CHAPTER

Mathematical
Tools

2
0.1 ALGEBRA Example 1. SoIve Inc
L-
tqUJ1hon : 6.r - 13.r + 6 = 0.
.

Solution. Here a =6, b = - 13, c =6

Common ldentittes·~
-b± ✓b -4ac = +13± ✓169-4x6x6
2 2 2 . . 2
(1) (a+b) =11 +2a b+b =(a - b)2+
411b .r·=
2 2 2 + b)2 - 4ab 2a 2 x6
(i1) (11-b) = a -2a b + b =(a
2 2 . .
(iii) 11 - b =(a+ b)(a - b) 13 ± J169 -14 4 13 ± 5 18 8
3
3 2 2
(iv) (a+ b) = a3 + 3a b + 341b + b 12 =u" " =12 I 12
3 3
=a + b +311b(a + b) 3 2
3 2 3 or .r=2- -3 •
(v) (a - b)3=a -3a2b+311b -b I

3 3
=a -b -~1 1-b )
2 BinomiaLn....m
(vi) a3 + b3 =(a+ b)(a2 -gb + b ) a fraction
3 H n is any in.tiger, positive or negative, or
=(a+ b) -3a b(a + b)
2 and .r is any real number, then
(vii) a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a1 +ab+ b ) .Jn -1) 2 .Jn -l)( n - 2)
_ _:,r3 +...
(1 + .r)" =1 +Il l+ -"'\;._ _--'-X +-'".:..__.:...;,
=(a - b}3 +31~11 - b) 2! 3!
2
(vii,) (11 + b)2 + (a- b)
2 =2 (i + b ) where 2 ! = 2 1"1, 3! = 3 x 2 x 1
2 2
(ix) (a:+b) -(a -b) ;4a b
In generaL n! = n (n - 1)(n - 2) .. 3 x 2 x l
(.r) (a+ b+ c)2 =a + b + t? +2a b+2
2 2 bc+ 2ai
U I x I « 1. then (1 + x)" =1 + n.t.
OuodA»fir Equation ~ - - - -- --~,J
Exa mpl e 2 · 71t, acceleration due to
gravity at a htight h
of second d-sree is called a quadratic
An equation by
the fonn : above the surface of the earth (radius = R) is gir,m
equation. It is of
gR2
a.r2 +bx +c= O .
g' - (R + h)2
The roots of a quadratic equation are 2
- b t . Ji,( ,.*4lic If h « R. thin show that : g' =g(1 - ; }
:r = - - - ' -- -
2a
(0.1)
 PHYSICS-XI
0.2
If I is the length of an arc ~d 8 is the angle
Solution. r• 8R2 subtended at the centre of the arcle as shown in
(R+ h)2 Fig. 0.1, then
2 Arc 1 di
h )- a=-=-ra an
• gR2 =g ( 1 +- Radius r
R2( 1+ )2 i
[:j·
R

Usu\g Binomial theorem,

r h (-2)(-3)( h )2
g'•gll+(-l)i+ 21 R + ....]
0 r A

. AB h « R, h / R is very smalL so terms containing

higher po~ers of l1 / Rcan be neglected. Fig. 0.1

'=,l1-_2;} Angle subtended at the centre of the circle is

0.2 MENSURATION
8 = Circumference = 2 '°' = 2x radian
Radius r
timporia~t- Formulae n radian =180° =200 g
Circumference of a circle =2 1t1 = nD 1 radian= 57°916'22n =63 g 63' 64"

Area of a circle = nr2 = nv2 Jrigonometr:ical. Ratios

4
In right angled tJ. OMP, of Fig. 0.2, LOMP =90•
Surface area of a sphere = 4nr2 = nD2 and LPOM=8.
Volume of a sphere =! nr3 p
3
Surface area of a cylinder
h
=2nr2 + 21t1I =2m(r + I) p

Volume of a cylinder = nr21

O._.,__ _90•
.......,M
Curved surface area of a cone = 1t1I b
Volume of a cone = ! nr2h Fig . 0.2
3
Volume of a cube =(side)3 We can define the bigonometric ratios as follows :
Surface area of a cube =6 x (side)2,
sine 8 = perpendicular = PM= sin 8
Q.3 TRIGONOMETRY hypotenuse OP
. base OM
Sytttm, of Measurement of an Angle cosine 0 = - - - - = - = cos 8
hypotenuse OP
(1) St:ragtsimal systtm. In this system,
1 right angle =90° (degtee) tangent 8 = perpendicular = PM =tan 0
1°=60' (minute) base OM
1' =60"(second) cosecant 0 = hypotenuse OP
perpendicular
=-
·PM
=C08eC 8
(i,) Ctntesimal systtrn. In this system
1 right angle = 100 I (grade) secant 8 = hypotenuse _ OP
--=sec0
11 = 100' (minute) base OM
1' = 100" (second) cotangent 0 = base _OM_
(iir) Circu!Jlr systtrn. In this sys...- th
. di •=., e urut. of angle perpendicular - PM - cot 8
IS ra an.

Ont radum is lht ""~It salbtffldtd at lht cmtrt of a circlt

FundomentaJ Trigonometric Relations
by an arc whose ltngth IS t'fUal to tltt radius o' . le.
tltt CITC 1. cosec o= _ 1_ 1 1
1 0
sine ' sec =cose ' cot0=~
 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS_ , _, ! ,

sin 8 cos 8
2. tan8= - cot8= --
cos 0' sin 8
2 2 ,
3. sin 8 + cos 8 = 1,. 1 + tan 2 8 = sec28,
2
1 + cot 8 = cosec2 8
,f ..ralioi of7'llie<f A,;glis,
- - - - •-----. ---... ~·-~ •--' - ...-..~-----~ 1
sin (-8) = - sin 8
cos (-8) = cos 8
tan (- 8) = - tan 8
sin (90° - 8) = cos 8
cos (90° - 8) = sin 8
tan (90° - 8) = cot 8
sin (90° +. 8) = cos 8
cos(90°+ 8)=-sin 8
tan (90° + 8) = - cot 8
sin (180° - 8) = sin 8
cos (180° - 8) = - cos 8
tan (180° - 8) = - tan 8
sin (180° + 8) = - sin 8
sin (A - B) = sin A cos B- cos A sin B
cos(A+ B)=cos A cos B-sin A sin B
- · ·· 1
-1 i.
cos(A-B )=cos A cos B+sin A sin B
cosec (-8) = -cosec 8 tan A+ tan B
sec(- 8) = sec 8 tan ( A + B) = A B
1-tan tan
cot (-8) = - cot 8
tan A - tan B
B)
tan ( A - = 1 + tan A tan B
cosec (90° -8) = sec 8
sec (90° -8) = cosec 8 2 tan A
sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A -
cot (90° - 8) = tan 8 1+ tan2 A
cosec (90° + 8) = sec 8 2 2 2
cos 2 A = cos A - sin A = 1-2 sin A
sec (90° + 8) =-cosec 8
cot (90° + 8) = - tan 8 =2 cos2 A -1 =1 - tan22 A
1 + tan A
cosec (180° - 8) = cosec 8
tan 2 A = _2_tan---=-A_
sec (180° - 8) = - sec 8 1-tan2 A
cot (180° - 8) = - cot 8
sin ( A + B) + sin ( A - B) = 2 sih A cos B I
cosec (180° + 8) = - cosec 8 I

sin(A+ B)-sin( A-B)=2 cos A sin B

cos (180° + 8) = - cos 8 sec (180° + 8) = - sec 8
tan (180° + 8) = tan 8 cot (180° + 8) = cot 8 cos (A+ B) + cos(A- B) = 2 cos A cos B

sin (270° - 8) = - cos 8 cosec (270° - 8) =::. sec 8 cos(A+ B)-cos( A-B)=- 2 sin A sin B
cos (270° - 8) = - sin 8 sec (270° - 8) = - cosec 8 . D = 2 S. t C+D
. C +sin C-D
SID n--COS--
tan (270° - 8) = cot 8 cot (270° - 8)-= tan 8 2 2

sin (270° + 8) = - cos 8 cosec (270° + 8) = - sec 8

SID
. 02
· c - SID C+D. C-D
= COS - - sin - -
cos (270° + 8) = sin 0 sec (270° + 0) = cosec 8 2 2
tan (270° + 8) = - cot 8 cot (270° + 8) = - tan 8 C+D C- D
cos C+ cos D=2 cos-- cos--
2 2
sin (360° - 8) = - sin 8 cosec (360° - 8) = - cosec 8
cos (360° - 8) = cos 8 sec (360° - 8) = sec 8 . C+D. C - D
COS C- COS D = - 2 SID - - S1n - -
2 2
tan (360° - 8) = - tan 8 cot (360° - 8) = - cot 8

Values of Trigonometrical Ratios ·o f Some Standard Angles

,, , .. , ~-. -!: ~ t'i •-;_~ -~;. ~/f~...-J;
... :; .·. . . ~

.angle e oo 30° 45°· . 60° .

..
,·
.:~oo· 120° ·:13~ 0
.·••.l, \ ,·

1~0° . 1~~ -, '-..,.,.,

-- ~ ; ,,

~~700_,;,,
--,w.o
; : ·,. t_ ,-;.: • ,_
'
1 1 ✓3 ✓3 1 1
- - 1 - - O· - 1 0
ain 8 0 2 ✓2 2 2 ✓2 2

✓3 1 1 1 1 ✓3
cos 8 1 - - 0 -- - ✓2 -- -1 0 1
2 ✓2 2 2 2

1 1
1 ✓3 -✓3 - 1 - ✓3 0 -co 0
tan 8 0 ✓3
C0
 - <

•f .~,_, ~ ·..:. . . . ~ PHYSICS-XI

d dy
0. 4lOGARITHMS (i1) dx(c.y)=C.dx
_._, 3it' i•i;. d n n-1
(iii) -(x )=nx
The logarithm of any number to a given base is the dx fun .
y: ± vI where u aJ1d v are ctions of .r.
power to which base must be raised lo obtain that number. (iv) Let U
dy _ du ± dv
For example, 81 =34, we can say that the logarithm Then - -
of 81 to the base 3 is equal to 4. . dx dx dx
Symbolically, log381 = 4 (v) Product Rule.
In general, if N = ti, then log, N = x. Let y = uv.
The common logarithm of a number is the power to Then dy = F.F.!...(S.F.)+S.F. !(f.f.)
which 10 must be raised to obtain that number. dx dx
As 1000 = 103 log10 1000 =3 dv du
=udx+vdx
As a =1
0 log. 1 =0
As 1
a =a log, a= 1 (vr) Quotient rule.
u
~ ilii.ftmWWrZ i!J. c : . \ . : ;·3 Let y=-.
V
Product formulll : d d
Den-(Num)-(Num) dx (Den)
l<>&r mn = log, m+ log, n Then dy - dx
dx - (Den>2
Quotient formula :
m du dv
, log - = log, m-log0 n v--u-
• n - dx dx
- v2
Po'IM' Jormulll:
log, rrf = n log, m (vi,) Chain rule. Let y be a function of u and u be a
Base change formula : function of .x.
dy _ dy ,1u
log, m= logb mx toi b Then dx - du . ,!r
0.SDIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Let y = u".

t?dlA5itat 'Cotffidenf • : :!.'. _._.._ l Then -d ( u") =nu n- ·. . -du

dx dx
Let y be a function of ;r i.e., y =f (x)
(vii,) ~ (1~ :c) = .!.
Suppose the value of ;r increases by a small amount dx ;r
.ix. Then the value of y also increases by a small
~ount, say fly.
(i:c) ~(log
dx •
;r) = .!.;r lasr II
The ratio fly is called the average rate of change of y (.x) ; (c)=c
.ix
with rtspect to x. d
(x1) dx (ii)= ti IC>Se a
. When .ix approaches zero, the limiting value of fly
tu
is called difftrtntial ~fficient or derivative of y w.r.t. :r
(:cir) ~ (sin ;r) = cos .x
dx
and is denoted by dy_
dx (:cii,) ~ (cos :c) = - sin :c
. dy . fly dx
- = lim -
Hence
dx 6.r ➔ O tu (xiv) ~ (tan x) = sec2 x
dx
Physically, the den"vative dy gives t~ instilntaneous
dx (xv) ~ (cot :r) = - cosec2 ;r
rate of clumge offunction y with respect to variable x. dx
d
-¥--·----... ....
'lo.~::___ ~ - •• •.t~
~...l,.,·-rl"

(r) Let c be a constant. Then ~(c) =0

on Di.,_~on
(xvi) - (sec x) = sec;r tan x
dx
CO!leC ;r cot ;r
(nri1) ~ (cosec :c) = -
dx dx

1
Example 3 find ! ;i>r tht following functions:
MATHEMATICAL TO0"'5· ..... .· ,
'\.Ir• . • · -· · - ·- · ~ \

2 2
(iii) y = ./4.r -7 =(4.r -7)1' 2
, ·.
...... . . . ,:,• - · ·
·
.o.1•..r,'
Using chain rule,
(1) y = .rs + .r3 + 10 (i,) y = .r + ✓x+ ~ dy = _!( 4x2 - 7) -112 ~(412 - 7)
t' v.r
312
4
d.r 2 d.r
(iii) y = 5.r + 3.r -.- 6.r.

Solution. = 21 (4 X2 - 7)-1/2(8X - 0)-- ✓4r2b - 7 .

(1) y = .rs + .r3 + IC
Example 5find the differential coefficient of the following
dy =~(.rs)+.!_ (.r3) +~(IO) functions:
d.r d.r dx dx ";\ sin x
(1) ros(ax 2 + b) (i1) tan3x (111,---
4
= Sx +3.r 2 +O =S.r4 + 3.r2. 1 + COS X

(ii) y=.r+ ✓z+ ~=.rl+Xl/2+.r-1/2 Solution. (1) Let y = cos (a.r 2 + b)

1 -3/2
1 -1/'? --.r
dy 1 .ro+-.r
""'' Then dy = - sin (a.r 2 + b) ~ (a.r 2 + b)
dx dx
-=
d.r 2 2 2
= -sin (ax + b) .2ax
1 1 = - 2a.x sin (a.r2 + b).
=1+----.
2../i ::.rJr .
(ii) Let y =tan 3 x =(tanx)3
(iii) y = S.r + 3.r312 +- 6.r
4
Then dy = 3 (tan x)2 ~ (tan x)
dx d.r
dy = 5 ~(.r')+ 3~(.r3/2) + 6 ~(.r) 2 2
= 3 tan .r . sec .r.
d.r d.r d.r dx
3· sin X
= 5 X 4 .r3 + 3 l( - X l/ 2 + 6 X } (iii) Let y=
2 • l+cosx

= 20.r3 + _! .fi + 6. Then

(1 + cos x) ~ (sin x) - sin x !_ (1 + cos x)
2
dy
Example 4 Differentiate the following functions : -= dx dx
2 dx · (1 + cos x )2
(1) (3x2 + 7) (6.r + J (i1) .r + 1 . (1 + cos x)cos x - sin x(O - sin x)
X --:2 =
(1 + cos x)2
(iii) ./4.r2 -7.
cos x + cos 2 x + sin 2 x
Solution. (1) Let l = (3.r 2 + 7)(6.r + 3) =
(1 + cos·x)2
Using product rule. we get cos.r + l 1
= - - ~2
2
:~ = (3.r +- 7) ! ,:6.r + 3) + (6.r + 3) ! 2
(3x + 7)
(1 + cos x) - 1 + cos .r ·

Example 6. A particle is moving with a uniform

=(3x2 + 7)(6 + O)+ (6.r +3)(6.r + 0) acceleration. Its displacement at any instant t is given by
= 18.r 2 + 42 + 36.r2 + 18.r = 54.r + 18.r + 42.
2 s = l0t + 4.9 t2. What is (i) .initial velocity (ii) velocity at
2
t =3 second and _(iii) the uniform acceleration ?
..) X +1 Solution. Displacement, s =tot+ 4.9t 2
( II y= --
. x-2
Velocity, v = ds = 10 + 2 x 4.9t
Using quotient rul1!, we get dt
d 2 2 d (1) Initial velocity
dy _ (.r-2)dx(l +1)- (x +l)dx(.r-2)
(x -2)2
(i.e., velocity t = 0) = 10 + 0 = 10 ms-1 .
d.r -
(i1) Velocity at t =3 second is
(x-2)(2.r + O)-(.r 2 + 1)(1-0)
= V = 10 + 2 X 4.9 X 3 = 39.4 n\S-l .
·:X-2)2
(iii) Acceleration,
2x2 - 4.r - , ·2 -1 .r2 - 4.r -1 dv d ·
=
- (.r-2)2
a= - =- (10 + 9.8 t) =0 + 9.8 = 9.8 ms-2
(x - 2i · dt dt ·
 PHYSICS-XI

Exam ple 7 . A particlt starts rotating from rtst y = a sin ( cot + ♦); w~e a, co and ♦_are ronstants.
according Find
velocity and acceleration of the particle at any instant
lo the formula, fJie
3t3
8=---
,2 Solu tion. Disp lacem ent, y = a sm .
( cot + ♦)
t
20 3 Velo city,
wlrert 8 is in radia,i and t in second. dy d
v=- =-[ a sin (mt i+ ♦))
Find thLa nplll r
the end of 5 seconds.
velocity 0> and angular acceleration aat dt dt _
d
3 2 = a cos (cot+ ♦) dt (cot+ ♦)
3t t
Solution. Give n 8=---
20 3 = co a cos (cot + ♦)
Angu lar velocity, Acce lerat ion,
- d8 -~( 3t3 _{:
m - .dt - dt 20 3
)= 9t2 - 2t
20 3
a= dv
dt
=~ [coa cos (cot+ ♦))
dt
. At t =5 s, = - w a sin ( cot + ♦) .!!_ ((J)t + ♦)
dt
0>- 9 x 25 _ 2 x 5 _ 475 _ _ rad
7 92 8
-1. = - 002 a sin (cot + ♦).
20 3 60
Angu lar accel eratio n,
0.6 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
2 ~
_ d0> _ d ( 9t _ 2 t ) _ 18 t _ 2 ¥-Of>",

...k!t ~~
•-v••~ -~T" 'p~:z . t;•.:r,,r,.,..
--.:~-;- · ~,_.,,,- ':"_,_....
i:r,!fr~~
a dt dt 20 3 20 3 ·--~~~~
Integration is the reverse process of differ_entiation. It is
At t =5 s, the proc ess of findi ng a fun~ on who se deriv
ative is
18 x 5 -2 given. If deriv ative of func tion / (x) w.r.t .
. x is /'(x),
a=- ---= 3.8 3rad s -2. then integ ratio n of f'(x) w.r.t . x IS / (x). Symb
20 3 olically,
we can say
Exam ple 8. Show that power is the product of
force and if
oelocity. _!_ [ /(x)] = f(x) ,
dx then JJ'(x)dx == /(xi
Solu tion. Wor k= Force ·>< dista nce ~, ~ -~~,.. -/~~-= --.-.-. -~---.. r~,;,~ -~7,'°
:'f,.""~ ~....,-- ~;,;--
or
~ e~Stpr:i,dc:ir.dlElementa1tJr i!m i:9:ll~..:_,~~tl..~
W=F s
Som e stand ard elem entar y integ rals along
Pow er =Rate of doin g work with
their resul ts on diffe renti ation are as follo ws
:
=dW =~( Fs)= Fds =F . v. - --- -
dt dt dt Differentiation Integration
Exam ple 9 . A balloon is being filled by air
so that its
volume Vis gradually increasing. Find the rate of increa
1. ..!!_ (x") == nx n-1
dx Jx"dx =(n+
_x__ + c,
n+l ·

se of 1)
volume with radius r when r =2 units . prov ided n * - 1
Solu tion. The volu me of sphe rical ballo on is Here c is const ant of
integ ratio n.
V=! ,u) .
3 • . Jdx:-= ~--i: C' • .,. ; , ,-,
/d;·::g,:~-, .J
:. ,..~ ,. ~ -~~
The rate of increase of volu me V w.r.t. the radiu s r
is
dV = ~ ( !_ m-3 )
dr dr 3
JC~)S l: . ~ . T~~ X : ~ ,,~ ·,1
or

When r=2 ·
dV =!n .~(r 3)= !1t . 3r2= 4nr2
dr· 3 dr 3 ;·sir. x . dx = ~-cos x + .:_I
Jsec x . dx = tan x + c I
2

dV = 4n (2 )2 = lfin. . •i
dr
Jcosec x . dx = - cot x + c
2

&am ple i 0 . for a particle executing simple hJJrmonic

~ , the displacement from -the mean position is given
by 8. ..!!_
dx (sec x) = sec x . tan x . fsec x . tan x dx =sec x + c
 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS . .
O.J ~
GM
J-.pi1x = GMm ooJ.r-2 dx
oo
Solution.
R .r R
. = - cosec x. colt =-cos ec.r+ c
--ii - ···-· ..__ ---
10. dx (ax+ b)" J(ar ~ b);. ix - =GMm[•::]: =-GMmm:
(ax + b) 11+1
= rui(ax + b)"-1 = +c
a(n + 1)
.d •
• d . T

11. dx log, (ax+ b)

a
f(ax: b)
1
= - log, (ax + b) + c
a %.

'je1 ·h·=,er ~-c Example 14. Find the value of Fdx; where F =k.r. J
0
r a~
:r :r
fa ·dx =-- -
log, a
Solution. JFd.x = Jk.rdx
0 0
= ar . log n t + c

=k :r rd.x =k [~
14. y = U ± V ± W; 21:r
~=d u± dv ± dw
J(ut v± w) d.x J 2 o
d.x d.x d.x d.x =Ju•d.x± Jvd.x ± Jwd.x + c O

~_!finit~ int~r al
%2
=k --0
[ 2
11 =-b1.
2 .
When an integral is defined between two definite . V2
limits a and b, it is said to be a definite integral. It is Example 15 . Find
givat by .
the value of ..!._ dV. J
V V
I, 1

f f(x)dx = [ ♦ (r)]: = ♦ (b) - ♦ (a) Solution.

V2
J -V
1
dV = [ log V ]vvi2
t
V1
where ♦ (.r) is the integral of f (x} Here a and bare the
lower and upper limits of integration.
Example l l . Integrate : x2 - cos x + -1 .
. .r
Solution. J(.r2 - cos .r + ~) d.x +l/2 M
Example 16. Evaluate f- .x2d.x ; whereMandlare
J2 f
= .r dx - cos .r dx + J~ d.r -112 I
constants .
.r3
=- - sin x + log .x + c. Solution.
3
112 112

Example 12. Evaluate

K/6
Jsec2 .rd.x.
+
f -M .x dx=M-
2 +
fx dx
2

-112 I I -112
0
K/6
Solution. fsec2.rd.x =[tan .r] ~16 =M (x3] +112
0 I 3 -1/2
1t 1 1
= tan
6 - tan O = ./3 - 0 = ..fj .

00

Example 13 . Find the value of JGMmd.x ; where G, M

and m are constants.

2
R X -M
- ·[1- +-
31
1 =-
M ·-
3
21 -
_ Ml
8
-.
3

8
1 31
3

8 U
2