ix

Maps
Major language families in Ethiopia
Source: Hayward (1995:7)
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Omotic languages and dialects

Source: Hayward (1990:vi)
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xii

Structure morphemes
Morpheme gloss Name/approximate function
-a
CNV1 converb
-af PL plural
-ande
CNV2 converb
-a
a
⁄ Q polar question marker
-bab AGEN agentive
-bow DIR directional
da
n COP non tense copula
-de ABL ablative
-de

e
IPF imperfective aspect
-de

e
PF perfective marker in non-verbal construction
de⁄e⁄f-ka⁄ TEMP when
de
e
n COP copula of existence
de
e
n-ka
exist-PF past copula
-do⁄/do⁄t COND conditional marker
-do⁄tik - or
-e
e
IPF imperfective aspect
-e
e
COP copula
-i PF perfective
-id PL plural agreement for modifier
-ik - too
-im ACC / NMZ accusative marker / nominalizer
-ima
INCH inchoative
-in LOC locative to/for
-ind F feminine gender marker
-inka⁄ REAS reason clause
-int’ PAS passive marker
-is CAUS causative
-is DEF definitive
-is PL.ADR plural addressee
-ka
COM comitative
-ka
CNJ conjunction
-ka
INST instrumental
-ka
y NEG negative marker
-kiyo⁄ prox here
-ko GEN genitive
-ko
y NEG negative imperative
-matim REFL reflexive marker
-n 2/3 person marker 2/3 S/PL marker in declarative sentence
-o⁄ LOC locative in
-sa⁄kiyo⁄ distal there
-se LOC locative on
-sim REC reciprocal