CHAPTER 5: PULSE CODE MODULATION

Prob 1. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) has 128 characters, which
are binary-coded. If a certain computer generates 100,000 characters per second, determine
the following:
a. The number of bits (binary digits) required per character.
b. The number of bits per second required to transmit the computer output.
c. For single error detection capability, an additional bit (parity bit) is added to the code of each
character. Modify your answers in parts (a) and (b) in view of this information
Prob 2. A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally by using PCM. Assume that the audio
signal bandwidth equals 15 kHz.
a. If the Nyquist samples are uniformly quantized into L  65,536 levels and then binary-
coded, determine the number of binary digits required to encode a sample.
b. Determine the number of binary digits per second (bit/s) required to encode the audio
signal.
c. For practical reasons discussed in the text, signals are sampled at a rate well above the
Nyquist rate. Practical CDs use 44,100 samples per second. If L  65,536 , determine the
number of bits per second required to encode the signal.
Prob 3: A television signal (video and audio) has a bandwidth of 4.5 MHz. This signal is sampled,
quantized, and binary coded to obtain a PCM signal.
a. Determine the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at a rate 20% above the Nyquist
rate.
b. If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels, determine the number of binary pulses
required to encode each sample.
c. Determine th ebinary pulse rate (bits per second) of the binary-coded signal.
Prob 4. Five telemetry signals, each of bandwidth 240 Hz, are to be transmitted simultaneously
by binary PCM. The signals must be sampled at least 20% above the Nyquist rate. The
maximum acceptable error in the sample amplitude (the maximum quantization error) is
0.2% of the peak amplitude m p . Framing and synchronizing requires an additional 0.5%
extra bits. A PCM encoder is used to convert these signals before they are time-multiplexed
into a single data stream. Determine the minimum possible data rate (bits per second) that
must be transmitted, and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the multiplex signal.
Prob 5. It is desired to set up a central station for simultaneous monitoring of the
electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 10 hospital patients. The data from the 10patients are
brought to aprocessing center over wires and are sampled, quantized, binary-coded, and
time-division-multiplexed. The multiplexed data are now transmitted to the monitoring
station. The ECG signal bandwidth is 100 Hz. The maximum acceptable error in sample
amplitudes is 0.25% of the peak signal amplitude. The sampling rate must be at least twice
the Nyquist rate. Determine the minimum cable bandwidth needed to transmit these data.

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 CHAPTER 6: BASIC DIGITAL MODULATION
Prob 1. A binary data is: 10110000. The bit rate is 200Kbps. The carrier is 800 KHz using OOK
modulation.
a. Sketch the modulated signal
b. With roll-off r  0.2 , determine the bandwidth of the modulated signal.
Prob 2. The modulator generates a FSK signal with the mark frequency of 1500 Hz and the space
frequency of 1200 Hz. It generates with the highest bit rate value.
a. Determine the frequency deviation
b. In the case of non-coherent receiver, determine the center frequency and bandwidth of
the bandpass filters?
c. In the case of coherent receiver, the cutoff frequency of low pass filter?
Probe 3: The modulator generates a BPSK signal with the bit rate of 2 Mbps, and roll-off r  0.2
a. Determine baud rate
b. Determine the bandwidth of modulated signal
c. If using QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM modulation, repeat part (a) and part (b) and what can we
infer from this results for 8-QPSK, and 16-PSK modulation.
Probe 4. An audio signal of the highest frequency is 3,4 kHz, quantized into 8 bit/sample. The
sampling rate must be at the Nyquist rate. The modulator generates a QPSK signal with a
roll-off factor r  1 .
a. Determine baud rate
b. Determine the bandwidth of modulated signal
c. In practice, what is the sample rate of voice signal? Repeat part (a) and part (b) with this
sample rate
Probe 5. The passband bandwidth is 2 MHz with 8-QAM. Determine the maximum number of
bits per second that can be transmitted.
Prob. 6. In a PAM scheme with M = 16:
a. Determine the minimum transmission bandwidth required to transmit data at a rate of
12,000 bits/sec with zero ISI
b. Determine the transmission bandwidth if Nyquist criterion pulses with a roll-off factor
r  0.2 are used to transmit data.
Prob. 7. An audio signal of bandwidth 4 kHz is sampled at a rate 25% above the Nyquist rate and
quantized. The quantization error is not to exceed 0.1 % of the signal peak amplitude. The
resulting quantized samples are now coded and transmitted by 4-ary pulses.
a. Determine the minimum number of 4-ary pulses required to encode each sample.
b. Determine the minimum transmission bandwidth required to transmit this data with zero
ISI.
c. If 4-ary pulses satisfying Nyquist’s criterion with 25% roll-off are used to transmit this
data, determine the transmission bandwidth.

Prob. 8. An audio signal of bandwidth 10 kHz is sampled at a rate of 24 kHz, quantized into 256
levels and coded by means of M-ary PAM pulses satisfying Nyquist’s criterion with a roll-

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 off factor r  0.2 . A 30 kHz bandwidth is available to transmit the data. Determine the best
value of M .
Prob. 9. The figure below shows a binary data transmission scheme. The baseband signal
generator uses the Nyquist's criterion pulses with r = 1. The data rate is 1 Mbit/s.
a. If the modulator generates a PSK signal, what is the bandwidth of the modulated output?
b. If the modulator generates FSK with the difference f c1  f c 0  100 kHz , determine the
modulated signal bandwidth.

Prob. 10. Repeat Prob. 9 if Nyquist's criterion pulses with r = 0.2 are used.
Prob. 11 Repeat Prob. 9 if a multiamplitude scheme with M = 4 (PAM signaling) is used. In FSK
[Prob. 9, part (b)], assume that successive amplitude levels are transmitted by frequencies
separated by 100 kHz.