Practice Problems:

Problem 1.
The sampling rate of a PCM signal is 96 kHz.

A. Determine the bandwidth of the baseband signal if the signal is to be sampled at a rate
320% above the Nyquist rate.
B. With 16 bit encoding, and assuming a peak signal of 2.2V, determine the maximum
quantization error.
C. For part b, determine the binary data rate (in bits per second) of the PCM signal, and
determine the minimum theoretical bandwidth required to transmit the signal.

Problem 2.
In natural sampling, an analog signal g(t) is multiplied by a periodic train of rectangular
pulse c(t), each of unit area. Given that the pulse repetition frequency of this period train is
fs and the duration of each rectangular pulse is T (with fsT << 1), do the following:

A. Find the spectrum of the signal s(t) that results from the use of natural sampling; you
may assume that time t = 0 corresponds to the midpoint of a rectangular pulse in c(t).
B. Show that the original signal g(t) may be recovered exactly from its naturally sampled
version, provided that the conditions embodied in the sampling theorem are satisfied.

Problem 3.
Consider the various digital PAM formats given in the text. For each of the format we
consider, let the Digital PAM signal is given by:
( )= ( − )

What is , ( ) and ( ) for various RZ and NRZ schemes?

Problem 4.
A. A signal band limited to 1 MHz is sampled at a rate 50% higher than the Nyquist rate and
quantized into 256 levels using a Law quantizer with = 255
i. Determine the signal-to-quantization-noise ratio.
ii. The SNR found earlier is not satisfactory so it must be increased at least by 10 dB.
If the sampling rate is 20% above the Nyquist rate, would it be possible to obtain
the desired SNR without increasing the transmission bandwidth. If yes then what
is the maximum SNR that can be realized in this way?

B. An analog signal of bandwidth 10 KHz is sampled at a rate of 24 KHz, quantized into

256 levels, and coded using M-ary multi amplitude pulses satisfying the Nyquist criterion
with a roll off factor r = 0.2. A 30 KHz bandwidth is available to transmit the data.
Determine the smallest acceptable value of M.
Problem 5.
In a certain telemetry system, there are eight analog measurements, each of bandwidth
2kHz. Samples of these signals are time-division multiplexed, quantized, and binary coded.
The error in sample amplitudes cannot be greater than 1% of the peak amplitude.
A. Determine L, the number of quantization levels.
B. Find the transmission bandwidth BT if Nyquist criterion pulses with roll-off factor r = 0.2
are used. The sampling rate must be at least 25% above the Nyquist rate

Problem 6.
In the compact disc (CD) digital audio system, an analog signal is digitized so that the ratio
of the peak-signal power to the peak-quantization noise power is at least 96 dB. The
sampling rate is 44.1 kilosamples/s.
A. How many quantization levels of the analog signal are needed for (S/Nq) =96dB?
B. How many bits per sample are needed for the number of levels found in part (a)?
C. What is the data rate in bits/s?

Problem 7.
Find PSDs for polar, on-o®, and bipolar signalling, where p(t) is a full-width rectangular
pulse, that is, p(t) = rect(t/Tb)?

Problem 8.
Show that the ON-Off signaling requires twice as much power as Polar signaling.

Problem 9.
A. What is the principal objective of the matched filter?
B. What is the matched filter criterion for the white noise case in time domain?

Problem 10.
A (6,3) code is generated according to the generator Matrix obtained with the help of (3 × 3)
coefficient matrix P given below. The receiver receives r = 100011, Assuming single error
pattern, compute the syndrome and then determine the corresponding data word if the channel is a
binary symmetric channel and the maximum likelihood decision is used.

1 0 1
= 0 1 0
1 1 0