Probability and Statistics Permutations of n things of which some
things are identical taken all at a time:
Algebra 3.1 Permutation
Permutation is a definite arrangement
of all parts of a set of objects. Here repetition
is not allowed and order matters.
Considering the numbers 1,2 and 3. If
arranged all at the time, there will be 6
different permutations taken all at the time.
123 132 213 231 312 321
Using Horizontal bar Method:
A method of counting by drawing
horizontal blank bars as the position of objects
to be arranged and the corresponding number
of ways of placing an object on that bar. By the
fundamental principle of counting, the number
of arrangements can be found.
Ex. 1 There are five available hangers in the
cabinet. In how many ways can I hang my 7
different shirts in a straight line? Ans. 2520
Theorem 1:
The number of permutations of n distinct
objects taken all at a time is n!.
nP n = n!
Theorem 2:
The number of permutations of n distinct
objects taken r at a time is:
nPr = n! / (n – r)!
Circular Permutation:
P = (n-1)!
r1 things are identical of the
P = n! / r1! r2!...
first kind.
r2 things are identical of
second kind.
Ex. 2 In how many ways can the letters of the
word “BOOB” be arranged if all letters are
taken each time? Ans. 6
Ex. 3 In how many different ways can you
arrange four identical Algebra books, one
calculus book and three identical Mechanics
book in a shelf by taking all the books in each
arrangement? Ans. 280
Permutation by Group:
P = G! m1! m2!... G = no. of groups
M1 = no. of members in
group 1
M2 = no. of members in
group 2 and so on.
Ex. 4 In how many ways can the books in
math, hydraulics and structural engineering be
arranged on a shelf if math has 3 volumes,
hydraulics has 2 volumes and structural
engineering has 4 volumes? Books of the same
subject must be altogether. Ans. 1728 ways
Circular Permutations, some things are
identical:
P = (n-1)! / r1!r2!...
Ex. 5 How many different arrangements are
possible when five different items are hanged
in a circular manner? Ans. 24
Ex. 6 If repetitions are not permitted, how
many three-digit even numbers can be formed
from the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9? How
many different four digit integers can be
formed if they are to be greater than 6000?
How many different numbers can be formed
from the given integers if they are to be greater
than 900000? Ans. 90, 360 & 5760 ways
Algebra 3.2 Combination
Combination is an arrangement
without a specific order. Repetition is not
allowed.
The number of combinations of n
objects taken all at a time is 1. That is,
nCn = 1
Considering the numbers 1,2 and 3. If
taken 2 at a time then there will be 3 different
combinations. 12 23 13
nCr = n! / (n –r )! r!
Ex. 1 In how many different orders can 7
books be arranged on a shelf if a certain 3-
volume book is not to be separated? Ans. 720
Ex. 2 In how many ways can 5 children line up
to drink water in a drinking fountain if two
children don’t want to follow each other?
Ans. 72
Ex. 3 In how many ways can a panel of 5
judges make a non-debatable decision?
Ans. 16
Algebra 3.3 Binomial Expansion
𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
𝒏!
=[ ] 𝒂𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒃𝒓−𝟏
(𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏)! (𝒓 − 𝟏)!
Sum of coefficients of the terms of thhe
expanded binomial, Sc
 CASE 1: General Binomial (axp+byq)n
o
Sc = (a+b)n
 CASE 2 : General Binomial (axp + k)n
o Sc = (a+k)n - kn
Ex. 1 Determine the numerical coefficient of
5th term of the expansion of (x+4y)12.
Ans. 126, 720
Ex. 2 From the given expression (x-3y)12.
a) Find the term involving x8 in the
expansion.
b) Find the coefficient of the 6th term.
c) Find the 7th term in the expansion.
Ans. 40095x8y4; -192,456; & 673,596x6y6
Ex. 3 What is the coefficient of the 5th term of
the expansion of (2x2+3y3)10? And what is the
sum of the coefficient?
Ans. 1,088,640 & 9765625
Ex. 4 What is the sum of the coefficient of the
expansion of (3x-2)^7 ? Ans. 129
Algebra 3.4 Probability
 Probability of single events
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 ℎ Dependent Events: Event M and N are
𝑃𝑒 = =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 ℎ+𝑓
Where: h = probability of an event to happen
f = probability of failure
 Complimentary Probability (used in
“at least” and “at most” condition)
P not e = 1 - Pe
Ex. 1 What is the probability of drawing a face
card from a standard deck of cards? Ans. 3/13
Ex. 2 Roll a pair of dice. What is the
probability of obtaining a sum of at most 4?
Ans. 1/6
 Probability of Compound Events
Case 1: Mutually Exclusive Events (Disjoint,
w/out duplication, w/o common outcome)
P(M or N) = PM + PN
Ex. 3 What is the probability of obtaining a red
ace card or a red face card from a standard
deck of cards? Ans. 2/13
Case 2: Mutually Inclusive Events (Joint, w/
duplication, w/common outcome)
P(M or N) = PM + PN – P(M&N)
Ex. 4 What is the probability of obtaining a
Queen card or a heart card from a standard
deck of cards? Ans. 4/13
 Conditional Probability
dependent events if the occurrence or non-
occurrence of one of them affects the
probability of the occurrence of the other.
P(M & N) = PM x PN/M
Ex. 1 A Calculus class consists of 14CE, 10
ECE and 8ME students. The teacher shuffles
their class cards. What is the probability that
the first three drawn class cards are ECE
students? Ans. 3/124
Independent Events: Event M and N are
independent events if the occurrence or non-
occurrence of one of them does not affect the
probability of the occurrence of the other.
P(M & N) = PM x PN
Ex. 2 One bag contains 4 green balls and 2
black balls while the second bag contains 3
yellow balls and 7 white balls. What is the
probability of containing a black ball in the
first bag and a white ball in the second?
Ans. 7/30
 Probability in Repeated Trials
(Binomial Probability)
n-r
P(h) = nCr (f) (h) r Variance, V – the average of the
Where: P(h) = the probability that an event
happens exactly r times.
nCr = the number of combinations that
the event happens exactly r times.
f = the probability of failure of a single
event
h = the probability of happening of a
single event
Ex. 1 In a multiple choice-type questions with
four choices, you attempt to answer 5
questions by pure guessing. What is the
probability of getting exactly 3 correct
answers? Ans. 45/512
Algebra 3.5 Statistics
Median – a set of numbers is middle
number when these numbers are arranged in
numerical order. If the number of entries is
even, the median is the average of the two
middle entries.
Mode – a given distribution is the
entry (or entries) that occurs most frequently.
The mode maybe unimodal, bimodal, …
multimodal.
Mean, μ – the entries is the average
of all entries.
Range – the difference between the
largest and the smallest values of the set.
squared deviation from the mean.
Standard deviation, σ = the square
root of the variance.
Relative variability, ω = defined as
the ratio of the standard deviation and the
mean.
Z – Score, z = the measure of the
position that takes into account both center and
the dispersion of the distribution.
Z = (X – μ) / σ
Ex. 1 Given the set of numbers:
4,5,7,10,14,22,25,30. Find the median and the
range? Ans. 12 & 26
Ex. 2 A CE teacher gives the following scores
to his students. Compute the average or mean.
Freq. 1 3 6 11 13 10 2
35 45 55 65 75 85 95
Ans. 70.22
Normal Distribution
𝒛𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑷(𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝒙𝟐 = ∫ 𝒆−𝟐𝒛 𝒅𝒛
√𝟐𝝅
𝒛𝟏
Ex. 1 Given the standard normal distribution,
find the area under the curve that lies (1) to the
right of z=1.85 and (2) between z=-1.99 and
0.85. Ans. 0.03216 & 0.7790
Ex. 2 Given a normal distribution with μ=50
and σ=10, find the probability that X assumes
a value between 45 and 62? Ans. 0.5764
Ex. 3 A certain type of storage battery lasts on
the average 3.0 years, with the standard
deviation of 0.5 year. Assuming that the
battery lives are normally distributed, find the
probability that a given battery will last less
than 2.3 years. Ans. 0.08076
Ex. 4 the following indicates the probability
distribution of the number of breakdowns per
month for a computer based on the pas data:
Probability 0.18 0.21 0.31 0.4 0.52
Breakdowns
0 1 2 3 4
/month
Find the probability that the number of
breakdowns for this computer is at most 2.
Ans. 0.70