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Statistical Quality Control
Statistical Quality Control
Anjali
Roll no. 10101008
Sameer Pahwa
Roll no. 10101046
Introduction
2. Chance causes: these cause,as the name suggests , takes place as per chance or in a
random fashion as a result of the cumulative effect of a multiplicity of several minor
causes which cannot be identified. Such types of causes is inhererent in every type
of production and hence It is acceepted as an allowable variation in any scheme of
production.
Out of two types of causes , nothing can be done about the chance causes,hoever,
assignable variations can be detected and corrected .
Control charts
The control charts are the graphics devices developed by walter a.shewart for detecting
unnatural pattern of variation in the production process ant determing the permissible
limits of variation.these are based the theory of prob and sampling . Contolcharts are
simple to construct and easy to intrepret n they tell the production manger at a glance
whether or not the proocess in in control i.e., within the tolerance limits. A control chart
consists of three horizontal lines::
1.Central line (CL) :the central line is themiddle line of the chart . It indicates the grand
average of the measurements of the samples.it shows the standard or level of the
process.
2.UPPER CONTROL LIMIT (UCL) : The upper control limit is usually obtained by adding 3
sigma(3 sd) to the process avg.it is denoted by Mean +3sd.
3.Lower control limits (LCL): the lower cntrl limit is usually obtned by subtracting 3 sigma
to the process avg.it s denoted by mean -3.
Dr. shewart has proposed te 3sd limits fr the contol charts. From the prob,If a
variable X’ IS NORAMLY DISTRIBUTED ,THE PROB tht a randm variable ll be between
x’ + -3sd,whre x’ is mean and sd is stndrd deviation is 0.9973 which is extremely high.
thus.,the prob of a random variable fall outside these limits is 0.0027, which is very
low.(Which is like 3 out of 1000.)
Purpose and uses of cntrl charts
d) Construct the r chart by pltting the smple no. o the x axis n sample range ucl lcl n
central line on the y axis.
e) Intrort the r chart . If all th sample ranges fall withing the control lmits the production
process isin a state of contol otherwise it is beyond cntrol.
Example 1.
Example 2.
3. Sd chart
To get a better picture of the vaiations in the quality stndrd in a process than is obtained
frm the arange a chart prvided the stndrd deviation of the varius samples are readily
available.
Procedure:steps:
a) Find sd of each sample,if nt given.
b) Compute the mean of sd by using the formla :
the mean of stdrd sd reprents the central line cl
c) Find the upper n lower control limits by using
1. on the basis of quality control fators b1, b2 and population stndrd dviation…sd
ucl = b2 sd lcl = b1 sd
2. On the basis of quality control factors b3 n b4 n estimated population sd,sd
Whre b1 b2 b3 b4 are equally quality contrl factors….
d) Cnstruct sd-chart by pltting the sample no. the x axis.. Nsample sd, ucl , lcl ncl on the
y axis…
e) Intrperet the chart drawn.
Example pp – 287
Control charts for attributes
These charts are used when the quality or charaterstics of a procdt cannot be measured
in quantitative form and thedata Is studied on the basis ogf totality of attributes like
defective n nono –defective. Such charts re of three types ::
1. p-chart
2. C-chart
3. np-chart
P-chart:: fr contrlling the quality stndrd in the avg fraction defective of the roducs in a
process when the observed sample items are classified into defective n non defctive.
Procedure:steps::
1. Find the frction defetives in each sample
2. Find the mean of th fraction
3. Detemine the contorl limits by unsing yhe formula: i..e
4. Cnstruct p-chart by pltting the sample no. the x axis.. Nsample sd, ucl , lcl ncl on the y
axis…
5. intrpret the p chart. If all th sample fraction defective (p) fall withing the control lmits
the production process isin a state of contol otherwise it is beyond cntrol.
Example pp- 290
Np-chart: fr controlling the qaulity stndrd af attending in a proces o whre the sample size is
equal n it is required to plot the nno. Of defectives ((np) in samples intead of fraction
distibution.
Procedure:steps::
1. Find the avg. no. of defects
2. Find the value of p’ by using the formula..
3. Determine the control limits by using he formula. i.e
4. Cnstruct np-chart by pltting the sample no. the x axis.. N sample no. of defective sd,
ucl , lcl ncl on the y axis…
5. intrpret the np chart. If all the sample no. of defectives fall withing the control lmits the
production process isin a state of contol otherwise it is beyond cntrol.
Example 11.
C-chart:::fr contrlling no. of defects of no. of defects per unit say a piece of
cloth/glass/paper/bottle which may cotain more then one defect.the prob of occurnce
of each defect ends to a remain very small.procedure::steps::
1. Determine the no. of defecs per unit in the samples of equalt size
2. Find themena of the no. of defcts counted in sevral units by using the formula: i.e
4. Cnstruct c-chart by pltting the sample no. the x axis.. N sample no. of defects
observed per unit , ucl , lcl ncl on the y axis
5. intrpret the c-chart. If observed values of no. of defects per unit fall withing the
control lmits the production process isin a state of contol otherwise it is beyond
cntrol.
Example 14 pp- 297.
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