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– Z = Z+ [ f0g [ Z
n a o
Rational Numbers: Q = x = : a; b 2 Z; b 6= 0
b
n a o
Irrational Numbers: R Q = y 6= : a; b 2 Z; b 6= 0
b
Note that: N Z Q R
1 1
Denote: ab = a b; a + ( b) = a b; a =
a
1
Ordered Properties
Let a; b; c 2 R: De…ne a relation <: R ! R. Then:
1. 8a; b; c 2 R; a + c = b + c
2. 8a 2 R; a 0 = 0
3. 8a; b 2 R; ( a) b = ab
4. 8a; b 2 R; ( a) ( b) = ab
5. 8a; b; c 2 R; [(ac = bc) ^ (c 6= 0)] ) (a = b)
6. 8a; b 2 R; (ab = 0) ) [(a = 0) _ (b = 0)]
Solution 3 1. 8a; b; c 2 R; a + c = b + c
Proof.
a+c = b+c
a + c + ( c) = b + c + ( c)
a+0 = b+0
a = b
2. 8a 2 R; a 0 = 0
Proof.
a 0 = a (0 + 0) = a 0 + a 0
0+a 0 = a 0+a 0
0 = a 0
3. 8a; b 2 R; ( a) b = ab
Proof.
( a) b + ab = ( a + a) b = 0 b = 0
0 = ab + ab
( a) b + ab = ab + ab
( a) b = ab
4. 8a; b 2 R; ( a) ( b) = ab
Proof. Exercise.
2
5. 8a; b; c 2 R; [(ac = bc) ^ (c 6= 0)] ) (a = b)
Proof. Exercise.
6. 8a; b 2 R; (ab = 0) ) [(a = 0) _ (b = 0)]
Proof.
(ab = 0) ^ (b 6= 0)
1 1
ab b = 0 b =0
1
a bb = 0
a 1 = 0
a = 0
Absolute Value
Let a 2 R: 8
< a if a > 0
jaj = a if a < 0
:
0 if a = 0
– ja + bj jaj + jbj
– ja bj jaj jbj
– jjaj jbjj ja bj
3
The Completeness Axiom
Maximum and Minimum
De…nition 5 Let S 6= ? R:
3. The sets Z and Q have no maximum or minimum. The set N has no maximum, but min N = 1
p p
4. min q 2 Q : 0 q 2 = 0: The set has no maximum since 2 2
=Q
1)n 1 1
5. The set n 2 N : n( = 1 1
; 2; 3 1
; 4; 5 1
; 6; : : : = 1; 2; ; 4; ; 6; : : : has no maximum and
3 5
no minimum.
Intervals
Let a; b 2 R:
Bounded
De…nition 8 Let S 6= ? R:
If M 2 R such that s M for all s 2 S; then M is called an upper bound of S; and S is said to be
bounded above.
If m 2 R such that s m for all s 2 S; then m is called an lower bound of S; and S is said to be
bounded below.
S is said to be bounded if it is bounded above and bounded below, i.e. S is bounded if there exist
m; M 2 R such that S [m; M ]
4
Supremum and In…mum
De…nition 10 Let S 6= ? R:
If S is bounded above, then M 2 R is called the least upper bound of S (or the supremum of S;
denoted by M = sup S) if and only if
–s M; 8s 2 S
– whenever M1 < M; there exists s1 2 S such that s1 > M1
If S is bounded below, then m 2 R is called the greatest lower bound of S (or the in…mum of S;
denoted by m = inf S) if and only if
–s m; 8s 2 S
– whenever m1 > m; there exists s1 2 S such that s1 < m1
Example 11 1. If S has a maximum and minimum, then max S = sup S and min S = inf S; respectively.
2. If a; b 2 R and a < b; then b is the upper bound for each of the sets [a; b] ; (a; b) ; (a; b] ; [a; b) : Every
number larger than b is also an upper bound for each of these sets, but b is the least upper bound. So,
3. None of the sets N; Z and Q is bounded above, but N is bounded below, and min N = inf N = 1
p
4. Any nonpositive real number is a lower bound for q 2 Q : 0 q 2 and 0 is the set’s greatest lower
p
bound. The least upper bound is 2: So,
n p o
inf q 2 Q : 0 q 2 = 0
n p o p
sup q 2 Q : 0 q 2 = 2
1
5. The set x2R: <x 1 has 2 and 3 as the upper bound and lower bound respectively.
2
1
sup x 2 R : <x 1 = 1
2
1 1
inf x 2 R : <x 1 =
2 2
1)n 1)n
6. The set n 2 N : n( is bounded below with inf n 2 N : n( =0
5
Neighborhood
De…nition 12 The set of all points x such that jx aj < where > 0; is called a neighborhood of a
(centered at a ); that is:
fa <x<a+ g
De…nition 13 The set of all points x such that 0 < jx aj < where > 0; in which x = a is excluded is
called a deleted neighborhood of a (or an open ball of radius about a ); that is:
- End of Lecture 1 -