Tiny High-Speed Spinner

Here is how to create a top out of a paper clip. Takao Sakai, professor of mechanical engineering at the
Tohoku University in Japan, invented this idea.

The top consists of a sector of a circle, from which two connecting spokes lead back to the main shaft, or
rotating axis (see diagram).

The top will only work properly if the centre of gravity lies on the rotating axis; otherwise the top will not be
stable. This will only be the case if tan (α /2)=1/2, with α being the angle between the spokes. It is a nice
exercise for physics students to prove this. It follows that α = 53.13 degrees.

To build the top you need a pair of fine nosed pliers and a metal paper clip. While α was calculated
assuming very sharp bends, in practice these are difficult to achieve; therefore you can compensate by
making the angle α slightly smaller than 53 degrees. Using a regular paper clip, the height h and the radius
of the circle r are about 1cm.

The Sakai top will run well even if the curvature of the circle is not perfect. With a well made top, you will see
the circle and the shaft very clearly, while the rapidly revolving spokes will be invisible. When you spin the
top with your fingers, the very small diameter of the wire will mean that the top revolves very fast, with
speeds possible up to several thousand rpm. You can try to calculate roughly the speed of revolution
depending on the diameter of the wire you have used, and the speed of your fingers as you spin the top, and
then use a stroboscope to confirm your estimate.

The final trick - shown in the video - uses a tiny Neodymium magnet placed on the axis of the top, so as not
to disturb the balance. The top will then be attracted to another metallic object, in this case another paper
clip bent into a curved shape. The spinning top clings on to the curved shape and spins around its edge.
This was originally the basis of a Victorian toy.