Presented By:

ARATHI SAILESH E-mail: arathisailesh@yahoo.co.in, Ph: 9949645394

CH. SANDHYA RANI E-mail: sandhya_charugulla@yahoo.com, Ph: 9949063667
CSE II/IV

SRIDEVI WOMENS ENGINEERING COLLEGE
V.N.PALLY, GANDIPET, HYDERABAD.

Abstract:
A new era on medicine are expected helpful information needed to test and
to happen in the coming years. Due to design integrated devises and
the advances in the field of nano- solutions towards manufacturing
technology, nanodevice manu- biomedical nano-robots.
facturing has been growing gradually. The use of robots in surgery has
From such achievements in provided additional tools for surgeons
nanotechnology, and recent results in enabling minimally invasive
biotechnology and genetics, the first intervention or even long distance
operating biological nanorobots are tele-operated surgeries. Indeed, we
expected to appear in the coming 5 may trust on human creativeness and
years, and nanorobots that are more technical capabilities that can ever be
complex will become available in improved in terms of technical
about 10 years. In terms of time, it achievements. In recent years, the
means a very near better future with medicine has enabled significant
significant improvements in medicine. wellness for the life quality and
In this paper, we present a practical longevity of the world population.
approach taken on developing Moreover, for the coming years, we
nanorobots for medicine in the sense may be prepared to experiment even
of using computational nano- more benefits, as results from
mechatronics techniques as ancillary advances that are being pursued
tools for investigating manufacturing gradually in new fields of science,
design, nanosystems integration, such as nanobiotechnlogy.
sensing and actuation for medicine This quote from "The Next Big
applications. Thus, the work describes Thing Is Really Small” How
pathways that could enable design Nanotechnology Will Change the
testability, but also help scientists and Future of the world.
profit corporations in providing the Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology is a field of applied  The use of more
science and technology covering a environmentally friendly energy
broad range of topics. The main systems
unifying theme is the control of matter  Recycling of batteries
on a scale smaller than one
 Information and communication
micrometer, as well as the fabrication
of devices on this same length scale.  Novel semiconductor devices
 Novel optoelectronic devices
Applications of nanotechnologies:  Displays
 Nanologic
 Medicine
 Quantum computers
 Diagnostics
 Consumer goods
 Drug delivery
 Tissue engineering  Foods
 Household
 Chemistry and environment
 Optics
 Catalysis  Textiles
 Filtration  Cosmetics

 Energy MEDICINE:

 Reduction of energy consu- The biological and medical research

mption communities have exploited the
 Increasing the efficiency of unique properties of nanomaterials for
energy production various applications (e.g., contrast
agents for cell imaging and
therapeutics for treating cancer).
Terms such as biomedical nanowires, able to detect proteins and
nanotechnology, bionano-technology, other biomarkers left behind by
and nanomedicine are used to cancer cells, could enable the
describe this hybrid field detection and diagnosis of cancer in
Functionalities can be added to the early stages from a few drops of a
nanomaterials by interfacing them patients blood.
with biological molecules or
Researchers at Rice University
structures. The size of nanomaterials
under Prof. Jennifer West have
is similar to that of most biological
demonstrated the use of 120nm
molecules and structures.
diameter nanoshells coated with gold
Thus far, the integration of to kill cancer tumors in mice. The
nanomaterials with biology has led to nanoshells can be targetted to bond to
the development of diagnostic cancerous cells by conjugating
devices, contrast agents, analytical antibodies or peptides to the nanoshell
tools, physical therapy applications, surface. By irradiating the area of the
and drug-delivery vehicles tumor with an infrared laser, which
passes through flesh without heating
Cancer:
it, the gold is heated sufficiently to

Nano particles of cadmium cause death to the cancer cells

selenide (quantum dots) glow when

exposed to ultraviolet light. When
injected, they seep into cancer tumors.
The surgeon can see the glowing
tumor, and use it as a guide for more
accurate tumor removal. Sensor test
chips containing thousands of
 One scientist, University of Surgery:
Michigan’s James Baker, believes he
At Rice University, a flesh
has discovered a highly efficient and
welder is used to fuse two pieces of
successful way of delivering cancer-
chicken meat into a single piece. The
treatment drugs that is less harmful to
two pieces of chicken are placed
the surrounding body. Baker has
together touching. A greenish liquid
developed a nanotechnology that can
containing gold-coated nanoshells is
locate and then eliminate cancerous
dribbled along the seam. An infrared
cells. He looks at a molecule called a
laser is traced along the seam, causing
dendrimer. This molecule has over a
the two side to weld together. This
hundred hooks on it that allow it to
could solve the difficulties and blood
attach to cells in the body for a variety
leaks caused when the surgeon tries to
of purposes. Baker then attaches folic-
restitch the arteries he/she has cut
acid to a few of the hooks (folic-acid,
during a kidney or heart transplant.
being a vitamin, is recepted by cells in
The flesh welder could meld the
the body). Cancer cells have more
artery into a perfect seal
vitamin receptors than normal cells,
so Baker's vitamin-laden dendrimer Nanorobots:
will be absorbed by the cancer cell.
To the rest of the hooks on the Definition: A nanorobot is a tiny

dendrimer, Baker places anti-cancer machine designed to perform a

drugs that will be absorbed with the specific task or tasks repeatedly and

dendrimer into the cancer cell, thereby with precision at nanoscale

delivering the cancer drug to the dimensions, that is, dimensions of a

cancer cell and nowhere else (Bullis few nanometers (nm) or less, where 1

2006). nm = 10-9 meter. Nanorobots have

potential applications in the assembly
and maintenance of sophisticated characteristics of some forms of
systems. Nanorobots might function carbon (diamond/fullerene
at the atomic or molecular level to composites). Cancer can be treated
build devices, machines, or circuits, a very effectively, according to
process known as molecular nanomedicine advocates. Nanorobots
manufacturing. Nanorobots might also could counter the problem of
produce copies of themselves to identifying and isolating cancer cells
replace worn-out units, a process as they could be introduced into the
called self-replication. blood stream. These nanorobots
would search out cancer affected cells
The somewhat speculative
using certain molecular markers.
claims about the possibility of using
Medical nanorobots would then
nanorobots in medicine, advocates
destroy these cells, and only these
say, would totally change the world of
cells.
medicine once it is realized.
Nanomedicines could be a very
Nanomedicine would make use
helpful and hopeful therapy for
of these nanorobots, introduced into
patients, since current treatments like
the body, to repair or detect damages
radiation therapy and chemotherapy
and infections. A typical blood borne
often end up destroying more healthy
medical nanorobot would be between
cells than cancerous ones. From this
0.5-3 micrometers in size, because
point of view, it provides a non-
that is the maximum size possible due
depressed therapy for cancer patients.
to capillary passage requirement.
Nanorobots could also be useful in
Carbon would be the primary element
treating vascular disease, physical
used to build these nanorobots due to
trauma, and even biological aging.
the inherent strength and other
MEDICAL NANOROBOTIC devices for injured organs.
APPLICATIONS Monitoring and controlling
Applications of nanorobots are nutrient concentrations in the
expected to provide remarkable human body, including glucose
possibilities. An interesting utilization levels in diabetic patients will be a
of nanorobots may be their attachment possible application of medical
to transmigrating inflammatory cells nanorobots.
or white blood cells, to reach inflamed • Nanorobots might be used to
tissues and assist in their healing seek and break kidney stones.
process. Another important possible feature
• Nanorobots will be applied in of medical nanorobots will be the
chemotherapy to combat cancer capability to locate atherosclerotic
through precise chemical dosage lesions in stenosed blood vessels,
administration and a similar particularly in the coronary
approach could be taken to enable circulation, and treat them
nanorobots to deliver anti-HIV mechanically, chemically or
drugs. Such drug-delivery pharmacologically.
nanorobots have been termed • The coronary arteries are one of
“pharmacists”. the most common sites for the
• Nanorobots could be used to localization of atherosclerotic
process specific chemical reactions plaques, although they could be
in the human body as ancillary found in other regions as well.
 logical resources. Geographically
distributed teams of nanorobots are
expected to open new possibilities on
agricultural and environmental
applications with a larger spectrum of
details not seen whenever. For such
aims, computing processing, energy
supply, and data transmission
capabilities can be addressed through
Manufacturing design: embedded integrated circuits, using
advances on technologies derived
The approach taken in our
from VLSI design. CMOS VLSI
development is called nanobhis
design using deep ultraviolet
(Nano-Build Hardware Integrated
lithography provides high precision
System). It represents a joint set of
and a commercial massively way for
well-established techniques and new
manufacturing nanodevices and
methodologies from nanotechnology
nanoelectronics. The CMOS industry
with the aim of manufacturing
may thrive successfully the pathway
nanorobots. The nanorobot must be
to enable nanorobots assembly, where
equipped with the necessary devices
the jointly use of nanophotonic and
for monitoring the most important
nanotubes may even accelerate further
aspects of its operational workspace.
the actual levels of resolution ranging
Depending on the case the
from 248nm to 157nm devices. To
temperature, Concentration of
validate designs and to achieve a
chemicals in the water, and electrical
successful implementation, the use of
conductivity, are some of relevant
VHDL has become the most common
parameters when monitoring hydro-
methodology utilized in the industry nanorobot exterior will be exposed to
of integrated circuits. the diverse chemical brew that makes
FEW INTERESTING FACTS up our human biochemistry. But the
ABOUT NANOROBOTS: interior of the nanorobot may be a
highly controlled environment,
• What chemical elements possibly a vacuum, into which
would medical nanorobots be external liquids cannot normally
made of? intrude. Of course it may often be
The typical medical necessary for a nanorobot to import
nanodevice is made up of micron- external fluids in a controlled manner
scale robot assembled from nanoscale for chemical analysis or other
parts. These parts could range in size purposes. But the important thing is
from 1-100 nm (1 nm = 10-9 meter), that the device will be watertight and
and might be fitted together to make a airtight. Body fluids cannot get into
working machine measuring perhaps the interior of the device, unless these
0.5-3 microns (1 micron = 10-6 meter) fluids are purposely pumped in for
in diameter. Three microns is about some specific reason.
the maximum size for blood borne
medical nanorobots, due to the • How would the nanorobots be
capillary passage requirement. retrieved from the body?
• Could human body fluids get Some nanodevices4 will be able to
inside the nanorobot? exfuse themselves from the body via
From a medical standpoint, it the usual human excretory channels;
makes sense to regard the nanorobot others will be designed to allow ready
as having two spaces, which should exfusion by medical personnel using
be considered separately its interior apheresis-like processes (commonly
and its exterior. It is true that the called nanapheresis) or active
scavenger systems. It is very design plasma is recombined with
dependent. In the case of the centrifuged solid components and
respirocytes, the removal procedure is returned undamaged to the patient's
fairly simple: "Once a therapeutic body. The rate of separation is further
purpose is completed, it may be enhanced either by commanding
desirable to extract artificial devices respirocytes to empty all tanks,
from circulation. Onboard water lowering net density to 66% of blood
ballast control is extremely useful plasma density, or by commanding
during respirocyte exfusion from the respirocytes to blow a 5-micron O2
blood. Blood to be cleared may be gas bubble to which the device may
passed from the patient to a adhere via surface tension, allowing it
specialized centrifugation apparatus to rise at 45 mm/hour under normal
where acoustic transmitters command gravitational acceleration."
respirocytes to establish neutral • How fast can medical
buoyancy. No other solid blood nanorobots replicate inside the
component can maintain exact neutral human body?
buoyancy, hence those other This is a very common error.
components precipitate outward Medical nanorobots need not EVER
during gentle centrifugation and are replicate. In fact, it is unlikely that the
drawn off and added back to filtered FDA (or its future equivalent) would
plasma on the other side of the ever approve for general use a
apparatus. Meanwhile, after a period medical nanodevice that was capable
of centrifugation, the plasma, of in vivo replication. Except in the
containing mostly suspended most unusual of circumstances, you
respirocytes but few other solids, is would never want anything that could
drawn off through a 1-micron filter, replicate itself to be turned loose
removing the respirocytes. Filtered
inside your body. Replicating bacteria
are trouble enough!
Replication is a crucial basic
capability for molecular
manufacturing. But aside from the
most aggressive applications, there is
simply no good reason to risk
manufacturing "fertile" nanorobots
inside the human body, when "mule"
nanorobots can be manufactured so
cheaply, conveniently, and in such
vast numbers outside of the human
body. Replicators will almost
certainly be very tightly regulated by
governments everywhere.
• Will medical nanorobots possess
a humanlike artificial intelligence?
This is another common error.
Many medical nanorobots will have
very simple computers on board each
device. Respirocytes, for example,
have only a ~1,000 operations/sec
computer on board each device far
less computing power.
• How would you communicate
with the machines as they do their
work?
One of the simplest ways to
send broadcast-type messages into the
body, to be received by in vivo
nanorobots, is acoustic messaging. A
device similar to an ultrasound probe
would encode messages on acoustic
carrier waves at frequencies between
1-10 MHz. Thus the supervising
physician can easily send new
commands or parameters to
nanorobots already at work inside the
body. Each nanorobot has its own
power supply, computer, and
sensorium, thus can receive the
physician's messages via acoustic
sensors, then compute and implement
the appropriate response.
The other half of the process is
getting messages back out of the
body, from the working nanodevices
out to the physician. This can also be
done acoustically. However, onboard
power requirements for micron-scale
acoustic wave generators in water
dictate a maximum practical
transmission range of at most a few
hundred microns for each individual
nanorobot. Therefore it is convenient a kind of biochemical Social
to establish an internal Security Number.
communications network that can
collect local messages and pass them Example: One very simple nanorobot
along to a central location, which the that I designed a few years ago is the
physician can then monitor using artificial mechanical red cell, which I
sensitive ultrasound detectors to call a "respirocyte". The respirocyte
receive the messages. Such a network measures about 1 micron in diameter
can probably be deployed inside a and just floats along in the
patient in less than an hour, may bloodstream. It is a spherical
involve up to 100 billion mobile nanorobot made of 18 billion atoms.
nanorobotic network nodes, and may These atoms are mostly carbon atoms
release at most 60 watts of waste heat arranged as diamond in a porous
(less than the 100-watt human body lattice structure inside the spherical
basal rate) assuming a (worst case) shell. The respirocyte is essentially a
full 100% network duty cycle. tiny pressure tank that can be pumped
• What form of detection system full of up to 9 billion oxygen (O2) and
would medical nanorobots use to carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules.
distinguish between differing cell Later on, these gases can be released
types? from the tiny tank in a controlled
Each cell type has its own manner. The gases are stored onboard
unique set of surface antigens. Other at pressures up to about 1000
cell surface antigens indicate the atmospheres. (Respirocytes can be
health status of the cell, the parent rendered completely nonflammable
organ type, the species of the animal, by constructing the device internally
and even the identity of the individual of sapphire, a flameproof material
with chemical and mechanical
properties otherwise similar to this nanorobot of science fiction
diamond.) may become a reality.

REFERENCES:
 http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Nanotechnology
 http://radio.weblogs.co
m/0105910/2004/08/23.html
 Nanotechnology: a
gentle introduction to the next big
idea by Mark A. Ratner, Daniel

CONCLUSION: Ratner
 Introduction to
Nanotechnology provides the
Nanotechnology by Charles P.
potential for reverse aging, curing
Poole, Jr., Charles P. Poole, Frank
physical diseases, manufacture
J. Owens
consumer goods at molecular level.
As we have seen the wide application
of nanorobots in field of medicine,its
advantages and usability makes it a
evolving technology in the coming
future. Not only in medicine but the
magic of nanotechnology has spead in
various fields like information and
communications, food resources
,consumer goods,chemistry and
environment. In the near future,