SAINT MARY’S ANGELS COLLEGE OF PAMPANGA

Olongapo-Gapan Road, Sta. Ana, 2022, Pampanga

INSTRUCTI-ONAL MATERIAL
IN MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
(TRIGONOMETRY AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY)
(CE MATH 113A)

A.Y. 2020-2021

REFERENCES:

1. Rider, P. R. (1942). Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, USA, The Macmillan Company
2. Fuller, G. (1954). Analytic Geometry. USA, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Unit 1: Angle Measure
OBJECTIVE

 Define and identify the types of an angle.

 Identify the angle in standard position and its quadrant.
 Differentiate and illustrate reference angles and coterminal angles.

INTRODUCTION

A ray, or half-line, is that portion of a line that starts at a point V on the line and extends indefinitely in
one direction. The starting point V of a ray is called its vertex.

If two rays are drawn with a common vertex, they form an angle. We call one ray of an angle the initial
side and the other the terminal side. If the rotation from initial to terminal side is in the
counterclockwise direction, the angle is positive; if the rotation is clockwise, the angle is negative.

ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

An angle θ is said to be in standard position if its vertex is at the origin of a rectangular coordinate
system and its initial side coincides with the positive x-axis.

When an angle θ is in standard position, the terminal side will lie either in a quadrant, in which case we
say that lies in that quadrant, or the terminal side will lie on the x-axis or the y-axis, in which case we say
that is a quadrantal angle.
An angle is a quadrantal angle if its terminal side lies on an axis, including 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, or 360°.

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

We measure angles by determining the amount of rotation needed for the initial side to become
coincident with the terminal side. The two commonly used measures for angles are degrees and radians.

 DEGREES

The angle formed by rotating the initial side exactly once in the counterclockwise direction until it
coincides with itself (1 revolution) is said to measure 360 degrees, abbreviated 360°. One degree, 1°, is
1/360 revolution. A right angle is an angle that measures 90°, or ¼ revolution; a straight angle is an angle
that measures 180°, or ½ revolution.

EXAMPLE 1

Draw each angle

a. 45°
b. – 90°
c. 225°

EXAMPLE 2

a. Sketch an angle of 30° in standard position.

b. Sketch an angle of − 135° in standard position.

Convert between Decimals and Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Measures for Angles

One minute, denoted by 1’, is defined as 1/60 degree. One second, denoted by 1”, is defined as 1/60
minute, or equivalently, 1/3600 degree.

To summarize:

(Eq. 1.1)
1 counterclockwise revolution=360 °1 °=6 0' 1' =60
EXAMPLE 3

a. Convert 50°6’21” to a decimal in degrees. Round the answer to four decimal places.
b. Convert 21.256° to the form. Round the answer to the nearest second.

 RADIANS

A central angle is a positive angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle. If the radius of the circle is r
and the length of the arc subtended by the central angle is also r, then the measure of the angle is 1
radian.

LENGTH OF A CIRCULAR ARC

From geometry, we know that the ratio of the measures of the angles equals the ratio of the
corresponding lengths of the arcs subtended by these angles; that is,

(Eq. 1.2)
θ s
=
θ1 s1

Suppose that θ1 = 1 radian. The length of the arc subtended by the central angle θ1 = 1 radian equals the
radius r of the circle. Then s1=r , so Eq (1.2) reduces to;
(Eq. 1.3)
θ s
= ∨s=r θ
1 r
ARC LENGTH

For a circle of radius r, a central angle of radians subtends an arc whose length s is
(Eq. 1.4)
s=r θ
EXAMPLE 4

Find the length of the arc of a circle of radius 2 meters subtended by a central angle of 0.25 radian.

EXAMPLE 5

Find the radian measure of one-third of a full rotation.

Converting Between Radians and Degrees

Because degrees and radians both measure angles, we need to be able to convert between them. We can
easily do so using a proportion where θ is the measure of the angle in degrees and θ R is the measure of
the angle in radians. By ratio and proportion;
(Eq. 1.5)
θ θR
=
180 π
EXAMPLE 6

Convert each radian measure to degrees.

a. π /6
b. 3 π /2
c. −3 π /4
d. 3

Convert each angle in degrees to radians

a. 60°
b. – 45°
c. 90°
d. 107°

COTERMINAL ANGLES

If two angles in standard position have the same terminal side, they are coterminal angles.

For example, the angle of 140° is a positive angle, measured

counterclockwise. The angle of –220° is a negative angle, measured
clockwise. But both angles have the same terminal side.

Any angle has infinitely many coterminal angles because each time
we add 360° to that angle—or subtract 360° from it—the resulting
value has a terminal side in the same location.
An angle’s reference angle is the measure of the smallest, positive, acute angle t formed by the terminal
side of the angle t and the horizontal axis. Thus, positive reference angles have terminal sides that lie in
the first quadrant and can be used as models for angles in other quadrants.

EXAMPLE 7

a. Find the least positive angle θ that is coterminal with an angle measuring 800°, where 0° ≤ θ < 360 °.
b. Show the angle with measure −45° on a circle and find a positive coterminal angle α such that 0° ≤ α <
360°.
c. Find an angle β that is coterminal with 19π/4 , where 0 ≤ β < 2π.

LINEAR SPEED AND ANGULAR SPEED OF AN OBJECT TRAVELING IN CIRCULAR MOTION

Suppose that an object moves around a circle of radius r at a constant speed. If s is the distance traveled
in time t around this circle, then the linear speed v of the object is defined as

(Eq. 1.6)
s
v=
t
As this object travels around the circle, suppose that (measured in radians) is the central angle swept out
in time t.

The angular speed ω (the Greek letter omega) of this object is the angle θ (measured in radians) swept
out, divided by the elapsed time t; that is,
(Eq. 1.7)
θ
ω=
t
Combining the definition of angular speed with the arc length equation, s=rθ, we can find a relationship
between angular and linear speeds. The angular speed equation can be solved for θ , giving θ=ωt .
Substituting this into the arc length equation gives:
(Eq. 1.8)
s=rθ=r ωt
Substituting this into the linear speed equation gives:
(Eq. 1.9)
s r ωt
v= v= =r ω
t t

EXAMPLE 8

A water wheel, shown in figure below, completes 1 rotation every 5 seconds. Find the angular speed in
radians per second.

EXAMPLE 9

A child is spinning a rock at the end of a 2-foot rope at the rate of 180 revolutions per minute (rpm). Find
the linear speed of the rock when it is released.

Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with angles and arc length

 Angles in Standard Position (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/standardpos)

 Angle of Rotation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/angleofrotation)
 Coterminal Angles (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/coterminal)
 Determining Coterminal Angles (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/detcoterm)
 Positive and Negative Coterminal Angles (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/posnegcoterm)
 Radian Measure (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/radianmeas)
 Coterminal Angles in Radians (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/cotermrad)
 Arc Length and Area of a Sector (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/arclength)