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Calculus Cheat Sheet All
Calculus Cheat Sheet All
Limits
Definitions
Precise Definition : We say lim f ( x ) = L if Limit at Infinity : We say lim f ( x ) = L if we
x ®a x ®¥
for every e > 0 there is a d > 0 such that can make f ( x ) as close to L as we want by
whenever 0 < x - a < d then f ( x ) - L < e . taking x large enough and positive.
Properties
Assume lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) both exist and c is any number then,
x ®a x ®a
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Evaluation Techniques
Continuous Functions L’Hospital’s Rule
If f ( x ) is continuous at a then lim f ( x ) = f ( a ) f ( x) 0 f ( x) ± ¥
x ®a If lim = or lim = then,
x ®a g ( x ) 0 x ®a g ( x ) ±¥
Continuous Functions and Composition f ( x) f ¢( x)
f ( x ) is continuous at b and lim g ( x ) = b then lim = lim a is a number, ¥ or -¥
x ®a g ( x ) x ®a g ¢ ( x )
x ®a
x ®a
( x ®a
)
lim f ( g ( x ) ) = f lim g ( x ) = f ( b ) Polynomials at Infinity
p ( x ) and q ( x ) are polynomials. To compute
Factor and Cancel
p ( x)
lim
x 2 + 4 x - 12
= lim
( x - 2 )( x + 6 ) lim
x ®± ¥ q ( x )
factor largest power of x out of both
x®2 x - 2x
2 x®2 x ( x - 2)
p ( x ) and q ( x ) and then compute limit.
x+6 8
= lim
x®2 x
= =4
Rationalize Numerator/Denominator
2
lim
3x 2 - 4
= lim 2 5
( )
x 2 3 - 42
x
3 - 42
= lim 5 x = -
3
3- x 3- x 3+ x
x ®-¥ 5 x - 2 x 2 x ®-¥ x
( )
x -2
x ®- ¥
x -2 2
lim 2 = lim 2 Piecewise Function
x ®9 x - 81 x ®9 x - 81 3 + x
ì x 2 + 5 if x < -2
= lim
9- x
= lim
-1 lim g ( x ) where g ( x ) = í
( )
( x - 81) 3 + x x®9 ( x + 9 ) 3 + x ( ) î1 - 3x if x ³ -2
x ®-2
x ®9 2
lim g ( x ) = lim+ 1 - 3 x = 7
Combine Rational Expressions x ®-2+ x ®-2
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Derivatives
Definition and Notation
f ( x + h) - f ( x)
If y = f ( x ) then the derivative is defined to be f ¢ ( x ) = lim .
h ®0 h
If y = f ( x ) then all of the following are If y = f ( x ) all of the following are equivalent
equivalent notations for the derivative. notations for derivative evaluated at x = a .
df dy d df dy
f ¢ ( x ) = y¢ = = = ( f ( x ) ) = Df ( x ) f ¢ ( a ) = y ¢ x =a = = = Df ( a )
dx dx dx dx x =a dx x =a
Common Derivatives
d d d x
dx
( x) = 1
dx
( csc x ) = - csc x cot x
dx
( a ) = a x ln ( a )
d d d x
dx
( sin x ) = cos x
dx
( cot x ) = - csc2 x
dx
( e ) = ex
d d 1 d 1
dx
( cos x ) = - sin x
dx
( sin -1 x ) =
dx
( ln ( x ) ) = , x > 0
x
1 - x2
d d 1
dx
( tan x ) = sec2 x d
( cos -1 x ) = -
1
dx
( ln x ) = x , x ¹ 0
dx 1 - x2
d d 1
dx
( sec x ) = sec x tan x d
( tan -1 x ) =
1
dx
( log a ( x ) ) =
x ln a
, x>0
dx 1 + x2
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
2.
dx
e (
d f ( x)
)
= f ¢( x)e ( )
f x
6.
d
dx
( )
tan éë f ( x ) ùû = f ¢ ( x ) sec 2 éë f ( x ) ùû
f ( x)
¢ d
3.
d
(
ln éë f ( x ) ùû = ) 7. ( sec [ f ( x)]) = f ¢( x) sec [ f ( x)] tan [ f ( x)]
dx f ( x) dx
d f ¢( x)
4.
d
( )
sin éë f ( x ) ùû = f ¢ ( x ) cos éë f ( x ) ùû 8. (
tan -1 éë f ( x ) ùû = )
1 + éë f ( x ) ùû
2
dx dx
will use the product/quotient rule and derivatives of y will use the chain rule. The “trick” is to
differentiate as normal and every time you differentiate a y you tack on a y¢ (from the chain rule).
After differentiating solve for y¢ .
e 2 x -9 y ( 2 - 9 y¢ ) + 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 x3 y y¢ = cos ( y ) y¢ + 11
11 - 2e 2 x -9 y - 3x 2 y 2
2e 2 x -9 y
- 9 y¢e 2 x -9 y
+ 3x y + 2 x y y¢ = cos ( y ) y¢ + 11
2 2 3
Þ y¢ = 3
2 x y - 9e2 x -9 y - cos ( y )
( 2 x y - 9e x
3 2 -9 y
- cos ( y ) ) y¢ = 11 - 2e2 x -9 y - 3x 2 y 2
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Extrema
Absolute Extrema Relative (local) Extrema
1. x = c is an absolute maximum of f ( x ) 1. x = c is a relative (or local) maximum of
if f ( c ) ³ f ( x ) for all x in the domain. f ( x ) if f ( c ) ³ f ( x ) for all x near c.
2. x = c is a relative (or local) minimum of
2. x = c is an absolute minimum of f ( x )
f ( x ) if f ( c ) £ f ( x ) for all x near c.
if f ( c ) £ f ( x ) for all x in the domain.
1st Derivative Test
Fermat’s Theorem If x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) then x = c is
If f ( x ) has a relative (or local) extrema at
1. a rel. max. of f ( x ) if f ¢ ( x ) > 0 to the left
x = c , then x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) .
of x = c and f ¢ ( x ) < 0 to the right of x = c .
Extreme Value Theorem 2. a rel. min. of f ( x ) if f ¢ ( x ) < 0 to the left
If f ( x ) is continuous on the closed interval of x = c and f ¢ ( x ) > 0 to the right of x = c .
[ a, b] then there exist numbers c and d so that, 3. not a relative extrema of f ( x ) if f ¢ ( x ) is
1. a £ c, d £ b , 2. f ( c ) is the abs. max. in the same sign on both sides of x = c .
[ a, b] , 3. f ( d ) is the abs. min. in [ a, b] . 2nd Derivative Test
If x = c is a critical point of f ( x ) such that
Finding Absolute Extrema
To find the absolute extrema of the continuous f ¢ ( c ) = 0 then x = c
function f ( x ) on the interval [ a, b ] use the 1. is a relative maximum of f ( x ) if f ¢¢ ( c ) < 0 .
following process. 2. is a relative minimum of f ( x ) if f ¢¢ ( c ) > 0 .
1. Find all critical points of f ( x ) in [ a, b] . 3. may be a relative maximum, relative
2. Evaluate f ( x ) at all points found in Step 1. minimum, or neither if f ¢¢ ( c ) = 0 .
3. Evaluate f ( a ) and f ( b ) .
4. Identify the abs. max. (largest function Finding Relative Extrema and/or
value) and the abs. min.(smallest function Classify Critical Points
value) from the evaluations in Steps 2 & 3. 1. Find all critical points of f ( x ) .
2. Use the 1st derivative test or the 2nd
derivative test on each critical point.
Newton’s Method
f ( xn )
If xn is the nth guess for the root/solution of f ( x ) = 0 then (n+1)st guess is xn +1 = xn -
f ¢ ( xn )
provided f ¢ ( xn ) exists.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Related Rates
Sketch picture and identify known/unknown quantities. Write down equation relating quantities
and differentiate with respect to t using implicit differentiation (i.e. add on a derivative every time
you differentiate a function of t). Plug in known quantities and solve for the unknown quantity.
Ex. A 15 foot ladder is resting against a wall. Ex. Two people are 50 ft apart when one
The bottom is initially 10 ft away and is being starts walking north. The angle q changes at
pushed towards the wall at 14 ft/sec. How fast 0.01 rad/min. At what rate is the distance
is the top moving after 12 sec? between them changing when q = 0.5 rad?
Optimization
Sketch picture if needed, write down equation to be optimized and constraint. Solve constraint for
one of the two variables and plug into first equation. Find critical points of equation in range of
variables and verify that they are min/max as needed.
Ex. We’re enclosing a rectangular field with Ex. Determine point(s) on y = x 2 + 1 that are
500 ft of fence material and one side of the closest to (0,2).
field is a building. Determine dimensions that
will maximize the enclosed area.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Integrals
Definitions
Definite Integral: Suppose f ( x ) is continuous Anti-Derivative : An anti-derivative of f ( x )
on [ a, b] . Divide [ a, b ] into n subintervals of is a function, F ( x ) , such that F ¢ ( x ) = f ( x ) .
width D x and choose x from each interval. Indefinite Integral : ò f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + c
*
i
¥
b
f (x )D x . where F ( x ) is an anti-derivative of f ( x ) .
ò a f ( x ) dx = nlim å
*
Then i
®¥
i =1
Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is d u( x)
f ( t ) dt = u ¢ ( x ) f [ u ( x ) ] - v¢ ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ]
dx ò v( x )
an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = ò f ( x ) dx )
b
then ò f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) - F ( a ) .
a
Properties
ò f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx ± ò g ( x ) dx ò cf ( x ) dx = c ò f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
b b b b b
òa f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = òa f ( x ) dx ± ò a g ( x ) dx òa cf ( x ) dx = c ò a f ( x ) dx , c is a constant
a b b
òa f ( x ) dx = 0 òa f ( x ) dx = ò f ( t ) dt
a
b a
ò a f ( x ) dx = -òb f ( x ) dx
b b
ò f ( x ) dx £ ò
a a
f ( x ) dx
b a
If f ( x ) ³ g ( x ) on a £ x £ b then ò f ( x ) dx ³ ò g ( x ) dx
a b
b
If f ( x ) ³ 0 on a £ x £ b then ò f ( x ) dx ³ 0
a
b
If m £ f ( x ) £ M on a £ x £ b then m ( b - a ) £ ò f ( x ) dx £ M ( b - a )
a
Common Integrals
ò k dx = k x + c ò cos u du = sin u + c ò tan u du = ln sec u + c
ò x dx = n+1 x + c, n ¹ -1 ò sin u du = - cos u + c ò sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c
n 1 n +1
ò a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c
1 1
ò sec u tan u du = sec u + c ò a - u du = sin ( a ) + c
1
2 2
u -1
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
( )
ò a f ( g ( x ) ) g ¢ ( x ) dx = ò g (a ) f ( u ) du
b g b
u Substitution : The substitution u = g ( x ) will convert using
cos ( x3 ) dx cos ( x3 ) dx = ò
2 2 8
Ex. ò 1 5x
2
ò 1 5x
2 5
1 3
cos ( u ) du
u = x 3 Þ du = 3x 2 dx Þ x 2 dx = 13 du ( sin (8) - sin (1) )
8
= 53 sin ( u ) 1 = 5
3
x = 1 Þ u = 1 = 1 :: x = 2 Þ u = 2 = 8
3 3
b b b
Integration by Parts : ò u dv = uv - ò v du and ò a u dv = uv a
- ò v du . Choose u and dv from
a
ò xe
-x 5
Ex. dx Ex. ò3 ln x dx
u=x dv = e- x Þ du = dx v = -e - x u = ln x dv = dx Þ du = 1x dx v = x
ò xe dx = - xe + ò e dx = - xe - e
-x -x -x -x -x
+c
ln x dx = x ln x 3 - ò dx = ( x ln ( x ) - x )
5 5 5 5
ò3 3 3
= 5ln ( 5) - 3ln ( 3) - 2
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and
formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions.
a 2 - b 2 x 2 Þ x = ab sin q b 2 x 2 - a 2 Þ x = ba sec q a 2 + b 2 x 2 Þ x = ab tan q
cos 2 q = 1 - sin 2 q tan 2 q = sec 2 q - 1 sec2 q = 1 + tan 2 q
òx ó ( 23 cos q ) dq = ò sin122 q dq
16
Ex. dx 16
2
4 -9 x 2 õ 4 sin 2 q ( 2cosq )
9
x = 23 sin q Þ dx = 23 cos q dq
= ò 12 csc 2 dq = -12 cot q + c
4 - 9x 2 = 4 - 4sin q = 4 cos q = 2 cos q
2 2
Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to x’s. From
Recall x 2 = x . Because we have an indefinite substitution we have sin q = 32x so,
integral we’ll assume positive and drop absolute
value bars. If we had a definite integral we’d
need to compute q ’s and remove absolute value
bars based on that and,
ì x if x ³ 0 4 -9 x 2
x =í From this we see that cot q = 3x
. So,
î- x if x < 0
4 -9 x 2
òx dx = - 4 +c
16
In this case we have 4 - 9x = 2 cos q .
2 2
4 -9 x 2 x
P( x )
Partial Fractions : If integrating ò Q( x) dx where the degree of P ( x ) is smaller than the degree of
Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of
the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the
denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.
Ax + B A1 x + B1 Ak x + Bk
+L +
( ax + bx + c )
2 k
ax 2 + bx + c ax + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c )
2 k
ax + bx + c
2
7 x2 +13 x +C A( x2 + 4) + ( Bx + C ) ( x -1)
Ex. ò ( x -1)( x 2
+4)
dx 7 x2 +13 x
2
( x -1)( x + 4 )
= A
x -1 + Bx
x2 + 4
= ( x -1)( x 2 + 4 )
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
previous example : 7 x 2 + 13x = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in.
For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5A which gives A = 4 . This won’t always work easily.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Applications of Integrals
b
Net Area : ò a f ( x ) dx represents the net area between f ( x ) and the
x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.
Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,
b d
y = f ( x) Þ A = ò éupper function ù
ë û - éëlower function ùû dx & x = f ( y) Þ A = ò é right function ù
ë û - éëleft function ùû dy
a c
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some
sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases.
d
A = ò f ( y ) - g ( y ) dy
b c b
A = ò f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx c A = ò f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx + ò g ( x ) - f ( x ) dx
a a c
Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 Ex. Axis : y = a £ 0 Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 Ex. Axis : y = a £ 0
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the
y = a £ 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a £ 0 ) interchange x and
y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Work : If a force of F ( x ) moves an object Average Function Value : The average value
b
b of f ( x ) on a £ x £ b is f avg = 1
ò f ( x ) dx
in a £ x £ b , the work done is W = ò F ( x ) dx b-a a
a
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,
b b b
L = ò ds SA = ò 2p y ds (rotate about x-axis) SA = ò 2p x ds (rotate about y-axis)
a a a
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.
( ) ( dxdt ) ( )
2 2
dx if y = f ( x ) , a £ x £ b dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a £ t £ b
dy 2 dy
ds = 1 + dx
ds = + dt
1+ ( ) ds = r 2 + ( ddrq ) dq if r = f (q ) , a £ q £ b
2 2
ds = dx
dy
dy if x = f ( y ) , a £ y £ b
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to
match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.
Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit
doesn’t exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.
Infinite Limit
¥ t b b
1. ò f ( x ) dx = lim ò f ( x ) dx 2. ò¥ f ( x ) dx = lim ò f ( x ) dx
a t ®¥ a - t ®-¥ t
¥ c ¥
3. ò ¥ f ( x ) dx = ò ¥ f ( x ) dx + ò
- - c
f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent.
Discontinuous Integrand
b b b t
1. Discont. at a: ò f ( x ) dx = lim+ ò f ( x ) dx 2. Discont. at b : ò f ( x ) dx = lim- ò f ( x ) dx
a t ®a t a t ®b a
b c b
3. Discontinuity at a < c < b : ò f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx + ò f ( x ) dx provided both are convergent.
a a c
ò f ( x ) dx » Dx éë f ( x ) + f ( x ) + L + f ( x )ùû , xi is midpoint [ xi -1 , xi ]
b
* * * *
Midpoint Rule : 1 2 n
a
b Dx
Trapezoid Rule : ò f ( x ) dx » 2 éë f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )ùû
a 0 1 2 n -1 n
b Dx
Simpson’s Rule : ò f ( x ) dx » 3 éë f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x )ùû
a
0 1 2 n-2 n -1 n
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins