

r =2827.

6,5. KOCblE MO,D,EJ114 CEMEIilCT8A nOnEPE"IHbIX CE"IEHI4Iil

B OTnl1'1l1e OT TOPCOBblX AJ1A nonyqeHMA KOCblX MO,!leJ1ei1 HeAOCTSTO~HO 33AaTb HaqanbHblti do H KOHe~Hbll1 dfl ce'teHI1A B BIllAe annancoa a OCllMHao, b" Han, bn, np0l13BOnbHO paCn0J10)f{eHHbIX 8 AByX napannenbHblX nnOCKOCTAX Il.,; nn, TaK KaK Hep33BepTbiBaeMbie noBIlpXHOCTH JallalOTCFI TpeMR HanpaBnAlOlLI,I1MH,

B KS'IBCTBe KOCblX MOAenei1 Bbl6paHbi TaKlile 'teTblpe nOBepXHOCTI1 t.. 4 (CM. ratin. 6,11, Y KOTOPblX TpeTbei1 HsnpaSnlllOll-IllH RBnReTCA npRMafi ~ OCb O. AnA Ka>K,!IOrO 1113 BI1AOa 11,4, 7 11 8-ro) nouepxuo-

137

CTI1 t;4 OCb 0 3aHI1Maerr onpMeJ1eHHOe no OTHOWBHHtO I~ KpHBblM do H dn nOnO)l(BHLo1e. ECJ1H Bi>16paH BHA t;4 Lo1 3a¢IIIKcLo1pOBSHO OAHO 1113 B03MO)l(H~LX nonO)l(eHlllfi OCIII 0, TO o6pa3ylOLLlIIIB nOBepXHOCTIil nOJ1Y' ~aIOTCR OOeJUIHeHllleM roxek nepeceseaaa nnOCKOCTeM ny~Ka C OCblO o C KPLo1St.IM.l d() "dn•

MOllenb 1013 OTceK8 nOBepXHOCTIII ,:14 4-ro nopaaica '-ro BHAB. Ha nonOlKeHLo1e OCIII 01 HaKJ1aAbIBaeTCA ABa yenoBIoIR: OHa AOn)l(Ha 6blTb napannensaa nnOCKoCTFIM no III fin Kpl-1BblX do Lo1 do 1-1 ABnRTbCR nlllH"ej;i nepecl!'leHlIIR AByX nnOCKOCT~ TI Lo1 Til, "HapY)l(HO" xacareneHblX K 060l-1M KPHBblM dO III dn (pIIIC, 6.4, a). 3TO 3Ha4WT, HO nIlOCKOCTIII 11 III Til nepecexaorca C nnOCKOCTblO rIo 11 rIn no napennensHblM npRMbiM.

TGK"M 06pa30M, 4T06bl nOCTpOIIITb OCb 01, Hoo6xOALo1MO 3aAaTb HanpaBneHLo1e OCH (Ha pac, 6.4, a OHO napannernsao oca z}, npoaecrn xscarensnue K do " dn nepartnensao 3TOMY Hanpa8IlBHHIO. ABB napM KocaTenbHblX npRMblX 06pa3YlOT ABe KacaTBIIbHt.IB nnOCKOCHI 11 Lo1 Til C "HapY)I(HbIM" KaCaHl1eM K KPWBblM, KOTop"le III AalOT B rtapece~eHHIII OCb 01' OCb 01 ABIlA(HCA ABOi:iHOL1 IIIotHIllei:i nOBepXHOCTIII,

T. B. IlLo1HHeL:! caMonepeCB4eHIIIR.

1I13aecTHo [75]. 4TO nOBepXHOCTb t;4 'l-ro B"A<I I1MeeT BTOpylO ABOL1HytO OCb 0), ee nocrpoeaue nOKa33HO Ha ~epTelKe WTpI1X060~ J1101HIoIeL1.

OnlolWBM MOAellb aHaIll1Tf14ecK". AaHbl annancu dl) (ao, bol H dn (an. bnl H uanpaeneuae OCiti 0 I, napannensaoe OCIol z. AonoIlHIII-rensuoe YCI10BIoIe, xo'ropoe vnpouiaer MaTBMaTLo14eCKoe onlllcaHllle: aollan 101 bollbn (B o6~eM CIlY4ae B03MOlKHO Ilt060e B3aI-1MI"Oe nOJ1o, )l(eHHe oceVi annancos}.

Y~I-1TbIBaA cIIIMMeTpl1lO, 3aMe~aeM, ~TO TO'lKa DOL COl HaXOAI1TCl'I B BepTIIIKaJlbHOfi rpaHIoI4HO~ nIlOCKOCTI1 TI, npOXOAFI~B~ 4epe3 TO~KI1 Ao(O,ao,O) III An (xn,an,OI:

x + aQ.

(6.191

TOIIKa Dol onpsaenaerca B nepeCe~eHI1I11 71 C OCblO a6ClIHCC y = O,Z = = O. OTCIOAa ee KOOPA"HaTbL T04 KI1 001 :

X=~~ an ~ ao

y=O, z=O.

(6.20)

Yp8BHeHllle cexvurero nY4Ka nnOCKOCn!~ C OCblO 01 :

BOXn V = KX + an ~ 80

K'

136

POle. 6.4. Koca" MOAen .. CeMIMCT' sa nOnepel.lHhlX clt'+.eH~1iI B BH,Qi! 3J1.Illo1nCOS

s

(6.22)

I

I'

{z =~2 _~V2-

n a~ ,

x;;;;:;; xn.

(6.23)

139

npl1 COBMecTHOM peWeHHI1 ypaBHeHI1j.i (6.21) 11 (6.22), (6.21) 11 (6.23) cnpeaenmcrca KOOPAI1H8Tbi COOTBEHCTBBHHI>IX T04eK KP~' Bblxdo I1dn:

{ {

(6.24)

(6.25)

z = +b .J1 _A2K2

n ~ n '

rAeA =xn!(ao -ao).

B Ka~ecTBt:: COOTBBTCTBBHHblX T04BK AnA nOJly4eHI1R BbtnYKnblx L,,~BHI1I1 Hec6xOAI1MO 6paTI> TO~KH C OAHH8KOBblMI1 3Hal(ar.t.14 npa anJlI1KaTBX,

3anl1WeM naj:lllMeTpl1yecKoe ypuBHBHHe npOME!J1<yTO'lHbIX ce~eHI1I1 C y~eTOM npOnOPl\110HSJlbHOrO ABJlBHHA 05pa3y101!.II1X:

(Yn - Yo) )(

y = ------ + Yo, xn

+Zo

(6.26)

nOCJlB nOACTaHOBKI1 (6.24) B (6.26) 11 (G.25) B (6.26) nonv .. aeM:

y=AK (aD +

nOnepe'lHlole Ce~eHI1A 5VAVT 3JlJlHnCaMH (pHC. 6.4, 6):

(6.2B)

ei=

x +bo.

(6.29)

nOACTaenAA (6.29) B (6.213), nOJly~I1M ypsBHeHHe nOBBpXHOCTI1:

nOKiDKeM, 'ITO rpa(j:)14K 113MeHeHI1R nJ10ll.l<lAeI1 nOnepeYHbiX ceseHI1I1 - napa60J1H'lecKIII1. nJ10w.aAb 311m-Inca

S = 7riljbi. (6.30)

nOACTaBJlAA (6.29) B (15.30), nocne npeo5pa30BaHI1i1 nOJly'lI1M YPllSHeHl1e napa60J1101

(an - ao) (bn -bo) 2 IiO (bn -bol + b(j (an -ao)

S=1[[ 2 x +

Xn Xn

(6.31)

140

zJr·

PLIIC. 6.5. Kocas MOAemt.. CBMet.1-CTSa Tlonepe'lHblX f!e'oIeH~~ c Hec~MMeTpl,ol~HbIMIjo1 oeanaM~

MOAeJ1b 113 OTCeKa nOBepXHoCTM .::).4 4-ro rn>pRAKa "l·ra BIIAa. Ha nOJlO)l(EHl1e 0Ct1 01 HaKJ1E1AbIBaeTCA ABa YCJ10SHA. OHa ABJlAeTCfI J1H' Hl1el1 nepecexeaua AByX nJlOCKOCTeH 71 11 Til, .. HapYl1<HO" xacarensHblX K 060l1M I(PI1BblM do 11 dn, H He AOn)l(Ha 5bITb napaJlJ1BJ1bHP nJ1OCKOCTRM n(j. nn 14106bl He CTaTb nOBepXHOCTblO t-ro BI1I\3}.

OnHweM MOAeJ1b B aHanIlTI1~ecKoi1 ~pMe. ,/J,aHbl: anrumcsi do (aD, bol 11 dn (an, bn) (pile. 6.5, a) C AOnOJlHHTeJlbHblMIi vcnoBI1RMI1 aol!an 101 bol! bn 11 uanpaaneuae OCI1 01 napannensao OCI1 aficuncc,' Cnpoeuapvera Ce~BHI1A do II d n no HanpaBneHl110 OCI1 x.

141

rpat-iIol'IHble nnOCKOCTH 71. 711 1.t305pa3ATCA KacaTenbHblMH tl ~ f2, t3 ~ f4 K 060l'lM KpHBblM do 1'1 dn. 0503Ha41-1M TOIIKH K(3CaHI'IA To (YI. zt! 1'1 Tn (Y2. Zl) npRMblX tl ~ f2• TO'lK<I DOl ~ On I onconennerca K<lK TO'lKa napoce4eHHA KacaTenbHo~ To T« c npOeKLI,He(:i OCI-I an11HKaT. CocraBI1M CI-ICTeMY ypaBHeHI-IL:i. n03B0J1AIO~ylO t-ial1TI'I KOOPAI.tHaTbl Tpex TO'leK: To (YI. zll.Tn (Y2. Z2). 001 ~ 0nl (0. zod. YpaBHeHHA KacaTe11bHblX t, B TO'l",e To (YI. z,) 1-1 f2 B TOIIKe Tn (Y2, Z2), a TaK)KB npAMo(:i t I ~ t2. npoxoaauiea xepes 2 TO'lKH, HMelOT Elt1D;:

b2 b2

Z = ~ --4- y + _0_, (6.32)

Ziao ZI

(6.33)

(6.34)

Y2 - YI

Y'II.tTbISaA paseHCTBO vrnoasrx K03ljJ.pI.tUl1eHTOB 11 cB060AHbiX 4neHOB,1013 (6.32) 1-1 (6.33) nony'laeM:

ZOI =b5!zl; znl =b~(Z2;

(6.35) (6.36)

YI Y2

--.;r=~.

(6.37)

Peuiaa COBMOCTHO CI-ICTBMy ypaBHeHHL:i (6.34) ... (6.37) C vpaaae-

Hl-leM annanca do 2 2

YI + ZI _ 1 (638)

ar bf"- . .

H11H d.. 2 2

_l"i._ + _?_.l_ = 1 ( 6.39'

a~ b~ , I

nonY'IaeM HCKOMble KOOPAI-IHaTbl, 3Ha'leHI1R KOTOPblX cseAeHbl s Ta611.6.3.

T a 6 n .. U a 6.3

I1cxo,ll"b,e ce.e'mA Z01 n Zj V2 Z2
............. ,,2
3nnllnCbl 1 ±"oJI-b~A
00 lao. bo). ±v'A ±b~v'A" ±~n~ ±b~v'A
on lan.lln) . ao
1---'-'--'. HZ
Jl1l1Hncdo Voo. bol 1 ~. ±blv'A ±~ ±R2YA'
OKPV>KHOCTh. ±"VA' tao
dn ~RI 80 I

A

142

CoOTBeTCTseHHble TO'lKI1 Kpl-lBblX do 1-1 do CTPOFITCA KaK TO'lKIoI nepeCe4eHI-IA C HI-IMI-I ny'lKa nnocxocres C OCbIC 01 (DOl, On 1):

(6.40)

PeUJ3A COBME!CTHO (6.3B) C (6.40) 11 (6.39) C 16.40L nonY'IaeM Bblp8)1(eHl1e D;nA onpeaeneaaa KOOPAIo1H8T COOTBeTCTBeHHblX TO'leK B a3BIo1CI-IMOCrn or K:

-,a5z o· K ± af)bo.ja~K1. + b~ - z51 Yo =

ai\K2 +b5

(6.41)

Z n = KY n + Z 01 .

(6.42)

np.., 310M

1 V 2 b2 1 .J 2 2

-- ZOI- O<K<- ZOI -boo

BO ao

AnA TOI"O IIT06bl nonepe~HbH! CEl'leHI-IA nOBepXHOCTH !J.4 Me)1(AY nnOCKOCTRMIA KPH6blX do 11 dn 6blnl1 BblnyKJlblMI-I, ua Kpl1BblX 3aD;B' eTCfI HanpaeneHI1€ 05XOA8.

AnA M8WHHHoro pacn03HaBSHI1A COOTseTCTBBHHblX T04BK CJlt'AY- 9T nnnsaoaarscn n011ApaMI-I Z = ZI, Z = z •. CooT6eTcT6BHHb't' TO~KI1 HaxOAATCA no OAHY CTOpOHy OT nonap, T. e. ecnn ZOj?!:.Zl. TO z",'?!:.Z2 .

YpaBHeHHe nosepXHOCTI-I onpeaenarcs C V'Ie1OM nponopuaoaansaero AeneHIAFI nHH€L:i'laTbIX 06pa3ylO~l1x MOAenl-l.

Yn i (K) - YOj (1<)

y= Xn

x + YO! (K);

(6.43)

rna YOj. ZOj 1-1 Ynj, Znj - KOOpAHH8Tbi COOTS€TeeHHbIX TO'leK Kp"'Bbll<.

nOCK011bKY npOMe>KyTo'lHble Ce~eHI-IR !J.4 7-1'0 BI-IA8 - Kpl-IBble 4-ro ncpanxa [73], TO .Il.J1A nOAC4eTa nno~aD;ei1 uenecoo6pa3HO "011b30- BarbCR annpo KCI1Ml1pylO~M KOCblM npI.t3MaTOHAOM, OpraHH30ElBHHblM C Y'leTOM cnoco6a 06pa30BaHI-IR nOBapXIlOCTI1 11 I-IMelOlWIM KO' nl1'1eCTBO pe6ap m, Ha3Ha'leHHOe C. Y'lBTOM Tpe6yeMoii TO'lHOCTH.

nyCTb B CepBJJ.I1HHOM Ce'leHI-II-I BlolAeneH 3J1eMeHTapHb,i1 'rpevroneHI1K C eepWI1HoL:i B Ha'lane KOOPAI'IHaT. Onl-lpalOUJ,I111CA ua CTOPOHY AB Ce'leHI1A C KOOpD;I'IHBTaMI1 A (Y;, Zjl. 8 (Y/+ I, Zj+ll (pIolC. 6.5, 6). Ero nnoutam,

Fl nouiaae CapM,HHHorO Ce'letll1A

m m

Scp =.L s, =0.5. L (YjZj+j -Y;+lZj)'

J = 1 1=0

(6.44)

143

8 noaepxaocra 7-ro B"Aa L1,BHTpbl TFDKocnl npoMelKyT04H~IX cexeH"~ He COBnB.Q,aIOT C ycnOBHOH OCblO I'. Anfl wx pacsere BHB4alle onpBJJ.enFiIOT ~eHTPbl TFI)I(eeTW 3neMeHTapHbiX Tpey,-onbHHKOB no diop-

MynaM: Yi + Yr.! Zj + Zit!

Yp] = 3 Zpj == 3

3aTeM HaxOAFIT usarp TRl1<ecTW P (Ypj, zpjl ce4eHHR:

m m

. L YpjSj . L ZpjSj

J=G _ J=D

Vpj = S Zpj -'. '-"--S---

(645)

npHMep. ItIcxoAHble ASH""": "0 == 30 M M; bo = 20 M M; an = 20 M M; bn = == 40 MM; xn == 60 MM; SCI = lBB5 MM2; Sn = 25\ 3 MM2 npH Bblnom.e"" .. C'I;er3 COCT8BJ1AeM ia6n. 6.4, e KOTOPOH VKa3aH nopRADK pacsera, onpenenaeMb-le Bem·'I'4L1Hbl 10'\ Io'ITOrOBble peaynsrarsr. nOCKOJ1IbKV KfHK,IJ,afl cexvuiaa nnocKOCTb nepecexaerca B ABV" TO"KaX c KPHBOL1 dcp (p"c, 6,5, e), np" peweHHI-i KBMpaTHbl)( YPSBHS .... ii (6.41 l. (6.42) nonvsaerea naa 3HB"eH"R, KOTopble uenecooopasao pS3MeCTI.1Tb no nopRAKy c:.neo.oBatH1A TOl.l:eK H8 KPtlBOH. T. e.

B .H8l4ane 3:anl'lC.aTb nepaere 3H3'leHVlfI, a flOTOM aropue.

B peavnsrare c~eT8

Sop =2' 1096 =2192 ..,..,2

YpaBHeHHe rp3<pHK8 nI10ll.laAe.O ipl'!c. 6.5, e) onpeA"rJAeM C V"aTOM (6.8):

Sq.)=0.OO7Bx2 + lOx + lBB5. (6.46)

Ha60p 1013 nAT!.1 paCC'lHTBHHbIX cE!'1eHIAIII nOKa3aH o rnen suo Ip\otc. 6.5, a). MOAenb 1013 OTCeK3 nOBepXHOCTM li. 4 S-ro BHAa. MOAenb W3 noBepXHOCTI1 1>.4 - 4-ro nOpRAK3 8-ro BHAa MO>KHO npeACTaB"Tb KaK npeAeIlbHbl~ cIly~a(:j nOBepXHOCTI1 7-ro BI1Aa, KOrAa OCb 0 nel1<>'IT B nnOCKOCTI1 T, C KOTOPOi1 coenana ABe rpaHW4Hbie nnOCKOCT.., TI 11 Til leM_ n5Il. 6.1, pWC. 61.

T a 6 n H u a 6.4

~~ r-[:. - :_o t __ n_l-_z_"_--+-_v_c_P_i -+_--------roz,_C_pl_· -+~~S~cpJ_~o_'_'

o 96° 0 20 0 40 0 30 103,486

r---i--- - -~- 1------1--~~--.+--'.+---+-,-0-3.69 '

1 B5° 6.1393 lB,577 7,659 36,979 6,899 28_27B

1--- --- !----- f-.---f-o.--+---+--+---+-----1

f-.-+---o+ -- --f-----+---+--+--\----\-----j 7 57°16' 27,702 -7,677 12,783 -30,764 20.242 -19,22

118.21

.. . .
1.B07 -29.926 27,05
a -30 27,105 I
,
1-14
L == 1096
I=Q I--~ - --- ~ i----I----+--+----t --+---t----1

13 85° 2.684 -19_92 0,931 -39,931

1-0

14 90° a

'---_ '--~_'-. _..J L- _ _j_. __ ...J_ __ __j __ -.-lc-:- _ __j

o

-40

-20

144

ASHbl: :mmmCbl do 180, bol, dn (a(1o bn) W AJ1ItHa ycnOBHOi1 OCH KaHana Xn.

YpaBHeHlte annancos (Ha4anO KOO;lAItHaT B T04Ke 0):

2_~ _ a~ 1.

Yo - b() Zo ~ZQ,

(6.47)

(6.48)

Z=Ky.

(6.49)

CoBMI!CTHbIM peWeHlteM (6.47) W (6.49), (6.48) 11 (6.49) £1m»ll,enAIOTCA KOOPAWHaTbl AQ, An COOTBeTCTBeHHblX TO'leK KPWBblX do I1d,,:

Ao

(6.50)

(6.51)

napaMeTpl14OCKOe ypaBHeHl1e nOBepXHOCTW onoeaenaerca no cj)opMynaM (6.43). npoMelKYT04Hble Ce'lBHI1R FlBnAIOTCI' KpWBblMI1 4-ro noPRAKS, Mil KOTl)pblX nOAC4eT nnow.aAeH BeAeTCfI npw6nVl)l(eHHO no MeTOAWKe, onHc8HHOH AJ1R 7-ro BItlAa.

B SaKnlO'IeHWe OTMeTMM, 4TO KOCble MOAeJlVl ceMeHcTB3 nonepesHblX CB'leHWH, o5ps3ylOi!U'1e KOTOPblX nelKaT B ny'lKax nnOCKOcTeH, MoryT 5b1Tb OTCeK8MVI anre6paVl4I!CKI1X nOBepxHOcTei1 BblCWWX nopRAKOB. B 3TOM cnvsae ocotioe BHt.1MaHlte HaAo 06pamaTb H8 I1ccneAOBlIHl1e ABOHHblX nltHIt~ noaepxaccra, Bblf1BnRTb cnoc06bl Wcnonb- 30BBHI1f1 'rex non nOBepXHOCTeH, Ha KoTop~IX ee OTceK I-IMeeT BblnYKnble nonepB'lHble Ce'leHI1A.

n PE!AIlO)l(eHHaR MeTOAI1Ka anonae MO)f(BT 6blTb I-ICnOnb30BaHS W AJ1F1 60nee cnO)l(HblX BHAOB HI! 06F13aTeJlbHO Bb1nYKnI>IX Kpl-lB~IX do 101 d" (CM. Ta6n. 6,1, pHC. 8). B Ka4ecTBB Ha~anbHblX 1-1 KOHB4HbiX ce- 4eHt.1H MOl1<HO I1Cnonb30BaTb pa3IlL1'1l-ible caanei [991. HanpwMep:

OBanbl AeKapTa (x2 + y _ 2pX)l - q2 (x2 + y2) -r = 0; (0.52)

(6.53) 145

OBanbl MIOHrepa (X2 + y2) 2 n+l_ 2dx2 "+1 -?lx4n =0;

KploiBble naM3 (X/OJ) m + (y/blm = 1.

(x2 + y2)n + (d2 - (6.54) (6.55)

¢JOpMbl 3TIoIX KPIoIBblX OTpaH<alOT OnpeJIeneHHblE: reOMeTpI-141lCKIoIe c80Hcn~a. «orooue, no HaweMY MHeHIolIO. MoryT oxaauears 8111011'1- Hlole Hi! cj:JOpM .... pOB3HloIe nOTOKa B xaaane. Tpetivsor cacero D,anbHeiiurero IoIccneAOBElHlolfI MOAen .... 1013 KOCblX noaepxaocrea, CTblKYBMblX no TOPCOBblM 06pa3ylOUlV!M (CM. ratin. 6.1, ploiC. 91.

)K1oI3Hecnoc06HOCTb paccMoTpeHHblx MeTOAOB crana B03MOH<HOii TOJlbKO npa IoIcnonb30BilHt111 Bbl411cnlolTenbHoH TeXHIoIKI1.

6.6. ynPABnEHI1E rPA4>I1KOM nnOutAJlEilI. 4>OPMOill CE'IEHI1.:;t

iii PACnPEAEnEH .... E CE'IEHlllilI BAOnb OCIII KAHAnA

rpacj:JI1K nno~aAeii ncnepexmax Ce<leH .... f1 S = frJ (xl BBeAeti B HaIIanbHble yc.nOBIoiR 101 OH MO)f(eT He coananars C napefion .... '1BCKIoiM rpacj:JIIKOM S = f [x], KOTOPblf1 3aAaeTCR Bbl6paHHoii MOAeilblO ceMeiicTaa ce'leH .... ii. OTCIOAa Heo6xOA .... MO YKa3aTb cnocoti KOppeKTl-1pOBK .... napa6onl14ecKoro rpacj:JI-IKa nno~aAeii MOAen .... C uensio COBnaD,BHI1A ero C IICXOAHbIM.

YHIoIBepcanbHblf1 cnecofi KOppeKTl-lpOBKI-I - I-1cnonb30Bal-IIoIe npe- 06pa30BBHllfI nOD,06101f1 B KIDKD,OM nonepe'lHOM ce .. eHI1 .... C KOJQx!lIolUl1eHTOM nOA06 .... A K = Vfo (x)lffX}', rne fa (x) nnotUaAb So cexeHIoiA no 38AClHHOMy rpacj:JIIKY, as = f (xl no nepabon .... 'IeCKoMy, 3aBIIcfl~eMY OT Bbl6paHHoii MOAen ..... nYCTb ynopflAo'leHHblii pAD, TO'leK aaaaer rpacj:JIoIK fr) (xl nonepe'lHblX ce4eHIoIii xaaerta. 3TOT rpacj:JI1K annpoKCMMloIpyeTCA napa60noti fl [x). CaMblii npoc-oa npt1eM: B3f1Tb Tpl1 TOIIKI-1. (0, S .. ), (xn12, Scp), (xn, Sn) II aanacars ypaBHeHloIe S = fl {xl annpoKCMMloIpyfO~eH napatiortsi:

S=PtX2+qlx+rl,

2tSo -2Scp+Sn} ,ql=_ 350 -4Scp+S"

x~ Xn

Ec.nlol no ycnOB1oI1O 3Ma~1I raxan annpOKCIiMaUloifI He YAOBneTBOpaer, TO MOH<HO -eocnonesoearsca fionee TO'lHbIMIoi cnoc06aMIoi [7,~11, 80.821. 3sTeM Bbl6101paeTCH BiolA MOAaJ1101 .... CTPQIoITCfl ee rpa¢llllK S = = f (xl, KaK onlolCblBanoclo B § 6.3 ••• 6.5.

(6.56)

rD,e PI

S := px2 + qx + r.

Ko3$cj:JI1'_'loIeHTbl nOAQ611A B Ka~D,OM CB'leH .... 1oI Onp8AaJ1AfOT no cj:JopMyne

16.571

146

YHI-lBepcanbHOCTb aroro cnccofia 3aKnlO'IaeTCA B TOM, 'ITO OH npnrOD,BH D,nA rnefioro xaaana, AnA xoroporo 3aD,aH ere rpscj:JI-IK fQ (xl nnouraaea.

n apa60nL'.~IlCKIoiCi rpacj:JIoIK paCCMaTploiBaeMIoIX nIolHe.:i'laTbIX MOD,eneii JaBI1CI1T OT BIoIA3 MOAenlol, cj:JOPMbl 11 paawepoe Ha~anbHoro 101 KOHe'lHOrO Ce'leHI-1H 1-1 I-1X B3alolMHoii Opl-1eHTaUIoII-I. 3TO noasonaer npa nOA60pe I-1CX.OAHbIX AaHHblX sapaaee npOAYMaTb TaKYIO B3a .... MOcBfl3b MeH<AY HI1MI1, KOTopafl noaaonana 61.1 cpaav nony'laTb rpacj:JI1K B BI1- ne napa6011bl C Hoo5xOAI1MbiM napaMeT!X'M.

npoAeMoHcTplolpyeM B03MOH<HOCTb YBfl3KI1 naparaerpoa I-1CXOD,HblX ABHHblX Ha MOAenlol1ol3 nOBepxHocTII,6.4 l-ro BIoIAa.

nycTb 3aAa~a nccraerteaa TaK: no I1MelO~eMycA rpacj:JI1KY nnouiaD,e.:i B BI-1."e napa60Ilbi S = f 1 (x), npoxonauiea sepea TpVl TO'lKI1 (0, So), (xn, Sn) 11 DOl (xGt. 01 (CM. pac, 6.4, e), S = PI xl + ql X + r 1 (npl1 "TOM fl (x) == fo [x] =: f (x)) 101 Ha'lilnLHoMY Ce4eHi-lIO do (ao, bol nOCTpOI1Tb BblXOAHoe Ce<leHloIe dn (an. bnl npa vcnoaua, 'ITO OCb 01 :l DOl BepTIiKanbHJ, a 3Ha'lI1T, Bellan' bellbn.

Anropl1TM peWeHI1A. HaXOAI1TCfI sropaa TO'lKa nepecesea .... f1 napa- 60nLi fl [x] C OCblO x nOD.CTaHOBKO~ B (6.561 S = O. Y~IITbIBaA, HO OAHS TO'lKa XOI sanaua, BTOPYIO H8XOAloiM no 113BSCTHOMY COOTHowe~

HIoIIO AJ1A KB8ApSTHoro ypSBHeHI-1A X02 = ~ PI XOI'

4epea OCb 01 Ii KOHLI!.I 60nbwoii OCIoi snnanca do npOBOD,ATCA rp8HI1'1Hble nnOCKOCTIoi 1'1 I-! 1"11· no ycnoBl-11O aolJan• bolJb" 3H~'II1T,

XOI - xn b =b X02 -xn

an = 80 xo. n 0 Xcq

nOCKOl1bKY rpersso TOqKY 001 (XOI. 0) napa60nbl S = fl (x) MOH<HO Bbl6101PSTb npoaaeonsao, TO npeJICTClBl1f1eTCfI umpoxaa B03- MOH<HOCTb perY:1l1pOBaHIoiA rpacj:JIIKa. Ha ploiC. 6.4. e nOKa3aH ny'loK napation, KOTOPblii ncnvsaerca npa D,BIoI>KeHIoII1 TO'lKIoI 001 no OC .... x. nlO5aFl 113 nspabon S, HaXOD,RwaflCfI B 38WTplolxoBaHHo.:i 06nacTI-I, MOH<eT 5blTb Bbl6paHa aa IoICXOAHblCi rpacj:JI1K nnO~8Aef1, B TOM '1l-1cne 11 npAMom1HeiiHblCi. AnA roro 'IT06bl MOD,enb 113 ,6.4 t-ro sHAa HMena npAMOnIolHef1HbIH rpacj:JIoIK S3 nnouianea, OCIoi arrnuncoe 80 11 an AonH<Hbl 6blTb paBHbiMIoi. 3TO 3Ha'lI-lT, 'ITO rpaHI1'1Hble nnOCKOCTIoi 71 1-1 Til 6YAYT napannensuer, OCb O. YI1D,eT B 6ecKoHe4HOCTb 1-1 ece 06pa3ylO' ~loIe nOBep)(HOCTIi 6yAYT napannensae: 3TIoIM nnr)CKOCTAM. T"K3A noBepXHOCTb RBIlflBTCfI UlllnI1HAp0IolD,OM 4·ro nopanxa.

¢JopMa nonepesaerx ce<leHIliCi AnA KalK,[loCi MOAen .... 3aBIoIC .... T OT aaKOHa ee 06pa30B3HloIfI.

Ha OCHOBaHl111 auanasa MOH<HO nploiCiTl1 K cne,o,ylO~eMY aaxruoseHIllIO. MOAenb TOpCOBafl 101 «ocaa 113,6.4 t-ro BI-IAa I-1MBIOT 6nl13KI-1e no cj:JopMe nonepeuasre Ce'leHI1A. npel-lMy~ecTBo nepBOf1 HaA eropoji

147

3aKJlIO~aeTCA B TOM, 'ITO OHa MOH<eT 61>ITb f13rOT08neH8 K8K cjJI-I31-1~eCKaA M')Aenb 1-13 nl-lCTOBOrO rl-lfiKoro MaTepl.uma_ Kocaa MOAem. "'Meer fionae w"'pOK",e B03MOH<HOCTIo1 tinA ynp,mneHIo1R rpacjJ"'KOM nnollIaAeK sa cser uenecooepaaaoro 8bl60pa oca o.

KOCble MO,[lenll 113 nOBepxHocTeVs /},4 7", 8-re B"'AOB I1MelOT rarose finlo13KJoIe no cjJopMe KPJolBble. Y nOBepXHOCTI1 4-ro B"'Aa Ce4eHJoIA B H"'1I(Hei1 ~ecTJoI fionee pecunepeuusre. npelo1MYUl.eCTBO 7-ro B"'Aa - OH "'MeeT 60nbWYlO B03MOll<HOCTb aapbllpOB8HIIA nOnOH<eH"'A OC'" 01 (",,2), a 3Ha~"'T, '" cjJOPMbl. OCb 0 AIlA B-ro B"'A8 neH<I1T B KacaTellbHO(ii nnOCKOCT'" K KPIIBblM do JoI dn f1 MOll<eT Io1MeTb 001 nonolKeH"'.:1. nocneAHI1i1 BJoIA Gonee npOCT B p!IC4eTe.

OCb KaHaIla, KSK npasuno, He fiblBaeT npAMon"'HeliHoi1. n03TOMY Cne,[lYlOllIWli sran npoeKTIo1pOBaH"'R - pacopenenenae nOJly~eHHoro CeMei1CTB<l nonecesasrx CeYeH",1i BAonb AeKCTmHer~HOf1 OC'" «auana,

Aei1cTBIiTenbHaR OCb MOll<eT fiblTb KaK nllocKofi, TaK '" npocrpascTBeHHoli KPI1E10fi. B npaKTI1Ke OHa 3E1AaeTCR ynopRAa~eHHblM PAAOM TO'leK, npeACTaBnetlHblM B B"'Ae Tafinll~bl KOOPA"'HaT_ B :lTOM cnvsae ee Bbl'lep'l"'BaIOT B npoetcuaax, a 3(1T8M npOeK~"'11 ermpoxcaM"'PYIOT_ nY4W"'M cnocofiOM aaAaH"'A OC", Ha arane KOHCTpy"'pOBaHI1A ABnAeTCA He nOArOHKa KPI1BOH, a HenOCPeACTBeHHOe npencraaneHJoIe ee B aHanIlTJoI'IeeKOM B"'Ae B TOI1 cjJOPM8, KOTOPYIO rpetiver noCT8BneHHaA 3aAa'l8.

Cvuiecraver MHoro cnocofioa annpOKCI-IMa~I-IJil '" 3a,11aH"'A nnocKIo1X '" npocrpeacraeaustx Kpl1BbiX [4, 7, 10, 52, 80, 82, 85, B6, 88, 103. 104, 1131. OCHOBaHHblX Ha JoICnonb30BaHI11-1 Bbl'l"'CJlf1TeJlbHOIi rexH"'K"'. 3TJoI cnocofist pa3ps6aTbiBalOTcA B HVlH '" KEi 101 WIo1POKO ",cnonb3YlOTCR B aB118-, CYAO-, aBTOM06f1JlecTpoeH"'J11 14 npvrux orpacnAX. Ha BeAYUl."'X KacjJeApax Ha4epTaTerbHoH reoMeTpIo1L< pAAa BY30B crpaas: (MOCKOBCK",fi aB"'BU"'OHHblli L<HCT"'TYT, KIo1eECK~f1 "'HH<etlepHo-c-rpOI1TenbHblli IIHCTI1TyT, K",e8cK"'11 nonlo1TeXHI1~ecK"'11 Io1HCTIo1TyT, YKpalo1HcKaR cem.KOX03AIICTBeH~aA aKBAeMI1A, Mer"'TononbCKI1f1 JIIHCT"'TyT MexaHIo13a~lIIo1 censcrcoro X03RHcrna '" AP.) pa3pafioTaHbi MeTOAIo1K101, 3llrOplITMbl, naKerbl np"'Klla,llHbiX nporpaMM, BKIlIO'IaIOUl.llle eonoocsr annpOKCI-1M8L\111101 KP"'BbIX n~HIo1I1, B TOM 'Il1cne KPI1BbiX 11"'HI-I~ KClK oceli rtosepxaccrea KetlanOB. C 3Han"30M 3apyfieH<'Hblx pafiOT arcro H8npaBIleHI1fl MOll<HO n03H8KOML<TbCR 8 [1131.

B Ka'leeTBe annpOKCL<MI1PYlOllIWX Kpf1BbIX Io1cnonb3YIOTCA Kp"'Bble 2-ro nopaasca, MOCKIo1e '" npOCTpaHCTBeHHble 3-ro ncpsmca, paanaxHblB nonJilHOMlo1anbHble Kplo1Bble 8bICW"'X creneaea, COCTaBHble KPf1- Elble, cnnEMHbl pa3n"''lHbIX MOAlo1cjJlIKCllll111 ~ T. A-

3Aecb B KpaTKol1 cjJopMe 1-13110ll<"'M O,[l"'H "'3 MeTOAOB KP"BbIX 2-1"0 nopamca [76]. Bbl4ep4eHHbie no KOOPAIiHaTaM npoeKUL<~ Kplo1- BblX Aenl-lM Ha HeeKOllbKO y'lacTKOB '" ann!J(lKcI1MIo1pyeM 06BOAaM'" 143 tlyr KPlo1BbiX 2-1"0 nOpAAK<I, 3E1AaHHhlX L<HlKeHepHblM cnocofiOM

148

npM nOMOlllW ,llBVX KacanlllbHblX AB M BC B TO'IK8X A 1-1 C II tlMCKpltM "'HBHTa f. Kon"''1eCTBO Y'lacTKOB onpetlenAeTCR 3aAaHHoM TO'IHOCTblO, HO B rpaH"'llbl '{'IacTKoB 06A3aTeJlbHo BKnJOllalO~ Bee TO'IKIo1 neperllfiC!_ "Iepe3 Ael1AUl.We TO~K'" np080AWM KacaTenbHble npRMble. Ha KIDKAOM Y'laCTKe Kplo1BaA 3aAaeTCR ypaBHeHIIRMII:

XA + xst + XCrt2

x = -.D_.-I:;-7+~t:-+~r7t2";---

(6_58)

z=

ZA + Zs t +ZCrt2 1+t+rt2

(6.59)

(J...::l_}2

rAer= 2f .

npl1 Io13MeHeHIo1'" napawerpa - 00 < t < + ce nOJlY'l8IOTCA ace TO'lK'" Kp"'BOIi. Ayry KP"'BOL:! c nOnOll<"'TenbHbIM'" 3H3'1eH"'AM'" t aaxoA",M BHyTp'" TpeyronbHJIIKa ABc' AnA aroro MOTOA3 pa3pafioTaHo nporpaMMHoe 06ecne4eHl1e. nOpAAOK C'IeTa: aaAaeM KOOPA"'HaTy Xi 101 OnpeAeJlAeM no (6.58) napasserp t:

(x-xAI

1 (xi -x)' (6.60)

no (6.6011 6_591 HaXOAIo1M Z 12'

3aAa43 pa3MeUl.eH14A CElMtMCTBa nonepe'lHblX Ce'leH"'.:1 CBA38H8 C paa6l1eH"'eM OCII H3 nponopuaouansaue y~aCTKIo1. Paa6",eH",e 3aB",c"'T OT An"'Hbl Ayr", (nOHranbHblYi napSM8TpL H38ecT"'0 npeofipasoaaH",e, nepesoaauiee npRMOnlo1HeHHYIO OCb C HOpManI>HbIM'" nnOCKOCTRML< B Kp"'BonI-lHeVsHYIO C coxpaHeHlleM nOHranbHoro napaeaerpa ({ = 1'). 3TO npeofipaaoBaH",e onaceraaerca MaTeMaT14'1eeKJII AOCTaT04HO CIlOll<HO [103,1041.

AnA npaKT", .. ecK"'x L\aneVs, rne He rpe6yeTcA BblCOKOIi TO~HOCT"', MOll<HO aocnonsaoaareca paAIo1ycorpaclJlol"ecKIiM MeTOAoM 3E1ASHIo1A cca. OH OCHOB8H Ha annpoKcIo1Ma","'14 OCII AyraM'" OKPY)KHOCTeVs, T. e. HS nony'lBH"'''' Kop060BbiX Kp"'BbIX. np'" TaKOO ann!J(lKCI1M8U"'1I HeCn01l(HO npO"'3BOAIo1Tb pa3fil1etl",e OCL< C y'leTOM noaransaoro napaMerpa, np08eAeHlle B H8Me'leHHbIX roQK8x HOPMaIlbHblX nnOCKOCTtM '" pa3M8UjeHl-le B HIo1X ceMeVscTBa nonepesastx Ce'leH",l1. OC!. Y B MeeTHall C"'CTeMe KOOPA"'HaT COBnElAaeT C HOPMaIlblO K KP"'BOO, T_ e. C paAL<YCOM OKPy*HOCTl1, OCb X - C KaC8TenbH0l1 K Kpl-lBOH, OCb Z - C 6"'HOPMaIlblO.

np'" 3TOM cnocofie M01l(HO tlOfi"'TbCA annpoKc"'Ma~Io1 'ronsxo C nepBblM nopAAKoM rnElAKOCTIo1 (Ha CTblKaX ofilllaA KacaTanbHaA, HO paAlo1ycbl KPI1BIo13HLI paaHble no Benll'lIlHe, XOTR '" ne)KaT Ha OAHOit nPRMoit).

149

AnnpoKCI.tMau1.t1O npOCTpaHCTBeHI10~ OCI'! MO)f(HO peanaaoaers noP83HOMY [52, 90, 113]. Ecnl.t Ka)f(AYIO npOeKLt"'1O OCI'! annpOKCI.tM..,POB8Tb KPHBblMIi 2-ro nopAAKa, TO 8 npocrpaacrae ocs annpcxcnMlipyeTcA KPI'1BbIM"" 4-ro nopanka, xorcpsre RBnAIOTCA n...,I1I'1RMI.t nepec8'4BHI'!R npoeul.tpylOl!lI'1X Ul'1n...,HAPOB.

n""Map. IIIcxoA!ible ADHHbIB: Hll'lanbHOe ce<oeHl1e do - nPAMoyronbHMK 00 CroPOHBMM flOXho = 40 MMX50 MM co cKpyrneHHblM., yrnS"M paJl"'Yca Ro =

= 10 M .... 38KOH .. , .. 9t<eH nnOUlalleii c."eH"~ nMHeiiH.,W. KOHe"HOe C9'leH;oe

d .. - o KPYH<HOCTb Rn =20 , Il,IIIIHa ycnoeHoi:\ oc",' =75 MM ICM. pIIC. 6.1).

no MCXOJlHbl ... I18HH.,'" 113 HBoopa MOlleneil Bbl6paHa TopCOSa" (eM. rafin, S.1 p 3)~ KOTOpaR OOCTOMT.,3 "IeTblpex tpeyronbt-lbl)( H "IeTblpex KOHIo1 ... eCKIo1X orcaKoa. ClblKVIOTCII OTceKM no nepao .. y nOPAAKY rn8JIKOCTL4 no npAMblM, KO· rop.,e nOn";'l8BM, 8Cn11 seoea npRMoyron bH ble y-aCTKM C"_eH" A do npoaecra nnoexocra, KecaTenbHble K dn •... TO'tKIo1 KacaHHFI coe.D."'HFleM c KOHuaMt1 npn"",nMHeMH.'" y~8CTI(OB do.

CeIIeH"A nony~8lOT nYTeM noonopuaoaaneaoro JleneH"" ol5pa3YIOl1l"){ "0- AM ... OHM COCTO"T M3 nPAMoyronbHMl(oe co cKpyrneHHblM., SepWltH8 .. I<, paAMYC.' KOTOp.'X "3MBHAIOTCR no n"HaKHOMY 38KOI<Y.

An" onpe.q&n9t< .. R napaoomlQecKoro rpaljl .. KB nnOlUalle~ nonepesueix ca~9t<»1ii IlpeAaap"TBnbHO PBCC<lIITbIBaeM nnOutBJlH HaQal1b>1aCO do I< KOHeqHorO d n Ce<l9t<m;:

So =goho ~(4- 11') R5 =40· 50 - 4.101 + m02 = 1914 MM2;

Sn = 7I"R~ = 71"(20)2 = 1256,6 M .. 2,

II T1IKH<B MO"_b K81(0ro·nH60 n-ro npoMe",yro~ .. oroc~.eHM", Hanp" .. ep, cap8AMH..aro, KOTOpoB npe,llC"nlsnRBT cooo~ "p" .. ovron ... "K 00 CTQPQHaMI<

gcp=0,5~ao +2Rnl =0,5(40+2 '201 =40 .. M; hcp = 0,5!bo + 2Rnl = 0,5 [60 + 2 -20) = 45 MM M PIIAMycaMH cKpyrnBH .. II

Rep = 0,5 ~Ro + Rn} =0,5 ~1 0 + 201 = 15 MM. 3TH nnOI1lBA"

Scp=9cphcp- !4Rl_1IR11 =40' 45 - [4· 152 _11152, =1605,9 MM2 napaoonH~eclolM rpa¢!"K noerpoea no yPIlM TQilKa .. C KOOpAIIHaTIlMIt (0, Sol, ~0,5KrI; Sepl, ~Kr)' S"l [CM. pKC. 6.1, 51.

B ~roM nPMMape napa60/l.,QecKItIii 38I(OH Gn"30K I< n"HeHHOMY. B CpeAl<aK TD'IKB OTKnOHBH"B scero 1,3 'lb, '1eM ..0_0 npBHe6pe"b. Ecnl1 OTKnOHBH"A 6 .. ,1111 64., 6onbwe, ro flOyPIlooaanaCb 6., KOppeKTllpoBKa nnolUaAeil ce.eHI<," C ";'IeTQM 3eADHHoro rpaq,.,Ka. He pHC. 6.1, • YCIIO"HO nOl(838HO CI(OppeKTl1poe8H..ae cpeasee ce<l9t<M8.

,QeMCTaMTBnhH"R OCh KaHana HB IjlpoHT8I1bHOM npoBKUMII annpoKCI<MHpo"aHe 'IIYTBBpTbIO snnance, HB rOpM30HTaJibHOM - KOpoooBO," KPIIBOit ... IJI'Y" Ayr DKpY_OCTe;; OJlKH8KOBOro PIIAHYca. CnBllOSaTanhHO, " npocrpaucrae cua saADHB COCTaBHOOi nIIlHlleil "3 IIByX conp"H<eHHbl)( Ayr KpltBbl){ 4-ro nOfJF\AK8:

nplI a = 45 MM, b = 65 M", RI = R2 = 40 "'M, C = 45 MM ypaBHeHIIA npoeK""w oc" npHMyT altA:

150

2 x

452 + 652

a ";x<45, -·65";y<O

-32,5";y";O, O""z ";22,5. 65 ""y";-32,5, 22,5 ";Z ";45_

AeHCT6~Te.nw-.laR OCb paaneneaa 1H8 BOceMb paSHblX '4aCTeH .. AnA penlleweHMII ce..e,.."il BAO,lb OCII "cnonb3veM MSCTlIYIO CKCTeMY KOOpaMHaT 1103.1041, B nnOCKOCTII '1i"i "'lTOP"" pa3MeUlSBTCfl COOTBeTCTBYlOlUBB Ce<l9t<Me MOAMII.

6.7. METO.QIi1KA rEOMETPIII"IECKOrO MO.QEflIllPOBAHMR PII3BETBJ1EHHblX KAHAJ10B

CeMEMCT80 ce~el1l.t~ AnA pa3BeTBneHI1blX KaHanOB TaK )f(e, KaK 11 A/1A Hepa3BeTBnel111blX ncnvsaerca no MOAenl.t c npAMOnl.tl1e11Hoi1 oCblO (pac, 6.6, a). Pa3BeTBnetlHbl~ xauan COCTOI.tT 1.t3 rpex Y'laCTKoe: nepebl~ A - ~aCTb KaHana AO pa3BeTBJleHI1A; BTOPOI! 6 - nepexoaaaa 'IaCTb KaHana; Tperliit B - pa3BeTBIleHHaA 'IaCT" KaHana.

Ha",60nbWYIO TPYAHOCTb npeacraanaer opraaasauaa nepeXOD.l1oi1 ~aCTI1. nepeXOAI18A ~aCTb MOD.eJllI AOnlKHa OTBe~aTb npoueccv pacnpeD.eneHI'!A nOTOKOB. reoMeTpl'1'1I!CKIiI !ITO Bblpa)l(aeTcR B TOM, "TO BXOD.HOe Ce~eHl.te pa36...,BaeTCR aa ABe ~aCT"", nllo~aAl'l KOTOPblX 5'0 1'1 S~ OTHOCATCR KaK nnouiana S~ ..., S~ pa3BeTBneHHbiX ~acTeI1. TaKI.tM 06pa30M cj:JOPMl'1pyIOTCA nOnYMoAa.al.

npll 60llbweM Konl.t'lI!CTBe pa38eTBneHI.tlt Hoo6xOAIIMO TaK)f(e pa36.,BaTb Ha'lanbHOe Ce~eHl1e Ha ~acTM, npOnOPLlI.tOl1anbHble nnow.aARM BbIX0D.HbIX Ce~eHI.tI1.

PaCCMOTpl.tM B03MO)l(110cr..., reoMeTpl'1'1ecKoro MOAenlipoBaHI-lA Ha npliMepe. Bxcaaoe C~eHl.te - npRMoyronbHI'1K go Xho, pa.l1l.tyc cxpvr lleH...,A yr no!'; ;> 1, B blXOD.Hbie - 0 KPY>1<HOCT..., OAI.tHaKOBOro paAl1yca R2 = R3. Htr-6xOAHMO aanpoeicrupoaers pa3BeTBneHl1bl~ rcaHan l1a OCHOBe TOPCOBOM MOlienH. AnA C03,ll,aHliR ABYX nonYMOD.ellEM Ha'lanbl10e ceseaae D.enliTCA nononaM (pl'1c. 6.6, al. Ha nonY'leHHblX CE!'IeHI'1RX crpOATTOPCOBblE nonYMOAenl'1, K!I)f(,IJ.al'I 113 KOTOPblX anR pClCCM8Tp"BaeMoro cny~aA COCTOI.tT 113 rpex rpevronsasrx II qeTblpex KOHI'1"ecK...,X crceicoe.

nony'letlHble nonYMOAenl1 CTblKVIOTCA no TpeyronbHolt rpaHlI, D.BS pe6pa KOmpOI! B nonl1oo MOAenl.t 06pa3VIOT paJD.enAIOUJ,I.1e noTOK petipa, n epaaa '1aCTb Kal.tana A co BTOpoi1 6 .., aropaa C T"peTbel1 8 nepecmcasorca no nI.tHI1RM, «oropsre B onpeD.enel1HOO Mepe HapyWaIOT nnaBHOCTb BHyTpeHHeM noaeoxuccra. Ecnl'! Tpe6yeTCR CI1I1- 31.tTb aflt.IAH>le aroro He,IIOCTBTK8, TO 3TO MO>1<HO caenars aa cser conpAlKeHl.tA COOTBeTCTBBHHblX 06pa3ylOl!lI'1x oKpy)I(HOCTblO aa,qaHHoro P8A1'1VCa•

B p83BeTBneHHblX KaHanax 60nbwe, ~eM B npocrsrx, Tpe6yeTcR Ha CTa,q...,l1 3a,qaHI'1A IICXOAHblX .I1aHHblX np0l13BOAl'lTb YBA3KY C rpacj:JMKOM nno~a,qeM.

151

3a OCHOBY npli1HIi1MaeTCA rpacjlli1K nepeXOAH<»1 cjlOPMbl. Ero MOH<HO pervnapoears pa3MepaMli Ha~aIl"HOrO 11 KOHE!'IHOrO ce~eHl1l1. B paccMaTp"B(leMOM npliMepe (Pl1c. 6.6, 61 IUlA Ii1CXOAHblX ABHHblX go = ho = 40 MM, Rl = 10 MM, R2 = R3 = 15 MM rpacjll1K nnouiaAEM - nap afi 011 a, KOTopaA OT nl1HE!I1HOro 3aKOHa, onpaaenexaoro no CepeAI1HHO~ TO~Ke, OTXOAI1T nplo1Mep!10 Ha 0,25 %.

OAHa 11 ra lI(e MOAenb paaaeraneanoro KaHana MO>KeT CJl~I1Tb OCHOBOK AnA MHO)l(ecTBa KaHanoB, KOTopble omlo1~aIOTCA BIi1AOM paaBeTBneHHblX ocei1. HarnfiAHO noicasaa KaHan c nnOCKI1M .... OCAMIo1 (plo1C. 6.6, a), cAenaHHbl~ no paccMOTpeHH<»1 MOAenli ceMej;jCTBa nonepe~HblX Ce<leHl1l1 (pac, 6.6, a, e].

MOl1\HO TaKl1\e .... cnonsacaan, «ccsre MOlleml AnA paSBeTBneHHblX KaHanOB (CM. ratin, 6.1, pli1C. 11). JJ.nA Tex l1\e I1CXOAtlblX AaHHblX B Ka~ecTBe OCIo1 KOCOM noBepXHQCTM YA05HO Io1cnOllb30BaTb npAMYlO, npoxonauivio sepea uarrp BXOAHoro ce~eHIi1A 101 TO~KY ccnpaxocaoBeHli1A BblXOAHblX Ce<leHI1K. KalKAaA nonYMoAenb ABnAeTCA COCTaBHOIi 1013 OTceKOB rpex KOCblX nOBepXHOCTej;! 3-ro nopamca [73] 11 ABYX noeepxaocrsa 6-ro nopanxa. 05pa3VlOUlI1e nonvsaiorca coeaaH6HI16M rosex nepece'leHIo1A nnOCKOCTe~ ny~Ka C ce~eHIo1AMIi1, orpaa .... - ~I1BatO~IoIMI1 rp .... Y~acTKa xaaana,

TaKIoIM 05pa30M, paJp(lfiOTaHHaA reclMBTpli1~ecKaA MOAenb ceMei1- CTBa nonepexuarx ce~eHI1I1 COllepH<Io1T ece Heo5xoAIo1MLIB AaHHble, no- 3BonAIO~ .... e nnaHlo1poBaTb paapaeorxv naxera npli1Kna,qHblX nporpaMM, RBnRtOlUlilxcA cOCTaBHOIl 'IaC1blO CAnp "KaHan", KOTOPbl1l B HacToA~ee BpeMA HaXOAIi1TCA B craAl1Io1 AOpa50TKI1.

6aHK aaHHb/x COAepH<Io1T:

1) pa;lnl1~Hble BIo1Abl BXOAHblX 11 BblXOAHblX Ce~eHIi1~ (MHoro· yronbHI1KIi1, npocrsie .... COCTaBHble K~""Bble);

2) rpacjll1KI1 nno~aAej;j nonapeeasix Ce<1eH .... K B BIi1Ae napafion,

npoXOAf!UlI1X sepea rpa TO~KI1, 33AaHHbie KOHCTPYKTOpoM; 3~ 3Ha~eHIi1A Belll1'1Ii1H norpeuiaocrea annpOKCI1Malll1li1. 6aHK MeToaos MOAenJo1pOBaHI1A BKnIO~aeT:

1) MeTOAbl MOAenl1poB3H .... A: AnA TOpCOBbiX MOAenEM - MeTOA ,,05KaTKI1", AnA KOCblX - MeTOA ceKY~Ii1X nnOCKOCTe~;

2} cnoco6 annpOKCIiMalll1101 MOAenej;j np .... 3Mar0I1AaM .... ;

3} 3aKOH pa3MHOH<eHIi1A ncnepesusrx Ce<leHI1K, OCHOB3HHbiX Ha nponopuaoaansaow AeneHIi1 .... ;

4) cnocof MOAenli1pPBaHHA paJB6TBneHHblx K3HaIlOB na OCHOBe TOPCOBblX 101 KOCblX nonYMoAenEM;

5} cnocofi KOppeKTI1JX,'BKI1 nnOW3Aeil Ce<lBHI1I1 no 3aA3HHOMY rpacjlli1KY.

nopRiJoK nooeerupoeeuu« Ha akpaue rpadi .... ~ecKoro AI1Cnnlffl CJleAY1O~1111 :

1} 113 MeHlO Ha'lanbHblX 11 KOHe'lHbIX ce~eHIo1~ Bbl3blBaeTCA Ilea ce'1E!HIi1A do 11 dn B i1I()60~ 1013 KOMfili1H31111W 11 .... J06paH<3IOTCA HS 3KpaHe

153

i

I

AI1cnnefl B aKCOHOMeTplt4ecKI.tX npOeKL.lltflX ne)f(aUl(llMI.t S nepannensHblX MOCKOCTflX;

2) Bbl6ltpaeTCR MeToA MOAenltposaHI.tA It annpoKCItMaLlI.tI.t, Ha oeHOBe «oroporo H3 aKpaH9 C y4eTOM 3BAaHHot:i norpeumocra c!>oPMI.tpyeTcR OTceK nOBepXHOCTI.t C Heo6xoII.IIMbiM Konlt4etTBoM 06pa3YIOUlI'IX Itnlt pe6ep;

3) Bbll1aeTCA 3BAaHl'le Ha QIopMl.tpOBaHlte Tpe6yeMoro Konl.t'letTB8 nonepe'lHblX Ce4eHI.tt:i Ha OCHOBaHl'l1t nponoPLlI'IOHanbHO~ pa361'1BKIt 06pa3Y101lI1'lx;

4) B"IAaeTCR 38AaHI.te aa onpaaeneaae It BblBOA Ha aKpaH rpaq...Ka nnoll.LBAlM nOnepe'lHblX Ce'leHIti1_

Ha KIDKAOM srane Blt3YaIlbHO OLleHI.tBalOT peWeHltfl I.t peanaavior B03MO)f(HOCTb KoppeKTIoIpoBKIt BI'I118 npa I.tX nepe6ope, 3aMeHe MeTOAa MOAenl.tpoBaHl.tfl, 8 I1nR KOCbrX MOAenlM AononHI'ITeJ1bHO npl.t 1oI3MeHeHItlt nOllO)f(etlltR OCI'I cexvutero ny'IKa B npaaanax B03MO)KHOCTI'I KIDKAOro ol'lAa_

rnABA7' __

AOnOJlHIIITEIlbHltlE PEKOMEHAAlJ,1II1II

no KOHCTPYIilPOBAHIilIO KAHAllOB. PE3YJlbTATitI nPOCI)lIInlilPOBAHIIIR KAHAllOB

7.1. KPIiIBomuiei'lHblE Y4ACTKIiI KAIiIAJlA..

yron HAKJlOHA TAHreH~MAnbHorO KAHAnA

npl.t npmlll.tnl.tpoB8HI.tl.t KPI.tBOnI.tHei1HbIX KaHan08, B nepBYIO O'iepeAb, HI06X0l1ltMO 06paTI'ITb 8HI'IMaHlte Ha c!>oPMY BblnyKllot1 nOBepXHOCTI'I It no ee 04epraHltlO npoq...nl'lpc>BaTb BorHyTYIO nOBepXHOCTb xaHalla.

AnR TaHreHW'!anbHblX BnYCKHblX KaHailOB C yrlloM aaxnoaa OCI'I

SbIXOAH~ 'IacTI'! KaHana (no OTHOWeHl.t1O K ropltlOHTaIlbHO~ nnocKOCTI'II, pasl.tbl';'" (3 = 300, no jl8HHbIM lIep Atona peKOMeHAYIOTCfI CIl8AYIOUl(IIe 683pa3MepHble 3Hll'leH14R pal1l.tyca l<:PI'IBIt3Hbl BHYTpeHH~ (BblnyKnoo) CTeHKIt KaHana:

.p";;300 vabln/dl;;'1,5;

300 <.p";;45°, vBbln/dl~2; 450 <.p";; 900, .. BIolii/Oj ;;;. 3,

rile dl - AI.t3M1!Tp Kpyra, paSHOBenltKOrO no f.lnOIl.l8AI'I BXOAI.tOMY Cll'leHl'l1O «nanaaa (ocTanbH~le 0603HlI'I9HI1A YKalaHbl Ha puc, 7.1).

WHTeHCI.tBHOCTb 8ltxpeo6pa30SaHi<lRI'I. cnsnoeatensao. seml414Ha noreps 3Heprnlol YM9HbwaeTCfI y C'{)f(ltBalOll.I8rocfI Kpl'IBonltH~Horo Ka_:Hana It 3aMeTHO pecrar y pacusapaioiueroca. OTOTHOWetll.tR 3Ha~eHItI'l

154

Pue, 7.1. exe",e Te"re>lll",an w<oro KaHane c Kp>1eonMHet;HbIM" CTeHKaMIt

nnOutBAei1 Ha BXOl1e It BblXOA9 1013 KPI'IOOnI.tHet:iHCro Y'IaCTKa Aax/ABbIX 3,'lBioi CI.t T BaIllt41.tHa OnTI.tMaIlbHOrO paAlolyca r I Kpl'lBI13Hbi BHyrpeHHet:i CTeHKlol Ketlana. C yoenlt4eHVleM OTHOWeHI'IR ABXIAllblX pacrer OnTI'IMaIlbHOe 2==="-.1-_ 3Ha~eH"e r lid 1.

OI1HO~ ..,3 OCHOBHblX xapaKTepl.tCT..,K TaHreHLll.tallbHOro KaHallB R~nfleTCfI yron (3 HaKnOHB OCH KaHana no OTHoweHloI1O K nllOCKOCTIoI KpblWKI.t Lll.tlll.tHAPa. CTeneHb Onl.tflHI.tR yrna f3 HB 3HB'IeHloIe 11 .. laBItCI.tT OT 4aC1OTbi SpauteHI.tA KoneH~BToro sana I1BloIraTenR. 3aBItCMMOCTb· K03qll:jIIo1L11'1eHTa HanOllHeHI.tR 11. OT yr na (3 It ~aCTOTbl upauieHl.tfl HenltHlMHafI: c yBeJ1Io1'1t!Hl1eM '18C1OTbl Spaut(!HIo1f1 pecrar creneae BnHflHI.tR vrna f3 HB lH2I'Ietllte 11 ...

no AaHHblM a. H. >Ka6ltHa, C YBenl'l'l(!HlteM yrna f3 Ha6lllOI1aeTCR YBelllt'leHHe lHa~eHloIR 11 •. 3TO 0610ACHfleTCfI TeM, 4TO npl.t 60nbWI.tX lHa'leHl'lflX f3 none CKOpoCTei11'1 AaBneHI'I~ B npoTO'lH~ 'IaCTI'I «aaana fionee paBHOM9pHoe 1'1 ycroi14ltBOe no OTHOW9HltIO K .. 3MeHeHLoIIO 'lacTOTbl BpallleHItA.

OnpBAeIleHHOe 8nVlflHI.te Ha npouecc HBnOllHeHI'IA oxasstsaer yron r, xapaKTepl'l3YfOUl(II~ pacnono)f(eHlte TaHreHLlltanbHOro xaaarta no oTHOW8H1t1O K OCRM CLoIMMeTpl.t1t LlltnltHlI.pa (eM. puc, 1.2). OI1HaKO Bnl.tRHlte erorc vrna ua Benl.t~I'lHy 11. 3HB'II'ITenbHO MeHbwe BnI1RH .. fI vrna 11 no l1aHHblM aearepcxoro Y'leHoro lIep A10113, C YBenlt'leHl'leM yrna r B npBAeilax OT 20 AO' 400 Ha6nlOAaeTcA HeKOTopc>e noasuueHi<le noxaaarenes Ka4etTBa ra3006MeHa 1'1, B ~aCTHocn1, K03cj:Jq...LlI.teHTa pacxoaa. npl.t 3TOM vron f3 HE oxaaeraaer 8nl.tflHlte Ha 3aBI.tCI.tMOCTb K03cj:Jcj:JLoIL.ll.teHTa pacxoaa /l OT yrna 'Y. nOnO)f(eHlte TaHreHLlI.t· ansaoro KaHalla no OTHOWeHltlO K OCAM CI'IMMeTPlt1.t LlltllltHl1pa BnI.tReT, rnBBHblM 06paloM, HB BeIll.t411HY LlloIpKynflLll'l1t rr, CKOPOCTIoI nOTOKa 8 Lll1nl1HApe. CTt!neHb Blll'lflHltA vrna e Ha Benlt41'1HY rL 3881-1CltT OT vrna {3 HaKIlOH8 xaaana K nnOCKOCTLoI rOnOBKIt Lll'lnI'lHApa: C vaerraxeH..,eM yma (3 YMeHbwaeTCfI 3Ha'leHlte rr, .

7_2. CTEnEHb A"IP4IY3OPHOCTM npOT04HOill '1ACTIiI KAHAJlA

MVlHLoIManbHoe Ce'leHItt! M€)f(AY CY)f(ItBaIOUl(IIMCR It paCWl'lpRIOUlI'IMCR Y4aCTKBMI'l Ketl91100 3aMeTHO Bnl'lfleT Ha CTPYKTYPY nOTOKa. B03MYUleHltt!, Bbl3BBHHoe nepexoaose OT CY)f(Io1BalOuteHCR K paCWl.tpRIOUlei1- CA ~aCTI'I xaaana, aaXBBTblSBeT AOBonbHO 06WI.tpHbie 05nacTIoI I.t np"'BOll.lo1T K 3Ha'lI.tTenbHO~ HepaBHOMepHOCTI'I nOTOKa B npoAOnbHOM I.t nOnepe'lHOM HanpaBllt!H"IAX. nO:nOMy BBII<H .. IM aanasrca aonpoc

155

o npO(jJltlll1poBaHI4I1 CTeHOK anvcicaoro KaHalla B 30He MI1HItMallbHOro nOnepe<lHorO Ce<leHItA. OCHOBHoe TpOOOBaHl1e, npeAbASllReMoe K KOHCTPYKlIt.11t 3TOi:i 'IaCTI1 snvcxaoro KaHalla, COCTOI1T B asmonueHI1I1 YCJlOBI1A nneanorn nepexoaa 113MettBHI1R Ce~eHl.tR no nOTOKy. YrllOBO~ 113ll0M - I1CTO~HI1K CYWeCTSBHHblX ncreps, A1DKe npl1 He- 6oJlbWOM 311KpyrlleHI111, Hanpl1Mep r = 1 MM, vrna npV1 necexone K Al1cjJcjJY30PH0i1 ~aCTI'1 aaMeTHO Yll~waeTcA Te<leHlte B K8Han8X C AI1(jJ(jJy30pHbIM ~acTKOM [29]. 3TO 06bACHAeTCA TeM, 'ITO npa cKpyrneHl111 1t3110Ma BblpaBHI1BlIlOTCA nona CKOPOCTei:i H8 B)(OAe B AI-I(jJ(jJy30PHYIO '1aCTb KaHana 1-1, KaK ClleACTBl1e, YMBHbwalOTCR aapoATHOCTl1 orpsiea nOTOKa OT CTeHOK KaHalla.

AnA YMBHbweHI1A noreps lKenaTeJlbHO, 'IT06bl B npOTO'lHOO 'IBCTt.1 KaHalla rpaAl1ettT AaBlleHltA 5b1ll nOCTOAHHbIM.

Onpetlelll1M 3aBI1CltMOCTb A = f [x], YAOBlleTBopRlOllIYIO vcnoaa-o dp/ dx = a = const 8 OAHOMepHOM npI16nl1lKeHItt.1. 3anl'1WeM CIolCTeMy ypaBHeHt.1i:i OI1HOMepHoro ABIt>KeHItA C>KI4MaeMoi1 cpeAbI npa OT' CYTCTBI-II-I Tenno06r..etta:

pvA = const:

(7.1)

pdv/ dx + dp/ dx = 0;

(7.2)

p/pK = const.

npl1MeM, 'ITO dp/ dx = a = const. Toraa 6YAeM ItMeTb:

(7.3)

(7.4)

P=Po(~x+ 1)1(1<

P ,

(7.5)

rAe Po 11 Po - COOTBeTCTBettHO AaBllBHl1e 11 nnOTHocTb BO BXOAHOM CB'leH t.111 xaaana.

~3 ypaBHettl1A o,BltlllBHItA B cjJopMe 3finepa cneaver, 'ITO

v .ss: = - a/ (p (Lx + 1)1/K].

dx Po

dv'l- =....,.1L (...£...x + 1)-I/K.

dx Po eo

17.6)

nOcne npeo6paaOBaHI1H nOllY'lItM

v = J ~ _ 2po _. _K_[ (_E_x + 1IIK-1)/K -1 J.

Po K -1 Po

(Vi

156

nOACT8BnRR no Bblpa>KeHl1e B ypaBHeHHe Hepa3pblBHOCTI1 (7.1)

3anl1WeM

A=--~-----r~~A================ (~x + 1)I/KJ1 - ~_K~[(_!!._X + 1)IK-11/1< -1J

Po Po vl K - 1 Po

(7.8)

rne A4) nnouians axoaaoro Ce'I BHI1A xaaana,

no cjJopMyne (7.8) MOlt:(HO onpeaenan, S nepSOM npH6nl1lKeHI111 KOHcrpYKlII10HHYIO CPOPMY npOTO .. HOfi ~aCTt.1 KaHana. nOCKonbKY npa peanbHblX '1l1enax PEMHOllbP,Ca TOnWI'1Ha BblTecHeHHA 5* ()'1eHb Mana (npl1 6B30TPbIBHOM Te~eHI1t.1l. nOA06Hoe npIt611llllKeHI1E!, OCHOaaaace Ha PSCCMOTpeHt.11t Te~eHItA HeaA3KO~ )f(t.1AKOCT.,. MOlKeT npl1- BeeTH K (j)opMaM, 5J1113KI'1M K peanbHblM rPoPM3M KaHana. AanbHei1- wee yro~HeHl1e (jJOPMbl npOT04HOH '!aCTI1 KaHana Heo6)(OAI1MO npoBOAItTb B COOTBeTCTBItt.1 c peKOMettAallIliRMIII, npltBeo,eHHblMIt B rn.2 ... 5.

A. r. rl'16coH [1191 npennosorn TPI1 OnTl1ManbHblX rana npocjJl1- nV1pOBaH.,A ALoIcjJcjJY30PHOCi 4aCTI1 KaHana. AnA nepaoro npO(jJl'1nA peKOMeHAyeTCA nOCTORHHoe -pacnpeAeneHlte! CKOPOCTt.1 nOTeHlIl1anbHOro Te<leHV1A dv/ dy = const, rAe .. - cocraanajouiaa CKOPOCTH HeBA3Koro re<leHI'1A HB BHewHEM rpaaaue nOrpaHI14Horo cnoa, napanneJlbHaR CTeHKe; y - KooPAIliHara B HanpaBneHl111 HOpManlt K CTeHK8 (no BCei1 AllI4He AlllcjJcPY30pa). AnA arcporc runa npOcjJlllnR npLolHI1Ma· lOT dv! dx = const, rne x - KOOpAt.1Hara B HanpaBnBHI1H Te<lBHI1R. AnA rperser o runa CTSBt.1TCA YCllOBt.1e 05ecne4eHioffl nocToAHHOH noTepH nom-oro Hanopa aa eAItHltl.lY AnLolHbl AltcjJcjJY30pa. nocneAHI1H cnocofi npocjJl1nlo1poBaHHA AltcjJcjJY30PHCH .. acTI1 KaHana ABnAeTCA Hal160nee 3cP(jJeKTI1BHbIM.

1.3. PACnOnO>KEHIiIE BnVCKHoro KAHAnA no OTHOWEHIilIO

K lV1Jliii Hp,PV. HA'IAn.bHbllil Y'lACTOK BblnVCKHblX KAHAflOB

BnYCKHoi1 KaHan pacnonaraerca He no lIeHTPY I.Il1nltHApa. MI-lHI-lMallbHoe paCCTORHl1e a (CM. puc, 1.2) OT KPOMKI1 rOpllOBItHbl «aaana AO CTeHKl1 lIltnl1HApa cxasstaaer onpeneneaace BnlllAHlte Ha npouecc envcka t.1 Ha OpraHlt3allltIO ABt.1>KettItA B03AywHoro nOTOKa B lIHnl1HApe. CrensH!> nora Bllt.1AHHA JaBItCItT OT OTHQWeHItA s] d,U! It OT BMI141'1Hbi onycKaHItR KnanaHa hKn. npt.1 ManblX OTKPblTI1AX npoxoaaoro Ce'leHItA AnA BnYCKa OTHOWeHt.1e <I/ d xn B npeaenax OT HyllR AO 0,4 npSKTIt'!ecKIt He OK83bIBaeT Bnl1AHItA lia K03cPIPM1111ettT pacxoaa u; npl1 60nbwHx 3He'lElHt.1AX hKn (hKn/dKn > 0,16) C YMeHbWBHllleM a/ dKn OT 0,2 40 HynA K03cjJlPMl.lt.1eHT paC)(OA8 YMettbWaeTCA HB 10 ... 12 %. npt.1 a/dKn > 0,2 K03cjxpltllt.1eHT paCXOAOI npaKTI-I4ecKI'1 He 3aBltCltT OT paccrORHt.1A KpoMKI1 KaHana or CT8HKt.1l1Hllt.1Ho,pa.

157

npBACTaBnReT "HTepec BOnpOC 0 KOnll'lOClBl! KaHanOB, pa3MI!llIeHHblX B ronoexe oauoro lllolnl1HApa. YCTaHOBK8 NJYX BnYCKHblX KeHanOB yB~J'!WIIiBaeT paC'UlTloloe "BpeMA-ce~eHIoIFI" KaHanOB, 'ITO nplolBOAIoIT I<'- ygen"'IeHlllO paCXOAHoi1 xapaKTepl1CTHKIoI BnycKHoi1 CI1- CTeMbl. 3TO nOATBepH<AaeTCA pe3ynbTaTaMiol I1CCne,o,oe8HI1A, nony'18HHbIMIi C. M. WYB8eebiM AnR ABlolraTenR 8,ll,B-220. npl1 Hanlol'llollol ABYX BnYCKHblX KBHanOB 6YAeT HeKOTopoe YMeHbweHlole OTHOCI1- TenbHoro 3Ha'ieHIIA noreps 3Heprl111 B npouecce HSnOnHeHlIA 1I1011l11HApa CgeIKI'IM 3SpRAOM.

B BblnYCKHblX KaHanax HaI160llee He6llarOnpiolATHaA KapTliH8 re'IeHIIA Hs611IOAaeTCR npa Man ... x OTKPblTIo"IAX «nanaaa, 8 3TOT l')epl10A nOTOK NJII>KeTCA yJKO.::i CTPyeH. Ha 3TOM Y'laCTKe Tll'IeHI'IA BI-1Xpe9ble 30Hbl B KaHalle Hal'l60nee BeIlIolKIi. n03TOMY (jloPM8 Ha'lanbHOro y .. aCTK8 CTeHOK K8HClna AOnH<HS 6blTb npoAOnH<eHl'leM HanpaBlleHl'IA KOHYca CeAJ1a C nocneAYfOUJ,t1M nllaBHblM nepexoAoM K CTeH Ke icaaana,

KpOMe roro. Heo6xODJIIMO caanars nnaaaste nepexOAbl or KOHyca cenna K CTeHKaM KaHana. TaKl-1e IKe 3aKpyrneHI-1R H<ell8TenbHbl Ha nep sxone oT xoavca KJ1SnaH8 K 06p83YIOUleH-nenecTK8 14 Tapef1KI'I xnanaHa. He6onbwloIe paDJllYCHble38KpyrneHiolA (AO 2 MM) B yK83SHHbiX Bblwe MeeTaX COAeMCTBYIOT JaMeTHoMy YIlY'l weHl'l1O CTPYKTypbl nOTOKa.

Ba>KHSA KOHCTPYKTHBHaA XapaKTepl1CTIolKS KnanaH8 - oraoureHi'll! p8AI'lYC!l '~Kn KP"'BIoI3Hbl nenectxa KnanaH8 K A..,aMeTPY dKIl nOCJlBAHero.

OnblTI>I, npoeeaeaasra Ha crcexe rennoaoaaor o ABlolraTl!nA 4H 24/27 (A701. no Ka3anl1 , 'ITO yMeHbWeHl1e AnA anvcxaoro xnaneaa OTHoWeHIIA R KfI/dKIl H8 40 % (OT 0,595 AO 0.357) npaaeno K YBI!m"'IeHl-1fO A!!iAcTBIiTenbHoro "BpeMA -ce'leHI'IA" Ha 3,5 %, a K03cjJcjJloI- 1I101eHTa Ha nOIlHeHI-lA Ha 6 %.

li!3 onsrroa n. n. Koponeaa cneaver, ~TO onTIolManbHaR cjJOPMCI KllanSHCI aaelo1C"T OT Bellll'll1Hbl onycKaHI'IA icnanaaa. no AaHHblM B. AHHaHAa, npl1 paAl'lyce RKIl';;: 0,2dKII xnanaa He oxaasraaer cyl1lOCTBeHHoro Bn"'RHIIA HS CTPYKTyPY nOTOKa B I':nanaHHOIl uiena. ,ll,JlA "nIlOCKoro" KllanBHa ~nplol MBIlOM 3H8'leHI'II'I RKIl/dKn) Ha6nfOAaeTCA OTPblB nOTOKa OT nOBepXHOCTIol xnanaua, 'ITO npl'IBOAl-1r K VBellll'leHlllO noreps,

Belll'l~IIHOIl paAl1YCB R KIl onpenenaerca lHa'leHl'le vrna E K MeH<AY KacaTellbHO.::i K 06paJYlOUleM nenecrxa 1'1 nllOCKOCTblO TSPef1K" xnanasa. I'IccnelloBaHIolA nOKa3bIB3IOT, 'ITO JHa'iel-ilole aroro yrna 38BIoICliT OT 8ef1H'IIoIHbl onYCK<lHI1A KnSnaHB hKII" npl-1 hKII < O,05 ... 0,15dKn 3Ha~eHloIe £; "'.0 n r HaXOAI'ITCA B npeaenax 10 ••. 2()O. Ha npaKniKe 06bl~HO cTpeMATcA K TOMY, '1T06bl yro11 Et< HaXOAl'IllCA 8 yKa3sHHbiX asune npenanax. C YBenl1'1eHl'leM aen "'I I1l-1b I onycKaHI1A icnanaaa H<e- 11aTBllbHO, 'IT06bl vron fK IoIMef1 60nbwlole 3Ha~eHI'IA.

158

ClleAOB8Tef1bHO, HenbJA AaTb KOHKpeTHble peKOMeHAslI1I1I no Bbl- 60py cjJOPMbl nenecnca, KOTopaA 06OCnll'll'lBana fibl onTIolManbllble vcnoaaa npouecca BnYCKa npll scex Benll'lIolHaX BnycK8HI'IA Knan8HB. n03TOMY Bbl60p reoMeTplol1-I «nenaaa HallO CAef18Tb no "'HTerpallbHblM nOKCI3aTellRM B Te~eHl'le npOllOCCOB COoTBeTCTBeHHO BblnYCKa 111111 BnYCKa.

Onr"'ManbHaA cjJopMa nenecrxa KJ1anaHa onpE!JIenABTCR n~11 npO- 41'1X paBHblX y(.IlOBIolAX KOHC'PYKlIl'll'i «auana n plo1 OnTl1ManbHOM CO'1eTaHIolIol 3TI1X AByX 3neM8HTOB 06OCne'll'lBalOTCA vcnoaaa AmI YMeHbWBHIoIR nore pI. 3Heprlo111 B npouecce BnYCKa ..,nlol BblnycKa. n03TOMY npl-1 npOcjJllnllpOeBHl'I11 BnycKHblX "111'1 9blnYCKHbiX KSHanOB Heo6xoAIoIMO paccraarpaaan, COBMecTHO KaHM 1'1 KllanSH. B Ka'lecTBe nepaoro np1-l61l1'lH<eH1olA MO)KHO I1CXOAIoITb 1'13 aHanlisa npoTO~HO" 'I-aCT'" Kauana fies knanaaa.

7.4. PE3YJlbTATbi KOHCTPYI1PaBAHIilA nPOTO"lHOIlI "IACTIII BnYCKHblX III BblnYCKHhIX KAHAIlOB ABlllrATEIlER

1I13no)f(eHHblM B npBAblAYl1llolX rnaaax MeTOAOM 6bln ... CKOHCTPYlolpo- 8aHbi BnYCKHble 1'1 Bb,nYCKHble KaHanbl PAA8 OTe'lecTBeHHblx IlBl'lra· . renea, B rn. 5 B Ka'lOClBe npl'IMepa nplolB8AeHbi '1epTe)K1'I npOTO'lHOIl ..aCTI'I K8Hef10B HeKOTopblX 143 3TI1x IlBlolrarl!neti. Ha pac. 7.2 11306pa>KeH '1epTeH< npOTO'lHOO '1aCTl1 peKOMeHllYeMorO BepiolaHTa BblnYCKuoro KaHana ABl'lraTellA 4PH 36/40. npocjJl1nlol npoTO'IHoii '18!;TI1 BblnyCKHoro xaaana, ABlo1raTellb '1H 30/3a-, nonY'IeHHble MeTOAOM KOHCTpyl'lpOBaHIiA KeHanOB, nOKaJ.aHbl HS PI1C. 7.3.

HII>Ke npl1BeAeHbl pe3YllbTeTbi cpaBHIoITenbHblX I'ICnblTaHI1v, Ha CTeHAe CTaUl10HapH0l1 npoAYBKIoI CBPl'll1HblX 1-1 BHOBb cnpo dianaoceaHHt.lX KaHanOB. Ha pl-1cYHKax YKa3al-l MacwTa6 paaraepos MOlle1l1l KBH8JlCl no OTHOWeHlol1O K HBryPHOMY 06"eKTY.

Ha pac, 7.4 11306paH<eHbl 3BBIIC"'MOCTII pacxoaa B03Ayxa m OT aelllol'llolHbl OTKPblTIoIR xnanaae. nonY'leHHble AJlA BnycKHoro xaaana AB..,raTeJlA I.J 10,5/12 (A37) nplol neeenaae 1l8BneHI1A B Kal-lClne!J.p = = 9,B 1 Kn a. '{epes " 2 11 3 0603Ha'leHbi rpacjJl1 KIoI, cooTgeTcTBYlOIlII1e Cepl'l~HOMY KaHany. cnpccjJl1nl1poBaHl-IoMY no Vl3110H<eHHOIl MeTOAIoI· Ke B rn. 2 ... 4 1-1 AOnOIlHI'ITef1bHO YIlY'lweHHoMY rpa(jloaHBIlI'ITII'IeCKIIM MeTOAOM.

3aBIoIcliMoCTb m = f ~h ",n) AIlA cepl1i1Horo 1 II peKOMeHAyeMoro 2 snyc KHoro KaHalla AB ... rarsna 412/1 2 nOKS3BHa Ha pac, 7.5.

Ha piolC. 7.6 ASHa JaBIolCIolMOCTb napaMeTpa M",p, onpenenrnouierc I'IHTeHCIo1BHOCTb apauiareneaoro ABIIH<eHIoIR BOJAYXCl, nocrvneiouiero B [J,IoIIlI1HAP, OT gem"'IIoIHbl h f<11 AJ1A BnYCKHoro KaHana ABl-1raTellA 412/12. nSpaMeTp MKp cnpenenasor no MOMeHTY, B03HIoIKalOUleMY lia nonancax onpAMnAlOllIeii peWeTKI1.

159

Ha pHC. 7.7 npl1BeAeHbl rpacjll1~ecKl1e 3aBI1CHMOCTI1 m = f (h t<11) anA cepH~Horo H SHOBb CKOHCTPYHpOBaHHoro KaHa~OB AB~raTe~R YH30/38, nonY'leHHble npa tJp = 5,9 Kna (al 11 t.p = 9,81 xFla (61.

AHa~orH~HaA JaBHCMMOCTb Am'! ABl1nlTeJ1A YH 10,5/12 (,Q-144) npl>1 flp = 9,81 xfla noxaaaaa Ha pac, 7.8. liI3 puc. 7.9 cneaver, ~TO ~HTeHCI1BHOCTb apall.une~bHoro ABHlKeHI1R, Onp~eJ1AeMaR napaMeT' poM MKp a cnpocp~~~pOBaHHoM xaaane, asuue, ~eM B Cepl>1~HOM.

npocP~~HpoBaH~e BnYCKHoro 11 BI.InYCKHoro K3HanoB ABHraTe~FI 34PH 62/64 noaaonuno nOBblCl1Tb I1X paCXOAHble xapClKTepl1CTI1KI>1 (pHc.7.101.

Pe3y~bTaTbl, nO~Y'leHHble npl>1 CTall.HOHapHo~ nponyaxe asmvcecaero KaHana ABl1raTenfl YPH36/40 npH flp = 11,77 Kna, npI>1B~eHbl Hil pl1c. 7.11, a AnR BbrnycKHoro xauana J1Bl1raTeJ1F1 YH 30/38 160

A ·A

B·B

,1~~iU

T8ilR 4H 30/36

npl1 ilp = 9,81 xIla - Ha puc, 7.12. lt13 npl1B~eHHbiX rpacP~KoB cneaver, HO npa y~y .. weHHI1 cPOPMbl npoTO'lHO~ ~aCTI1 KaHa~a, a TaKlKe -cnanaaa nonvxeao 33MeTHOe YBeJ1H'IeHl1e paCxoJ1C1 ra30B 'Iepe3 KaHan.

Ha pac, 7.14 HClHeceHbI rpacPl1~ecKlo1e 3C1BYlCIIMOCTH m = f(ht<nl A~R BblnYCKHoro KaHa~a J1Bl1raTe~R RM3-741, nO~Y'IeHHble J1~R rpex 3Ha~eHIo1~ paAIo1yca KPl1BI13Hbi K~anaHCI R Kil = 17 MM, R KI1 = = 21 MM 101 R 1(11 = 25 MM. CnpocPl1~l-IpoBaHHbl~ KaHan o5ecne411BaeT 50~bwoii PacxoA raJOB npu TOM lKe neoenaae AaBIleHI1R l!.p = = 9,81 Kna B KaHa~e. YCTaHoBK8 icnaneaa co 3Ha'leHl1eM RKIl = 21 MM COABHcTByeT AanbHeHweMY y~Y'lweHItIO ra30MH3MII' .. eCKIIX xepaxrePI1CTI-IK KaHa~a . .D,anbHei1wee YBenl14eHIo1e 3Ha'leHHFI R x n He npI-IBOAMT K YBeJ1I1'1eHI-lIO pacxona ra30B sepea KaHan.

161

P.,C. 7.3. npocPMI1 npoTO"HOM "a.".., B • .nYC~HO.O KaHana IIB'H8T9n., '1H 30/36: t _ cepltMHbl~ KaHan; 2 - nepBb,1I eSpl1aHT p&KOMeHllyeMDro KaHana; 3- STOpo" eap.,aHT pel<oMeH,Il,yeMoro l<aHana

!'HC. 7.4. 3se .. CltMocTb m = f (h I<n) AnA 611YCKHOro KaHana ,Il,ellraTe.nfl '110.5/12:

1 - C9P~HHbl~ KaHan; 2 - rMAPO,[lIoIIH8MM"Ie-CI<" CKOHcTpy01poeaHHb'O< KaHan; 3 - peKeM8HllyeMbl~ '<SHan, AOnonHIITe.n~o c:..npoq,l'Inl'lpoeaHHb'" r&OMST]JM"8CKItM cnoco6eM

npl1 YMeHliWeH1-11-1 nOTepb 3Heprl111 B npoueeca eloll1YCKa Hnl1 envcK8 yny'lwalOTCI'I XapaKTepl1CTI-1 K" AB"raTeneH. 1113 l1CCJ1eAOBaHI1H CJlB- '1 AYBT, HanpHMep, 'ITO npM I1CnOnb30eaHI11-1 peKoMeHAyeMoro BnYCKHoro «aaana K03(jJ$tl4MBHT HanOI1He~-U-U'I ABl1raTenR 410,5/12 (.!J,371 YBenl1'1I1BaeTcR Ha 6",10 %, pCl60Ta HaCOCHblX XO,(lOB YMeI1bWaeTCA Ha 20 ... 40 %_ npl-1 3TOM YBenH'I1-18aeTCfl I1HTeHCIoIBHOCTb BI-1XpeBOro ABI-1JKeHl-1R nOTOKa B ~l1nl1HApe ABl1raTenR. Ii'IcnblT8HI1A ,Il8MrarenR 4H 30138 I1OKaaanM, 'ITO npa npl1MeHeHl111 anYCKHblX KattanOB, en po-

162

m If?/C 0,12

0,10 0,08

, zy
L V rr
t-- (/
#
VI
I
I 0/16 O/N fJjJ2

o

M"p H'M 20

16 12

~ I
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, v,/
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.~-- /;
V
-
/
1/ 8 4

o

FMc. 7.5. 3aBI'ICltMOCTbm =f II; KII) Mil enYCI<HOrO KaHana ,Il,eltraTenA '112/12 nplt tJp =9,81 Kna:

t -ceplt"Hb'~ xaaan; 2-peI<OM8HAYeM.,M KSHan

POle. 7.6. 3ae .. CltMDc™Ml<p=flh I<n) ,Il,1IFI jl,BltraTe1lR '112/1,;2:

1 - ceplt;;;Hb';:; KaHan; ? - peKOMBH,Il,YBMb'I11<8Han

o,J

,
c 1
2
/
/
/
/
'(j lZ'
/ /i
2 /'
I.!
~
J II
l?f PHC. 7.7. 388HCMMO.".., m =alh KIll ,Il,1I" BnYCKHoro KaHana ,Il,BHrSTSnR 4H 30138 rlPOl t!.p = 5,9 Kna (s) .. t!.p =9,81 Kna Iii):

1 - cepltl1Hb'" KilMan; 2 - pexoMBHAyeMb'" KaHan

0,211

J

fJ,1fi

2
~/ r- r--

r-- - r--
~ r-I !o,.. -
/ -:
'/
IJf ;_
_j_V ----i
_L -
I -
I fl,lO

Ojlfi

o 2 * 8 8 fllfikJI,!11f

I'M!;. 7.8.J8oIlCMMOcTlom=f(h KI1) All" BnYCKHoro KaHana II"" rarenn "IH 1 0,51 12 (,Q-144l nplt!lp =9,81 Kna:

1 - CepM" Hblii KaHan; 2 - peKOMetiayeMbl~ KaHan

m;

II?/< f,4

1,2

t .: f.-
-
2/ V
//r
II
V
lff
jV
/ f,(J

fJ,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

o

PIolC. 7.10. JaeMcMMocTb m = f Ih Knl AM. BnYCKHoro KaHana aBliraTen" 3"1PH62f64 np~ t.p =6,9 I<ns:

1- cep""Hb'ii KaHan; 2 - peKOM9H' AYII"bl~ KaHan

P"c. 7.9. 3aoMCMMOcTb Ml(p = f (h KIll All" lIB"raTeM' "IH 10,5/12 UH44l: 1 - cepl'ltiHblil KaHen; 2 -pEtKOMSHayeMblM KaH8Il 00 cpe~OM

PM~. 7.11. 38BM04 .. oc,. m = f (h 1(111 AIlS! Bb,nYCI<IfOro Ka><ana ABMrBTen" "IH38f40 "PM t.p = 11.17 I<n8:

1 - eepMilHb'M K8><Bn; 2 - cnpoo;plI' nMpoB8HHb'M l<8Han

o

6

f2

18 Iz,MM

P~c. 7.12. 3a, ... eMMOCTbm = f.(h KJ11 AIlfi BbmycKlfOro KaHana ASMrBTan!! YH 30/38 nPl! t.p =9~81 .. :na:

- ~ ~ - cepM"Hbl~ t<8H9Jl; --peKD"9><AY~"b'li KaHan. -' _. --peKOMetiAy9 .. b,M KaHan; aopa60TaH. Hbl~ rl!OMeTpM"Iect<IotM MeTDAOM KOH· CTpy~poBaHMfI; 1 .. 2-paaMYCb. KPIf-

813><.' TapllllKIi Knanatta CDDTB8TCTBeH-

~o 60" 80 ....

cnpOCln1nlilpoBaHHblx no npI1Be,u.eHH<»i Bblwe MeTOJlI1Ke, yny'lwaeTCfl pacxoa TOnJ1HBa aa 4 ... 6 rf (KBT. ~1.

1II3J1ClKeHHbIM B HacrOfl~ei1 KHl1re MeTOJi MOlKllT 6blTb I1CI1OJ1b30- BaH AJ'lA KOHCTPy"poB8HI1R K8HanOB, npliIMeHRlIMblX B JlPyrl1x OTPacJ1RX MaWI1HOCTpOElHIiIR, HSnpl1Mep, BcacblBalOlW'lX 11 HarHeraTeJ1bHblX KaHaJlOB KOMnpecccpoB, naTpy6KOB Typ611H, COeJjl1HI1TenbHblX narpy6KOB BeHTI1J1RLlI'IOHHbIX CI1CTIIM.

PKC. 7.13. 3as"CMMO<:Tbm =flh KJl) AnA CIIPIOMHOro 1- - - -I M peKOMIIHAYSMO ro BbmycKHO ro KilH8I10B I ) ABMraT8nA AM3-741: 1 - RKJ1=17~M;2-RKn=25MM; 3- RKJ1 =21 MM

cnMCOK McnOflb30BAHHOIII flMTEPATVPt.I _

I.MaTapM8II., XXVII CWJ3A8 KOMMYHMCTM .. eeKOii napTIOI< C08eTCI<OrO COlO- 311. - M.: nonMTI03ABT, 1986. - 352 c.

2. A(jpaMOIJUY r. H. TeopM~Typ6VneHT ... "( CTpY;;. - M.: <I>" ... arr .... 1960.~ 115c.

3. AHdpeN B. A., KOH0911Jl08 H. 0., Ocunoe B. A. Maw""Hoe npoeK'''po.

BOHl4e HonpepblBHblX K8PK8COB B3POAIilHaMII~SCKI.t)( KaHllllOBblX noaepxHOCTetlffABIt8U. Tel<HMK8. - 1915, - II' 4. - C, 11-23.

4. AH(}peN B. A" Ocuno« 8. A., RK06fl86 10. C. PaCOleT" KOHCTPYMpOElUH"8 pa.El8TBn"lOl1IMXC" a3poAMH8MM .. BCKMX K8H11110al! Aa .. au, TeXH"KB. - 1913. - 11'4. C. 5-10.

5. 6anawo8 A. A., HaWl86 n. 8, rpeq,OHll1l"T .. ~ecKoe OnpsA8J1eH.,e 3q,~,,T"a~CTM McnonbilOB8HM" "BpeM" - ce~eHMA" BnYCKHblX K8HanOB TYp50- nOpWHeBOrO ABllraTeJl" C y~eToM npoIlOI1)1( .. T&nbHoCl .. 06pall-lbl)( Bbl60- poafJTp. AnTBilCKOrO non"TBXH. "H·Ta. - 6BPHBYI1. 1975. - C. 68-75.

6. 6epe3uH C. p .. Kpyzn08 M. r., PydoiJ 6_ n. KPMTBPI\BnbH8" B38I4MOCBA •• napa"9Tpo9 .. 8TblpeXTBKTHOrO ABC "P" A""SMM"BCKOM >lBlUlyasIlABMraTenfl a .. ylpeH>I .... O cropaaas. - 1983. - Bbln. 31. - C. 61-16.

7. MUOH A. B., n .. enoe A. B. 3aBMCMMoCllo nnOl1lSASil OT A .. CKp .. MMHaHT KPI\80H 2-r0 nop"IlKsffnpIIKI1, reoMBTPIt" .. IIH)I(. rpaq,I.tKa. - 1969. - Bbln. 8. - C. 53--56.

8. 50lBliHuiJ H. 3. rpacj)ooHBnM' .... scKoe KOHClpyMpoBa .... e BblXflonHOro naTpy15K8 ABMrarenei4ffnpMl<n, reo .. BTPltfl 14 MH)I(. rpaq,Vll<s. - 1919. - Bbl[1. 28, - C. 60-62.

9. 6.,YHOS 10. M. BM3yanK38UM" le~eH"A a KaHanax M Bb,60p Ill( O[1THM8n~ H~~)( cj)opMIfMsxaHMl<a TVP6yneHTIOiolx no'mxos. - M., 1980. - C. 285- 292.

10. Bacun86(:H:uiJ O. B. KOftCTpyllpoBaHMI;I KaHanoablX noaepxHocT"" no HanepBA NASHH.,M yCIIOB .. IIMf/np .. Kn. reoMeTpMfI M MH)I{, rpa!l>"'K8. - 1979. - Bl>ln, 27. - C. 63-65.

11, BII(:UnfJfH1HuiJ O. 8. OLlSHK8 nOf'peWHOCTM armpoKeHMSUMH eOCTaaHblX nnOCK"X 06BOADaf/npl4l<n. reoM8Tp,," VI "H)I(. f'paq,HKa. -1980. - BIoln, 3O.-C.I8-19,

12. BuxBpr M. M., rpyt}cH:uiJ 10, r. KOHCTpYMpoBaHM9 "nycKHb'X CMCleM I5blC"TpOXOAHblX AM.ene". - M.: MawKHoC"TpOeHMe, 1982. -151 c.

13, BUWHe6CKuU P •• 3naC(j!yPil, Po6epr M. ABI.t)l(8tllte B03AYxa He anycKell AOI<I1. Cet<lMHapa 00 ABlllraTenflM BHyrp. CropaHM" c aBraMST. peryn .. poB8HMeM crnnaH .. C)I(8TM". - TI5MI1MCH. 1976, - C. 258-211.

14. a.,oop llapaM8Tpoa BnyeKHOf'O KaHBna All" 'I8TblpeXTaKTHblx AB"rareneH F1M3/r. A. "IepHblweB. 8, p. rBn~rOBCI<H~, M. C. neBMT" p.p.IIABmMo- 6MnbHall npoM-CTb. - 1968. - II' 9. - C. 3--7.

15, ranbzoecKuiJ 8. P., KllpaKynuHe H. <JJ., Buxepr M. M. 0 AS">KeH ..... BO'A\Ixa B L(l<11"Hnpe Al'3e/111 c KaMapoi< ercpaa .. " ,,,na F1M3ffTp, HAMIiI. - 1973. - Bbln. 140. - C. 3-23.

16. rtlOp~U86cHuiJ B. 6., JlpalBHoe 6. X. IIIccneAOBSHMe M8TOAOM MHTarpan,,HblX anropllTMoB K03Cj)q,"Ul.teHTB conpo'14Bl1eHMA All" YCT">loa"BWaroc"

" ayCT8Hoa ... "weroCII T&'IeH"" eo RnYCI<HOM KaHane AIUlr8lelleii BHYI'

pe Hero a-OpaHII"ffMaxaHI'INUMIt C.·X. np .... : Hay ... Tp. YCXA. - K .•

1975. - T. 2. - C. 82-84.

'7. rUHtI8t;HuiJ A. C. 0 pac.8Te r .. Apa"n .... ecxoro conpoTManllHMfI K8HanOBII iii H)I(.-iIlH3. )l(VPH. - 1965. - II' 4. - C, 12-15.

18. rUH36ypz S, M., CTenaHOBa r. M. OnTM'ISCKaR ronorpa$1I1I ~l1paI<TII •• C"'1Ie npl1MlllleHMSL - M.: COB. peAKO. 1978. - 150 c.

19. ronvt58611 O. B. Kypc MexaHKKIl cnnOWHblX CP8A. - M.: B~lcw. WK. 1972. - 368 e.

20. r/XIxoo n. B., HeUl; B. H. npoq,Mn"po88HMe BnYCI<Hbix K8HanOIl IIM'8- nAf/8onpoCbI coaepWBHCTaOBaHI4A paooTbl IIM3e.nei4 He HS\lCTBHOB14BWMXCII p~"Max II nPM BbICOKc»l q,OPC"P06KIt: CI5. Hay~. Tp. Xa6ap. non .. - TaXH. I1H-Ta. - Xa6apoBcK. 1979. - C. 64-72.

21. rpuWUH 10. A., Tycee A. B., Kpyznoe M. r. MeToA"1 pac'leTa pa.B8TBneHHblX Cit""'M ra3006MeHaffAal1raTenacTPOel-ille. - 1981. - II' 1. - C. 10- 12.

22. rpuWUH 10. A., KnUMf1HHO C. A., KpyznD8 M. r. MeroA paCOlBTB Heel&-UMOH8pHDro OIlHOMepl-ioro TB~el-lHfI rS3affABl1raTeneC"TpOBI-IMB. - 1982. - 11'1. - C, 14-16,

23. rpuWUH: 10, A., Kpywos M, r. M8TOAb' ."3yan .. 3HUM" rasoeoro nOTOl<8 B nporo ..... bll<: ~aCTflX ABMraTBnBi'I BHYTPBHH8ro CropaHM": Boop. reop .. M II paC-eTa paoo~ItX npoLl8CCOE!I TennOBblX AE!lMr8Ten8~flM8)1(By3. Hay ... c6. - 1983. - Bbln. 7. - C, 3-11.

24. rpuWUH 10. A., Kpyzn08 M. r. Pa3paooTK8 11 npoB9pl<O rpaHIt~HbIX yeno· 111011< All" ~I.tcne" HOro pac~EmI HecT8UMOH8pHbiX Te~eHMil B r830B03AywHblX TpaKrnx ABC/lAaMraT6flSCTpOet1l1e. - 1964. - N' 11. - C. 51-53.

25. rpuWUH /0. A., MaHt/iJK2anBiJ3e A. A. npltHLIMn npoq, .. I1Mpo.SHIlPi Bblnycl«lIoI)( KaHe.n06 .. enycKHblx n8Tpy15KOB AB .. rBTeneii BHyrpeHHerO cropaH .... I!1II3B. 11\1308. M8wM~crpoeHMe. - 1982. - II' 9, - C. 95-98.

25. rpydcHuiJ 10. r., lIupuH n. H., 111118009 B, <JJ. MeTOlll>1 VI pe3ynioTElTbi OUBI-IKit Ka~ecTBa npoq,MnMpoaa ... "" BnYCKHblX K8ttBnOBIfHsY'l. rp, YCXA. - 1973. - Bbln. 69. - C. 17-21.

27. rpyt}cKUU 10. r., I11I1UHUH B. H. MeTOAbl OtolltHKM coaepuie .. CT88 BblnYCI<"'biX KaHanOB AI.t3ene"!fTp, HAMill. - 1979. - Bbln, 176, - C, 130-140. 28, rycee A. B., Kpyznoe M. r. PaCOleT HecTBUItOtiap .. oro TEI'4eHltfi rasa B pasSeTanetiHblX Tpy6onpo!lOA8X r&30B03AywHoro 'paI<TB AElltra'T'BJlFI BtiYTpBHH8rO cropaHM"ff,LlBMntTBnBCTpoI;IHl1e. - 19B2. - II' 5. - C. 3-5.

29. ,lleU .. M. E .• 3apRHKuH A. E, rll'OAMI-IBMI.tI<B AM$llY3DPOB M BblxnonHblx naTPyl5KoB ryp6oMBWMH. - M,: 301epr"". 1970. - C. 384.

30, Jjeuy M. E •• CoHUH8. H. OCC6eH ... OCl\ol >lBCT8L1Mo"'8pHOr0T8~eI1MfI B03Ayxa s .neMetirnX enycKHoM eltCrt'Mbl nOpWHeBOrO ABMraTe.n"fJTp. HAMIiI. - 1975, - Bbln. 155. - C. 62-74.

31. JjpazaHOe 6, X. 3neKTpM .. ecKIie MOAenl.tpoB8Hlt9 A03ByKoaoro ABM)I(8- H .... C"'''MaBMOii )l(K"",oCT,,/lHay •• TP, YCXA. - 1972. - Bbm. 54. - C. 121-136.

32. JlpaZBH08 6. X. K Bonpocy 015 a3pOA"HaM"~BCK"X xspal<Tep14CTMK8X BnyCKHblX CI1CTeM ABMrSTenei\ eHYTpeHHero·cr(lpaI-iMAIIHay~. Tp. YCXA.- 1977. - aloin. 138. - C. 43-50.

33. JlpaUH08 6. X. MaTOAItKB npoq,l1nMpoBaMI1f1 nporo .... oil ~aCT" BIlYCKH.,X KaHenoe A8CIIH8y~, 'rp. YCXA. - 1973. - BloIn, 79. - C. 5-16,

34. Jlpa2BH08 6. X. n p .. nO>Ke>ll1e TeOP"" nOTeHtoIHBn~HOrO Te'lBHMfI I< HCCIIBAOBaH"'" ce"eH"A 3apRA8 eo BnYCI<HOM KaHane 1l0PW>lBBOro ABl1rSTellfl/l Hay~. rp. YCXA. - 1973. - 8bln. 89, - C. 22-31.

35. JlpaUHOfI b. X, 3neH;TpoMoAe.nMpoB81-1 .. e Allfl oeSCH MMeTP""HOrO nOTeHq..anb~ro ra .. eHItA B KaHane C KJlana ... oMflHay ... -rp, YCXA. - 1975. Bbln. 110.-C. 114-117.

161

36. Jlp8il8HOS 5. X., Erpf}BMIIHKO C. A., PyrJbfK 3. r. ~oonallaBaHMe rssonaH8MMK" HeyCl<lH06I'1BWSrOCII T."8>1 .... eo BnyCK>lO~ CMCTeMe "eTb'pexraK~OrO ABMraT1lJ1RIlAeMraTBnM BHy1'Jl. crap8HH". - 1983. - 9"'01. 18.C.70-77.

37. Jlp8Z1JH06 6. X" Erpf)6M088 P. H. MeTOII O1POcPIolIHlPOS8HMR cn .. p8I1bHO>; KI18naHHoi1 lIjBn .. /I,LlBl'lreTen" BHyrpeHH8ro cropaHMR. - 1980. - 8bm. 32. -c. 51--54.

36. Jlp8_ 6. x: KapnyCl> A. T., MVUleHKo A. 8. M.roll nOCTpoeHM" K8- ~OS ASloirareneM BflyrpeHHerO cropaHMR He OCHOBe CBOHCTB rapMOH"~ecK"X cPYHK""iiltnp"KIl. reoMerp .. " M IoIH)I(. rpacPHKa. - 1979. - Bb,n. 6. - C. 4t>-42.

39. Jlp8Z1JH06 5. X., KapnyCl> A. T., HUKIJTUH E. A. MeTOA nOCTpOBH"" npoXOIIHI>I" C8'f8H.,i1 KaHlllloslI~h8. By30S. MawHHocTpoeH"e. - 1979. - PI" 10. - C. 61-64.

40. IJpaZIJIt06 6. X., Kon9CHuKoli A. M. MErTOA npo¢MnHpoB8HMR 018rpy6Ka. coe.o, .. HRIOUlero KOM8Kl'Op co anYCKH .. 'M K&HenOMIIABHrarenH 9HYTp. cropaHHR. - 1980. - asm. 32. - C. 45-50.

41. IJpaZIJHOS 5. X .. Kopo6KO 8. M., HUKUTUff E. A. ~ccn.lloaaHMB onTM_eCKI1MH ., nY3b'pbKoa", "''' MeTOABMIt CTPYKTYPb' nOTOKa a ""mYCKHOM KaHane ABC/I.LloKn. ""M.,Hapa no ABC C aero MaT. perynltpDBa""BM CTaneHM C)f(8THFI. - T6ItnHCIt. - 1976. - C. 22<l-229.

42. IJpaZIJHOB 6. X., nanwuH /0. c, nUpHB'f A. 11. Onpa ... en8H"e CKOPOCTI'I B03AYWHoro nOTOK8 ac BRVCl<ttoM Kalfane nOpWHeB bl x AB~raTa.nel.4 c noMO",blO 3LlBM no M&TOIIY KO>lTypHb'X MHTerpanbHbl" COOTHOWeH"iil/ Hay". 'rp. YCXA. - 1975. - B srn, 110. - C. 58-90.

43.Jlp8Z1JH086. x., nsnbWJ08CKul) 8. c. npocPHn"paBaH~BRYCKHbIX K8HanOB nOpWHI!Bb'K AB"rBTBlleH rpaof>oaHanHT""BCKHM M&TO",OM/lflpHKn. reoMerp""" MHlK. rpacP"Ka. - 1972. - 8blri. 15. - C. 88-90.

44. pPail8H09 5. X., Pyd .. ,K 3. r. ~CcnBADBBHMB CrpYKTYPblllo9AywI-IOrO no. ~OKa B r"HraH""anbI-lOM anYCI<HOM I<a~e 1I"3BnbHom ne~r8TenFi//Hay". TJ). YCXA. - 1972. - Bbln. 54. - C_ 143-149.

45. Jlp8IMiH06 6. X., PyrJblK 3. t; K ~CCI1B1l0BaHIiIO nepBTeK8HMA 3aPfl1l8 xonMKTOpa ao BnYCKHble KaHanbl lIa"r8T11J1F1 6onbwoH pa.MepHOCTM C _"Tblp.KKnB"aHHQil KPblwKoi1/1Hay •. 'rp, YCXA. - 1975. - Bbm. 148. - C. 33-36.

48. Pi>R'(fIHKO 8. r. K aonpocy 0 MaTeMaT""BCKOM Monen"poeaHIoIH npoaecCOB mpMOlKBHMfI r038 110 BnycKHblX Kon.neKTOpax AS"raTen.;;; BHyTpeHHarD cropaHIt""AMsrarenM BHyrp. CropaHltR. - 1973. - B",01. 18. - C.65~.

47. ,!lI.R'fIIHKO 8. r. K Bonpocy 0 MaTeMaT,,_eeKOM Monen"poBaH"1oI npouacCOB p83rOH8 rasa BO BnYCKHblX xonnexrocax AB"raTeneH a>lYTp,H1Hero cropaH",,!lAsliraTenM BHYTp. cropaHMI1_ - 1973. - 8bm. 18. - C. 56- 64.

48. 11""_KO 8. r., CB8paH r. 11. ~CTe"BHMe rasa seoea BnYCKHb,. KnanaHal!

AsVlrnenlt IIHyrp. cropaHH". - 1970. - Bbln. 11. - C. 11-16.

49. Empoa fl. A. C"CTeM8 ypaB ~8Ht1M AnFi OnMeaH"FI HecT8'1l1oHapH"'" rasoAMHaMM'lBCK"" ""neHM~ BO Bnycl<HoM H ablnycKHOM Tpy60npoBOAB" ABMr.TeI1e~/l1013B. BY30B. Maw"HocTpoeH"e. - 1974. - PI" 8. - C. 104- 108.

50. 3afJIIKUH A. E" 3aI./IMUH M. <P. Pe3ynbraTbi MccneAOB3Ht1H KOHMQBCKM" M KOnbLIBBbl" AM<I>¢Y30POB/ITp. M3~. - 1963. - Bbm_ 47 - C. 105- 116.

51. 3ffJ1IHJ 8. n. 06 O.llHOM MeTOAe npoaKTMpoBaH"" HenpepblBHoro l<apKace HopManbHblX C9'l8H"" K8HanOEl nOB8pxHO~ no IIByM 88 o~epKa",/IMa-

168

Wl.1tiHOe npoexrapoeaaae, YBA3Ka .., BOCr1poIll3BeAeHMe cnO:+;HbIK Aerane~ B as"aCTpaeH.,.,. - II1pKYTcK, 1976. - C. 74-77.

52. :Jan""" B. tt., OCIJnOa8 Il. 11. K pacsarv "'''Hei1Horo noocrpenereeauoro 06BOAa aroporo nopaasca rnaIlKoCTM//AeTO"'aTl13a'l~'" npoeKT"po9aHH" lot Ma,-eMaT'1l.1ecI<Oe MOAeJHtpOBaH .... e nOBepxHocTeil! ria 6a3e 3BM. - HOBO~ CI16HPCK. 1977. - C. 81-84.

53. l1euH 8. 14., Ba",ufl6e6 fl. A CTPYKTYpa " 14HTerpanbHbl9 Xapal<TepHCTI1KH nOTOKa 8 SbmYCK'HOM KaHane ,(I,8HraTe.nR npl'1 CT.aUIotOHapHk:.tx ~ aecreuaoHapHbl" ymoB"""//,Il,B,,raTenBCTpaeHHe. - 1985_ - N° 1. - C. 14-17.

54. i.feuH B. 11., Becuneee fl. A., B03YUKOB C. M. OnpeABfle .... e OapaMeTPOB rB38 B. rpaH~"II-'IOM CeLteHJ.U1 Ha BXO,(l,S B BbmycKHo~ TpyEionpOBO.A Aa"ra~ rene~ BtiYTpBHHero cropaHHRII,LlBI1raTefl" BHVTp. cropaH.,,,. - 19B3. - Bhm. 25. - C. 49-56.

55. I1fJUH B. 14 .• Bacunt>oo fl. A., BO:JYUK08 C. M. 3Kcnep"MeHTanbHoe "ccne- 1I0BSHHe noroxa 8 enYCI<HOM I<a .. ane II. B. c1/10139. "\,30". MaWI1HOCTpoeHHe. - 1975. -N° 12. - C. 81-B5.

56. MeuH B. 11., Bscunsee n. A., PbfHOUH B. B. Onpe.llBnaHI1e norpewfiocTso; npa ~3MepeH"'1"'I nonaoro ,AaBneHI-1A B HGCTau.IAiOHopHOM nOTQK€ ra3a1/ I'IaB. avana.: MaW"'HOCTpoeHHe. -- 1974. - N· 3. - C. 85-88.

57. 118UH B. 11 .. rpeXOi3 fl. A. PaC"aT T""eHflfI C OTPbl80M norpaH"~Horo cnoa 11 Bb,nycKHoM KaHane A. 8. C//~3e. Sy30S. MaWI'IHOCTpoeHl'le. - 1985. - N° 2_ - C_ 68-72.

58. IIIccne.£10eBHHe TBl.leHIoI'IA raaa l.jepe3 KIlanaHHYtO uien .. a npo ... ecce BnycKa " IIBHraTene BHYTpeHHera cropaH"R/H. C. )!(ABHOeCK.,>;. A. B. ~"KonaBH' KO. J1. r. CneKTpo8 II IIp.//3an. Ile""Hrp. c.-x. HH-TS. - 1975. - Bhln. 279. - C. 87-94.

59. ~ccnBlloBaH"e C nOMOlllbfO 36M BI1HAH"" npoxonaoro Ce"eHMA BnYCKHOro KaHana Ha HanonH9H"e n. 8. c/M. r. Kpyrl1oB. B. B. 3cjlpoc. 6. X. AparaHoa ... AP'{/Car..!OneTDCTpOeHHe., TeXHHKa B0311YWHoro cjlnoTB. ~ 1970.Bsm: 22. - C_ 17~23.

60. ~oonIlllOEl"H"e sn"RHH" KO"CTPYKT.SHbIX oco6eHHocTe~ BnycKHo~ c,.;CTaMb' ",";3l1li>1 C;>.o1A-60 H8 Ba"H~MHy ee conpoT"ElnBH",,/Il. M. T"M"eHKo. A_ r: Tblptl~eB, r. 6. Tanaa H AP./IAeHraTSl1H BHYTp. eropaaa». - 1973. - Bhln. 1 B. - C. B2---90.

61. Ka:Ja'l8HKO P. B., flwceHKO B. r. Bnl1>1HHB AeM",eHMA eO'Ayxa Ha pafio~,,>; npouecc rennoeoaaoro 118HraTBn,,/IABloIraTenl'l BHYTp. cropa"I'IR. -1973.Bhln. 18. - C. 30-37.

62. KS3a'lK08 P. B .• nbfC8HKO 8. r •• ne6KOSU. c. fl. I-1ccneAOElaHHe 3¢cjlel<iHBHblX npoxcnasix ce"l9HHi4 np~ cPM3HIoiecl(OM MO,lJ,Bnl-1pOBaHMM BnyCKHoro TpaKTa Tenn0803Horo nl'lgenR/IAeHraTen., BHYTp. eropa .. "". -1973.Bbln. 18. - C.30-37.

63. KanuwtmCKuiJ fl. Il., CenUX06CKUii C. 8. Hexcropsre pe'ynbTaTbl HoeneAOBaHHR ""CT81l"OH8pHOrO Typ6yneHTHora .IIB"'lK"HMAIITenno3HepreT"Ka. - 1967. - IV" 1. - C. 69-72.

64. Kasnoe B. H. Ko:>4>ll>l1L1MeHTb' coaepuaeacrea r""8H"" rasa BO snYCKHh'X KaHan8)( IIB"reTeneH BHyTpeHHerO crapaHH"I/H3I3. BY:WB. Maw"HoCTpOeHHe. - 1976. - N" 12. -C_ 87-91.

65. Kpy:m08 M. r. 0OO6eHHOCTI'I ra:WAMHSM"K" I<OMti."HpoBaHHblx II.B. c. Ha fieYCTIIHo"MBW""C .. pe"' .. Mexl!vI3B. By30S. Mew"HOCTpoelil'le. - 197B. -' I/" 3. - C. 101-105.

66_ }(py:moa M. r. TepMOAMHaM.,KD" ra'OA14HaM"Ka IIBYXTaKTHblX A""rarenefi BHVTpeHHero cropaHI1F1. -~ M.: Mawrlt., 1963. - 272 c.

67. KpY2JI08 M. r; Ewpoa R. A. 0 rpaHIoI~e npHMeHHMocr. cjl0pMyn KB.3.CTa~"OHapHoro M uecrauaoaapuoro .cr9~e""A raJos//II1.a. avacs. Maw.HOCTJ)OeH"e. -1974. - N° B.- C. 97-100.

169

68. Kynnanad3a C. C, n60IITI>8B A. H. TennoMaccool5MeH M Tpet<He B TYp6yneHTHOM enoe. - M.: 3Hepr.,A, 1972. - 344 c.

69. naSplHfTt>8B M. B., lUa6BT 6. M. MeToAbl TSOpH .. cPyMKUHH KOMnneKeHDto nepeM~Horo. - 4-e "311. - M.: HaYK8, 1973. - 736 c.

70. nuiie Y. B. 0 nOTBpRX Hanopa np .. HeyCT8HOBI1BWBMCR 118M"'OHMM Hse", ...

MaeMoiii "'I'IAKOCYM B HsnOpHbl)! l'py6axflTp. Ten. r.onMTS)!H. MH-TB. - 1965. - N° 223. - C. 21-28.

71. noiJllRIICKuiJ n. r; Mex8HI11<B "'''AKOClM H rasa. - 3-e H./I. - M.: Havxe, 1970. - 904 e.

72. M830 A. C 06 y~eTa" Bnl1AHMM npOllOnbH,," KpH6113tibl HB TYpl5yneHTHoe T9'l8Hl'le B K8Hane1/Tp. HAMI1. - 1978. - 8blrl. 168. - C. 78-87.

73. MuxaiJn8HKO 8. E., 06yxasa 8. C, noi}zopHblU A. n. <l>opMo06pa30B8- HMe o60no~eK B 8pX .. leKType, - K.: 6YAiBen .. H .. K, 1972, - 205 e.

74. MoP03 3. B. l-1e<:neAoeaHHEI B03MO"'HOCTH H3y"SHIIR H8CTaUMoHapHocrM ta:W,llHHaMI'I".8CKHX nOTOI<OB .. .(IBC MIITOIlOM tOnorpacPH~ecKo,;; I1H1SPcPepeHTHocTHIIKOHcTPYl<lIl1A aeTOM06I1ne';;, - 1976. - PI" 4. - C. 42-50.

75. MYHdWTYKOS .a. A. MoA9l1HpoBaHMe HSCT811HOHapHoro ABIOKet<MfI r8311 e C"CTeMe enycl<8/lABHroTenH B .. yTp. cropa .. H", - 1971. - Bbm. 13. - C.61-57.

76, HaOOnuHllbliJ B. A. AHanHTH.ecKMe MeTOAbl B KOHCTpYM poeaHK" noesoxHOCTeii. - K.: Kl1eB. nomneXH .• III.-T, 1981. -43 c.

77. HUKUTUII E. ,II., JlpsUH09 6. X. I'IccneAQOaHKe TBHeB~IM" M8TOjI,8MII CTpYKTYp'" nOTOI<8 00 BnYCKHOM I<afllltle ABHtaTenej;j .(I30I38/11-13B. Byaos, MUWMHOCTP06Hl1e. - 1974. - PI" 2. - C. 115-118.

78, HUKuTUH ~. A.. JlpsZBHOs 6. X., Kopo6KO 8. M. I1CCIl9AoBBHlle onTII~aCKHMM MerOM"'H T9'leHI1A nOTOKa a eblroYCK .. OM KaHana ABliraTBIlA "IH 38/38/1Hay". Tp. YCXA. - 1977. - 8bln. 136. - C. 51-55.

79. fIllKUTUH e. A., JlpsZSH06 6. X., Pya"". 3. r. M8TOAI1KB H psayn~TaTbl I'ICCIleAOBaHHFI BnycKHoro KaHana AOHraT8nfl .(136/38/11-13'" eY30B. MaWMHOCTpoe .. lle. - 1974, - PI" 3. - C. 83-87.

BO. 06yxoea B. C., BSCun8BCKUiJ O. B.npMMe"eHe .. 119 MSTOj1,8 eno",eHMA Bbll'l(K!1blX KpMeb.X I< KOHCTP\'HpoaaHMIC KaHanOBblJ( noeepKHoCTSRllnpHKn. reoM8TPHFlM HII",. rpe.:p",Ka. - 1981. - 8~ln. 26. - C. 15-17.

81, 06yxosa B. C COCT8BHbIB KOCbIS nOBepxHocTM, cTblKyeMole noTOpCOB.I'" 06pe3YIC!UIIM/lnp"Kn. rsoMeTPH" 01 "' .. )/(. rpacPliKa. - 1979. - Boln. 2B.-C.11-16.

82, 06yxoea 8. C., BacunBfJCKUU O. 8. QlOpMl1poB8H". rSOMeTPM~ecKo,;; MHcPOpMallMK 0 Ha'l8JlbH~IX H Ko .. a~HbIX CII'IaHMRX l<aHenOB MA aOTOMEIT .. 3 .... poB8HHotO 3lIAlIHMfI OO3bl A8 .. HLlxf/nplIl<o, rOOMSTPMR .... H"'. rpIl4loHKa.- 1979. - B~ln. 28. - C. 11-16.

83. Os~UIIHUKOS O. H. 8nH"HH~ aXoAHOtO npo<l»toA CI<OPOCTIM Ha pe60TY AHcPcPY30pa//Tp. IleHHHrp. nOnI1T9XH. !'IH-TS. - 1955. -If' 176· _ C.173- 188,

84. OcaOuH 8. A" nllnbwteCKUii 8. C, xoxno« 8. E. I-1cnoIl.3OB~Hl1e M8TOAOB eK3Yaml.u"K nOTOKa npM npocPMnl1p088HI1H .... lOycKHoro KaHena ,IIBMraTaIlFl 'IPH36J301/HaY'l. rp, YCXA. - 1976. - BIoIIl. 186. - C. 133-148.

85. Ocuno« 8. A. MaWI1HClble MeTOA"' nposKTKpoeaH .. A .. enpepbleHQ-l<apI<8CHol)( nOBepxHOCTIM. - M.: MaWI1HOCTpoeHMe. - lB79. - 248 c ..

86. ocuoo« U. A., AHd,,_ 8. A. npoOKTMpo"aHIo1e a3poAI,HaMIIQecK",X I<8HanOB nO H8roepeA'3a,llOHHbIM yenoBIiAM/fI13a, ey30B. ABl1all. TexHKKa. - 1973. - B .. rn, 4. - C. 135-137.

87. OTBPOfJ 8. P. MeToAHKa M H9KOTopble pe3ynb18T"1 mOI<TpoBHeMOMeTpMpoeaH"" a u,Mnlo1"Ape AB"raTBnflIITp. HAM~. - 1978, - Bl.on. 171. - C.34-43.

170

88. naM06 A. 8. K aonpocy 0 nOCTpoeHH" ol5eoAoB TeXH."~ecI<KX q,oPM C nOMOIUWO KP"Bbll( 2 r10pRAKal/npMKlI. rSOMetpMR H "H"'. rpacP .. xa. _ 1965. - 801n. 1. - C. 110-117.

89. naH'lypuH H. A. rHApaBn,,~ecKoe conporaaneaae npa HeyC18HOBIoIBweMOFI TYp6yneHrnoM T~eHKI1 e TPY5axl{Tp, n118T. - 1961. - Bbln. 13. _ C.43-56.

90. n06X H. n. A3POA"HaMM~ecKH;;; 3KcnepMMIIHT B M8WHHOCTpOSH"H. - n.:

MSWI1HOCTpoe .. "e. - 1974. - 479 c.

91. Iionoe .a. H_ Hecrau .. oHapHble rHAPClMexa .... 'ecKMe npouecesr. - M.: MaWIo1H0CTJ)08H .. e. ~ 1982. - 240 c.

92. ttooo« .11. H. 015 OC06aHHOCTFUoI H8CT811"0H3PHbIX nOTOI<Oa B Tpy6axlI~3a. "yaoB. MawKHOCTpoeHMe. - 1972. - PI" 7~. 78-82.

93. rtooo« .11. H" KPSS'llHfKO B. r. 11CCJ18AOB8HMe HeYCT8HOEIMa weroCA ,11811- ",eHHR "'HAKOct" npH n8peXOAHbiX npolleccax B I<0POTKOii ~YI5e1/BecrH. MaWI1HOCTpOeHHfl. - 1974. - N° 6. - C. 7-10.

94. PaCqeT OTpblOHoro Te~~"FI ~6pa3 ut8nb 18p8nb~aTOrO Kn8naHa/lO. A. rpM.

W"H, M. r. KpyrnoBB, A. A. MaH",rana,ll3e tI AP./lAeHrarenecTpoeHKe. _ 1982. - PI" 2. - C. 56-58.

95. PaC'IeTHO-3KcnepM MOHTallbHOe .. ccnDAOBa"lIle~3 raoopecnpeAenllHMR 118"r~TanaH RM3/6. P. IIHiparHMOB, 6. A. K"ceneB, M. C. neal'lT .. jI,p./lTp. HAMI-1. - 1972. - Bbln. 137. - C. 32-54.

96. Pydh/K 3. r. BH3yanl438UH" AB""'eHIIFI 803AywHoro nOTOKa BO enycKIIO., CKCTeMe nopumeacro ,llEll1nTMA ny3blpbKOebiM "'IITO,IIOMIIHsro. rp. YCXA. -1976. - B~ln. 185. - C. 54-57.

97. Pyd"K 3. r. Oeol5~HOCTH MeTOAMK .. 3KcnepHMBHT8IlbtlOrO I1CC11eAOBa><"" BnycKHo~ C"CTeMol nOpWHeBOrO AIIMrarenA/IHay". rp. YCXA. _ 1975. - Bbln. 148. - C. 37-42.

98. PblJitOS H. H. AnropMTMIoI3BU,MA eblBOA!! ypa8HeHMii lI"KnH"8CK"" noaepxHO""*' [1O .. anepo,ll 38AaHHbIM YCIlOBHIIM/lnp"'Kn. reoMeTpM". - M" 1975. - T. 73. - C. 25-28.

99. Caseno .. A. A. nnocKMe KpH8 .. ,e. - M.: <l>H3M8r"3MT, 1960. - 293 c.

100. Ceaa., 8. C rB30aaR AIoIHBMMK8 BblnyCI<Hb'l< CHCTBM nopwH8BoIX MaWMH. _ X.: BHIUB WI<. rOIloelloe 113A-80, 1974. - 171 c.

101. Ceaos n. H. MsxaHI1K8 cnnOWHO. cpeAL" 8 2 T. - M.: HaYKa, 1970. _ T. 1. - C. 492; T. 2. - C. 568.

102. ceoo« n. H •• '1epHbliJ r. r; 06 YCPMHeHloI11 HepaeHoMep><blx norOKOB rasa e KaHSnUK/rr HOpEIT. t"AIJOAMHa ..... l<s. - 1954. - N' 12, - C. 17-30.

1 03. Cep~eiJ'IJiK 0, 8. BoroPOCbl rSOMElTp",ecKoro KOHCTpy"poBa .. "" nSHeIle;;; o50no"el< c nepeMeHHblMM nonepeq .. bIM .. ce~eHH"MOI/lnpIiKn. rSOMeTpHA ., I1H",. rpalj)HKa. - 1978. - Bbln. 26. - C. 65~.

104. CePZe!JVYK O. 8. 06 0IlllOM [lpeo6pa~BaH"H npOCTpaHCT8a, B03H .. K81OIUBM npH 1'13r,,6aHMH npAMO~lInp"Kn. rSOMElTpHA H HH"'. rpacP"Ka. _ 1979. - 6bl[l, 27. - C. 59-62.

105. CoKonas C. C, nB3YPKO A. A. npo.:pHn'lpoeBHHB ooonyCKHblJ< KaHanO" .eThlpexTBf<,HIoIX AH38neH/IAIIHrarenl1 "Hyrp, CropaHH~. - 1972, - N° 19. - C. 25-30.

106. CoHKUH B. 11. I-1ccnellOsa'lI1e ""eHH~ B03Avxa xeoea I<nanaHHYIO uten.1!

Tp. HAMI-1. - 1974. - Bl.ln. 149, - C. 21-39.

,107. Cr8f1SHOB t; /0. r"APCl,lll1HaMOIKB peurero« Typ60MBllJHH. - M.: <I> .. 3Maw-

, rH3. -191\2. - 512 c.

108. CrensIlOS t", /0. K pac"eTY ,IIeYXM&pHOrO rese ..... " rasa B KB>l8naxllTp.

III1AM. -1958. - PI" 305. - C. 37-45.

109. TonK8YBfJ H. A. 3Haprenl~ecKa" xapBKTepHcTM K8 ra30B03,11YllJ .. oro TpaK- 18 KOMI5I1H"poeBHHoro AB~raTenAIIABl1raTenH BHYTp. cropa""", _ 1973. - Bbm. 18. - C. 77-82.

171

I 10. Ylly~we,".e 11I301l1lt<8MII~ec:K"X Ka~ecra BblnyCK~b!)( t<:aiianOB 1l"3elleii BT3IH. r. Epox~t<, 6. H. T""OM"POB, r. 111. IHanll"H " IlP.I/Hay~. rp. YCXA. - 1973. - SbIO. 9. - C. 44-49.

11 1. <PSOl'l8CKUii K. K., rUffeacKuu A. c.. KonecHuKo" A. 8. PaC'l6T TYp6ynet<THorQ "'OrpafU1~HOrO CJ10" HaC>K .... aeMo~ JKI4I1KOCT". _. n.: CYAOCTpoeH"e. 1973. - 256 c.

112. r/JtJnb~8Koa tt, <P., naff'lUUJUH 8. H. lIIHTBrpaTOpbl 3rAA: MOAB11HpoE>aHHe nOTeH ~"anhH "')( nOlle" Ha ansKTponpoBolIHoo; 6YMBre. - K.: H31l~0 AHYCCP. 1961. -171 c.

113. ¢eKe A., npar M. S"'""CJ1HTeIlbHBR reoMeTp""'. - M.: M",p, 1982. - 304c.

I I 4. X8HUH H. C .. SO"UH 8. 8., KOceHK068 fl. M. I-1CClleIlOBat<.e npoueccoe B CI1c-reMe BblnyCKa Ha YCT8HoBKe Onnl"eCKOrO THnallTp. HAMI-1. - 1971. - B~Lr'I. 127. - C. 36-46.

115. X06ax M. c., X8~UHRH A. c.. SozOacapas H. r. Hekoropsre pe3ynbTaTbl "ccneA08aH~" 118""'eH"" B03AywHOrO 3aP"A'I " pa60"ero npouecca c HaMYBoMl/l-1aB. BylOB. MawllHOCTpoBHlle. - 1970. - N· 12. - C. 84-91. 11 fi. Xondep .a, HOPT P. Tefle8ble MeTOllbl !:I aapoAMflaM"Ke. - M.: M~p. 1966. - I 79 c.

117. 'filPlibiu 11. A. HeYCTIIHoBMBweec:1I AFlIIJKetiMe peanbHo~ "'"IIKOCT" B TPYoaK. - M.: HeAPS, 1975. - 296 c,

118. '1epllblu r. r. 3aKpy~eHHble rese ...... CJK01 .. seMoro ra38 B KaHsnax!!1I13B.

AH CCCP. -1956. -N"6. -C. 55-82.

119. '1JK8H n, OTp,ISH.,B AeneHHA. - M.: M .. p, 1972. - 298 c.

120. '1J1<"8H n. YnpaaneH"e OTPblBOM nOTOKa. - M .• : M .. p, 1979. - 552 c.

121. lJJnrJxTuHz r. TeoPI1A norpat<H"HOro CJ10Fl. :... M., HaYKa, 1974. - 711 c.

122. 3¢pac 8. 8., Ilpa2tJH08 5. X" PYObiK 3. r. Bnl1F1Hl1e napaMeTpOB enYCKHOro K8H811a H8 nOKB3aTB11H IlluenB~ BT3/1HBY". rp. YCXA. - 1973. - Bbln. 89. - C. 32-43.

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