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Analog Transmission Example 1
Analog Transmission Example 1
Solution
We need 4 bits. A 3-bit value can represent 23 = 8 levels (000 to
111), which is not enough. A 4-bit value can carry up to 24 = 16
values.
Note: A signal with L levels actually can carry log2L bits per level
Analog Transmission Example 3
We want to digitize the human voice [range: up to 4000
Hz]. What is the bit rate, assuming 8 bits per sample?
Solution
Solution
Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s)
Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps
Analog Transmission Example 5
The bit rate of a signal is 3000 bits per second. If each
signal unit carries 6 bits, what is the baud rate?
Solution
Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Solution
In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud
rate is therefore 2000 per second. An ASK signal
requires a minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate.
Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.
Analog Transmission Example 7
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal with 2
signal levels, what are the baud rate and bit rate?
Solution
In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000 per second. But
because the baud rate and the bit rate are also the same
for ASK with 2 signal levels, the bit rate is 5000 bps.
Analog Transmission Example 7
Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal using 2
signal levels transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in
half-duplex mode, and the carriers are separated by 3000
Hz.
Solution
For FSK
BW = baud rate + fc1 fc0
BW = bit rate + fc1 fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz
fc1 = higher frequency signal level
fc0 = lower frequency signal level
Solution
Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is
allocated for each direction.
BW = baud rate + fc1 fc0
Baud rate = BW (fc1 fc0 ) = 6000 2000 = 4000
But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the
bit rate is 4000 bps.
Analog Transmission Example 9
Find the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal transmitting at
2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode.
Solution
For 4-PSK the baud rate is one half of the bit rate.
Therefore the baud rate is 1000 per second. A PSK
signal requires a bandwidth equal to its baud rate.
Therefore the bandwidth is 1000 Hz.
Analog Transmission Example 9 :4PSK method
1s
Analog Transmission Example 10
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced
points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the
baud rate?
Solution
The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45
degrees apart. Since 23 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted with
each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is
4800 / 3 = 1600 baud per second
Analog Transmission Example 10: 8 PSK Method
Analog Transmission Example 11
Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud 16-QAM signal.
Solution
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since
log216 = 4.
Thus,
(1000)(4) = 4000 bps
Multiplexing Example 1
Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz,
Multiplexing Example 1
Frame
Multiplexing Example 4
Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each
channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per
channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of
the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the
bit rate for the link.
Solution
Multiplexing Example 5
A multiplexer combines four 100-Kbps channels using a
time slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary
inputs. What is the frame rate? What is the frame
duration? What is the bit rate? What is the bit duration?
Solution
Multiplexing Example 6
Solution