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1. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
2. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
3. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
4. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
5. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
6. Bit/Baud Comparison
7. Modems
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Digital-to-analog modulation
• An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000 signal units are
sent per second, find the baud rate and the bit rate
• Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s) Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps
• The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries 6 bits, what is the
baud rate?
• Baud rate = 3000/6 =500 bauds/sec
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A cos(2f c t ) binary1
s (t )
0 binary0
On/Off keying
• BW = (1 + d) * Nd
• Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000
bps. The transmission mode is half-duplex.
• In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud rate is therefore 2000. An
ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore, the
minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.
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• Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz), if draw the full-duplex ASK
diagram of the system. We can find the carriers and the bandwidths in each direction.
Assume there is no gap between the bands in the two directions.
• For full-duplex ASK, the bandwidth for each direction is
• BW = 10000 / 2 = 5000 Hz
• The carrier frequencies can be chosen at the middle of each band
• fc (forward) = 1000 + 5000/2 = 3500 Hz
• fc (backward) = 11000 – 5000/2 = 8500 Hz
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A cos(2f1t ) binary1
s(t )
A cos(2f 2 t ) binary0
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• What is the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal if the bandwidth of
the medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference between the two carriers is
2000 Hz. Transmission is in full-duplex mode.
– Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is allocated for each
direction.
– BW = baud rate + fc1 - fc0
– Baud rate = BW - (fc1 - fc0 ) = 6000 - 2000 = 4000
– But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the bit rate is 4000
bps.
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8-PSK
• Bandwith similar to ASK, but data rate can 2 or more times greater.
• What is the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in
half-duplex mode.
• For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000. But in 8-
PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.
• Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8-PSK signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate?
• For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000. But in 8-
PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.
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• The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45 degrees apart. Since 2 3 = 8, 3 bits
are transmitted with each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is 4800 / 3 =
1600 baud
• A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since log 216 = 4. Thus, (1000)(4) = 4000 bps
Phone modems
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• V-32.
• Uses a combined modulation and encoding technique: Trellis coded Modulation.
• Trellis = QAM + a redundant bit
• 5 bit (pentabit) = 4 data + 1 calculated from data.
• A signal distorted by noise can arrive closer to an adjacent point than the intended
point (extra bit is therefore used to adjust)
• Less likely to be misread than a QAM signal.
V-series (cont.)
• V-32.bis
• First ITU-T standard to support 14,400 bps transmission.
• Uses 128-QAM
• (7 bits/baud with 1 bit for error control)
• at a rate 2400 baud 2400 * 6 = 14,400 bps
• Adjustment of the speed upward or downward depending on the quality of the line or signal
• V-34 bis
• Bit rate of 28,800 bps with 960-point constellation to 1664-point constellation for a bit rate of
33,600 bps.
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V-series (cont.)
• V-90
• Traditionally modems have a limitation
on data rate (max. 33.6 Kbps)
• V-90 modems can be used (up to
56Kbps) if using digital signaling.
• For example, Through an Internet
Service Provider (ISP)
• V-90 are asymmetric
• Downloading rate (from ISP to PC) has a
56 Kbps limitation.
• Uploading rate (from PC to IST) has a
33.6 Kbps limitation.
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V-90/92 (cont.)
• V-90
• In uploading, signal still to be sampled
at the switching station. Limit due to
noise sampling.
• Phone company samples at 8000
times/sec with 8 bits (including bit
error)
• Data rate = 8000 * 7 = 56Kbps
• In download, signal is not affected by
sampling.
• V-92
• Speed adjustment
• Upload data at 48Kbps.
• Call waiting service
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Analog-to-analog modulation
Amplitude modulation
The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the
audio signal: BWt = 2 x BWm.
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AM band allocation
Frequency modulation
FM band allocation