Chapter 6: Land and It Resources

LAND AND ITS RESOURCES
CHAPTER 6
laman-ilmu81.blogspot.com
Keywords
English Malay
Compound Sebatian
Element Unsur
Solubility Keterlarutan
Limestone Batu kapur
Quicklime Kapur tohor
Coal Arang batu
Fractional distillation Penyulingan berperingkat
Silicon compound Sebatian silikon
Example of minerals
MINERALS FOUND IN THE
EARTH'S CRUST
• Mineral: naturally occurring solid element or
compound with a definite crystalline structure
and chemical composition.
• Natural elements: gold, silver and diamond (a
form of carbon) are found as minerals in some
rocks.
• Natural compounds: oxides, carbonates,
sulphides and silicates are also found as
minerals in some rocks
Examples of some natural compounds
and their elements
Natural Found in Consists mostly of element
compound mineral such as
Carbonate Calcite Calcium, carbon, oxygen
Oxide Quartz Silicon, oxygen
Oxide Haematite Iron, oxygen
Sulphide Galena Lead, sulphur
Sulphide Pyrite Iron, sulphur
Silicate Calcium Calcium, silicon, oxygen
silicate
Silicate Kaolin Aluminium, silicon, oxygen
(day)
Properties of Minerals
• Different minerals have different hardness
and solubility in water.
• They also react differently when heated.
Effect of Heat on Some Metal
Carbonates,Oxides and Sulphides
• Heating mineral compounds may cause them
to break down into simpler substances.
• Most oxides of metals do not break down
when heated.
• However, the sulphides of some metals when
heated, break down into metal oxides- sulphur
dioxide gas.
• If sulphur dioxide gas is passed through a
solution of acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution, the solution
changes from purple to colourless
• Carbonates of some metals, when heated,
decompose into metal oxides, giving off
carbon dioxide gas.
• If carbon dioxide gas is passed through clear
limewater, the limewater turns milky.
The effect of heat on some metal oxide,
metal carbonate and sulphide
The effect of heat on some metal oxide,
metal carbonate and sulphide
REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS
AND NON-METALS
Reactions between Metals and Oxygen
• Oxygen is the most abundant element found in
the Earth's crust.
• Most metals, except mercury, silver and gold,
combine readily with oxygen to form metal
oxides when heated.
• Example:
Magnesium + Oxygen heat
Magnesium oxide
Reactions between Metals
and Oxygen
and Oxygen
Iron + oxygen iron oxide
rust
REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS
AND NON-METALS
Reactions between Metals and Sulphur
• Sulphur is an element that combines with
some metals to form sulphides.
• Metal sulphides - contained in certain minerals
in the Earth's crust.
• Some metals, such as iron, when heated with
sulphur produce metal sulphides.
• Example:
Magnesium + Sulphur heat
Magnesium sulphide
and Sulphur
and Sulphur
Exercise
1. What is the function of the pottasium
manganate (VII) crystals?
………………………………………….
2. What is the use of placing a piece of glass
wool at the mouth of the test tube?
…………………………………………….
3. Name the product produced at the end of the
experiment.
………………………………………………
SILICON COMPOUNDS
• Silicon is a non-metal. It combines with other
elements to form mineral compounds.
SILICON COMPOUNDS
• Silica
– Silicon combines with oxygen to form a compound
called silicon dioxide or silica.
– It occurs in various forms such as sand, sandstone,
flint and quartz.
Silicon + oxygen silicon dioxide (silica)
Example of silica
SILICON COMPOUNDS
• Silicates
– Silicon combines with oxygen and a metallic
element.
– Sodium silicate is prepared by heating silica and
sodium carbonate.
– Silicates occur in various forms such as clay,
asbestos, mica, feldspar, gneiss, jade, emerald,
slate and schists.
– Example:
Silica + sodium carbonate heat
silicate
Example of silicate
SILICON COMPOUNDS
• Silica and silicates are stable compounds
because:
– insoluble in water
– not broken down into simple substances
when heated
– do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Uses of Silicon and Its Compounds
in Our Daily Lives
• Making of:
– Electronic chip (semiconductor)
– Glass (sodium silicate and calcium silicate)
– Optical fibres
– Ceramics (made from clay or minerals )
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
• Calcium carbonate is a compound which is
made up of calcium, carbon and oxygen.
• It occurs naturally in various forms such as
limestone, marble, chalk, calcite, coral and
even in the hard shells of some marine
animals.
Properties of calsium carbonate
• Calcium carbonate reacts with a dilute acid
to produce a salt, carbon dioxide and water.
– when heated produces carbon dioxide and
calcium oxide or quicklime.
• Calcium oxide combines with water to
produce calcium hydroxide or slaked lime.
• Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form
a solution of calcium hydroxide or limewater
which is an alkali.
Uses of Calcium Compounds
• Marble is an example of a calcium compound.
– Commonly used as tiles and table tops because it is
hard and heat resistant.
– It does not dissolve in water.
Calcium compound Use

Calcium carbonate Antacid to relive gastric pains
Calcium oxide Drying agent for ammonia gas
Calcium hydroxide Reduce the acidity of water
purification plants
NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES
AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
Formation of Fossil Fuels
• Petroleum, natural gas and coal are classified
as fossil fuels.
• Fossils are the remains of dead plants and
animals that have been buried in the ground
for millions of years
Formation of petroleum
Millions of years ago,
remains of dead marine
animals and plants sank
to the bottom of the sea
Over the years, the

remains were buried
deeper and deeper into the
earth under thick layers of
Pressure, heat and decay
sand and mud
caused by bacteria changed
the buried plant fossils into
petroleum
Formation of coal
Millions of years ago,
remains of dead plants
were naturally buried
undeground
Over the years, the

remains were buried
deeper and deeper
into the earth under
thick layers of rock Pressure, heat and decay
caused by bacteria changed
the buried plant fossils into
coal
Fractional Distillation of Petroleum
• Petroleum is a mixture of different
hydrocarbons
• Need to be separated from one another before
can be useful
Fractional Distillation of Petroleum
Test

Chapter 6: Land and It Resources

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 6: Land and It Resources

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LAND AND ITS RESOURCES

Silicon + oxygen silicon dioxide (silica)

Calcium compound Use

Over the years, the

Over the years, the

You might also like