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. He MeHee paaaoponaun xarepuaa He o606111eH, ero aHaJlH3 CO.ll.ep>KHT ,. rrpOTHBOpeLJHBbIe BbIBO.ll.bI 11 peWeHI151, KaK 6bIBseT scerna, xor.aa KaKOe-JlI160 51BJIeHHe nccnenyerca HHTeHCHBHO H MHoroacneKTHO. B ueJIOM B nOHHMaHHH MeTacpopbI K1:lK kareropaa JIHHrBI1CTHKH MHoro nepeureunux H .n.a>Ke He BbI.n.BHHYTbIX .n.Jl51 o6CY>K.ll.eHHH BorrpOCOB.

B xa-iecrae CPYH.ll.aMeHTaJlbHbIX MoryT 6bITb Ha3BaHbI c.nenytoutae BOnpOCbI.

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11cTOKH HCCJle,ll.OBaTeJlbCKOrO narepeca K MeTacpOpe CBH3bIBalOT 06bIlJHO C I1MeHeM ApHCTOTeJIH. B CBOeH «n03THKe» OH anepaue OIlI1CaJI MeTacpOpy KaK cnoc06 nepeOCM~CJIeHHH 3H8lJeHHH CJlOB8 Ha OCHOBaHHH CXO,ll.CTB8. MeTacpopa, no ApHCTOTeJlIO,,l8eT S03MO)KHOCTb H npaso «rosops 0 ,ll.eHCTBHTeJlbHOM, COe,ll.HHHTb C HI1M HeB03MO)KHoe» [ApHCTOTeJlb, c. 68], HHbIMI1 CJIOBaMI1, pe-n. H,ll.eT 0 cnocooe naasraan, npenver «He npHHa,ll.Jle)KaI..U,HM eMY HMeHeM» xepea 3.1eMeHT CXO.lCTBa, COOOCTaBJIeHHH: «C03,ll.aB8Tb xopourne verarpopu. 3H841lT nO,lMe48Tb CXOJlCTBO» (T8M xce, c. 70). ApHcToTe.110 rrpHH8!l,le)K11T onaa 113 nepBbIX K.iJaCCl1cpI1KaUHH ~leTa¢op, H8 KOTOPYIO CCWlalOTCH enaa ,111 He ace COBpeMeHHbIe HCCJleJlOBaTeJIH: «MeTa<jJOpa - nepenecenne C.JIOBa C H3MeHeHHeM 3Ha4eHHH H3 pona B SHJl, H3 BHJla B POA, Ilml 113 SHJl8 B BHJl, H.JIH no auanorua (Tal'll xce, c. 66).

O,ll.HaKO He ace B reopu» ApHCTOTeJIH MO)KeT 6bITb npnnaro. Bo~ nepS~IX, He06X~,ll.HMO Y4HTbIBaTb TO 06CTOHTe.JIbCTBO, 4TO B ApHCTOTe~ .JIeBOH KJIaCCH't'HKaUHlI K MeTa¢ope MO)KeT 6bITb OTHeceH TO.JIbKO 4eTBepTbIH THO, KOTOPbIH BbI,ll.eJlHJl H cav Apucrorens. TaK, B «PHTOpnxe» OH 3aMelJ8eT, lJTO «H3 sersrpex pOAOB MeT8¢Op HaH60.'lee 3aCJIY)KHB8IOT BHHM8HHH MeT8cpopbI, OCHOBaHHble na nponopuua IB nepeaozie H. VI. HOBOC8!lCKOrO - na 8H8JlOrHH. - F: C.]» [AHTII4Hble reopuu, c. 185]. YTO xac aercs .lpyr!lx TIHIOB nepeuocoa, TO 1\ HlnJ ApHCTOTeJlb HeAH¢CPepeHUl1pOB8HHO OTHOCHT .11l60 Ce~1aHTIl4eCKlle CTH)KeHHH (H3 pcna B BHJl: «KOp86Jlb CTOliT» BMeCTO «CTOllT H8 HKOpe») , Jlll60 MeT€)HlIMlIlO (lI3 BH,ll.a B BlI,ll.: «or-repnnya nyury Me40M» H «asrpyoas BOJlY HeCOKpYWHMOH Me,lblO», "ITO B 060HX C.'lY48HX 0603H848eT «OTHHTb»), JlH60 caaexnoxy (H3 BH,ll.3 B pen: «,ll.eCHTKH TblCH4 .l06PblX nen» BMeCTO <01 HOiKeCTBO noopsix !lea)}) [ApIICTOTeJlb, c. 66-67]. Hsrepecuo OTMeTHTb, 4TO na cxeureaae Apucrore.neu MeTa¢oPbl C MeToHHMHeH, a r axxce C «xaraxpeson», T. e. C ynorperineHHeM BMeCTO OJl,HOrO CJIOBa npyroro, 6JIH31WrO no 3H84eHHIO, yxaauua.n euie Llnuepou [AHTH4Hble reopaa, c. 217-218]. BO-BTOPbIX, 00- CKOJlbKY nepen ApHCTOTeJleM CTOHJlH npo6.J]eMbl n03TlIKH H pHTOpHKli, ace ero paCCY)KJleHHH CBH3aHbi C MeTacpopOH KaK cpHrypOH pexn, C HHJlHBHJI,yaJIbHblM H3bIKOBblM ynorpecneunea, 0 MeTacpope KaK o H 3 bl K 0 B 0 M 51 BJI e H H H ApHCTOTeJIb He rOBopHT. I TeM He MeHee HMeHHO B rnyonnax aHTH4HOH HayKH CCPOpMHpOBa.'lCH no.'lY4HB-

I ApHCTOTeJlb, B 4aCTHOCTll, C4HT3eT, 4TO ,[I.MI nucarens «ocotieaao BalKHO 6blTb

I HCKYCHbIM B MeT3<jJ0p3X, T3K KaK TOJlbKO O,[l.HOrO sroro HeJlb351 Il033HMCTBOB3Tb y ,[I.PY· -, rux, H 3T3 cnococaocrs CJIylKlIT np1l3H3KO~1 TaJl3HTa» [Apucrorens, c. 69-70].; ~l1IjCp. T3KlKe: «MeTa<j>op3 B BblCOKOH crenenn 06J13.1l.3eT 51CHOCTblO, npH5ITHOCTblO II npe- ' necrsio HOBIl3Hbl, H nepeasrs ee OT npyroro He.lb351» [AHTH4Hble reopuu, c. 178].

5

WHH pa3BHTHe B XX sexe B3rJI51.D, na MeTa<jJOpy KaK aa HeOTbeMJleMYI<J) 1 npHHa.D,JIe)KHOCTb H3b1Ka, He06xo.D,HMYIO .D,JIH KOMMYHI1KaTHBHbIX, HO-' J MHHaTHBHbIX 11, CJle.D,OBaTeJlbHO, n03HaBaTeJlbHbIX uenen. TaK, KBI1HTHJIHaH nOJIaraJI, -rro «MeTacpOpa naposana HaM caMOH npHpO.D,OH»

H «CO.D,eHCTByeT TOMY, lIT06bl HH O.D,HH npenver He OCTaJlC51 6e3 0603- HalleHH5I» IAHTHlIHble reopaa, c. 218]. 3TO xce YTBep)K.D,aeT neMeT- ( PUH: «06HXO.D,HaH pe-n, C03.D,aJla TaKHe xopouine MeTa<jJopbl .D,Jl51 I aexoropsrx nOHHTI1H, -rro Mbl Y)Ke He HY)K.D,aeMCH .D,JIH HHX B T01.JHbIX aupaaceuasx: TaKaH MeTa<jJopa YTBep.D,HJIaCb B 5l3bIKe, 3aHHB MeCTO 6YKBa.nbHoro 0603HalleHHH» (TaM »ce, c. 220). UHUepOH TpaKTyeT MeTacpopy KaK cnocoo <jJ0pMHpoBaHHH He.D,OCTaIOIUHX 5!3bIKY saaseHHH - nepenoc no CXO.D,CTBY npOH3BO.D,HTC5! «BBH.D,Y OTCYTCTBH51 B H3bIxe COOTBeTCTBYIOw.ero nOH51THIO cnoaa» (TaM xce, c. 218). Teorpp acr TaK)Ke npH3HaBaJI aa MeTacpopoH npaso nono.nuars He.D,OCTaTOK enos

B H3b1Ke. 3TH B033peHH5! Y)Ke CO.D,ep)KaT B ce6e sepna rex H.D,eH, H3 KOTOPblX BnOCJle.D,CTBHH BblpaCTYT JlHHrBHCTHlIeCKHe KOHuenUHH MeTa<jJOpbI H xoropue nOCJlYIK8T OCHOBoii paanoacnexrnoro H3Y4eHH51 sroro sauxoaoro ¢eHOM€Ha.

OC03HaHHe raxoro c.nO)KHOrO H nporasopevaaoro nOJlO)KeHH51 xeradiopu 3aCTaBH.n0 Hcc.ne.D,OBaTe.nbCKYIO MblCJlb .D,BHraTbCH B pasHblX HanpaB.neHH51X, paCCMaTpHBaTb pasuue rpaun aroro MHororpaHnero 51BJIeHH5I, YCTpeM.n51TbC51 «BWHPb», conOCTaB.n51H ero C .D,pyrHMH, HHOr.D,a B€CbMa OT.D,aJIeHHbIMH 5!B.neHH51MH, H «Br.ny6b», paC4JleH5151 era

CTpyKTYpy· ~

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/ (H.nH acnexr a ) HCCJle.D,OBaHH51 5l3bIKOBOH MeTa<jJopbI 151M]: 1) HOMH"HaTHBHO-npe.D,MeTHOe; 2) <jJ0pMallbHO-JIOrH4eCKOe; 3) nCHXO.'lOrH4ecxoe; 4) JlHHrBHCTHlIeCKoe IKopOJlbKOB, 1968, c. 49-50].

Teneps TaKHX aanpaaneuaa 3Ha4HTeJlbHO 60JlbllIe; Cpe.D,H HHX OCPOPMHJIHCb KaK BnOJl He caMOCTOHTeJIbHble cnenyioume. 2

1. CeMaCHOJlOrl11.JeCKOe aanpasneaae, H3Y1.JalOw.ee ceMHYJO CTPYKTyPY 51M, ceMaHTHlIeCKHe npoueccsr, CPOpMHpYIOIUl1e MeTa<jJ0pHlI€CKOe suaxeaae, COOTHOllIeHH€ cev B HCXO.D,HOM H MeTa<jJ0pH1.JeCKOM 3Ha1.J€HH- 5lX, MexaHH3Mbi 06pa30BaHH51 MeTa<jJopbI, cneUH<jJHKY .D,€HOTaTa 51M, xapaxrep KOHHOTaTHBHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB H T . .D,. [BaH.D,pHeC, 1937; BensCKHK, 1954; nHTBl1 HeHKO, 1954; OaJlJ1I1, 1955; 3Berl1HueB, 1957; -Iepxacoaa. 1959; 13a.1.111, 1961; Bacansea, 1964; WMeJleB, 1964a; J1eBI1H, 1965; Fax, 1966; KpbIJlOBa, 19676; KOPOJlbKOB, 1967, 1968; KOMJIeB, 1969; Kynnna, 1969; J1eBI1H, 1969; Beaupeax, 1970; KOpOJlbKOB, 1971; OaCHJIa51, 1971; Bacansea, 1971a, 19716; raK, 19720; WMeJleB, 1973; Me.D,HHKoBa, 1974; Fax, 1976; Illxenes, 1977; ApYTIOHOBa, 19796; HHKHTIiH, 1979; CTepHHH, 1979; ApYTIOHoBa, 1980; TeJlH51, 1980; OIiPBIiW, 1981; Illve.nea, 1982; BHHOrpa.D" 1983; CrepHHH, 1983; TpHnOJIbCKa51, 1983; Xapueaxo, 1983; CTepHHH, 1984,

2 Ilpusenennaa 3.ll.eCb KJlaCCH<pMKal.\IiR HOCHT .ll.OCTaT04HO YC.IlOBHbIH xapaxrep, TaK KaK MHorHe pa60TbI OTpa)KaJOT pasaue acnexrsi IiCC.Ile.ll.OBaHHH MeTacjlopbJ. Hexoropsre pyopnx», He CBH3aHHble HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHO C naureii TeMOH (sanpnaep, .IlOrH4eCKoe'l .~HHrBO-CT!!.IlHCTIi4eCKoe nanpaaneana), npencraaneau Bbl6op04HbIM H secsaa orpana- 4eHHblM CnH.CKOM pa60T.

6

1985a; TeJHI 51 , 1985; Xapveuxo, 1985; Kounpauioaa, 1985; Lllo6ya, 1986; J1YKb5lHOBa, 1986; CKJl51peBCKa5l, 1988,].; Erdmann, 1925; Porzig, 1957; Helmer, 1972; Bochrnann, 1974; Schilke, 1979; Ondrus, 1981; Henri, 1984].

2. OHOMaCHOJlOrH4eCKOe nanpaanenne, paccnarpnaaiouree MeTacpopy C T04KH 3peHH5I ee npenMeTHoH OTHeceHHOCTH, C T04KH 3peHH5I COOTHOWeHH5I 5I3bIKOBbIX e.llHHHI..I. C BHe5I3bIKOBbIMH o6beKTat\1l1 [KauHeJlbCOH, 1965; ,UeBKHH, 1971; Crenauoa, 1971; ApYTIOHoBa, 1977a, 19776; raK, 1977a, 19776; KOJlWaHCKHH, TeMI5I, 1977; )KypaBJleB, 1982; Junger, 1962; Hallig, Wartburg, 1963].

3. fHOCeOJlOrH4eCKoe nanpaaneuae. <1>0PMHpy5I HenOCTalOLUHe 513blKy 3Ha1,!eHH5I H cnoc06cTBY51 TOMY, 4T06bI «HH OnHH npenxer He OCTaJlC5I 6e3 0603Ha4eHHH», 5IM TeM caMbIM BMeCTe C npyrHMH .nexcu- 4eCKHMH Cpe.llCTBaMH y1,!aCTByeT B 1,!JleHeHHH MHpa H B penpesearauuu neHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH - B :nOM B nepnyio osepem, rrp051B"l51IOTCH nosnasarensnue CPYHKUHH 5IM. C 3TOH T01,!KH 3peHHH MeTacpopa KaK 06beKT HCCJlenOBaHHH oxaaanacs 4pe3BbI1,!aHHO npHTHraTeJlbHOil He TOJlbKO ,LI.JlSI JlHHrBHCTOB, HO H ,LI.Jl5I CPHJlOCOCPOB, TaK KaK HBJl5IeTC51 OnHHM H3 cnocorios opraaasauaa n03HaBaTeJlbHOH ,LI.eHTe.lbHocTH [fyces. c. 53}. B pH,LI.e CPHJlOCOCPCKHX HCCJlenOBaHHH, nOCBHLUeHHblX ,LI.aHHOH reve, <PYHKUHoHHpoBaHHe MeTa<popbl B H3blKe HenOCpe,LI.CTBeHHO' CBH3bIBaeTC5I C HeKOTopblMH MOMeHTaMH nayuuor-o n03HaHH5I [fyces, )KOJlb, KYJlHeB, J1y3HHa}. Merarpopa paCCMaTpHBaeTC5I KaK OnHO

; 1'13 Ba)!{HeHWHX Cpe,LI.CTB KOHCTpYHpOBaHH5I H3bIKa, ero paCWHpeHHH, a raroxe KaK cnocoo nenocpencraeaaon CBH3H eCTeCTBeHHoro 5I3bIKa C 513bIKOM HayKH [Fycen, c. 104]. 5I3bIKOBYIO MeTacpopy OTHOC51T K cnocooau opraansauan n03HaBaTeJlbHOH ,LI.e51TeJlbHOCTH [Tycea, c. 53]. Ilpa 3TOM npH3Ha1OT, 4TO 513b1K pa3.TJH1,!HbIX HaY4HbiX reopmi (OT MaTeMaTHKH ,LI.O <PHJlOCO!j>HH) CTPOHTCH aa OCHOBe MeTa<pop, H HHKaKoe 3HaHHe He MO)!{eT 6blTb nOJlYlJeHO H opraunaoaauo 6e3 y1,!aCTH51 MeTa<popbl [Fyces, c. II}. Bucxaausanocs MHeHHe, 'ITO H3YlleHHe MeTacpOpbI MO)!{eT OKa3aTbCSI KJIlOliOM K nOHHMaHHIO MHorHX np06J1eM COBpeMeHHOH HayKH, B 4aCTHOCTH np06J1eMbI penpeseur aUIUI HOB oro 3HaHHSI [BeJlHlIKOBCKHH, c. 234}. OCHOBbl H3Y4eHHH MeTa<popbl KaK 5l3bIKOBoro cpencrsa, orpaacaiouiero npHHI..I.HnbI 1'1 MexaHH3MbI B3aHMOCBH3H H3bIKa C MHPOM, 6bIJlH 3aJlO)!{eHbI euie A. A. nOTe6HeH [noTe6HSI, 1862] H pa3BHTbI J1. C. Burorcxaa [BurOTcKHH]. B cOBpeMeHHoH JlHHrBHCTHKe ::ITOT acnexr H3Y4eHH5I xera<POPbl CJlY)!{HT 06beKTOM caaoro npHCTaJIbHOrO BHHMaHHH [Bnnorpa,LI.OB, 1953a, 6; KaI..l.HeJIbCOH, 1965; KOMJIeB, 1969; I'ax, 1972a; KapayJIOB, 1976; ApYTIOHoBa, 1977a, 6; KOJIllIaHCKHH, 1977; TeJlHH, 1977; ApYTlOHOBa, 19796; TeJIH51, 1981; 3b1uapb, 1984; Knapx, 1984, Black, 1962; Junger, 1962; Lohmann, 1965; Klaus, 1973; Albrecht, 1978].

4. Jlora-recxoe uanpaaneaae, nsysaouiee 5IM B acnexre reopnu perpepeauaa. TOJlllKOM ,LI.JlH sroro HanpaBJleHH51 nOCJIY)!{HJI0 OTMelJeHHoe euie ApHCTOTeJleM CBOHCTBO MeTa<popbl COBMemaTb nsa nOHHTHH . .. B COBpeMeHHOH HHTepnpeTaUHH 3TO CBOHCTBO TpaKTyeTC51 KaK B3aH~'MoneHCTBHe ,LI.ByX BeJlH4IiH: ::ITO «<POKYC» MeTa<pepbl (npH3HaK, nepe• aeceaasni B HOBoe Ha3BaHHe) H «pauxa» (npH3HaKH noaoro kpyra

7

J],eHOTaTOB, BKJ}104HBWHXOI B MeTacj:JOpHlleCKHH npouecc) [Black, i

p. 39-40]. l1Ha4e «coaaeiueuue nOH5ITHH» MO)KHO npencr aarrn, KaK HaJ10)KeHHe nOH5ITHHHOro OTpa)KeHI151 cj:JparMeHTa )J,eHcTBHTeJ}bHocTH Ha 3Ha4eHH5I nepeocMblcJl51eMoH 513bIKOBOH cj:JOpMbl, 4TO B pesym.r are H oopasyer flOH5ITI111HO-513bIKoBoe conepxcaaae noaoro HaI1MeHOBaHH5I C conYTcTBYlOlllHMH eMY KOHHOTaUHHMH [51HOB, c. 93]. B caMOM 06lueM BHJl,e npeJl,MeTOM I13Y4eHH5I 5lM C n03HUHH reopnn pediepemina C.1Y)KHT Ha6JllOJl,ael\!Oe HeCOOTBeTCTBl1e Me)K)J,Y CeMaHTl1lJeCKI1MI1 CBH- 3H~11i 5lM II 04eBI1Jl,HbIMI1 llOrHlJeCKHMH CBH3HMH, cyuiecrayounucn Me)KJl,V npeJ],MeTaMH li HBJ}eHI1HlVIli )J,eHCTBHTeJ}bHOCTH. 3TH HeCOOTBeTCTBH5I: OAHaKO, I1MelOT 06beKTI1BHblH 11 Bceo6111I1H xap akrep, TaK KaK OTpa)KalOT 513bIKOBOH (11 )K113HeHHbIH) onsrr uenoro sasncoaoro KOJ}Jlel,TI1Ba: «i\IlOTHBoM Jl,Jl51 MeTa¢Opl1lJeCKOrO nepeuoca MoryT CJ}Y)KHTb orpaoor auuue B 513blKe J}orI1KO-CI1HTaKCHlJeCKl1e cxewu CTPYKTyPl1pOBaHHH I<.'laCCOB C06blTHI111J}H COnOJlO)KeHHe B CTpYKType lVIHpa seuiaux 06beKTOB - IiX npe)J,MeTHO-JlorHlJeCKl1e CB5I311, orpa acaioume H3bIKOBOH onsrr rOBOp5IllHIX» [TeJ}H5I, 1977, c. 192-1931 . .l1HblMH C.lJOBaMH. COBna;I,eHlIe 3HaHHii 0 \llIpe ooYC.l0B.1lWaeT cosnaneune aCCOll,liaUI1H, -rro H ne.nae r 51M OObeKTHBHoij H aceoouieri. C n0311UHH TeOpHI1 perpepeuuan MO)KeT 6bITb paCCMOTpeHa H HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJ}bHaH (n03TH4eCKaSl) MeTacj:Jopa, H B 3TOM c.ny-rae rOBopHT 0 JlOnllJeCKOH nOJlOMKe, a MeTa¢opy KaK ceMaHTHlJeCKOe asneaae OTHOCflT B p aspan aHOMaJlHH (nonpooaee 06 3TOM 6YJ],eT CKa3aHO B r.na ae «J1orHKa MeTa¢oPbl»). DOCKOJlbKY aHaJlH3 JlOrHlJeCKHX cBH3eH MeTa¢OpHlJeCKHX 3HalJeHHH· 51BJI5IeTC5I caMOCT05lTeJlbHOH OlJeHb 06WHPHOH 06J1aCTblO HCCJle.LI.OBaHI1H, Mbl OrpaHl1lJHMCH 3.L1.eCb caMblMH 06lll,HMH nOJlO)KeHH5IMH H BbI- 60P04HbI:Vl nepevne» pa60T [5Y.LI.arOB, 1958; AXMaHoBa, 1961; BeHHpeux. 1970; Ba'C!WbeB, 19716; KOBTYH, 197:(; TeJlH5I, 1980; Y¢HMueaa, 1980; 50,:1 11 H,J,IKep , 1981; BeiiHpeiLx. 1981; APYTIOHoBa, 1982; Ba.nauios, 1982; Bepxcoauxa, 1982, 1983; 5aJlaWOB, 1984; Black, 1962] .

5. Co6cTBeHHo JlHHrBHCTl1lJeCKOe aanp aaneuae, BbI5lBJlHIOlll,ee H KJ1accH¢HuHpylOllJ,ee 513b1KOBble CBoHcTBa MeTa¢oPbl (Mop¢OJlOrHlJeCKHe, cnoaooop aaoaarensnue, cHHTaKCHlJeCKHe). BHHMaHHe K JlI1HrBHCTHlJeCKHM CBoHcTBaM MeTa¢oPbl 6blJlO np aaneseno euie A. A. noTe6HeH [noTe6H51, 1905], O.LI.HaKO TOJlbKO B nocne.nnne )J,eC51THJleTHH OHH 6blJlli nO.LI.BeprHYTbI .1'HHrBI1CTl1lJeCKoMY aHa.'1113Y [BI1HOrpa.LI.OB, 19536; 5eJ1bcKI1(J, 1954; Jlscor a, 1957; 4epKacoBa, 1959, 1968; KpbIJlOBa, 1967a; 5acl1J1ai,-1971; ApYTIOHoBa, 1978a; Beccapaooaa, 1979; TeJlH5I, 1981; Beccapaoosa, 1987]. Ocooeuuo ruiarensao 113ylJaeTC5I CHHTaKCI1C 5lM (lJTO BITOJlHe 06bHCHHMO - Be.LI.b MeTa¢opa cj:JYHKll,HOHHpyeT TOJlbKO B CJlOBeCHOM oKPY)KeHHH). Iloreoaea 6blJlH Bbl.LI.e.neHbl H OITHCaHbl CHHTaKCHlJeCKHe n03HUHI1 MeTa¢oPbl (<<¢OPMbl MeTa¢oPbl B CHHTaKCHlJeCKOM oTHoweHHH»): nO~I1UH51 06oc06J1eHHOrO onpenenenns, MeTa¢OpHlJeCKOrO 3nHTeTa, npl1J10)KeHHH, ocpameans, nO)l.Jle)Kamero, cxaayeaoro, )J,OflOJlHeHHH. Flpn 3TOM DOTe6HH o6paTHJI BHHMaHl1e na 2 pa3HoBH)J,HOCTH MeTa¢OpHlJeCKOrO ncaneacauiero: 1) nonnexcauiee, Bblpa)KeHHOe O.ll.HH04HbiM CYlll,eCTBHTeJlbHbIM; 2)1 noaneacauree, aapaaceanoe CJlOBOCOlJeTaHHeM [noTe6HH, 1905,

8

~ c. 207]. 3TH, Ka3aJIOCb 6bl, npocrue H 04eBH.ll.Hble HCTHHbl B .ll.8ilbHeHWeM JIerJIH B OCHOBY MHorHX KOHu,enUHH, BOWe.ll.WHX B m1HrBHCTH4eCJ(YIO TeOpHIO MeTacpOpbl, B 4aCTHocTH B THflOJ10fI11O ,TJeKCJ1LleCKliX 3Ha4eHHH B. B. BI1HOrpa.ll.OBa. OC06blH THn .leKCH4eCKoro 3Ha4eHHH MeTacpOpH4eCKOro C,10Ba, peaJ1!13yeMbIH B cr poro saxpenJleHHblX CHHTaKCH4eCKHx n03Hu.H51X (B cxaayevoa HJIH COCTaBe CKa- 3yeMoro, B 06pallJ,eHHH, B 06oc06JJeHHOM onpene.neaaa H npHJIO)KeHHH) Ii HCnOJIb3yeMblH .ll.JI51 Ha3bIBaHH51, 0603Ha4eHH51 KorO-Jl1160 npH HH.ll.I1BH.ll.Y8JIbHOM YK838HHH 6WJI Ha3BaH BHHorp8ioBWM «npeJl,HK8THBHO-X8p8KTepH3ylOllJ,HM» [BHHOrpa.ll.OB, 19536, c. 24-25]. 3TO nOJIO)!{eHHe OKa3aJIOCb 04eHb Ba)!{HbIM 11 nOBJ'lHH.no KaK ua JJeKcHKorpacpl14eCKOe otpopv.nenue MeTacpopH4ecKoH JIeKCHKH, TaK H aa ee Jl,8JIbHeHWee TeOpeTI14eCKOe OCMbICJIeHHe. C CHHTaKCH4eCKHMH <j)YHKUI151MH MeTacpopbl CBH3aHO BbJ4.lJeHeHHe aosoro 06beKTa HCCJleLI.OBaHHH - MeTacpopH4ecKoro KOHTeKCTa; on peae,n 51 IOTC9. J\oHCTPYKTHBHble THI1bl KOHTeKCTOB, Cl1HTaKCH4eCKHe YCJIOBHH ¢Op:-'IHPOB8HHH MeTa¢opbl, cpyHKUHH KOHTeKCT8 B peaJ1H3aUHH CeMaHTlI- 4eCKHX CBOHCTB 5Uv\ H T. ,.Q. [Baunpuec, 1937; ne.lbCKl1i:;, 1954; Jlsco ra. 1957; 4epKacoBa, 1959; J1HCOT8, 1962; Kauue.nscou, 1965; 4epK8coB8, 1968; naCHJ1aH, 1971; Me,.QHHKoBa, 1974; Hexpacos a, 1975; ApYTIOHoBa, 1978a; TeJlH51, 1981; PblHbKOB, 1981; Beccapaoosa, 1987]. B nOCJJe,.QHHe r ouu 3aMeTHa TeH,.QeHUI1H K H3\'- 4eHHIO BTOPl14HOH (npoH3Bo,.QHOH) MeT8<j)opbl [Hepkacoaa, 1968;

j.\WMeJleB, 1978; ApYTIOHoBa, 1980; Beccapaoos a, 1987].

! 6. JIHHrBO-CTI1JIHCTH4ecKoe Hanp8BJJeHHe [fB03,.QeB, 1955; fa.lbnepua. 1958; faK, 19726; Fensrapnr, 1973; lleBK!1H, 1974; AsuaypoB8, 1977; CKJIHpeBCKaH, 1978; YJIb;\18H, 1980; Ilerpuiueaa, 1984; PaxM8HoBa, 1987; CI<.nHpeBCKaH, 1988a, B; Haubrich, 1968].

7. nCI1XOJJHHrBHCHP-IeCKOe H8npaBJleHI1e, uay-raiouiee 5iA'\ B acnexre TeOpl1H pe4eo06pa30BaHI151 11 BoCrrpHHTI151 pe-ns. Cnenyer or ueTHTb BJIH5IHHe, xoropoe OKa38J1H ua 3TO nanp a a.nenae cOBeTcI(QH HayKH nCHXOJlOrl14eCKHe H JIHHrBHCTli4eCKI1e B033peHH5I JI. C. Burorcxoro. B 3TOM nanpaanenaa HaH60JJee I1J10,.QOTBOPHbIM ,L1,.TI51 pa3BHTH5I Jll1HrBHCTI14eCKOH reopun MeTacpopbl CJIe,.QyeT npuauars paccnorpenne 5iM B Ka4eCTBe MO,.QeJII1 pe-tesoa ,.QeHTeJIbHOCTH B parry np yrux MO)J.eJIeH H Bb!51B.'1eHHe 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHblM nYTeM nCHXOJIOrH4eO;H peansnoro 3Ha4eHHH 5iJ\'l. B ero conOCT8BJIeHHH C .neKCH4eCKIlM ana-reHHeM [Bb!rOTCKHH, 1956; HHKH¢OpOB8, 1954; TIOXTHH, 1963; fa30Bfl1H36epr, 1965; Caxapnun, 1974; KHCeJIeBa, 1978; Pbl)!{KI1Ha, 1980; BeJIH4KOBCKHH, 1982; Flepuraena, 1982; COMoBa, 1982; BaCI1JIeB!14, 1983; BOPOHHH, 1983; fPI1,.QHH, 1983; KJIapK, 1984; Caxapasni. 1984; CTepHHH, 1985a, 6; YW8KoBa, 1985; ¢pYMKHHa, 19851.

8. 3Kcnpecc~IO.~orH4ecl\oe nanpasneuae. Ycnoano Ha30BeM TaK TO aanpas.neune H3Y4eHH5! JIM., xoropoe CBH3aHO C OfIHcaHIleM ee 3KCnpeCCHBHblX csoncre [3BerHHueB, 1955; ¢e,.Q0poB, 1959; ApHO.1b,J., 1970; III MeJIeB, 1973, 1977; J1eHH, 1976; faK, 19776; 4epeMHcHHa,

\1979; Ill axoacxuji, 1980; BJIHHOBa, 1983; JIYKbHHOB8, 1983; POMaHo- 1if~3, 1983; CKBOpeUKa5!, 1983; CTepHHH, 1983; TpHnOJlbCKaH, 1984; ,.ZoH,.QpawoBa, 1985; nYKb51HOBa, 1986; Liewehr, 1958].

9

9. JIHHrBHCTHKO-JII1TepaTypoBe,U4ecKoe aanp asneane, onHcbIsalO-j uiee ,T]HHrBHCTH4eCKHe CBoHCTsa xy,Uo)l{ecTBeHHoii MeTacpopbI [JlapI1H,; 1922, 1925; BI1HOrpa,UoB, 1925; 5IK06cOH, 1935; .uoHAya, 1940; Bep.1M, 1957; 4epKacoBa, 1959; CKOPOXO,UbKO, 1962; JleBHH, 1965; fPHropses, 1966, 1969; 4epKacosa, 1974;' Hexpacoaa, 1975; 5IK06cOH, 1975; KOSTYH, 1977; Fparopses, 1979; KO)l{eSHHKOBa, 1979; Hexpacosa, 1979; IloHeUKl1x, 1980; Canopra, 1980; PbLHbKOS, 1981; CTepHI1H, 1983; BOSK, 1986; KO)l{eSHI1KOBa, 1986; Bierwisch, 1965].

10. JleKcHKoJ10rl14eCKOe aanpasnenae, HCCJIe,UYIOLUee 5IM B npene.n ax paaasix JIeKCH4eCKI1X rpyrrrr [Xapsenxo. 1985; CKJIHpeBCKa5I, 19870, 1988]. Haario.nee nOJIHO H ner ansno orrncaaa rpynna 300-. \lOpljHJ3MOB [Bnp.xaxoaa, 1957; Bojmnc, 1975; JlI1TBHH, 4epeMI1CHHa, 1977; POCHHeHe, 1978; PbI)I{KI1Ha, 1980; Bacansesa, 1981; BOHTI1K, 1982; Ilepuiaeaa, 1982; Cepreea, 1983; fy,UaBI14IOC, 1984; KaUI-lTa,U· 3e, 1985; Pocuueae, 1985]. Cpe,UH npyrnx rpyrrrr MO)l{HO aasaars «oopasu MHOlKeCTBa» [Jlyxsanona, 1986; BOBK, 1986], «06HTaJII1LUa )I{HBOTHbIX» [Xap-ieuxo, 1985] H np.

11 . Jlexcnkorparpasecxoe uanpaaneaae. 113Y4eHHe 5IM B acnexre .rexcnxorpadina noxa euie pane C4HTaTb CJIOIKHBWHMCH JIHHrBHCTH4e· CKHM nanpaaneuaea, HO TeH,UeHUIHI CPOpMl1pOSaHI1H rakoro nanpasneIHlH npe,UcT3B.1HlOTCH 04eBHnHbIMH. B paeorax, rrOCBHLUeHHbIX reopeTlllJeCl\HM rrp06.1eMaM .nexcnxorpadma H aHaJIH3Y cnoaapaux pasp a- 60TOK, sonpocu, CBH3aHHble C MeTacpopoH, CTaBHJIHCb neonnoxparuo. Flpexcne scero neocxonuvo BcnOMHHTb nnonoreopnue H,UN!; n. B. Illepou, xacaioumecs pa3rpaHH4eHHH nOHHTHH «nepenocnoe» ' II «oopaanoe». Kat: 113BeCTHO, IIOJ. nepeuocuu» Jl. B. Illepoa nOHl1- \!3,1 BTOpIIL!HOe 3Ha4eHlIe, i\OTOpOe \,IOiKHO oxapaxrepuaonari, Kal\ «He4TO nOJl06Hoe» npfl~IOMy Ii xoropoe orpaxcaer «p33JJ,BoeHHe» ocHOBHoro 3Ha4eHHH. Oopaauoe 3Ha4eHHe OH TpaKTOBaJI KaK ynorpeo.reuue np5IMOrO 3Ha4eHH51, He rpopvupyiouiee caMOCT05lTeJIbHOH,JIeKCIil!eCKOii e;I,IIHIIUbl. Do.TIbWOe B.HHlHlle aa .ll.a.IJbHeHWee nexcaxorpaqinl!eCKOe onucaune MeTacpopl14eCKHX 3HalfeHHH OK33aJ1H He TOJIbKO reopemvecxae S033peHl1H Jl. B. lllepou, HO Hero Bl1PTY03HblH JIeKCHiwrpacpll4eCKlIii auanns C.TJOS3 U2.W [Illepoa, 1940, c. 283-285].

Hcc.'!e;I,OBaHH51 .1eKCIlKo,norOB II .nexcnxorparpoa, co.aepacaume 3Ha,n1l3 c.nosapea, aarparnaana HapH,UY C .ll.pyrHMll II acnexr, CSfl3aHHblfi c onncaaueu 11 0cpopMJleHlieM 5IN\ [Lllepoa, 1931; BHHorpaJJ,oB, 19533, 1956; BHP)K3KOBa, 1957; <Pe.rlb,UMaH, 1957; Kacapec, 1958; 5a6Kl!H. 1960; BHHOrp3;I,OB. 1961; Earenseaa, 1963, 1964; <PHJ1I-IH, 1963; Buuorpanoa, 1966; faK, 1971; jleH.ll.beJl, 1972; I'ensr-apzrr, 1973; KOTe.11OBa, 1975; fop6a4eBH4, COpOKOJIeTOB, 1975; BaoKHH, 1977; I'am.nepnn, 1980, 1982; J\'lopKOBKI1H, 1981; Ill axoacxaa, 1982; I'oponeuxna. 1983; JIa60B, 1983; Cepreea, 1983; CKJ1HpeBcKaH, 19886] . Heooxoanuo Ha3BaTb T3K)l\e aexoropue paoorsr, 51BJl5IIOLUHeCH reopernvecxna 060CHOBaHHeM cnoaapuon npaKTHKH Ii llMelOLUlle B TOH II.ll! HHOI1 crenenn Bb!XO,U B np06JleM3THKY lIM [Bnuorp anoa, 19536; lll aeaee, 1973; Kapay.noe, 1974,1981; Ill aenoaa, 1981]

CT3TbH, nOCB5Iw,eHHb!e cneuaa.n.nony aHaJ1H3Y 5IM B CJIOBapt'"' HC4ilC.'151IDTC51 e.ll.llHlluaMH, H B HHX 06bI4HO BHllMaHHe HCCJle.ll.OBaTeJI5i1

cocpe)J,OT04eHO ua KaKOM-JIH60 O)J,HOM acnexre 3TOrO H3bIKOBOrO HBJIeHH5I. CTaB5ITCH )J,OCTaT04HO KOHKpeTHble rrpaKTHLIeCKHe 3a)J,a4H CJIOBaps - pasrpaaaveaae )!{HBOM H reHeTHLIeCKOM MeTacpOpbI, nepeuocuoro 3Ha4eHI15I H 06pa3HOrO yrroTpe6JJeHI151 CJIOB [<DeJIb)J,MaH] (3)J,eCb YMeCTHO 3aMeTI1Tb, 4TO rrpaKTI14eCKI1e 3a)J,a411 eziaa JIH MOrYT 6bITb peurenu 6e3 TeOpeTI14eCKOrO OCMbICJIeHiHI npooneau ). OnHCbIBaIOTC51 IIpe)J,CTaBJIeHHble B CJIOBape CTa)J,IHI npouecca MeTacpopH3aUHH: 1) cpaBHHTeJIbHble 060POTbl; 2) oopasaue npHMeHeHI1H CJIOB; 3) nepeHOCHble OTTeHKI1 npaxsrx 3Ha4eHHM; 4) nepeaocuue 3Ha4eHH51, KOTOpue HHTeprrpeTl1pYIOTCH KaK orpasceaae cryneaea o6pa30BaHI1H MeTacpOpbl 11 QCBoeHHH ee H3bIKOM: rrocreneauoro OTBJIeLIeHHH oroopasa, B03HHKHOBeHI1H B )J,aJIbHeMWeM nOH51TI1MHbIX rrpl13HaKOB H rrocJIe)J,YIOIllHX npeocpasoaanaa CJIOBeCHblX cBH3eH; npa 3TOM onacsmaevsre nponeccu paCCMaTpl1BalOTCH B CBeTe rrp06JIeMbI 06pa3HOM pea.nnsaUHI1 CJIOBa B TOJIKOBOM cnoaape, a aenocpencraeauuv MaTepl1aJIOM J].JIH HCCJIe)J,OBaHH51 H36HpaeTC5I xY)J,O)!{eCTBeHHa51 pens, oopasuu IWTOPOM WHPOKO npencraaneau B l3AC [KOBTYH, 1983]. CTa)J,I1H pa31iTHH 5IM H sranu ee CPOpMl1pOBaHI1H 6bI.nH paccxcrpeau B CHHXPOHHOM cpese - KaK 6bl «3aCTbIBWHMI1», 3acpl1KCHpOBaHHbIMH B npenenax OiLHOM CJIOBapHOM CTaTbH [CKJI5IpeBCKaH, 1983]. TOJIKOBble CJIOBapH rrOCJJY)!{IIJIH I1CT04HHKOM MaTepHaJia )J,JIH BbIHBJIeHHH H3blKOBOM npaPOJ].bl MeTacpopbI, npn 3TOM 6blJI Bbl)J,BHHYT rrOCTYJIaT: CJIOBapHble CBe)J,eHI1H «conepxcar o6beKTHBHYIO KapTHHY H3bIKOBoro cO)J,ep)!{aHI1H

jMeTa<pop H )J,alOT MaTepHaJI )J,JIH 060CHOBaHI1H HX JIHHfBHCTH4eCKHX npnaaaxos» [Beccapaeosa, 1987, c. 156]. Haxoneu, HMeHHO MaTepHaJI TOJIKOBblX CJIOBapeH )J,aJI B03MO)!{HOCTb HHTeprrpenlpOBaTb 5IM KaK CHCTeMHoe H3blKOBoe HBJIeHHe, rrO)J,4I1HHlOllleeCH onpeneaexaux 3aKOHoMepHOCT5IM CPOpMHpOBaHH51 H HMelOmee PH)J, npauuannansuux OTJHILIHH OT MeTacpopbI xYJIO)!{eCTBeHHoH pesn [CKJIHpeBCKaH, 19876, 198.8r, e].

C03)J,aeTcH BrreLIaTJIeHHe, 4TO HCCJIe)J,OBaHHe xeratpopa CTaHOBHTCH TOTaJIbHbIM. HeJIb3H He COrJIaCHTbC51 C r. r. KYJIHeBbIM, KOTOPbIM:

IIHWeT, LITO·«B caMOM <paKTe rrOCTOHHHoro 06pameHHH K )J,aHHOH reue 3aKJII04eHO H npasnauae ee HeHCLIeprraeMOCTH» [KYJIHeB, c. 81]. 3TO e·,· J].eilcTBHTeJIbHo TaK, H MHorOBeKOBaH HCTOPHH HayKH rro)J,TBep)J,HJIa 3TO. O)J,HaKo YTBep)!{)J,eHHe, LITO «MeTacpopa H3YLIeHa B)J,OJIb H nonepex» (TaM »ce}, ezraa JIH MO)!{HO npasnars crrpaBe)J,JIHBbIM.,

r JI a B a 1. TeOpeTHQeCKa51 6a3a

H OCHOBHble nocrynaru HCCJle.u.OBaHH5I

MeTacpopa ,1I.apOBaHa HaM caMOH npnPO,1l.0H, TaK 'lTO eio sepenxo nOJIb3YIOTCH, caMH roro He saaesaa, H ney-rexue JIIO,1I.H.

KBUHTUAuaH

OOHHMaHl1e 5IN\. KaK JIHHfBl1CTl14eCKOH xareropau CO.ll.ep)!(I1T B ceo 6e MHOfO npOTYIBOpe4l1iL OCHoBHoe npOTI1BOpeLfl1e, no uaurevy MHe· Hl1lD, 3aKJllD4aeTC51 B TOM, 4TO, nOJlY4l1B CTaTYC 5l3bIKOBoro 5lBJleHl151, MeTacjJOpa npozioascaer TpaKTOBaTbC5l KaK rpon (T. e. cpl1rypa pe411, xY.D.O)!(eCTBeHHoe Cpe.D.CTBO [AXMaHOBa; KJ13; J13C; P5131 ). Hcno.ns- 30BaHl1e TepMHHa n03THKI1, HMelOlllefO MHOfOBeKOBYIO TpaJl.l111.HIO, 3aTpYJl.H51eT Jll1HfBHCTH4eCKHe I1CCJleJl.OBaHI15l. Orne.m.nue nonsrrxn 113MeHl1Tb CI1TyaUHlD, nanpnaep, saMeHHTb JlHTepaTYPOBeJl.CKHH repMI1H «MeT3cpopa» COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HM JlHHrBl1CTH4eCKHM TepMI1HOM «MeTaCeMeM3» [,ll106ya, c. 168 H cnen.], He nOBJlH5lJlH aa TepMHHOJlOfl14eCKl1H H COOTBeTCTBeHHO nOH5lTHHHbIH anna par OTe4eCTBeHHOH

,1I1HfBI1CTI1KH. S

3TO 06YCJlOBHJlO, 3 B H3BeCTHOH Mepe H npeJl.0l1peJl.eJlI1J10, P5l.ll., Jl.PYfl1X npOTI1BOpe4I1H, rJl3BHOe 113 KOTOPblX CB5l3aHO C 060CHOB3HI1eM anexsarnoro 06beKTa HCCJleJl.OB3HI15l. YTBep.ll.I1BWHCb B COBpeMeHHOH JlI1HrBHCTl1Ke B craryce 5l3bIKOBoro 5lBJleHH5l, 5IN\. TeM He MeHee 06bI4- HO 06be.ll.l1H5leTC5l C xY.ll.O)!{eCTBeHHoH (HHJl.HBH.ll.yaJlbHO-aBTopCKOH) MeTacpopOH KaK e.ll.I1HbIH 06beKT. I1cCJleJl.OBaTeJlb, Bbl.ll.BHHyB nOCTYJlaT asukoaoro cr aryca MeTacpopbl K3K BTOPH4HOH KOCBeHHOH HOMHH3UHH, aucrp aaeaer I1pl1 3TOM CBOIO KOHUenUl11O aa MaTepHaJle xynoxceCTBeHHOH pe-ru. MeTacpopH4eCKl1H CTPOH KOTOPOH 6blBaeT BeCbMa .nanex OT MeTacpopH4eCKoro CTP05l otiuiena PO..QHOfO 5l3bIKa (uanpasiep, B. H. BOBK B MOHorp3cj:ll1H, KOTOpa5l HOCHT Ha3B3HHe «513bIKOBa5l MeTarpopa B xY..QO)KeCTBeHHoH pe411», nccne.ayer 4pe3Bbl4aHHo H30111peHHble lIH.ll.I1BI1.ll.yaJlbHble MeTacpopbI O. YaHJlb.D.a [BoBK]).

B HaCT051w.eH paocre sa OCHOBY I1pI1H5lTO coapeweuaoe rrOHI1MaHl1e 5IN\. KaK BTOPl14HOH KocBeHHoH HOMl1H3Ul1l1 I1pl1 065l3aTeJlbHOM coXpaHeH1111 CeMaHTl14eCKOH .D.BynJlaHOBOCTH 11 06p33Horo 3J1eMeHT3. Taxoe TOJlKOBaHl1e 5IM, C O.D.HOH CTOPOHbI, CTaBHT ee B O.ll.I1H p5l.D. C TpOnO!\! (no Ha,1114111O 06pa3HOCTH) H np n 3TOM 3aCT3BJl5'leT I1CKaTb . xpurepuu pa3Me)KeBaHI151 5IM H rpona no Jll1HrBHCTl14eCKHM I1pH- 3HaKaM. C .L!.pyrol1 CTOPOl-!bI, raxoe TOJlKOBaHl1e 5IM BKJl104aeT MeTacpopy KaK oopasuoe sauxoaoe Cpe.L!.CTBO B JleKCHKO-CeMaHTI14ecKYlo CI1CTe:\IY 5l3bIKa IIa npasax O.D.HOfO 113 ,neKCI14eCKI1X paapanos, COOTHO-

CI!MbIX C ;J,pyrHMH pa3p51..QaMI1 11J111 npOTllBOnOCTaBJleHHblX HM. ,

Ka« K3TerOpll51 Jlel\CI1KOJ10fHH (H M3TepHaJl JleKCHKorpacpl1H) 5IM ) Orrp3HI14eHa 01' xyJ,O)KeCTBeHHO~1 (HH.L!.HBI1Jl.Y3J1bHO-3BTOpCKOI1) MeTa-Wj'.

,

12

CPOpbI. KaK 06pa3HOe H3blKOBOe Cpe.LJ,CTBO - OT reHeTf1l1eCKOH MeTaCPOp~ H OT 6e366pa3HOrO npOH3BO.LJ,HOrO 3Ha4eHHR (aprYMeHTaUHR raxoro pa3rpaHH4eHHR, ere npnnunnu H KpHTepHH npasenenu B rJJ. 3).

MeTO.LJ,OJlOrH4ecKYIO OCHOBY .LJ,aHHOrO HCCJle.LJ,OBaHHH COCTaBJJHeT «JleKCHueHTpH4ecKoe» nOHHMaHHe JleKCH"4eCKOH CHCTeMbl H npanuanos ceMaHTH4eCKoro auanasa: CJlOBO npaanaercs aBToHoMHOH e.LJ,HHHuei1 CI'ICTeMbl H HOCHTeJleM CMblCJla [Me.LJ,HHKOBa, KapaYJIOB, 1976]. Taxoe nOHHMaHHe CHCTeMbl npennoaaraer BbI.LJ,eJIeHHe .LJ,BYX ee acnexros:

BHeWHero (CBH3H CJIOB C· .LJ,pyrHMH CJlOBaMH) H BHYTpeHHero (CBH3H OT.LJ,eJlbHbIX JICB BHyTpH JleKCeMbl). Orxpsrrue B nOCJle.LJ,HHe .LJ,eCRTHJleTHH MeTO.LJ,bl KOMnOHeHTHoro ananasa n03BOJ1HJlH 3arJ1HHYTb B rJly6b Ka)K.LJ,OrO OT.LJ,eJIbHOrO JICB, H ceMaHTH4eCKaR e.LJ,HHHua, npe.LJ,CTaBJI51.BwaRCR paaee He.LJ,eJlHMOH, oxasa.nacs 4JleHHMoH. Ha .LJ,aJlbHeHWeM nyrn npO.LJ,BH)KeHHR B rJly6HHY ceaaarnvecxoro YCTpoHcTBa (B p avxax KOMMYHHKaTHBHoH ceMaHTHKH) 6blJla orxpsrra H 4pe3Bbl4aHHaH CJlO)KHOCTb COCTaBa Ka)K.LJ,OH MHHHMaJlbHOH JleKCH4ecKoH e.LJ,HHHUbl. 3TH OTKpblTHR, KaK HaM rrpe.LJ,CTaBJlReTCR, .LJ,alOT OCHOBaHH51. .LJ,JlH s sr- 4JleHeHHR He .LJ,BYX, a rpex acnexros JleKCHKO-ceMaHTH4eCKOH CHCTeMbl: aneuruero, BHYTpeHHero H rJly6HHHoro (4TO COOTBeTcTByeT rpex ypOBH51.M CHCTeMHoro CeMaHTI14eCKOro aaanusa) , CHcTeMHocTb JleKCHKH BO BHell1HeM acnexre CHCTeMbl peaJlH3yeTC51. B p aatroro pO.LJ,a JleKCH- 4eCKHX 06be.LJ,HHeHH51.X (ceMaHTI14eCKOe none, TeMaTH4eCKaR rpyrma, CHHoHHMH4ecKHH pR.LJ, H T. n.), Ka)K.LJ,Oe 113 KOTOPblX MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK rppar-aenr CHCTeMbl H O.LJ,HOBpeMeHHO KaK e.LJ,HHI1UY ::JTOH CHCTeMbI. BHYTpeHHHH acnexr CHCTeMbI CBH3aH C rrOJIHCeMHeH (9TH aonpocsi OCTaIOTC5I aa npe.LJ,eJlaMH 3a.LJ,a4 aaurea pa60TbI H JlHWb cnOpa.LJ,H4eCKH 3aTparHBa1OTC51. B XO.LJ,e ananuaa) . r Jly6HHHbIH acnexr CHCTeMbI OXBaTbIBaeT xpyr npoo.nex, CB5I3aHHbIX C CO.LJ,ep)KaHHeM JleKCH4eCKoro 3Ha4eHHH [113], c rpyxrypa koroporo MO)KeT TpaKTOBaTbCH no-p asuoay, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT n0311UHH HCCJle.LJ,OBaTeJ1H 11 ypOBHH aaanusa.

MO)KHO paccaarpasars 113 B KOHuenTyaJlbHOM nnaae, BbIBO.LJ,R aa ero rrpezte.n u MHOr04HCJleHHble H paanoocpaanue HaCJlOeHHR, He BXO.lI.5!IUHe B fTOH51.THHHOe H.lI.PO. B 3TOM CJlY4ae JI3 TpaKTylOT KaK ripenMeTHoe conepacanne (npenver npu 3TOM fTOHHMaeTCR WHPOKO - KaK Jl106aR BHe51.3bIKOBa5! CYIUHOCTb [Banorpanos, 19536, c. 23]). JI3 B 3TOM CJIY4ae rpaxryercs o606lll.eHHO, KaK oeccrpyxrypuoe, aMOPCPHoe 06pa30BaHHe.

C npyrori n03HUHH JI3 MOIKeT 6blTb rrpe.LJ,CTaBJleHO BO scea COBOxynnocrn .lI.06aB04HbiX HaCJlOeHHH H npuooperaer BH.LJ, 3JleMeHTapHOH CTpyKTYPbl. Do 3p.ll.MaHY, 3Ta CTpyKTypa HMeeT Tp0l14HylO rpopu y: 1) nOHRTHHHoe conepxcaune (begrifflicher l nha lt.) ; 2) conyrcrsyiouraa CMblCJl (Nebensmn) ; 3) 4YBcTBeHHble 3JleMeHTbI (Geiunlswert) [Erdmann, S. 107].

OTKpbITHe MeTO.LJ,a KOMnoHeljTHoro auanusa .LJ,aJlO B03MO)KHOCTb paccworpers J13 Y)Ke «H3HYTpH» H o6HapY)KHTb B ero COCTaBe Me.nblJaHWHe, He pa3JlO)KHMble nanee 3JleMeHTbI C'VlbICJla - .n.HcpcpepeHll.HaJlbHble npH3HaKH (nO,lY4HBWHe B naJlbHeHweM pasuue Ha3BaHHH: cexa, ceMaHTH4eCKHH npH3HaK, ceMaHTH4eCKHH 3JleMeHT, ceMaHTHLIe-

13

CKHH KOMnOHeHT, CeMaHTHLIeCKHH npHMHTHB, MHKpOKOMnOHeHT, Map-} xep) . B KOHUenUHH Karua H ¢e,lJ,Opa, OTpa3HBWeH ,lJ,H<p<pepeHUHaJIb-; HbIH nO,lJ,XO,lJ, K CeMaHTHKe, JI3 rpaxryercs KaK OrpaHH4eHHbIH Ha60p TaKHX 3JIeMeHTOB, COe,lJ,I1HeHHbIX oneparopaau H o6pa3yIOmHH CHCTeMy [KaTU, 1981; DHPBHlll, 1981; DOJIHH,lJ,)!{ep, 1981; Bepaconuxa, 1982, 1983]. B XO,lJ,e nansnesurero pa3BHTI1H ,lJ,H<p<pepeHUl1aJIbHOH KOHuenUHH 6bIJIH o6Hapy)!{eHbI paaasre <PYHKUHOHaJIbHble rnnsr ceMaHTHLIeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB: O,lJ,HI1 BKJII04aIOT CJIOBO B onpe,lJ,eJIeHHYIO JIeKCHKO-ceM8HTI14ecKYIO napanar-ey, B TO BpeMH KaK npyrne Bbl,lJ,eJI5IIOT 3TO CJIOBO B npeaenax napanar aa [WpaMM, c. 59]. }l11<p<pepeHUHaJIbHblH MeTO,lJ, ceM8HTH4eCKoro aHaJIH38 n03BOJIHJI BbICTPOHTb pa3JIHlIHble MO,lJ,eJIH JI3, B TOM 1I11CJIe H MeT8<pOpHLIeCKOrO. B creveCTBeHHOH JIHHrBHCTHKe CTaJIa XpeCTOM8THHHOH MO,lJ,eJIb CeMaHTH4eCKOH (CeMHOH) CTpyKTYPbl 5IM, pa3p86oT8HH85I B. f. f8KOM H8 npnxepe MeTa<pOpbl JlUCa 'XHTPbIH 4eJIOBeK'. HOMHHaTHBHOe (HCXO,lJ,HOe) JI3 CJIOBa nuca I1MeeT onpeneneaaua Ha60p cen: xareropaansHa5I apXI1CeMa A (O,lJ,yweBJIeHHOe cyuiecrso) + pO,lJ,OBa5I ceraa B ()!{HBOTHoe) + BH,lJ,OBa5I ,lJ,H<p<pepeHUHpYIOm851 cexa B ()!{HBOTHOe C onpe,lJ,eJIeHHblMH npH3HaKaMH) + nOTeHUHaJIbHa51 cen a C (npacaaasaeaoe mice Ka4eCTBO - XHTpOCTb). K MeTa<p0pH3aUHH npHBO,lJ,5IT CJIe,lJ,YIOurae ceMaHTH4eCKHe npeo6pa30BaHH5I: YCTpaHeHHe PO,lJ,OBOH H BH,lJ,OBOH cex H aKTyaJIH3aUH5I nOTeHUHaJIbHOH ceMbl [Tax, 1972a, c. 151- 152].

}lH<p<pepeHUHaJIbHbIH MeTO,lJ, arpaer Ba)!{HYIO pOJIb B H3Y4eHHH ceMaHTH4ecKoH CTpyKTYPbl CJIOBa, TaK KaK ooecneuuaaer paarpaaaxeaae 3Ha4eHHH B crpyxrype 513bIKa, cnocoocrnyer <POPMHPOB8HHIO CJIOBapHblx ,lJ,e<pHHHUHH, O,lJ,H8KO OH OK83aJIC5I He,lJ,OCTaT04HbIM npn rJIy6HHHblX ceMaHTH4eCKHX HCCJIe,lJ,OB8HH5IX. }laJIbHeHWee pa3BHTHe CeMaCI10JIOrHH ,lJ,aJIO B03MO)!{HOCTb npoHHK8Tb BO ace 60JIee rJIy60KHe CJIOH ceMaHTHT.{eCKOrO YCTpOHCTBa JI3 H 06H8PY)!{HTb B HeM ace 60JIee CJIO)!{Hble JI.eT8JIH H 3JIeMeHTbl, LITO nOTpe6oBaJIO HHTerp8JIbHblX MeTO,lJ,OB HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHH5I. HHTerp8JIbHblH no,lJ,XO,lJ, K H3Y4eHHIO ceMaHTHKH rpaxryer J13 KaK 6eCKOHe4HO CJIO)!{HYIO H H36blT04HYlO crpyxrypy. H HTerp8JIbHblH nonxon (06yCJIOBHBWHH aurerpansnsn; MeTO,lJ, HCCJIe,lJ,OSaHH5I) 6a3HpyeT-C5I na npH3HaHHH roro <paKT8, 4TO na COBpeMeHHOM srane HCCJIe,lJ,OBaHH5I 5I3b1K rpeoyer enepecxorpa 02KHJI.aeMOH WKaJIbl CJIO)!{HOCTH» [BHHOrpa,lJ" c. 160]. Bee xaute n05IBJI5IIOTC5I BblCKa3blBaHH5I 0 4pe3BbI4aHHoH CJIO)!{HOCTH «YCTpoHcTBa nnana co,lJ,ep)!{8HH5I», CB5I38HHOH C «H,lJ,eeH nO,lJ,TeKCTa», OCHOBaHHoro na cyw.eCTBOB8HHH «aCCOUHaTHBHbIX uenea JIeKCH4eCKHX 3Ha4eHHH» [Donosa, c. 9], 0 «6ecnpe,lJ,eJIbHOcTH» CMblCJIOBOrO cO,lJ,ep)!{aHH5I CJIOBa [I'ansnepaa, 1980], a TOM, 4TO «K8)!{JI.Oe CJIOBO H Ka)!{,lJ,bIH 513bIKOBOH 3JIeMeHT sapaxcea 6eCKOHe4HblM KOJIH4eCTBOM pasuoro pona CMbICJIO-

BblX OTTeHKOB» [Jloces, c. 410],8 T8K)!{e 0 TOM, 4TO He see B aasrxe MO)!{HO CBeCTH K JIOmtIeCKHM npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHHHM, H HMeHHO n03TOMy 513b1K cyuiecrayer KaK rH6KaH CHCTeMa [Cepe6peHHHKOB, c. 14].

HTaK, J13 rpaxryercs no-p83HOMY, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 8cneKT8, H36paHHoro HCCJIeJI.OBaTeJIeM, OT ero yrJI8 3peHHH, 8 raiose OT ypOBH5I npOHHKHOBeHHH B rJIy6HHY ceMaHTHKH: 1) o606ll1.eHHO, KaK 6eCCTpYK-

14

TYPHoe O?pa30BaHHe; 2) KaK 3JIeMeHTapHa51 CTpYKTypa; 3) KaK orpaHH'leHHbll1 Ha60p ceMaHTH4eCKHX KOMnoHeHToB; 4) KaK 6ecKoHe4Ho CJIO)J{Ha51 H H36blT04Ha51 CTpYKTypa.

,II.JI5I OC03HaHH5I npaponu 5IM axryansau« 5lBJI51eTC5I noc.nenuee 113 nepe4HCJIeHHbiX (uarerpansuoe) nOHHMaHHe Jl3. B COO T B e TC T B H H C H H T e r p a Jl b H 0 if K 0 Hue IT U H e H Jl 3 n 0 H HMae T C 51 K a K C JI 0 )J{ H a 51 H 3 6 bl T 0 4 H a 51 C T P Y K T Y P a, C 0 C T 0 51 J.U a 5I H 3 n e HOT a T H B H 0 roc o n e p )J{ a H H 51, B K JI 10 4 a 10 J.U e r 0 s n P 0 H IT e p H <j:l e p H 10, H K 0 H HOT aT H B H 0 roo K p Y )K e H H 51.

,II. e HOT a T H B Hoe c o n e p )J{ a H H e OKpY)J{eHO MHO)J{eCTBOM pa3HOp0,ll,HbIX ceMaHTH4eCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB, CB5I3aHHbIX C nOHHTHeM K 0 H HOT a U H H. ,II.JI5I 0603Ha4eHHH TaKHX 3.rleMeHTOB YIToTpe6JIHIOTCH paausre rep an asr: KOHHOTaUHH, KOHHOTaTHBHblH npH3HaK, KOHHOTaTHBHblH 3JIeMeHT (HJIH KOMnOHeHT), KOHHOTaTHBHoe conepxcauae, KOHHOTaTHBHoe 3Ha4eHHe, KOHHOTaTHBHaH 4aCTb ceMaHTHKH, KOHHOTaTHBHaH cers a, KOHHOTeMa, KOHHOTaT. np06JIeMa KOHHOTaUHH 3aHHMaeT ocoooe MeCTO B xpyry ITp06JIeM, CBH3aHHbiX C 5IM, n03TOMY OCTaHOBHMCH aa HeH ITO,ll,p06Hee.

TepMHH K 0 H HOT a U H H B COBpeMeHHOH JlHHrBHCTHKe yncrpeoJIHeTCH B WHPOKOM H B Y3KOM 3Ha4eHHH. B WHpO~OM 3Ha4eHHH non 3TOT TepMHH nO,ll,BO,ll,HTC5I n04TH HeorpaHH4eHHblH xpyr aCCOUHaUHH H nOHHTHH (COUHaJIbHO-nOJIHTH4eCKHX, 3TH4eCKHX, srnorpadnorecxax,

\. KYJlbTypOJIOrH4eCKHX H np.) , OTpa)J{alOJ.UHXCH B 5I3blKe [Fosepnoa~. CKHH, 1977, 1985]. B Y3KOM 3Ha4eHHH TepMHH KOHHOTaUHH npHJlo)J{H~1 K nOH51THIO «C03Ha4eHHe» - K ,ll,OnOJIHHTe.fJbHbIM, ,ll,06aB04HbIM CMbICJIaM, aaxpenneaasia sa Jl3 (H nOToMY liMelOJ.UHM COUHaJIbHYIO 3Ha4HMOCTb). O,ll,HaKO H B 3TOM 3Ha4eHl1H o6cY)J{,ll,aeMbIH TepMHH OKa3b1BaeTCH )J.OCTaT04HO pa3MblTbIM Ii B TepMHHOJIOrH4eCKOM OTHoweHHH HeYCToH4HBbIM.

Bo-nepaux, TepMHH KOHHOTaUHH ynoTpe6JI51eTC51 ,ll,BOHIW, 0603Ha- 4a51 TO B3HTblH H30JIHpOBaHHO KOHHOTaTHBHblH npH3HaK [TeJIH5I, 1981, c. 66], TO BCIO cosoxynuocrt, TaKHX npH3HaKOB - see KOHHOTaTHBHoe conepxcaune HJIH KOHHOTaTHBHYIO 4aCTb ceMaHTHKH CJlOBa [WaXOBCKHfl, 1982, C. 30].

BO-BTOPbIX, HeT e,ll,HHCTBa B nOHI1MaHHH roro, BXO,ll,HT ml KOHHOTaUHH B JIeKCH4eCKoe 3Ha4eHHe Hm! OCTaeTCH aa ero npene.nanu. no MHeHHIO O,ll,HHX Y4eHbIX, KOHHOTaUHH axonur B COCTaB Jl3, 3anOJIHH51 ero neparpepmo [CTepHHH, 1979, c. 89 Ii cnen.]. Do MHeHHIO ,ll,PYrHX, - OCTaeTCH sa npenenavn 3Ha4eHHH: «KoHHoTaTHBHble rrpn- 3HaKH oT06pa)J{alOT npencrasaenne nocnrenen H3bIKa 06 aCCOUHanlBHbIX CB513HX 0603Ha4eHHoH c.rIOBOM peaJ1HH co CBOHCTBOM )l.pyrof'! Ha3BaHHoH peannn KaK no CXO)l.CTBY, TaK H no c:\le)KHOCTll. TaK, nanpuaep, CJlOBO ocen KaK HMH )J{HBOTHoro KOHHoTHpyeT r axue npn- 3HaKH, KaK ynp51MCTBO Ii r.nynocri., xoropue He BXO,ll,51T B 3Ha4eHHe sroro C.nOBa, HO OTMe4alOT CXO)l.CTBO 4eJIOBeKa C OCJIOM no 3TliM CBOH-

j CTBaM» [TeJIIlH, 1981, c. 227]. KOHHOTaUH51 TpaKTyeTC51 H KaK ce" MaHTH4eCKoe ssrpaxceuae nCHXH4eCKoro COCTOHfllHl r osopauiero, \. a TaK)Ke ero OTHoweHHe K npenuery, o6beKTY H aapecary pesa .

•

15

I

B nOM CJJY4ae KOHHoTau.I15! 03Ha4aeT «coaoxynuoc'n, npe)l.HKaTHbIX,

TO ecrs xapaKTepOJJOrH4eCKHX KOMnOHeHTOB ceMaHTHKH CJJOBa, coOTHOC5!lll.HXCH C 06JlaCTHMH 4YBCTBeHHOH H pau.HOHaJlbHOH KBaJlHqmxauna )l.eHOTaTa» [WaxoBcKHH, 1982, c. 30]. C 3TOH TOlJKH 3peHH5! B. VI. WaXOBCKl1M 6blJla npennoxceaa MHoroacneKTHaH THnOJJOrH5! KOHHoTau.HH [WaxoBcKHH, 1982, c. 30-32]. B p aoore B. H. TeJlHH, nOCBHUl.eHHOH cneuaa.nsaoay l1CCJle)l.OBaHHIO KOHHOTaTHBHOH 4aCTH ceMaHTHKH, KOHHoTau.H5! onpenensercs KaK «ceMaHTH4eCKaH cyuiHOCTb, yayansuo HJlH OKKa3HOHaJlbHO axonauiaa B ceMaHTHKY H3bIKOBbIX e)l.l1HHu. H aupaxcaiomaa 3MOTl1BHo-0u.eH04Hoe H CTHJll1CTl1lJeCKH MapKHpoBaHHoe OTHOWeHl1e cyrrsexra pexa K )l.eHCTBl1TeJlbHOCTH npn ee 0603HalJeHHH B BbICKa3bIBaHHH, xor opoe nonyxaer aa OCHOBe nOll l1H¢OpMaU.l1H 3KcnpecCHBHblI1 3¢¢eKT» [TeJlI1H, 1985, c. 5] . VI3BecTHo nOHHMaHHe KOHHOTaUHH KaK Cou.l1aJlbHOH xapaKTepHcTHKH 06beKTa [KOMJ1eB, c. 107]. VI3BecTHbI raxsce l1CCJJe)l.OBaTeJJbCKHe n03HUHH, orpaacatoume CJIO)!-(Hoe ,Zl,llaJleKTl14eCKOe e)l.IlHCTBO )l.eHOTaUHl1 11 KOHHOTaUHH, B03MO)!(HOCTb HX B3aHMonepeXO)l.OB [rOBepgOBCKHH, c. 72], B03MO)!(HOCTb .ilOKam13aUl1H KOHHOTaTHBHblX 3JleMeHTOB B AeHOTaTHBl-lOn lJaCTH ceMaHTHKH [WaxoBo,],1I1, 19'82, c. 33], a raioxe CBOHCTBO KOHHOTaUHH COCTaBJ15!Tb ceMaHTH4eCKoe H)l.PO JJeKCHKH HeKOTOpux pa3pHAOB (6 qaCTHOCTH, sxcnpeccuanoa JleKCHKH) [J1YKbHHoBa, 1986, c. 197].

KaK BH)l.HO 113 npuaeneuaoro xparxoro 0630pa, non KOHHOTaUHeH (KaK KOHHOTaTI1BHOH 4aCTbIO CeMaHTI1KH) nOHHMaeTCH 06bl4HO COBOxynnocrs )l.OCTaT04HO paanoponnux ceMaHTH4eCKHX 3JJeMeHTOB, cpenu KOTOPblX HaXO)l.HTCH 3KCnpeCCI1BHble, 3MOTHBHble, oueuoxuue. CTI1J1I1- CTH4eCKl1e, nparMaT114eCKI1e [WaxoBCKHI1, 1982, c. 30] H npyrue, a r axxce saxpen.nenuue B H3blKOBOM C03HaHHH accouuauuu, penpeseurupyiouiue KOJJJJeKTHBHble 3HaHH5! 0 npeaxere.

! B CBoeM I1CC.le.LI.OBaHliH Mbl llCXO)l.HM 113 roro, 4TO KOHHOTall.HIO c.nE>)l.yeT nOHI1MaTb He KaK KOHr.nOMepaT pasuoponuux ceMaHTlllJeCKHX 3.1eMeHTOB, a -KaK MHOrOc.~oi1Hoe CeMaHT!1l1eO;Oe 06pa30BaHHe, coCT05!Ul.ee 113 pa3HOpO)l.HbIX 3JleMeHTOB, KOTopbie 06pa3yIOT CTPYKTYPY, ornensnue Y4aCTK11 KOTOPOI1 no-pa3HOMY COOTHOC5!TCH C .n3.

B COOTBeTCTBHIl C HHTerpaJ1bHOH KOHu,enUHeH .n3 MO)!(eT 6blTb npencras.neuo KaK CJlO)!(HaH crpyxrypa, COCTOHlll.aH 113 MHO)!(eCTBa KOHu,eHTpH4eCKHX kpyroa -:- u,eHTpaJJbHOH )l.eHOTaTHBHoH lJaCTH 11 OKpyacatouinx ee KOHHoTau,HH. ,UeHOTaTHBHaH 4aCTb COCTOI1T H3 ceMaHTH4eCKOro snpa 11 nepnrpepan. 5I)l.epHble CeMbl 0603Ha4alOT noCT05!HHbIH, 06H3aTeJlbHblH H HeYCTpaHHMblH npH3HaK 06beKTa; OHI1 onpe)l.eJJ5!IOTC5!MeTO)l.OM KOMnOHeHTHoro anannaa 11 HaXO)l.HT orpaxcenne B CJIOBapHbIX )l.e¢HHHu,HHX. Ilepmpepnaaue ceMbl 0603Ha4alOT sropocreneuuue npH3HaKH npenaera, He BbInOJlH5!IOlll.l1e )l.11¢¢epeHnaansnux tPYHKU.HH H oenapyxcnaaeaae B IICHXOJJOrl14eCKOM sxcnepnMeHTe.

3a )l.eHOTaTHBHoH xacrsro .n3 cnenyer KOHHOTaTHBHaH, KOTOpa5!, no aaurevy MHeHHIO, rrpencr aanaer C060H He KOHrJlOMepaT paaaopo.aHblX 3JleMeHTOB, HeCYlll.HX )l.OnOJIHI1TeJlbHYIO HH¢OpMaU.111O 06 06beKTe

- (3MOQHoHaJlbHbIX, sxcnpeccusuux, 0u.eH04HbIX, aCCou.HaTHBHbIX

16

II Ap.), a uep ap xavecxa opraHH30BaHHYIO CHCTeMY, B KOTOPOH MoryT 6blTb BbIAeJIeHbl r.a3Hble ypOBHH (KoHHoTaUHH I, II, III H T. A. nopHAKa), r axxce KOHueHTpH4ecKH pacnonoacenaue. 5JIHlKaHWI-1I1 K neHOTaTHBHoH 4aCTH xpyr (KoHHoTauHH I) COCTaB.1HIOT noreuunansnue ceMbI, K KOTOPbIM, cJleJl,Y51 THnOJlOrHH 11. A. CTepHHH3, MO)!{HO OTHeCTH CHCTeMHble, yaya.nsnsre, n03HTHBHble H T. n. ceMbl, Jl,Jl51 BbI4JIeHeHIHl KOTOPbIX Hap5!Jl,Y C MeTOJl,aMH KOMnOHeHTHoro aHaJIH33 MO)KeT 6bITb npHMeHeH H HHTetp3JIbHblH aHaJIH3. 3TH ceMbl penpesearapytor accoUHaTHBHble npH3HaKH, 06l.l1.He Jl,JIH scero ssuxoaoro KOJIJIeKTHBa. )laJlee (KoHHoTaUHH· II) pacno.nar-atorcs ceMbl, o6HapY)!{HBaeMble JlHWb npu HHTerpaJlbHoM a aanuae: cxpurue, sepoaruocruue, HeL[eTKHe, HeraTHBHbIe H T. n. KOHHoTaUHIO III COCT3BHT OKKa3HOHa.lbHbIe censr, orpascaiouiae HHJl,HBHJl,yaJIbHble aCCOUHaI~HII, xoropue cnyxcar HHcTpYMeHToM 06pa30BaHHH n03TH4eCKHX rponos. KOHKpeTHoe 3anOJ1HeHHe KalKJl,oro H3 KOHHOTaTHBHblX xpyros (Ce~1bl 3MOTHBHOCTH, 3MOUHOHaJIbHolf, lIHTe,1.1eKTya'lbHo~i, couna.n.nof oueuxu, 3KcnpeCCHBHOCTH, ceMbl, orpaacaiouiue HCTOPHKO-KYJIbTypHYIO If SlTHorpaq)H4eCKYIO HHCPOpM3UHIO H T. Jl,.) H creneus ero yJl,a.'leHHOCTI1 OT snpa euie npeJl,CTOHT HCCJIeJl,OBaTb J1l1HrBI1CTaM COBMeCTHO C ncnxo.noraau. nCI1XOJIllHrBHCTaMH, COUHOJIOraMH. Anpnopn MO)!{HO JIHWb YTsepscnars, 4TO KpHTepHeM 6JIli30CTH K AeHOTaTI1BHOl\IY HJl,PY MOJKeT CJlY)!{HTb crenens 06l.l1.HOCTH TOH H,lH HHoil ceMbl ..'1..151 scex 4JIeHOB H3blKOBoro KO,'lJleKTHBa: 4eM 60JIee o6meii (ootuenouarnoti, oouienocrynuoii) HBJl51eTC5I cexia, TeM 6JlfOKe OHa K HAPY.

B npouecce MeTa¢opH3aUHIl MO)KeT axryaaaaoaar sca .l106aH KOHHOTaTfBHaH ceva. KaK 6bl aanexo OHa HII OTCTOH.rla OT ,J_eHOT3TliBHoro

HApa. .

rrpe)!{J],e 4eM Mbl nepeanev K aHam13Y M3TepHaJla, He06xo,J_HMO OCTaHOBHTbC5I na YT04HeHHH euie J],ByX nonsrrnii: H3blKOBOH 06pa3HOCTH H xapaxrepuaytouref CPyHKUHH MeTacpOpbI.

OOH5ITHe 06 oopase KaK cpeacr se CPOPMllpOB8HH5I l'IleTacpopbl Ii ee OTJlH4HTe.'lbHOM caoticrae B03HHKJIO eme B aHTH4HOCTH. XOT5I B ue.aov 8HTH4Ha5! PHTopHKa paccM8TpHBaeT MeTa¢opy nOBepxHocTHO, BHe CBH3H 'C oopasnocri.io (H3 4TO YK33a,na MeJlHKOBa- TOJICTaH [AHTH4- nue TeOpI1H, c. 158]), TeM He MeHee B OTAeJIbHblX BblCKa3bIBaHHHX Y)f(e HaMe4aeTC5I nOHHMaHHe MeTacpOpbl KaK CeMaHTl14eCKOro 06pa30- BaHHfI, xoropoe, BblLJJleHHH CXO,ll.CTBO Me)KJ],Y pa3HblMI1 npe,ll.MeTaMH, nepenaer ll.eJIOCTHblH 06pa3 npenxera 11 TeM caMblM HenocpeJJ.CTBeHHO B03,ll.eHcTByeT aa opranu 4YBCTB. 3Ta li,ll.eH OTtleT,JIHBO CCPOpMyJlHPOaana UHuepOHOM [AHTH4Hble TeOpHI1, c. 217]. Llnuepou ynovnuaer raxxce 0 TOM, 4TO MeTacpopa «06pamaeTC5I HenocpeJ],CTBeHHO K aueurHI1M 4YBCTBaM, a B oc06eHHOCTJl K 3peHI1IO, 4YBCTBY HaH60Jlee 060CTpeHHOMY» (TaM »ce): )J.JIH COBpeMeHHOH KOHll.enUHI1 H3blKOBOH 06pa3HOCTl1 nJlOJ],OTBOPHbIMH OKa3aJlHCb H.ll.eH W. 5aJIJlH, B 4aCTHOCTH ero KJlaCCl1cpHKaUI1H 06pa30B: I) KOHKpeTHble oopaau (BOCnpHHHMaeMble Bo06pa)!{eHHeM); 2) 3MOUHOHa"~bHbIe HJlH OCJIa6JIeHHwe 06pa3w (BocnpHHHMaeMwe LJYBcTBaMH); 3) MepTBwe o6pa3w (aocnpaaaaaenue paccyzncox) [5aJlJlH, 1961, c. 226-229]. 04eBHAHO, 4TO C MeTacpopoH 3Ta KJIaCcHcpHKaUHH COOTHOCHTCH TaK: KOH-

2 r. H. Cxnapescxaa

17

KpeTHbIH,06pa3 06HapY)!(HBaeTCH B «)!(HBOH» MeTa¢Ope (AUCa '0 XHTPOM xenoaexe': pacreicarscn '0 rorme'}; 3MOUHOHaJJbHbIH 06pa3 xapaxrepen )l.JJH )l.eCeMaHTH30BaHHOH 3KCnpeCCHBHOH JJeKCHKH (CMbITbCfl 'yarn'): MepTBblH 06pa3 06HaPY)!(HBaeTCH B reHeTHlIeCKOH MeTacpOpe (HOC JWOXU).

B OTelleCTSeHH0I1 JJHHrBHCTHKe aa nOCJJe)l.HHe rO)l.bl CcpOpMHpOSaJJOCb nOHHMaHHe 513bIKOBOH 06pa3HOCTH KaK JJHHrBHCTHlIeCKOH xareropHl1 [TIOXTHH, 1963; WMeJJeB, 1964; <t>e)l.OpOB, 1969; 4epeMHcHHa, 1979; BJlHHOBa, 1983; JIYKb5lHOBa, 1983]. B ueJJOM )l.JlH peurenaa STOH np06JJeMbi C)l.eJJaHO OlleHb xuoro, BbI)l.eJJeHbl THnbl oopaanoa JJeKCHKH, HaH)l.eHbI MeTO.ll.bl ee I1CCJIe)l.OBaHHH [4epeMHcHHa, 1979]. Ilon oopaaHOCTbIO nOHHMaeTCH cnocooaocrs asuxoaoro 3HaKa supanrn, aeasuKOBoe CO)l.ep)!(8HHe noCpe)l.CTBOM ueJ10CTHOro H8rJ1H)l.Horo npencr asJJeHHH-06pa3a [JIYKb5lHOBa, 1986, c. 71]. B xavecrse onpe)l.eJ1HIOI.llI1X npl13HaKOB H3blKOBOH 06pa3HocTH onacauu TaKHe CBoHcTBa CeMaHTI1- KH, KaK KapTHHHoCTb, KOHKpeTHocTb, xpaco-taocre, HenOCpe)l.CTBeHHo COOTHOCIlMble C MOTHBHpoBaHHocTbIO H 3KcnpeccHBHoCTbIO [BJJl1HOBa, 1983, c. 7-9], npn 3TOM HMeeTCH B BH)l.Y, LITO pasuue CJJOBa 06JJa)l.aIOT pa3Holi creneusio 06pa3HOCTH, pa3HbiM 06pa3HbIM nOTeHUl1aJlOM [Bnnuoaa, 1983]. Oopaanocr s rpaxryercs KaK nOJ1HOnpaBHbIH KOMnOHeHT CeMaHTI1KH CJ10B3, «aKTyaJ1H3HpYIOI.llHH oopaaasre aCCOUHaUHH (npe)l.CT.aBJ1eHHH), CBH3aHHbie C onpeneaeunsia CJlOBOM» [JIYKbHHOaa, 1983, c. 31].

B nacrosuiea paoore H3bIKOBa51 oopaanocrs rpaxryercs B coOTBeTCTBHH C H3JJO)!(eHHOH cOBpeMeHHoH xouuenunea.

11.JJH nOHHMaHHH npaponu 51M ueocxonnvo TaK)!(e YHCHHTb oco- 6eHHoCTH nenorarasnof OTl-IeceHHOCTH npn MeTacpopH3aUHH, 06YCJlOB,1eHHble xapaxrep aaytouien cpYHKUHel1 MeTacpopbl.

«MeTacpopa - SlTO yrsepxcneune 0 npuaaaxax 06beKT3» [51HOB,

c. 92]. B SlTOn CPOPMYJJl1pOBKe ~ KJ1I04 K 1l0HI1MaHHIO cneuurpuxa )l.eHOT3TllBH0I1 OTHeCeHHOCTll 5lM. ECJlI1 npu nepanuaof np5lMOH HOMHHaUHH npOHCXO)l.I1T npeoopasoaanue B .ll.eHOT3TI1BH0I1 HanpaBJJeHHOCTH H BOBOMY 3HalleHHlO cOOTBeTcTByeT HOBblH neuorar (cp. o6py'taJlbfWe KOJlbl{O - KOAbl{O 0J10KaObt), TO npn Meracpopl13aUl1H K3K BTOPlf4HOH KOCBeHHOl1 HOMHHaUHH npOHCXO)l.I1T «ynsoeaue )l.eHOTaTa», XOTH H He nonnoe: OT HCX0.ll.HOrO nOHHTH51 OTI.llellJ1HeTCH KaKOH-JlI160 npH3HaK (HJIH HeCKOJJbKO npH3HaKOB), CJlY)!(3W,I1X )l.JIH xap axrepacraKH nosoro 06beKTa. B caMOM .ne.ne, 'le.10BeK, Ha3BaHHbIH Me)l.Be.ll.eM, nponc.txcaer OCTaB3rbCH 4e:IOBeKOM, CHe)!(Ha51 vracca, Ha3B3HHaH xace.neu. He npespauiaerca B xyuiaase, HallpH)!(eHH3H panora, 0603- HallE'HHaH KaK nnxopanxa, He CTaHOBHTCH 60Jle3HblO H T .. ,Ll,.

CneUH~HKY .ll.eHOT3THBHOH OTHeceHHOCTH MeTacpopH4eCKoro 3Ha- 4E'HlI51 onpene.naer x a p 3 K T e p H 3 Y 10 W, a 51 cp Y H K U H H 51M.

BOCXO.ll.HI.llee K aHTHllHOH HaYKe paarpaaaueane CPYHKUHH HMeHOBaHIlH H xapaKTepHCTHKIi (npenaxaunu j [AHTl1l1Hble reopan, c. 70-

71 J pacnpezenaerca npexcne scero no 4aCTHM pe-ru (pOJIb HMeHosaHHH BbIflO.1H51IOT cyiuecraureasaue, a pom, xap3KTepH33uHH - rnaro.nu. npunararensusre H HapE'4HH), HO sarparuaaer TaK)Ke H 06J13CTb ~ ceMaHTHlIecKoH .ll.epHBaUHH. '

1

18

, KaK nOKa3aJIH HCCJIeJl.OBaHH51 nOCJIeJl.HHX .neCHTHJIeTHH, 5Uv\ Bbl, nOJIHHeT B H3blKe pOJIb npeJl.HKaTOB: noxa 06pa3HblH 3JIeMeHT COXpaHHeTCH B CJIOBe, B HeM npeocxanaer xapaKTepH3YJOma51 CPYHKUHH, a yrpara otipaauoro 3JIeMeHTa 03HaQaeT nepexon 5lM B paspan HOMHHaTHBHOH JIeKCHKH (cp. «oc JLOchw) [KaUHeJIbCOH, 1947, 1965; SHnorpanoa, 19536; 3BenIHueB, 1957; ApYTJOHoBa, 19776, 19786, 1979a; SOJIbCP, 1978, 1979].

XapaKTepH3YJOma51 CPYHKUHH onpenenaer THn J13 5lM. 5lM, KaK BC5lKOe rrOJIH03HaQHOe CJIOBO, 5lBJIHeTC51 HOMHHaTHBHoH e.nHHHueH 5l3blxa, OJl.HaKO co cMemeHHoH HOMHHaTHBHoH CPYHKUHei1: - C BblJl.BHiKeHHeM na nepenuna IIJIaH CPYHKUHH xapaxrepaayrouiea. I1PH 3TOM B pasHbIX ranax 5lM COOTHOllIeHHe CPYHKUHH pasnoe: B 5lM, ynoTpe6JIHJOIUHXC51 npHMeHHTeJIbHO K lleJIOBeKY (IWJWOa, TYM6a, ceunss, nuca, nonen» H T. )1..) xapaxrepnsytouias CPYHKUH5l npaxrnxecxa nOJIHOCTbJO BbITeCHHeT HOMHHaTHBHYJO. S npyr ax ranax 5lM HOMHHaTHBHaH CPYHKUH5l coxpaaser csoe snasenae, 6YJl.YllH B 60JIbllieH HJIH MeHbllIei1:

CTeneHH «nOJl.aBJIeHa» <PYHKUHeH xapaKTepHCTHKH (cp. runu»: '6e3Bbl- . XOJl.HOe nOJIO)f{eHHe', «aneudocxon C06blTUU, UlK8aJl 80CTOpea Ii T. II.).

"S JIJ060M cny-rae CPYHKUHH xapaxrepasauaa 5lBJIHeTC5l )1.JI51 5lM nepBHt-IHOH: MeTacpopa He _CTOJIbKO yxaauaaer aa npenuer pevn, CKOJIbKO xapaxrepasyer erO.Mbl pa3Jl.eJI51eM 3TY TOQKY 3peHHH, 060cHOBaHHYIO B TpYJl.aX no JIHHrBHCTHlJeCKOH HHTepnpeTaUHH Me,!a<popbl [Banorpaaoa, 19536; KaUHeJlhCOH, 1965; 5IHOB; ApYTIOHoBa, 1978a, 19786, 19796].

2*

r J1 a B a 2. Jlornxa MeTa4>opbI

!

p,JIC. Bmw

MI1<jl cponea C Hay'lHbIM MbIWJIeHl1eM B TOM, 'ITO 11 OH ecrs aKT C03HaTeJIbHOH MbIC.~Ii, aKT n03HaH1i5l.

A. Iloretiun

KalK,na51 MeTa<jlopa OKa3bIBaeTCH Ma.~eHbKHM MH<jlOM.

B TeOpHH MeTa~op~ H3BeCTH~ MHOr04HCneHH~e B~CKa3~BaHHH, TpaKTY(oWHe MeTa~opH4eCKHH nepeuoc KaK HeCTaH,LI.apTHOe H3bIKOBOe HBJ1eHl1e, npOTI1BOCTOflwee CTepeOTHnHOCTH 11 He nO,LI.4HHHlOweeCH nor axe. «6eCC03HaTenbHOH HrpOH J10rl1KH» aaasrsan MeTa~opy ewe A. H. BeCeJ10BCKHH [Becenoacxaa, 1895, c. 89]. W. BaJ1nH C411Tan, 4TO MeTacpopH4€CKlie c6mDKeHHH «06bI4HO OCHOBbIBaIOTC51 aa CMYTHblX aHaJlOrHHX, rropoH cosepureuao HenorH4HblX» [Bannu, 1962, c. 221]. H. Jl ApYTIOHoBa TaK)I{e xapaxrepaayer H3blKOBYIO MeTa~oPY KaK «nocroaansrf paCCa,lJ.HHK aJlOrH4HOro B H3b1Ke» [ApYTIOHoBa, 19796, c. 170]. B. H. TeJlHH rnnuer 0 «uapyuieuaa JlOrH4eCKOrO rropsnxa» npa MeTa~opH4ecKHx flepeHocax [TenHH, 1981, c. 141-142]. X. Kacapec, onacsraas ~HrypaJlbHble Bblpa)l{eHH.H B cnoaape, OTMe4aer aenpencxaayeusrf H HeJlOrH4HblH xapaxrep MeTa~Op114eCKOro nepeuoca: no-acnaucxn asicoxoro xyaoro 4eJlOBeKa Ha3bIBalOT «BepMHuiens». «n04eMY He nposonoxa?» - He,lJ.OYMeBaeT X. Kacapec H He HaXO,lJ.HT OTBeTa [c. 291]. CeMaHTI14eCKaH HeOp,lJ.I1HapHOCTb, I1CKnI04HTeJlbHOCTb ,lJ.aeT OCHOBaHl1e ouennaa n, MeTa~oPbl ,LI.a)l{e KaK «60Jle3HH H3b1Ka» (MIOJl.nep, M., HaYKa 0 H3bIKe. Bopoae:«, 1868. C. 333, 339. Ul-IT. no: [)KOJ1b, c. 86]) H «cexanrusecxue CKaH,lJ.aJ1bl» [JlI06ya, c. 195]. B reueparasuoa ceMaHTHKe C T04KH 3peHI1H J10rHKO-J1HHrBI1- CTH4eCKoro' aHa.'1H3a H C. rr0311UHI1 TeOpl1H perpepenuan MeTa~opy OTHOCHT B paapsa «aHOMaJ1I1H» H «HeHopMaTHBHbIX» ceMaHTH4eCKI1X HBMHHH [4eH~, c. 53 H CM.LJ..]. J1. C. Burorcxnn C4HTaJ1, 4TO MeTa~opa rpopxnpyerca «o6pa3HblM nyrea, TO ecr s He rro saxony J10rH4ecxoro MbIWJleHliH, a rIO 3aKOHY KOMflJleKCHOro MbIWJ1eHl1fl» [BsrrcrCKliH, c. 194].:l

;l non KOMnJIeKCHblM MblW.leHHeM J1. C. BblrOTCKHH nOHHMa.~ raxae MblCJII1TeJIbHble onepaun n, xor.ta npenaeru 06be.il.HH5IIOTCH B «oepasaue KOMlI.~eKCbl» na OCHOBaHlHl HeCYUleCTseHHbIX, nOBepXHOCTHblX (XOT5I H 06beKTHBHbIX) npH3HaKOB. 3TO cevaurasecxoe 51B.~eHHe nOJIY4HJIO )l.aJIbHeHWee paasarue B nCI1XOJIliHrBIiCTHKe li li3Y4aeTCH (KaK 3TO !l.eJIaJI Ii .1. C. BblrOTCKliH) na MaTeplla.~e JI.eTCKOH peva. Hanpuaep, pe6eHOK 0603- aasaer OllHI1M C.l0BOM «Myxa» Il.eJIblH KOMfl,leKC M~KHX, npeHMYlll.eCTBeHHO TeMHblX npenjser os. rpynnapys HX no npasnaxaa paasrepa H UBeTa: 6pbl3rli rpssu, nblJIHHKIi, scex Me,lKI1X aacexoaux, naasuu na coocrseauux HOlKKax, KpOWKli xneoa, a raxsce He6oJIbWYlO .1S1rylliKy. E. B. KJIapK (113 pa60Tbi xoroporo 3aliMCTBOBaH !l.aHHbIH npaMep) H83B8JI rakoe 06p830saHHe ceMaHTII4eCKIlX KOMflJIeKCOB «caepxrenepaaaaauuea» [Knapx, c. 234 Ii c.nen.].

20

TaKHe BbICKa3bIBaHH51 (nepexeus KOTOPbIX MO)!(HO 6bIJIO 6bI npoAOJ[)!(HTb) HaXO,LI.51TC51 B npOTHBOpe4HIf C Haweii 3a,LI.a4eii CHCTeMHOrO 0I1llCaHH51 5l3bIKOBOii MeTa¢OPbI. 4T06bI CH51Tb 9TO npOTHBOpe4He, Heo6xo,LI.HMO OCTaHOBIfTbCH ua CJIe,LI.ylO~Ifx BOITpOcax: 1. MeTa¢opa II MH¢. 2. Ocooeanocra MIf¢OJIOrH4eCKoro MbIlllJIeHHH. 3. ¢OpMaJIb-

Ha51 JIOrHKa 11 «JIOrHKa aooopasceuaa». .

CB513b MeTa¢oPbI C MIf¢OM KaK no npoI1CXO)!(,LI.eHHIO, TaK If no cexa HTH4ecKoH cyiuaocru xopouro 113BeCTHa [BeCeJIOBCKIfH, 1898, c. 126 H CJIe,LI..; nOTe6HH, 1905, c. 436 11 CJIe)]..; Burorcxua, c. 194; KaUHeJIbCOH, 1947, c. 310; PI1¢THH, c. 138 H CJIe,LI..; EpeMHHa, c.3 If cJIe,LI..J. MH¢ caM no ce6e 6bIJI MeTa¢opOH, H H3bIK MH¢OJIOrH4eCKOM CTa)].1111 pa3BI1TI1H 6bIJI ueJIHKOM MeTa¢opH4eH: «MeTa¢opH4- HOCTb ecrs e,LI.I1HCTBeHHbIH nepBOHa4aJIbHbIH cnocoo, ,LI.OCTynHbIH 5l3blxy» [noTe6H51, 1905, c. 536J. Pa3BHBaH H,LI.elO A. A. nOTe6HH 06 «o6pa3Hblx nOH51TI1HX», npucyurax H3bIKY MH¢OJIOrH4eCKOH nopsr (xoraa apxansecxoe CJIOBO 6bIJIO 06pa3HbIM «rro He06xo,LI.I1MOCTH», TaK KaK OTpa)!(aJIO 06pa3 npenuera B ll.eJIOM - B coaoxynaocrn ero CBOHCTB 11 ¢YHKll.l1ii), c. n. KaUHeJIbCOH aa MaTepl1aJIe 513blKa ascrpanaacxoro nJIeMeHH apairra rrpI1XO,LI.I1T K BbIBO,LI.Y, 4TO MeTa¢oPl14HOCTb ,LI.peBHeHWI1X H3bIKOB HCKJ1104aJIa aCCOUHaTI1BHOCTb 11 ,LI.BOHKHH CMbICJI. I1HbIMH CJIOBaMI1, 06pa3HOCTb 5l3bIKa na apXal14eCKOH CTa)].HH pa3BI1TH51 6bIJ1a 51BJIeHHeM npHHll.I1ITHaJlbHO I1HbIM, 4eM 06pa3- HOCTb COBpeMeHHbIX H3blKOB [KaUHeJ1bCOH, 1947, c.310, 315 11 c.nen.].

Oco6eHHOCTH MH<pOJlOrHlJeCKOrO MbllllJleHJUI

Oco6eHHOCTH MH¢OJIOrI14eCKOro MbIWJIeHH51 aa npOT51)!(eHHI1 MHOrnx )].eC51THJIeTHH o6cy)!()].aIOTC51 3TH0J10raMI1, nCI1XOJlOraMI1, ¢HJ10CO¢aMH, ¢OJIbKJlOpHCTaMI1 H JII1HrBHCTaMI1, BbI3bIBaH pa3HOrJlaCI1H, KOTopble KacalOTCH B nepsyio ouepe.as OCHOBHoro sonpoca - or aoureHH51 MH¢a K peaJIbHOCTI1.

CymecTBYIOT ,LI.Ba B3aHM0I1CKJ1104alO~HX npe)].cTaBJIeHI1H: MH¢ K8K ¢aHTa3H51, npOTI1BOCTOH~a51 peaJIbHOCTH, 11 MHcp KaK orpaxcenne peaJIbHOCTH aa onpe)J,eJIeHHOM ypoaue BocnpHHTH51. nOHHTHO, 4TO )].JI51 HOCHTeJI51 MHcpOJIOrl14eCKOro C03HaHI1H MH¢ 6blJI e,LI.HHCTBeHHO B03- MO)!(HOH peaJIbHOCTblO - 06"beKTI1BHOH ,LI.eiiCTBHTe.'1 bHOCTblO [CTe6- JII1H-KaMeHcKHH,' c. 5, 29-30J. O,LI.HaKO rJIy6HHHbie CB51311 MH¢a C peaJ1bHOCTblO MoryT 6blTb o6Hapy)!(eHbI H na CTa,LI.I1H nayvuoro C03HaHH51. nOKa3aTeJIbCTBOM nora CJ1Y)!(HT, B 4aCTHOCTH, TOT ¢aKT, 4TO MHorHe 3J1eMeHTbI npaponu, OTHOCHMble npexcne K 06JIaCTI1 «-rynecuoro» 11 ormcaunue B XX sexe B nOH51TI151X 11 repxanax cj:JH3I1KH (TaKHe, KaK HeraTHBH851 sneprua, HeraTHBHa51MaCCa, CBeTOBa51 BOJIHa, npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHoe e)].HHCTBO 11 np.), 6bIJII1 yr8,L1.aHbI HJII1 BOCnpHH51TbI MH¢OTBopuaMH B ry nopy, KOr,LI.a peaJlbHOCTb-

21

,

MaKpOKOCM H MHKPOKOCM, xarepaaxaaue 06beKTbI H H.ueaJlbHble'

06pa30BaHH5I - BOC·npHHHMa.naCb ue.nOCTHO [rOJlOCOBKep, c. 70 I

H cnen.]. . t

Ha sroro cnenyer, 4TO rJIy6HHHoe H Bceo6beMJIiOw.ee npoHHKHoBe-!

HHe B crpyxrypy MH¢OJIOrHH B uexox H Ka)K.uoH KOHKpeTHoH MIf¢OJIO-! reMbl B 4aCTHOCTH naer OCHOBaHIf5I npencrasuri, MH¢ KaK peaJlbHOCTb He TOJlbKO C n03HlI.HH BOCnpH5ITH5I «.uHKap5I», HO H C n03HlI.lfH Qm.noCO¢CKOro OCMbICJIeHIf5I. Cp. BbICKa3bIBaHHe H. Bepnsesa: «D.JI5I MeH5I MH¢ He 03Ha4aeT. 4erO-TO npOTHBOnOJIO)KHOrO pean snouy, a, na- 060POT, YKa3bIBaeT na rJIy604aHWYiO peansaocri,» [Bepnses,

c. 43].

Buecre C TeM B HaYKe YTBep.uHJIOCb aa .uOJIrHe ronsr nOHHMaHHe MH¢OJIOrHH KaK ¢OPMbi oouiecrseanoro C03Ha HH5I, HeCOCT05ITeJIbHOrO C T04KH 3peHH5I aayxnoro aHaJIH3a. CymecTBeHHYiO pOJIb B ¢OPMHPO-

BaHHH raxoro B3fJI5I.ua csrrpann rpynu J1. J1eBH-OpiOJI5I. .

l1ccJIe.uY5I ¢OPMbI MbIWJIeHIf5I ua MH¢OJIOrH4eCKOH CTa.uHH pa3BH- :

TH5I 4eJIOBe4eCKoro oemecrna. J1. J1eBH-OpiOJIb o6HapY)KHJI, 4TO B MH¢e paC4JIeHeHHe .ueHcTBHTe.nbHocTH H o606w.eHHe nponcxonar no HHbIM, OTJIHlJHbIM OT cospeaeaaux, 3aKOHaM. D..n5I 0603HalJeHHH sroro r ana MbIWJIeHHH Jleaa-Bprons BBeJ1 TepMHH npenornvecxoe HJlH npanorH4eCKoe (prelogique) MbIlll.neHHe. B .uaJIbHeHllleM 3TOT TepMIfH 6bIJ1 HCTOJIKOBaH KaK «BHe.norH4eCKoe» HJIH «.uOJIOrH4eCKoe», H 3TO noPO.uHJIO ueJIYiO cepaio npencraaaeaan 0 MH¢OJIOrH4eCKoM MbIlll.neHHH KaK 0 «HeJIOrHlJHOM», orpascaiourea «aenpaaansnaes npH4HHHOCJIe.uCTBeHHble CBH3H, «JIO)KHble» nOHHTHH H T. n.

3TY T04KY 3peHHH onposepr K. J1eBH-CTpOC, KOTOPbIH C rroxouruo 6HHapHoro aHaJIH3a He CMor 06HapY)KHTb npHHlI.HnHaJIbHbiX OTJIH4HH coapexeaaoro MbIlllJIeHH5I OT MH¢OJIOrH4eCKoro (OTJIH4H5I ecrs, HO OHH KacaiOTCH MaTepHaJIa, KOTOPbIM onepapyer MbIillJIeHHe, HO He , aarparnaaror caMOH ero CYTH) [J1eBH-CTpOC, C. 64].

Hneio enpenornxecxoro» MbIWJleHHH oraepraa M. 11. CTe6J1HHKaMeHcKHI1, KOTOPbIH HCXO.uHJI H3 roro, 4TO HCCJle.uOBaTeJIb MH¢a He .uOJI)KeH rro.uCTaBJI5ITb COBpeMeHHoe C03HaHHe aa MeCTO MH¢OJlOrH4ecxoro: MH¢ .uJI5I ero C03.uaTeJlH He 6bIJI HH ¢aHTa3HeH, HH BbIMbICJlOM, a 6bIJI e.uHHCTBeHHO B03MO)KHOH peansnocrsio - ,o6beKTHBHOH .ueHCTBHTeJIbHOCTbiO [CTe6JIHH-KaMeHCKHH, C. 5, 29-30].

TepMHH J1esH-OpiOJl5I enpeaoruvecxoe MbllllJIeHHe», KaK noxasan

M. 11. CTe6JIHH-KaMeHcKHH scnen aa K. JIeBH-CTpOCOM, OTHOCHTC5I He CTOJlbKO K MbIWJleHHiO KaK TaKOBOMY, CKOJIbKO K nCHXOJIOrIfH. l1CTHH-

Hbi HJIH JlO)KHbi nOHHTH5I, np aBHJIbHbl HJIH aerrpaaansna rrpH4HHHOcnencraeanue CBH3H - 3TO HMeeT 3Ha4eHHe npa 3THOJIOrHlJeCKOM H3YQeHHH aaponoa, CTOHlll,HX aa apxaH4eCKOH CTa.uHH pa3BHTHH, npa HCCJIe.uosaHHH HX MOTHBOB rrOBe.ueHH5I, peaxuaa aa C06bITH5I H T. n.,

a TaK)Ke npa HCCJIe.uOBaHHH ¢OJlbKJIOpa, XOT5I H B ¢OJIbKJIOpe, KaK noxasan B. 5L Ilponn, aeooxoaaxo Y4HTblBaTb, 4TO xy.uO)KeCTBeHHaH JIOrHKa He coanaaaer C JIOrHKOH npH4HHHO-CJIe.uCTBeHHoro MbIlllJIeHHH [Ilponn, C. 98]. l.lTO xacaercs H3Y4eHH5I 513bIKOBOH .ueHcTBHTeJlbHO- I

CTH, aenocpencrseauo cBH3aHHoH C MblCJIHTeJIbHOH .ll.eHTeJIbHOCTbiO, TO ~. snecs Ba)KHa' He «npaBHJIbHOCTb» rrOH4HHHO-CJIe.uCTseHHbIX CB5I3eH. HO I

U I

ca a cP.aKT HaJH!lIHH 3THX CBH3eH: eCJlH LJeJlOBelieCKHH pa3YM Y cavsrx HCTOKOB csoerc pa3BHTHH Y)Ke cnocooea 6bIJJ YCTaHaBJJI1BaTb CBH3b «eCJJH .. , TO ... » (He3aBHCI1MO OT npaBHJlbHOCTH pe3YJIbTaTa) H 0606- mars paaposuenaue H rexyxae npH3HaKH B nOHHTHH (He3aBHCHMO OT ero HCTHHHOCTH), TO ensa JJH MO)KHO r-oaopn-rs 0 rpopsrax MbIWJJeHHSl, npHHUHnHaJJbHO OTJJHlIalOw,HXCSl OT COBpeMeHHbIX.

B COBpeMeHHbIX HCCJIeAOBaHHSlX see OTlIeTJIHBee BbICKa3bIBaeTCSl MbICJJb, LJTO npl14HHHylO b6ycJIOBJIeHHOCTb scex C06bITHH H SlBJIeHHH JlIOAH aa apXaHLJeCKOH cTaAHH MbIWJJeHHH OC03HaBaJJH TaK see, KaK H renep s, a TOT cpaKT, -rro npHLJHHa YCTaHaBJIHBaJlaCb HeBepHo,06bSlCHSleTCH BOBce He «npeJJOrHLJeCKHM» xapaxrepoa apXaHLJeCKOrO MbIllIJIeHHH, a TeM 06CTOHTeJlbCTBOM, 4TO Tor.ua lIeJIOBeLJeCKHH M03r crpaIKaJJ He CYTb, a JlHWb nOBepXHOCTb HS"leHIUI, HMeHHO n03TOMY apxan- 4eCKHe 0606w,eHHH CTPOI1JlHCb na C"lYLJaHHbIX H aecyuiecrsennux npasnaxax. B OCHOBe TaKHX BbICKa3bIBaHI1H JIe)KHT HAeH, BbIABHHYTa51. B caoe BpeMH A. A. f1oTe6HeH: MHcp 06bSlCHHeT HeH3BeCTHoe nocpenCTBOM cosoxynnocru 3a.uaHHbIX npH3HaKOB, 06be.uI1HeHHbIX CJlOBOM HJIH 06pa30M, 11 n03TOMY OH SlBJlHeTCH TaKHM IKe aKTOM n03HaHHH, KaK H HaYLJHOe MbIWJleHHe [f1oTe6HSl, 1905, c. 418]. fHOCeOJJOrHLJecKYIO pOJIb MHCPOJlOflU! nonxepxasan 5I. 3. fO.'lOCOBKep: «MHcpOJlOrHHnpHMHTHBHa51. rHOCeOJlOrHH, eCJII1 HaHTH nyrs K ee JlOrHKe» [To.no-

COBKep, c. 71]. .

I1AeSl noanaaare.nsuoii POJIH Ml1cpOJlOrHlJeCKOrO MbIWJIeHH5I Hero 06W,HOCTH C MblWJIeHl1eM COBpeMeHHbIM nOJJY4HJla rnyooxoe 060CHOBaHHe B Hcc.leAOBaHHH <P. K.'lHKCa, KOTOPbI}i npoaua.naaapoaa,n MHq:JO.noruuecxoe (B TepMHHO.'lOrHH CP. K.1HKca MarH4eCKOe H.'lH aHHMHCTI1- uecxoe ) MbIW.'leHl1e B CJIeAYlOmHX acnexrax: 1) npH4HHHo-c.leAcTBeHHbIX cBH3eH; 2) pauaonansuoro OTpa)KeHHSl peansaocr«: 3) nocrpoeHHH KJIaCcHcpHKaUHoHHblX CHCTeM.

ITo nOBoAY npI14HHHO-C"leACTBeHHbIX CBH3e~i <P. K.'lHKC roaopnr cnenyiouiee: «3a BceH HX (¢OpM Ml1cpo.lorHLJeCKoro MbIllweHHH.r. C.) MHCTll4eCKOH nonon.nexof MHonle 3THO.l0fll, 1l3YllaBwlie oco- 6eHHOCTH MarHlJeCKOrO MbIw.leHH5I, ynycTHJJH H3 BHAY, 4TO onnospeMeHHO peus HAeT 0 npoueccax BbIBOAa, sa KOTOPbIMH CKpbIBaeTcH nonsmca YCTaHOBJIeHH51 OTHoweHHH «eCJJll. . , TO». I1HbIMH CJlOBaMH, 6bIJIO ynyuieao H3 BHAY, 4TO B MarHlJeCKOM MbIWJJeHHH COAep)KHTCsi npeAnOCbIJIKa CTporOH KaY3aJJbHOCTH» [KJJHKC, c. 162, 165].

CPOpMbI KorHHTHBHoro paClJJleHeHH51 peaJJbHOCTH OTJlHLJaJlHCb OT coapexenuux rJJaBHbIM o6pa30M TeM, 4TO OCHOBHbIM MexaHH3MOM 6bIJlO YMo3aKJIIOLJeHHe no aHaJJOrHI! (TaM IKe, c. 155). OAHaKo, KaK CLJHTaeT <P. KJIHKC, 11 B 3TOM HeT npHHUHnHaJJbHbIX pa3JJH4Hii Me)KAY cOBpeMeHHbIM H MHcpOJIOrH4eCKHM MblWJJeHHeM - pa3.'lH41151 xacaiorCH TOJIbKO ypOBHH 0606111eHI151 (TaM xce, c. 165).

ApXaHl[eCKHe KJJaCcH<pI1KaUI10HHble CI1CTeMbI, KaK ncnaraer

CP. KJIHKC, nocJIY)KI1JII1 npooopasoa H nepBoHa4a"lbHoH CXeMOI1 coapersenuux KJIaCcHcpI1KaUMH. Hecvorps aa TO, 4TO 3Ha4HMble AJIH KJIaCCHcpHKaUHH npl13HaKI1 B apxaH4eCKYlO nopy H3BJJeKaJII1Cb C no-

fr· BepXHOCTH SlBJleHI1H H He OTpaIKaJlIl HX CYW,HOCTH, caMH no ce6e xnac-

F cHcpHKaUI10HHble CI1CTeMbI aa 60JIee BbICOKHX CTa.uHHX pa3BHTHH

23

MblW,1eHHH 6bl,1H He oraepruyru "'OBe4eCTBOM, HO npeocpaaosanu ',' DOCTeneHHblM npeoopaaoaaauev KJlaCCH<pHKaUHH conpOBOIKJl,aeTCSl) nOCT05!HHbIH npouecc COBepweHCTBOBaHH5! 4e.nOBe4eCKoro HHTe.n.neKTa t (TaM IKe, c. 161). Ha OCHOBaHl111 3THX paccYlKneHI1H <P. K.nI1KC npa- ' XOJl,HT K 06ll.1,eMY BbIBOJl,Y 0 POJIH MH<p0.nOrH4eCKI1X <pOPM B pa3BHTl1l1

11 nporpecce MbIWJleHHSl: «TaM, rne ecn, C06bITl1e, ecri, 11 npl14HHa. B· caMblX <paHTaCTI14eCKHX Jl,OMbIc.nax aHl1Ml1CTH4eCKoro MbIWJleHI1H no nOBOJl,Y CBSl3eH peansnoro Ml1pa 06HapYIKHBaeTCSl sra BalKHei1waSl npennccunxa 6ynYll.I,ero I1HTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHOrO nporpecca» (TaM IKe, c. 164).

o «npeJIOfl.J4eCKoM» Mblw.neHI1I1, nO-Bl1nHMOMY, MOIKHO roaoprm, JIHWb npHMeHHTe.nbHo K CTanHH nOCllOBeCHoro 06ll.1,eHH5!. D05!BJleHl1e CJIOBa npauuunnansno MeH5!eT H xapaxrep MblWJleHH5!.

Bo-nepsux. BMeCTe co C.10BOM n05!BJ15!eTC5! H nOH5!Tl1e, a BCSlKoe nOHSlTHe - 3TO scerna o606llJ,eHHe, T. e. orpascenae oouiero, nocro- 5!HHOrO H YCToH4I1Boro, 4TO .'lOrI14eCKH BbllWeH5!eTC5! 113 MHoroo6pa3115!

H TeKY4eCTH HBJ1eHHH. C.nenOBaTeJ1bHO, caM <paKT HaJII14H5! nOHSlTHH rOBopHT 0 TOM, 4TO apxanuecxoe Mblw.neHHe YlKe 6bIJ10 CBSl3aHO

C a6CTpaKUHeH, aHa.nH30M, CHHTe30M H npyrHMI1 JIOrl14eCKI1MI1 npoueCCaMI1. YTBeplKneHI1IO, 4TO apxaunecxue nOH5!TI15! «JlOIKHble», H60 OHH C:JOm:HJlHCb «ua OCHOBe aesepuoro OCMbICJIeHHH psna 5!BJIeHI1H MaTepl1a,lbHoro MHpa, YCTaHOBJleHI15! nenpaaam.nsix npl14HHHO-CJIeJl,CTBeHHbIX C85!3eH» [Hepenaaoaa. c. 53], MOIKHO npOTlIBOnOCTaBHTb cnenyiouure cooopaaceuus. Ilpexcne acero HeJlb351 3a6blBaTb, 4TO .l 3HaYeHHeM CJlOBa MOlKeT 6bITb pea.H1I30BaHO He TO.nbKO «HCTHHHoe», i T. e. HaYYHOe nOH5!Tl1e, HO 1I «JJOIKHoe», T. e. IKl1TeHCKoe,. nporasope- l 4allJ,ee Hay4Ho~ly II ucxaacaiouiee ero, Ii 4TO COBpeMeHHblH 4eJ10BeK, He 3anYMblBaHCb, noassyercs !\lHOrHMH CJlOBaMH, OTpalKalOllJ,HMI1 «J10iKHble» nOH5!TI15! (COo2Hu,e 830Ul/IO, ce.io. Jlyrta 830UlJlQ, 2PO.MOOT80d

Ii T. n.) . LI.aJlee, xareropua «HCTHHHoro» l1 «JIOIKHoro» OTHOCI1TeJlbHbl:

TO, 4TO .10iKHO cei14ac, B npOWJ10M BOCnpHHI1MaJ10Cb H oc'03HaBaJJOCb KaK HCTflHHoe - see 3aBHCHT OT ypOBH5! l1 xapaxrepa OTHoweHHH 3HaHH5I K peaJIbHOCTH. Kpove roro, enaa JJH MOIKHO C4HTaTb apxausecxne nOH5!TH51 .101KHb1MI1 na TOM OCHOBaHl1H, 4TO «B peaJIbHOH. Jl,ef1- CTBHTe.lbHOCTH, npn HaY4Ho-o6beKTHBHOM nonxone K HeH., HeT peaJ111I1, HaH:'JeHOBaHHeM KOTOPbIX cnyxcar C,10Ba Jl,aHHOH TF (OO.M080tl, KUKllsuipa, neuuui 11 T. n. - F. C.)>> [Hepenauoaa, c. 53] - raxne JIeKCH-iecxae eJl.HHI1Ubl, KaK H3BeCTHO, 3aHHMalOT csoe MeCTO B JleKCH4eCKOH CHCTeMe coapeaesuux 513blKOB KaK «HMeHa C HYJleBblM .aerroTaTOM ».

BO-BTOPbIX, BMeCTe CO CJIOBOM n05lBJJ5!eTC5! CHCTeMa HOMHHall.HH., KOTOpa5! orpaxcaer peaym.rarsr n03HaBaTeJIbHOH H KJIaCCH<pHUHpylOll.I,eH Jl,e5!TeJlbHOCTH 4eJlOBeKa H B arore - KOrHI1THBHOe pacs.neaeuae peansuocrn. 3TO rOBopHT 0 TOM, LITO apxau-recxoe Mbllll.neHl1e OTJIH4aeTC5! OT coapeaeunoro MaTepl1aJIOM (H 3TH pa3JIH4H5! aecsna CYuiecraeauu) , HO He no CYTH.

Cnopnsif xapaxrep HJl.eH «npenoruuecxoro» MbIWJIeHH5! neMOHcrpnpyer H JIflHrBHCTH4eCKHH aHaJIH3 MH<pOJlOrH4eCKOH JIeKCHKH. B CB5!3H C 3TI1M 60JJbWOH nurepec npe)],CTaBJI5!eT ysce ynoMHHaBwa5!-

24

C51 MOHOrpa¢H51 O. A. lJepel1aHOBOH - nepsoe JIHHfBHCTH4eCKOe HCCJIe.ll.OBaHHe MH¢OJIOrH4eCKOH JleKCHKH, conepscauree fJly60KHIl H p aaHOaCl1eKTHblH aHaJlH3 MaTepHaJla H 4pe3Bbl4aHHO ueuuue BbIBO;U,I. KaCalOLUHeC51 ero KJlaCCHcpHKau,HH, 3THMOJlOfH4eCKHX pa3bICKaHHH H T . .lI.. [lJepenaHOBa]. O.ll.HaKO nocnenosarensno npOBO.ll.HMOe B MOHOrpa¢HH COOTHoweHHe MH¢OJlOrH4eCKOH JleKCHKH C «npe"10fHlJeCKHM» MblWJleHHeM npencrasnserca HaM Hey6e.ll.HTe.1bHbIM, 60Jlee roro, onpoaepraerca, no aaurevy MHeHHIO, caMHM HCCJIe.ll.yeMblM JleKCHlJeCKHM MaTepHaJlOM.

YTBep)l{.lI.a51 H.lI.elO CBH3H MHCPOJlOfH4eCKoH JleKCHKH C «npeaornueCKHM» MbIWJleHHeM, O. A. -lepenauoaa HaCToH4HBO rOBopHT 0 «Hea.ll.eKBaTHbIX, JlOfH4eCKH C.lI.BHHYTblX CB51351X» (c. 10), «.10)l{HbIX noH51TH51X» (c. 54), «aenpasnnsuux npHlJHHHo'-CJle.ll.CTBeHHblx CBH351X» (c. 54), «CMemeHHbIX JlOfHlJeCKHX OTHOWeHH51X» (c. 55) H T. n. FlonrOTOBJleHHblH TaKHM 06pa30M lJHTaTeJlb snp aae )l{.lI.aTb OT MaTepHaJla HeBepoHTHoH 3K30TH4HOCTH, HenpHBbl4HblX HOMHHau,HH, a6cYP.ll.HbIX, C cOBpeMeHHoH T04KH 3peHH51, KJlaCCH¢HKau,HoHHbIX cxea, MO)l{eT 6blTb, .lI.a)l{e BC51KOfO poaa 6eCCMbICJlHU,bl. B .lI.eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH npuseneuaas JleKCHlJeCKaH MHKpocHcTeMa nopa scaer nOJlHblM COOTBeTCTBHeM coapexenusra I1pe.ll.CTaBJleHHHM B OTHoweHHH I1PHHU,HI10B HOMHHaUHH, MOTHBaUHH, B03MO)l{HOCTH KJlaCcH<jmKau,110HHOrO pacnpe.aeJleHI1H. Il peacne scero 06paLUaeT aa ce651 BHI1MaHHe np03pa4Ha51 MOTI1Bl1pOBaHHocTb HOMHHaUHH. nO.ll.aBJl51IOLUee 60JlbWHHCTBO JleKCH-

~ 4eCKHX e.ll.HHHU coxpanaer BHyTpeHHlO1O ¢OPMY H .lI.eMOHCTpl1pyeT JlOrHKY npou,ecca HaI1MeHOBaHH51: BOOJlHOU - B BO.ll.e; ZYMeHHUK - Ha rYMHe; 6epeJIC'iUK - oepescer: uepeu - arp aer H T . n. (c. 60 H cnen.). LI.aJlee nOHCTHHe nopaanrenea TOT ¢aKT, 'lTO KJlaCCH¢HKaUHOHHa51 cxexa MH¢OJlOrH4eCKOH_JleKCI1KH He TOJlbKO He BocnpHHHMaeTC5I «apXaHlJeCKOH», HO n04Tl1 110JlHOCTblO coananaer C KJIaCCH¢HKau,HeH HOBeHWHX JleKCH4eCKHX MHKpOCHCTeM, uanpaxep, C 0603Ha4eHHeM JlHua B COBpeMeHHOH PYCCKOH pa3rOBopHOH pelJH: 1) c¢epa, MeCTO (cp. B cOBpeMeHHoM 513blKe: nadounu«, TbIAOBUK, nOpTOBUK., LUTa6- HUK.); 2) ¢YHKUH51 (cp.: 6ecYH, npueun, 83PbIBHUK); 3) conpas aCTHOCTb C npenweroa, 51BJleHHeM (cp.: 6AoKaoHuK, ePU6HUK., TPflnU'iHUK.); 4) BHewHHH 06JIHK (cp.: 6opooa'i, o-acapu«, eJla3aCTUK 11 T . .lI..).

ECJlH 06paTHTbc5I K THnaM HOMHHaUHH MH¢OJlOfH4eCKoH nopsr, TO H snecs Mbl, 06HapY)l{HM COOTHOCHMOCTb C HoMHHaI.U151MI1 B COBpeMeHHOH PYCCKOH pa3rOBopHOH pexu, uanpuaep cyocraaraaauaef (BoOm·tOU, KO'ie'iHbIU, AYKaBblIl - cp. 0030PHbIU, Pfl0080U), C ceMaHTH'leCKHMH CT5I)l{eHHflMH (AeC08UK. - JleCHOH X0351liH, 60AOTHUK. - 60JlOTHbIH JleWHH - cp. eunep ronutc, nepe008UK.), C CY¢¢IfKCaJlbHbIMH 06pa30BaHH5IMH (AOCK.OTyxa, J.taHUAO, otioepuxa - cp. roncruxa, 80pOTUAa, tpucuxa) H .lI.p. TaKHM 06pa30M, JlHHrBHCTHlJeCKHH aHaJlH3 MH¢OJlOrH4eCKOH JleKCHKH y6e)l{.lI.aeT B TOM, 'lTO apxaaxecxaa JleKCH4eCKa51 CIfCTeMa He HMeeT npanunnuansaux OTJlHlJHH OT COBpeMeHHOH, TaK see KaK H cnocoou HOMHHaUHH Ii[ naxce

~. cnosooopaaoaarensaue MO)J,eJlH [Cxn spencxaa, 1987a].

~ Y4I1TbIBafl CKa3aHHoe, cnenyer npH3H?Tb, 'lTO I1CTOKH «HeJIOrI1'lHO-

25

\

CTl1» MeTacpOpbl CJIe,UyeT HCKaTb He B «npeJIOrH4eCKOM» MbIWJIeHl111' a B cneunrpaxe JIOrH4~CKHX npOJJ.eCCOB, npOHCXO,U5IW.HX npn MeTaq,o:f pH3aJJ.HH. I

r.

<i>opMaJlbHaSl JlOfHKa H «JlOfHKa Boo6palKeHHSI»

«HeJIOrHlIHOCTb» xeraoopi, ocooeano OTlIeTJIHBO 06HapY)f(HBaerJ C51 npu cpaBHeHHH C MeTOHHMHeH, perYJI5IpHOCTb KOTOPOH TaKOBa, 4ro\ naer OCHOBaHHH6e30WH604HO npenyr anuaars, npensnners pa3BHTHef ceMaHTHKH B onpeneneaaox aanpaaneaua. TaK, peryJI5l.pHblM MeTOHH. MHlIeCKHH nepeaoc «110Mew.eHHe - JlIO,UH, HaXOJl.5Iw.HeC5I, B 3TOM no. Mew.eHHH» (6C51 UlIWJl.a euuina na cy660TrtUK, san ecraet H T. ,U.) MO)f(HO MOJl.eJIHpOBaTb I1pHMeHHTeJIbHO npaxr asecxn K JII060MY CJlOBY, 0603HaQalOmeMY aexoe BMeCTHJlHme, B KOTOPOM MorYT (HJIH MOrJIH 6bI) HaXOJl.HTbCH JIIOJl.H: BarOH, Mara3HH, CaJIOH (caMOJIeTa) H T. n.,HaCTOJIbKO oseaanna H nOCT05IHHa 6JIH30CTb (<<CMelKHOCTb») peaJlHH, 06beJl.HHeHHbiX B MeTOHHMHlIeCKYIO napy. MeTacpopa HMeeT npyryio , npapony. 4YBCTBO aHaJlOrHH 3aCTaBJlHeT 4eJIOBeKa OTblCKHBaTb CXO,U- ; CTBO Me)f(Jl.Y caMblMH OTJl.aJleHHbIMH CYW.HOCTHMH: He TOJlbKO Me)f(,UY npenueraaa 4YBCTBeHHO BOCl1pHHHMaeMoro MHpa, HO H Me)f(Jl.Y KOHKpeTHbIMH npenueraaa H OTBJIe4eHHblMH nOHHTHHMH. OPH 3TOM HaM ,UeikTBHTeJIbHO He y,UaeTCH 06HapY)f(HTb 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B npouecce 06pa30BaHHH Ka)KJl.OH KOHKpeTHOM MeTacpOpbl. 06W.HM Jl.Jl5I acero lIeJIOBelleCTBa MexaHH3M BocnpHHTHH OJl.HHX H rex »ce peaJIHH 06beK' THBHoro MHpa B cpaBHeHHH npyr C npyroa [<l>pYMKHHa], 06W.HH ,UJHI scex JlIOJl.ej:j «aanac HarJIHJl.HO-OnbITHbIX 3HaHHii» [3bIJJ.apb, c. 28-301

He MoryT 06bS'ICHHTb npOHCXO)f(Jl.eHHe 60Jlbweii 4aCTH MeTacpop, a ec-

JlH Y4eCTb HaJJ.HOHaJIbHble [fYM60JIbJI.T, c. 162 H cnen.] (a B KaKoH-To Mepe H cOJJ.HaJIbHble) pa3J1HlIHH B B9cnpHHTHH MHpa H B runax HOMHHaJJ.HH, TO 3TO OKOHlIaTeJIbHO xoscer rrOCTaBHTb B TynHK. B caMOM nene, n04eMY PYCCKoe KOJIJIeKTHBHoe H3blKOBoe C03HaHHe H36HpaeT Jl.JIH 0603Ha4eHHH H xapaxrepaaauan aucoxoro xyaoro 4eJIOBeKa TaKYIO peaJIHIO, KaK iKepJl.b (cp, nOJIbCKOe dyl - nOJIOBHJJ.a, acnaucxoe [ideo - BepMHWeJIb)? I1 n04eMY TaKHe oorneaaaecrnue csoncraa JIOWaJl.H, KaK cpH3H4ecKoe cosepurencreo H cnocoonocrs K crpexaTeJIbHoMY 6ery He rpancoopuapoaanacs B KOHHOTaJJ.HIO, CPOPMHPYIOW.YIO xerarpopy, a, Ha060pOT, KOJIJIeKTHBHblM H3blKOBbiM C03HaHHeM 6bIJIH oc sexruaaposaau COBceM ,UPYrHe npH3HaKH: «HenOBOpOTJIHBbIH», «HeYKJIlOiKHti»?

OTBeTHTb aa 3TH H MHorHe nonooasre aonpocsr HeJIerKO, eCJlH nO,UXOJl.HTb K HHM C TOliKH 3peHHH cpopMaJIbHOH JIOrHKH - «JIOrHKH 3J1.paBOrO CMbICJIa» . Jlorauecxae xareropnu YI10PHJl.04HBaIOT 6eCKOaexaoe 4HCJIO CBH3eii, CYW.eCTByIOmHX MelKJl.Y 06beKTaMH Jl.eMCTBHTeJI!:>HOCTH, Bbl6HpaH H3 HHX HeMHorHe, HaH60JIee oueaanusre, aenporuaopevaasre, npa :nOM aenpepusaoe ,UBH)KeHHe peansaorc MHpa HCKYCCTBeHHO oCTaHaBJIliBaeTCH H MHp npeztcraer CTaTH4HbIM. Merarpopa xce (H B 3TOM ee rJIaBHOe CXOJl.CTBO C MHCPOM) oasapyercs aa Jl.pyroH JIOrHKe - JlOrHKe soocpaaceaas (<<HMarHHaTHBHoH», B TepMH-.1 HOJlOrHH 5L 3_ fOJIOCOBKepa [fOJlOCOBKep, c. 13, 18 H np.j ), KOTopaH1

26 1

)l.aeT B03MO)KHOCTb COeJJ.!lHHTb B OJJ.I1H nY40K MHO)KeCTBO CBH3eH, aepenxo npOTl1BOpe4HBbiX H )lI1HaMH4HbIX [fOJIOCOBKep, c. 18; BaurJIHP, 1987a, c. 110; 19876, c. 113]. I1MeHHo C ~noH ccooeaaocrsto CBH3aHa ceMaHTH4eCKaH HeopJJ.HHapHoCTb MeTacpopbl, socnpauaaaeMaH KaK «HeJIOrH4HOCTb»: «MeTacpopa ... "B3pbIBaeT" peaJIbHOCTb, asrasraaer WOK, BhICBe4HBa51 rrporaaope-raeue CTOPOHbI 06"beKTa» [1l106ya, c. 202].

I1TaK, 04eBI1)lHO, 4TO HCT04HHK MeTacpopH3aUHH 4aCTO aenpe.acxaayeu , a Ml1p accouaauna, CPOpMHPYlOllI.l1X ceMaHTH4eCKoe nepeOCMbICJ1eHHe, npaKTH4ecKH 6ecnpe)leJIeH, n03ToMY Hey.n,HBHTeJ1bHO, 4TO cosoxynaocrs H3bIKOBbiX MeTa<jJop aa nepBblH B3rJ1H.u npenCTaBJIHeTCH 6eCnOpH)104HbIM xaOCOM, He nonnaioumvcs eucre-

MaTH3aUHH. ,

TeM He MeHee H3hIKOBaH MeTacpopa WHPOKO npencrasnena B TOJlKOBbIX CJ10BapHX - enaa JIH He xaxcnoe MHOf03Ha4Hoe C.HOBO conep)KHT nepeHOCH~e 3Ha4eHHH H OTTeHKH (HanOMHHM, 4TO no JIeKCHKOrpatpa-iecxof Tpa)lHUI1I1 novera «Tlepea.» CTaBHTCH He npn scex BH.uax nepeHOCOB, a TOJIhKO npn MeTacpopI14eCKHX). CJIe.ilOBaTe.1bHO, 6YJJ.Y411 onacaaa B CJIOBape, H3bIKOBaH MeTa<jJopa 3MnHpH4eCKH Y)Ke CI1CTeMaTH3HpOBaHa H KJIaCCH<jJHUHpOBaHa - Be.n,b c.noaap s He MO)KeT OCTaBHTb aa npenenaaa CHCTeMaTl13aUHM HH oziaoro caoero 3JIeMeHTa. Ilpeanpnaaras B .n,aHHOM IiCCJ1e)lOBaHHH nonsrrxa cHcTeMaTH3HpoBaTb riM aa TeopeTH4ecKOM yposae TaK)Ke nana n0J10)KHTeJIbHble pe3YJIbrarsr. KaK xce paspeuraercs npOTJoIBOpe4He Me)K)lY cpaKTaMH CHCTeMaTM3aUHH H CYlll.HOCTblO MeTa<jJopbI, Ka3aJIOCb 6bl, npoTHBOCTOHllI.eH crepeorunaocra?

Bo-nepsux, 3TO npOTJoIBOpe4He CHHMaeTCH, eCJJH npa aHaJIM3e OT4eTJIHBO paarpaaavnaars .n,I1HaMHKY H cTaTHKY 513bIKOBOH MeTa<jJopu. Flon .n,HHaMHKoH nOHI1MaeTC5I caa npouecc MeTa<jJopH4eCKoro nepeOCMbICJIeHMH, np05lBJIHlOlllMi1c51 B Bbl60pe H peaJIH3aUHH roro, a He HHOfO npnanaxa (HJIH KOMnJIeKCa npH3HaKOB). fOBOP51 0 CTaTMxe, Mbl HMeeM B aany Y)Ke C<jJOpMl1pOBaBU:!YIOC51 B 5l3blKe MeTacpopy. I1.n,e51 raxoro paarp aaavenns, H3SeCTHa51 B JIHHfBHCTH4eCKHX paoorax H OT4eTJlHSO C<jJOPMYJ1HpOSaHHa51 B. H. Tenaea, npe.ucTaSJI51eTC5I -rpeaBbI4aHHo npo.n,yKTI1BHOH )lJI51 .n,aJIbHeHIl1HX HCCJle.n,osaHMH: pasrpaaaxnn .n,HHaMHKY 513bIKOBOH MeTa<jJopbI (rrpouecc ee 06pa30saHHH) H cTaTMKY (er orosoe» ceMaHTM4eCKoe 06pa30saHHe), a Ta'K)Ke onpe.n,eJIHB OTHeceHHOCTb Ka)K)lOrO H3 3THX 5lSJIeHHH K onpeneneaaof «pepe HCCJ1e)lOSaHHH, 4 MbI TeM caMbIM pa3.n,eJIHM B 513bIKOBOH MeTacpope «HeJ10fH4Hoe», aerrpencxaayevoe H He scerna 06"b51CHHMOe, C O.n,HOH CTOpOH~, H «J10rH4Hoe», CTaH)lapTHOe H IlOTOMY nonnaiouieeca CHCTeMaTH3aUHH - C .n,pyroH. Ilepsoe BCeUeJIO OTHOCHTCH K .uHHaMHKe oopa- 30BaHHH MeTa<jJop~, sropoe - K «fOTOBOH» MeTacpope. I1MeHHo B «ro-

4 B. H. TeJlHR OTHOCHT )l.HHaMHKY MeTa<j>opb! K cdiepe reopaa HOMHHaUHH, a roroaoe suaxeaae - K ctpepe CeMaCHOJIOrHH [TeJlHR, 1981, c. 98, 152J. no aaurexy MHeHHlO, "HHaMHKa MeTa"'Opb! MO)KeT 6b!Tb HCCJle)l.OBaHa JlHWb KaK KOMnJleKCHaR np06J1eMa psna

'1;" ;YMaHHTapHblX i:aYK: aKCHOJlOl'HH, nCHXOJIOl'HH, nCHXOJIHHrBHCTHKH, <j>OJIbKJIOPHCTHKH,

I B03MO)KHO, srnorpadiaa H cj>H3HOJlOrHH H - aapany C ,Il.pyrHMH - reopaa HOMHHaUHH.

27

TOBOH» MeTacpOpe Mbl .nerxo ocnapyxcaaaea "«rrpenMeTHO-JlOrli4eCKHe CBH3H, orpaxcaiourae H3brKoBoH onsrr rOBopHw,HX» [TeJlIi5I, 1977, c. 193]. I1MeHHo «rOTOBa5I» MeTacpopa, WHPOKO rrpenCTaBJleHHa51 H OTIHCaHHa5I B TOJlKOBblX CJlOBap5IX, 1136paHa 06beKTOM aacroamer-, HCCJlenOBaHI1H.

BO-BTOPbIX, YKa3aHHoe nporasopesae CHI1MaeTC5I, eCJlI1 npn anaJlH3e rrOCJlenOBaTeJIbHO pasrpansvasar s 5IM 11 XM, 1160 see, !.{TO rOBopHTCH 0 «HeJlOrH4HOCTI1» Meracpopbl (npu ::ITOM I1MeeTCH B Bliny Jl11HeHHaH, cpopMaJIbHaH JlOrI1Ka, «JIOrI1Ka snpaeoro CMbICJla») HMeeT OTHOll1eHl1e I1MeHHO K xynO)!{eCTBeHHoH Meracpope.

/

r JI a B a 3. MecTo Sl3blKOBOH MeTa$opbl B J1eKCMKO-ceMaHTMlfecKoH CMCTeMe sasnca

nO.l\06HO rOMY KaK O.l\C)!(.I\a, cnepsa 11306- i perenuas .l\JI51 3aUJ,I1Tbl or xoacna, snOCJIC.I\CTSI1H CTaJIa npHMCH51TbC51 raxsce H .l\JI51 yxpaWeHII5I TeJIa II KaK 3HaK OTJIIIlJH5I, TaK II MeTa<popIIlJeCKHe supascenas. BBeneHHbJe 113-3a He.l\OCTaTKa CJIOS, CTaJIH BO MHoiKecTse npl1- MeH51TbC51 panu YCJIa)!(.I\eHHH.

Bonpoc 0 CeMaHTH'leCKHX rpauauax Sl3b1KOBOH MeTalfJopbl

f1oHI1MaHHe 5IM KaK KaTerOpl111 JleKCHKO.l0rHI1 BbUI.Bl1raeT npnuUHnHaJlbHO HOBWi1 TeopeTH4eCKI1i1 BOnpOC 0 ee MeCTe B neKCHKOceMaHTH4eCKOH CHCTeMe H3bIKa. 3Ta np06JIeMa B CBOIO oxepens ripenCTaeT nepen HCCJle)l.OBaTeJlHMH KaK aanasa (HJlI1 pH)I. aanau) paane)KeBaHHH 5IM H CMe)KHbIX HJlH CXO)l.HbIX CeMaHTIi4eCKl1X HBJleHHi1. Bonpoc 0 He06xo)l.HMOCTH pa3rpaHH4eHI1H 5IM Ii 6J1113KI1X HJlI1 CMe)KHbIX 5l3blKOBbiX 5lBJIeHI1i1 Y)Ke CTaBI1J1CH B JlI1HrBHCTI14ecKoi1 rnrrep a'type (K TaKI1M 5lBJIeHH51M 6blJll1 npl1411CJleHbI TepMI1HbI, nepenoc no <PYHKUI1I1, CI1MBOJlbI, MeTOHI1MI151 H CI1HeK)l.Oxa) [Hepxacoaa. 1968, c. 28, 30, 33], O)l.HaKO OH)l.O CHX nop He peurea.

113BecTHble Tl1nOJlOrl1l1 5l3bIKOB0i1 MeTa<popbI 06be)l.I1H51IOT B npenenax 3T0i1 xareropaa .111160 «)KI1BYIO» (06pa3HYIO, He yrparasuiyio ceaaurnsecxoa )l.BynJlaHoBOCTH) H reHeTI14eCKYlO MeTa¢opy, KaK B THnOJIOrl151X H .. n. ApYTIOHOBOH 11 B_ F. I'axa, .111160 5l3WKOBYlO (06ll1.eynoTpe6l1TeJIbHYIO H 06ll1.eH3BecTHYIO) MeTa<popy H n03T114eCKYIO (HH)l.HBH)l.yaJIbHYIO), KaK B Tl1nOJIOrl1l1 10. 11. J1eBHHa.

TaK, H. n. ApYTIOHoBa, nOKa3bIBa51 <PYHKuHOHaJlbHble THnbI H3blKOBoH MeTa<popbI, BbI4JIeH51eT C 3TOK T04KI1 3peHI1H: 1) HOMHHaTHBHYIO

,. MeTa¢opy (reHeTH4ecKYIO, yrparusuryio o6pa3HblH3JIeMeHT. - F, C.), 2) 06pa3HYIO, 3) KorHHTHBHYIO (npH3HaKoBYIO) 11 4) renepanaanpyio·llI.YIO (KaK KOHe4HbIK peaynsrar KorHHTHsHOH MeTa<p0pbl) [APYTIOHOsa, 19786, c. 340; 19796, c. 168].

B. f. I'ax asicrpaaaaer CSOIO THnOJIOrHIO, OnHpa51Cb na xapaxrep ceMaHTH4eCKHX npoueccoa, npOHCXO)l.51lll.HX npn MeTa¢opH3aUHH. 3Ta Tl1nOJlOrH51 aur Jl51)l.HT cnenyioum» 06pa30M: A. f10JlHbIH MeTa¢OpI14eCKHi1 nepenoc: I) )l.ByCTOPOHH5151 MeTa¢opa (co.w8a - KOTeJl0K); 2) O)l.HOCTOPOHH5151 ceMaCHOJIOrH4eCKa51 MeTa<popa (ftO:JICKa cTYJla); 3) O)l.HOCTOPOHH51H OHOMaCI10JlOrI14eCKa51 MeTa<popa (80JlblftUTb) . O. 4aCTI14HbIH MeTa¢opH4ecKHH nepeaoc (3y6eu, 8 U.Il IW ) [Fax, 1972a,

~ c. 151]-

B THnOJIOfHH 10. 11. J1eSI1Ha py6pl1KH BbI4J1eH51IOTC51 no cnocooy peaJII13aUHI1 KOMnapaTHBHoro' 3J1eMeHTa: I) MeTa<p0pbI-cpasHeHHH (KOJlOftftaoa pouius ; 2) MeTa<p0pbI-3ara)l.KI1 (KJlQ8UUi.U - 6Y.IlblJICftU-

r', . KU); 3) MeTa<popbl, npanucuaaiouiae o6beKTY csoacr aa npyrcro 06beKTa (51008UTblU 83cJl510, :JICU3ftb ceopenai [J1eBHH, 1965, c. 293]

I 29

(aaecs BbIJleJIeHHe rper sero nYHKTa eziaa JIH MOLKHOnpH3HaTb onpas. JlaHHbIM MeTOJlOJIOrHLIeCKH, H60 npanacsraar s 06beKTY CBOHCTBa JlPYroro 06beKTa HBJIHeTC5I 06513aT-eJIbHbIM H HeYCTpaHHMbIM npH3HaKOM H ceMaHTH4eCKOH CYIll.HOCTbJO JIl060H xerarpopu).

B npyrnx paoorax npH3HaeTC5I 060c06JIeHHOCTb 513bIKOBOH H XYJlOLKeCTBeHHOH MeTa<popbI KaK pa3HbIX 06beKTOB ceMaCHOJIOrHLIeCKoro H CTHJIHCTHLIeCKoro HCCJIeJlOBaHH5I: «CeMaCH0J10rHH H CTHJIHCTHKa pa3JIHLIaJOT JlBa rnna MeTa¢op: MeTa<popbI 513bIKa H xeratpopu CTHJI5I» [5hHKoBa, 1962, c. 127] _ CJleJ1aHa nonsrrxa pa3rpaHHLIHTb B npenerrax 5IM xerarpopy reHeTH4ecKYJO H. <OKHBYJO» - OHH Ha3BaHbI co-

OTBeTCTBeHHO «H3bIKOBOH MeTa<popoti I pona» H «5I3bIKOBOH MeTa¢oPOH II pona». CeMaHTHLIecKHe pa3JIH4H5I MeLKJlY HHMH ,D.eMOHcTpHPYIOTC5I J1eKCHKOrpa¢H4ecKoH nonaseji: 5IM I poaa <PHKcHpyeTcH KaK OJlHO H3 npOH3BO,D.HbIX 3HaLIeHHH, a 5IM II pona - KaK nepeaocaoe 3Ha4eHHe (TaM LKe, c. 130).

B HaCT05Illl.eM HCCJIeJlOBaHHH pa3MeLKeBaHHe MeLK,D.Y «LKHBOH» H reneraxecxoa MeTa¢opoH, C O,D.HOH CTOPOHbI, H 061ll.e5l3bIKOBOH H xYJlO)!(eCTBeHHoH - C npyroa, npOH3BO,D.HTC5I 60JIee peWHTeJIbHo. C HameH TOLIKH 3peHHH, reHeTH4ecKYIO'M xY,D.oLKeCTBeHHYJO xerarpopy CJ1eJlyeT paCCMaTpHBaTb He KaK rnnu (HJ1H BH,D.bI, POJlbI) 5IM, KaK 3TO JleJlaJ10Cb ,D.O CHX nop, a KaK CMeLKHble C 5IM ceMaHTH4eCKHe 5IBJleHHH, T.e. CXOJlHble H COOTHOCHMbie C 5IM, HO He 06JlaJlalOJJ..I.He npa 3TOM ee cneUH¢H4eCKHMH oc06eHHOCTHMH. Kpoxe roro, K CMeLKHbIM H3bIKOBbiM SlBJIeHH51M Mbi OTHOCHM 6e366pa3Hoe npOH3BOJlHOe 3Ha4eHHe H MeTOHHMHIO. CXOJlCTBO 11 COOTHOCI1MOCTb 3THX ceMaHTH4eCKHX xareropHH JleJIalOT rpanuuu MeLKLlY HHMH He scerna LlOCTaT04HO onpezieJleHHbIMH, HO HeOnpeJleJ1eHHOCTb rpanau He CHHMaeT 3a,D.a4H onHCaHH5I HX pa3JIH4HH, 4TO JlHKTyeTCSl He TOJIbKO np06JIeMaMI1 TeopeTH4eCKHX pa3pa60TOK, HO H 3aJla4aMH J1eKCHKOrpa¢HH.

060CHOBaHHIO 3TOH T04KH_ speuas nocaameua LlaHHa5I rnaaa .

. KaK TOJ1bKO MeTa<popa 6bIJ1a OC03HaHa, BbI4J1eHeHa H3 paaa ,D.PYrHX 513bIKOBbIX HBJ1eHHH H· onucana, cpa3Y B03HHK aonpoc 0 ee ,D.BOHKOH CYIll.HOCTH: 6blTb CpeJlCTBOM 513bIKa H n03THlJ:eCKoti ¢Hrypoti. Hs BblCKa3blBaHHH Llauepoaa (CM. snarparp) BHJlHO, LITO HMeHHO 5I3bIKOBaH xeraoopa nepsoaaaaaa H nepaasua, OJlHaKO B LlaJIbHeHWeM yxeaae nOWJ1H no nyra HCCJ1eJlOBaHHH «YKpameHHH» H «3HaKOB OTJ1H4I1H» - BCJ1eJl aa ApHCTOTeJ1eM, pa3pa6oTaBWHM n03TH4eCKYIO TeopHJO MeTa¢opbI, - H TaK JlO XX sexa, xorna xerarpopa anepasre OblJIa auae.aeaa H3 06JlaCTH n03THKH H onacana YLKe He KaK ¢Hrypa XYJlOLKeCTBeHHOH pexa, a KaK <peHOMeH H3bIKa.!

IlepBblM, KTO npOTHBonOCTaBHJ1 n03TH4eCK-OH MeTa¢ope H3bIKOBYIO, 6blJ1 ill. 5aJIJIH, KOTOPblH nOKa3aJI sceoouryio MeTa¢opHLIHOCTb 513bIKa [5aJIJIH, 1961, c. 333].

Ceaxac HHKeM He ocnapnsaercs CYlll.eCTBOBaHHe ,D.ByX THnOB MeTa<pop - XYJlOLKeCTBeHHOH H 5I3bIKOBOH. IlpHMeHHTeJIbHo K MeTa¢ope

<Ill

KaK KaTerOpHH n03THKI1, KaK npI1Ha,n.JIeIKHOCTI1 XY,Ll.OIKeCTBeHHOH JII1- reparypsi (KaK n0331111, TaK 11 npossr) B OTeqeCTBeHHOM JlHHrBHCTHKe npHMeH5IIOTCH repvaau: MeTacpOpa XY,Ll.OIKeCTBeHHa5I, n03THqeCKaH, rpOnel1qeCKaH, HH,n.HBH,n.yaJIbHaH, I1H,n.I1BH,n.yaJIbHO-aBTOpCKaH,TBOpqeCKaH, pexeaaa, OKKa3HOHaJIbHaH, xeraoopa CTI1JIH. B ,Ll.aHHOH paoore, KaK YIKe 6bIJIO CKa3aHO, HCn0J1b3yeTcH Tpa,Ll.I1UI10HHbIM TepMI1H X y n 0- IK e C T B ea H a 51 MeT a cp 0 p a [XM]. 06beM conepxcanaa sroro TepMI1Ha 60JIee WI1POK, OH, KaK l1pe,Ll.CTaBJIHeTCH, BKJIlOqaeT B ce6H see xapaKTepHCTHKH, orpasceuuue B ,Ll.pyrHx repuaaax: HH,Ll.I1BH,Ll.yaJIbHbIH H TBOp4eCKI1H xapaxrep, OKKa3HOHaJIbHOCTb '(KaK HenOBTOpI1MOCTb), npHHa,n.J1e)!(HOCTb K onpeneneanoxy rariy TPODOB H T. ,Ll..

B03HHKaH KaK pe3YJ1bTaT ueaeaanpaanenaux 11 C03HaTeJIbHHlX 3CTeTH4eCKHX nOI1CKOB, XM HCCJIe,Ll.yeTcH B n03THKe KaK O,Ll.Ha H3 ee OCHOBHblX 3CTeTH4eCKHX xareropaa. 5IM CTHXI1HHa, 3aJIOIKeHa B caMOM npapone sasnca H HCCJIe,Ll.yeTcH B JIHHrBHCTHKe KaK KOMDJIeKCHaH np06JIeMa, I1MeIOllI.aH ornouieaae K paanux CneUHaJIbHOCTHM: JIeKCHKOJIOrHI1, ceMaCHOJIOrHH, reopna HOMHHaUHH, rrCHXOJIHHrBHCTHKe, JIHHrBOCTHJIHCTHKe.

5IM l1pe,Ll.CTaBJI5{eT C060M rOToBbIH .3JIeMeHT JIeKCHKH, TaKYIO MeTaCPopy He HyIKHO KaIK,n.bIH paa C03,n.aBaTb, «,Ll.eJIaTb» - ee 6epYT rOToBoH H ynoTpe6JIHIOT B p.t;4H, npa 3TOM )!(HBaH pevs 06bl4HO nepeaacsnueaa MeTacpopHqHOCTblO. JHal1pHMep, B renenepenase rroJ1eHHHrpa,Ll.CKoMY TeJIeBH,Ll.eHHIO 17 cpeBpaJIH 1987 r. B KOPOTKOH 6ece,n.e xoppecnonaeara

r C pa60ql1MH H CJIYIKallI.HMH O,Ll.HOrO 113 3aBO,Ll.OB 6blJIH 3acpHKCHpOBaHbi CJIe,Ll.YIOllI.l1e asuxoasre xerarpopu: CbtPOU 3aKOH, XAbtHeT nOTOK npeoJ!OOlCeHUll, yT01iyJ!U 8 CJ!08ax, OICeAe31iaJ'I. OUC/,fUnAUHa, ocenesnas: enac«ocrs, saeopencsi cnop, KOJ!J!eKTU8 saeopencn uoeea, ece eopsir CTpaCTfl.M.U, KY'l.a 1i08aTOpcICUX npeoAOOlCeHUU, 8btHbtP1iYJ!U crapue uiieu, KaOpbt paCTeIWIOTCfl, OCKOAKU crapoeo, paCKYCUAU eeo sauucnu, Gpy_nna OTICOJ!OJ!aCb, 3aM.OpaOlCUBaJ!U npeOAO:JICeHUfl.

! 5IM Mbl aBTOMaTH4eCKH aocnpasnvae» 111 BocnpOH3BO,Ll.HM B pexa, 4a'CTO naace He OT,Ll.aBaH ce6e OTlJeTa B TOM, 'ITO npHBbl4Hble CJIOBa HMeIOT cpl1rypaJIbHbIM CMbICjI. XM, HanpOTHB, «BbIBO,Ll.I1T npe.axer H3 aBTOMaTH3Ma' BocnpHHTHH»: (B. lllKJIOBCKHH), cp.: o6yzAeHHafl K.Op«urcsi rpantuen (fJI. CeMeHOB); oYPH.O naX1iYT uepreue C.Il08a (fyMHJIeB); npOBOJlOKa Zp03 (XJIe6HHKoB); JlIOOU - J!OOTCU (MaHKoBCKliH) H T. rr.

; B nareparype CYllI.eCTBYIOT pasnue T04KI13peHHH aa xapaxrep CooTHOWeHI1H 5IM H XM. 3Ta np06JIeMa YXO,n.HT CBOHMH KOpHHMI1 B np06JIeMaTI1KY COOTHoweHHH oonreaaponaoro H n03THqeCKOrO H3blxa: npaanasas CPYHKUHOHaJIbHYIO cneunrpaxy KaIK,Ll.OrO H3 .3TI1X HBJIeHHH [Illepria, 1939], HCCJIe,n.OBaTeJIH JIH60 TpaKTylOT HX B nporusonoCTaBJIeHHH npyr npyry [J1apHH, 1925 J , JIH60 BO B3aHMHOM e,n.HHCTBe [Tparopsea, 1966, 1979].

Hnes 'npoTHBonOCTaBJIeHHOCTH xYAoIKecTBeHHoH H 06llI.eHpeqH 6blJIa paspacoraaa 5. A. J1apI1HbIM.

KOHuenuHH 5. A. J1apHHa CTPOHTCH ua npH3HaHHH roro cpaKTa, 'I 'ITO «xy,n.O)!(eCTBeHHaH peqb HCKJII04HTeJIbHa no COUHaJIbHOH npeaaar 3Ha4eHHOCTH, 060co6JIeHa OT HOPMbI )!(HBOrO ssuxa» [J1apHH, 1922,

C. 4J. CYTb ,HOH OOOC06JleHHOCTI1 B TOM, 4TO xYJl.O)KeCTBeHHaH pe-n, nOMIlMO peansnoro H .10rH4eCKoro COJl.ep)KaHHH, IlMeeT euie H 9CTeTH· 4eCKHH 06beKT - «ceMaHTHl.JeCKl1e 06epTOHbI CMbICJla» - 06beKT, KO. TOPbIH MO)KeT 6bITb BocnpHHHT H HCCJIeJl.OBaH TOJlbKO B npenez aj acero xYJl.O)KeCTBeHHoro npOH3BeJl.eHHH B ueJIOM (TaM xce, c. 36). KaK OCHOBHble OTJIH4HTeJIbHble CBoHcTBa xYJl.O)KeCTBeHHoH pe4H E. A. J1a· pHH Ha3bIBaeT HeBbIBOJl.HMOCTb 3Ha4eHlUI CJIOBa 113 6JII1)KaHWerO CJIO. secaoro OKpY)KeHI15! (TaM xce, c. 32).

CyrreCTI1BHOCTb TeKCTa 11 B3al1MOo6ycJIOBJIeHHOCTb scex ero 3J1e.

MeHTOB onpenensnor 11 xapaxrep xeradiopu B. xYJl.O)KeCTBeHHoH pe- 411 - ee MHorOMepHOCTb KaK OTJlHI.JHe OT MeTaq)QpbI OObl,lleHHOH pesn (J1apI1H, 1925, c. 66).

Haxoaeu.euie OJl.HY OTJlH4I1TeJlbHYIO oco6eHHOCTb xYJl.O)KeCTBeHHoi\ pena 5. A. J1apHH CBH3blBaeT C «O)KHJl.aHHeM HOBH3Hbl, YCTpeMJleHHeM MblCJlH K TeM B03MO)KHblM cnocooax npeJl.CTaBJIeHl15!, KaKHe rrpoTI1BOCTOHT npI1BbII.JHOMY, H3BeCTHOMY» (TaM »ce, c. 67).

HTaK, B KOHuenUHH E. A. J1apHHa pe-n, H,lleT 0 B_H ,ll 0 H 3 M e H eH H H oriinero assnca B xYJl.O)KeCTBeHHbIX TeKCTax. 3TO nOJlO)KeHHe nOJlY4HJlO Jl.aJlbHeHWee pa3BI1TI1e [PH<p<paTep, - 1980; nlO6ya, 198_6J .5

Borrpoc 0 COOTHoweHHH MeTa<popHl.JeCKOrO CTPOH B H3blKe 11 B xyJl.O)KeCTBeHHoH petlH B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C BbIWeI13J10)!{eHHbiM MO)KeT peurart.cs Jl.BOHKO: JII160 Me)KJl.Y 5IM H XM HeT npl1HUHHHaJIbHblX pa3JIHI.JHH, H 3TH ranu MeTacpop MorYT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK eJl.HHbIM 06beKT, JlH60 pa3JHl4H5! Me)!{Jl.Y HHMH cnenyer npnaaar s Jl.OCT3TOtlHblMH, 4T05bl p3cueHHB3Tb 5IM H XM KaK CaMOCTOHTeJIbHble 06beKTbI HCCJIeJl.OBaHHH.

B nOJIb3Y nepsoro nOJIO)!{eHH5! 06bI4HO rrpHBOJl.HTCH re 06CT05!TeJIbCTB3, -rro 5IM H XMCXOJl.Hbl 110 npHHUHnaM CeM3HTHtleCKHX npoueccos H Me)!{Jl.Y HHMH HeT HenpeOJl.OJIHMOH rpaaauu XOTH 6bI nOTOMY, 4TO c<pepbl HX npHMeHeHHH B3aHMonpOHHuaeMbi [BepJIH, 1957; ApYTIOHoBa, 19793J.

LI.eiicTBHTeJIbHO, ornensnue oopaau nepexonsr H3 xYJl.O)!{eCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypbI B 06IUHl1 H3bIK H Ha060poT, T. e. crnparorca, ripeapauraiorcs B WTaMn B nepaox CJIY4ae H npnooperaior nepsosnauHylO 06P33HOCTb BO BTOpOM. CpaBHHM, C oJl.Hoii CTOPOHbl, MHoro- 4HCJleHHbie 5IM, xoropue reHeTH4eCKH npanannexcar xYJl.O)!{eCTBeHHOM JIHTepaType HJlH <POJIbKJIOpy (YTPO JlCU3HU, 020Hb A1068U, necnsi nsetcn 11 T. n.). C npyroji CTOPOHbI, B xYJl.O)!{eCTBeHHoM TeKCTe B03- MO)KHO HanOJlHeHHe 5IM, 3T0i1 nYCToi1 HJlH n04TH nYCTOH CJlOBeCHOM 060JlO'iKH, B KOTOpylO MO)!{HO BJlO)!{I1Tb see, I.JTO yrOJl.HO, CBe)KeH 06pa3HOCTblO, BOBJlel.JeHHe aasncosoro urraana (csoero pona 60JlB3HKH, JleKCHl.JeCKOH 3arOTOBKH) B Jl.HHaMHl.JecKYIO H HanpH)!{eHHYIO arpy, B KOTOPOH nornouias 6bIJ10 MeTacpopa no.nyuaer sropoe poacneune. Cp.: TY.Mali.HblU 832AflO - «Ee enasa IWK OBa TY.MaHa» (3a60-

5 Mbl He KaCaeMCl'I 3,UeCb sonpoca 0 KOMMYHIIKaTI1BHbIX <PYHKIJ.I1HX xY)lO}!{eCTBeHHoil pellll. Cp.: "OOCJIe)lHHM CJIeACTBHeM raxoro BHAOH3MeHeHHl'I H3bIKa l'IBJIHeTCl'I TO, lJTO n03THlJeCKaH pe-n, 06HapY}!{I1BaeT CBOIO HeCOCTOl'lTeJIbHOCTb xax Cpe)lCTBO KOMMYHHKaIJ.HH» [.u106ya, C. 46J.

32

JlOUKHH); IWMeHb na cepoue - «/1 qnano IWMerlHOe CAOBO IW MOIO ew,e J/CUBYIO 2PYOb» (AXMaTOBa);, o6y3a oe« - «C n.ne« ceanurs 06y3y zonoeu» (<PeT); cretouinnasi crpus: - «T BOUX BOAOC CTeKAflHlibla OblM» (EceHl-IH); 06PblBKU pcseoeopa - «/1 naoator OUlMerKU TUUlUHbl» (T,». CeMeHOB); CAOBO 83pblBaeT - «Pudisca - 60'iKa. EO'lIW C OUHaMUTOM» (Ma5'lKOBCKHH); Mfl21Wfl TUUlUHa - «Il axqiuu! J,tflKUUl TUUlUHbl» (EceHHH); cyxue C.Il08a - «Hepcreasi 6YllKa 8'iepa'f;Heu .uicxu» (Ma51KOBCKHH).

/ Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, B npaseneanux npnxepax conOCTaBJIeHH51 5IM Ii XM peqb H,lJ,eT TOJIbKO 0 KOJIHqeCTBeHHbIX pa3JIHqH51X, npOflBJIHIOillHXCH B crerreaa H306pa3HTeJIbHOCTH. O,lJ,HaKO COBepweHHO OqeBH,lJ,HO, "ITO KOJIHqeCTBeHHble pa3JIHqHH npHBO,lJ,51T K rJly60KHM KaqeCTBeHHbIM paCXOIK,lJ,eHHHM MelK,lJ,Y 5lM H XM (06 3TOM MOIKHO CY,lJ,HTb H no npenapapoaanasia, H3BJleqeHHbIM H3 KOHTeKCTHoro oKpYlKeHHH MeTacpopaM). I1cnOJIb3YH B KaQeCTBe I1CXO,lJ,HOrO 5!3bIKOBorO MaTepHaJIa 5IM (B AaHHOM cny-rae MbI He xacaevcs scex APYrHX HCTOqHHKOB CJlOBeCHOro TBoplIeCTBa), nncarens passeprsraaer ee B IKI1BylO KapTI1- HY, BocnpHHI1MaeMYIO qYBCTBeHHo, npn 3TOM He 6Jll1IKaHWee OKpYlKeHHe MeTacj:Jopbl, a sees KOHTeKCT aecer aa ce6e MeTa<popHQeCKI1H sapan. Cp., nanpnuep, BHAOH3·MeHeHH5'I 5IM B xYAO)KeCTBeHHbIX TeKcrax: 6e2 8peMeHU - «Topoii U ece e20 oeaouar» ObIMfl.W,UXCfl pe« Sec 3aMeOllflJOT CBOU U nepexodstr «a uiae» (KYWHep); HUTb 00- .MOB - «X8aTaAO npOCTpaHCTBa eceu, XOTfI. U npuocanu 20Pbl tie-

f'leBKOil 8blTflHYBUlYJOCfI. oepe8yUlKy K caMOU pexe» (ACTa¢beB); U3- HaHKa :JICU3HU - 5fl cnaptpcu U C U3HaHKU TKaHb cyob6bl nepe6upana» (10. MopHu}j MY3blKa neercsi - «Il poepa-ucue, KaK eooa, TeKYT assopitu 3IleKT/Rfop2aHa. J1 x resenun CJlU8aJOTCfl, npeepatuatorcsi B OOUH 'iUCTbIU 2oAy608aTo-3eAefW8aTblU nOTOK» (rOJlOBaHOB); 4enosxa CA08 - «Co6CT8eHHO, 3TO 6blAa He cjJpa3a, a pocaeas uens U3 iuepiuaeux npflMOY20AbfibiX eeensee, TaK 'iTO M02/La U32u6aTbOI, eunsuuean TO OOHO, TO apY20e 38eHO» (H. KaTepJlI1); nuru 8 Hay«e - «OOUIi U3 eeiujiuux cneuuanucroe 8 BTOU 061laCTU 3aMeTU.Il, 'iTO Ce200HfI. ece tuocce U TponUHKU B reoptpusuxe BeaYT K MH020MepuJO!» (3ifaHHe - CI1Jla, 1987, NQ 8).

:_B3aHMonepeXO,lJ,bI roro I1JlI1 anoro oopasa H3 oeuiero H3bIKa B XY,!l.O)!(eCTBeHHbIH TeKCT H aaocopor OTHIO,lJ,b He oanavaior TO)K,ll,eCTBa HJIH 6JII130CTH (ceMaHTH4eCKOH, KOMMYHHKaTI1BHOH) 5lM 11 XM. 06- pasxocrt, 5IM 06bI4HO OC03HaeTC5'I TOJIbKO I1CCJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIeM: B cnoaTaHHoH peua (I1JJI1 B xYAO)KeCTBeHHOM TeKCTe, eCJlH HeT oc06011 3CTeTl1l1eCKOH HarpY3KH) 5lM He 06HapY)KHBaeT ocpasuoro 3J1eMeHTa H 6e3 yuiepca ,lJ,JI5'I CMbICJIa BbICKa3bIBaHI151 MO)KeT 6bITb saaeneaa CBOHM eeMaHTl1l1eCKHM 3KBHBaJIeHTOM (cp.: necnst nsercn - necnn 3BY'iUT). B XM 3TO HeB03MOIKHO: eCJII1 6bI MbI rrOnbITaJII1Cb B npnSe,lJ,eHHbIX rpparaearax rrpOH3BeCTI1 TaKYIO 3aMeHY, MbI y6eAHJIHCb 6bI, . "ITO sroro HeJIb3H cneaars, He YHIi4TO)KHB cavoro BbICKa3bIBaHH511 (cp., uanpanep, HeCOCTOHTeJlbHble, C naureri T04KH 3peHH51, nOflbITKHJ

'. «nepesecras n03TH4eCKHe MeTa<popbI B. MaHKOBCKoro sa 06bIlIHbIH ~f13bIK: PblAO B.IlaCTU - «BHHMaHl1e, saeora»; TeMfI. 8peMeHU - «UI1- t <pep6JIaT, Ta6JIHua C4eTa»; sa TOCKU X060TOM - «rHeTOM, AaBJIeHI1-

; 3 f. H. CKJIlipeSCK811 33 ~

eM»; «a cnunax pouiantu: U uapuiei; - «B COnpOBO)K)1.eHHH» H no; [Typaaaaa, c. 12]. ~

~MbI HCXO)1.HM, CJIe)1.0BaTeJIbHO, H3 TOro, 4TO 5IM H XM pa3JIH4H no csoea ceMaHTH4ecKoH H KOMMYHHKanq3HoH CYllI.HOCTH H<paKT H B3aHMonepexO)1.0B H B3aHMOBJIH5IHHH He CBH)1.eTeJIbCTByeT 0 pa3pywe:

HHH sroro pa3JIH4H5I. i Coapeaeuasre HCCJIe)1.0BaHH5I 5IM 06HapY)KHJIH pa3JIH4H5I Me)K,I(yi

5IM H XM, peaJIH3YIOllI.HeC5I B pa3HbIX acnexrax. - i

Pa3JIH4H5I B rHOCeOJIOrH4eCKOM acnexre TaKOBbi. OTpa)Ka5I 06bI4'! nue )KH3HeHHble 5IBJIeHIHI H «KOJIJIeKTHBHO OC03HaHHble cnococu Hxi (5IBJIeHHH. - F. C. ) xapaKTepHCTHKH» [BHHOrpa)1.0B, 19536, c. 251! H KJIaCcH<pHUHPY5I B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM 3JIeMeHTbI )1.eHCTBHTeJIbHo·! CTH, 5IM Y4acTByeT B O)1.HOM P5I)1.y C )1.PYrHMH JIeKCH4eCKHMH e)1.HHHua·i MH B 06Il1.eM )1.JI5I scero aapozra 4JIeHeHHH :HOH neHCTBHTeJIbHocTH,\ XM, aanpor as. cTpeMHTC5I CMeCTHTb oseaanaue Jl.JIH scex craoureaaa' npa nOM «rpammaoaasre KJIaCCH<pHKaUHH pyurarca» [5IK06cOH, 1935, c. 331]. Hanpuxep: Tuxo tiapaxraercsi 8 TUHe cepoua 2Ayna~~ 806Aa Bo06pa;JICeHUfl (Ma5IKOBCKHH:). F AflHf.,{e80-2AaOKUU, 80AHUCTO·!

,

BOPCUCTbtl1 KOUiMap (Kyumep) , B ueo.nseatux IiYMHblX 60KaAax Mbli

nbeM Ha8a;JICOeHbe 1JP.UliUH (Maanensurraa ). 3iJecb C8aAKa netia 20Ay·f 6020 (XJIe6HHKOB)j ~

TpaKTYH XM jS.aK peseayio H npOTHBonOCTaBJIHH ee 5IM, B. H. Tq JIHH nocrynapyer. OCHOBHble pa3JIH4HH Me)KJl.Y 3THMH BHJl.aMH MeTa¢op' CJIeJl.ylOIl1.HM o6pa30M: B 5IM aCCOUHaTHBHble CBH3H 06beKTHposaJ HbI, OHH cooTBeTcTBYIOT, npeJl.MeTHO-JIOrH4eCKHM CBH3HM, OTpa)KaIO" Il1.HM H3bIKOBOH onsrr rOBOp5IIl1.HX, npa 3TOM KOHHoTaUHH, C03)1.a10 ll.J,Hef MeTa¢opy, aaxpenaeau Y3YCOM sa CMbICJIOBbIMH nOTeHUHHMH )1.aHHOro1 CJIOBa; KOHHOTaUHH pexeaofi MeTacj:JOpbI, nanporas, 'OTpa)KaIOT He!, KOJIJleKTHBHoe, a HHJl.HBHnyaJIbHOe BHneHHe MHpa, n03TOMY OHR; «cy6beKTHBHbI H CJlY4aHHbI OTHOCHTeJlbHO oriuiero 3HaHH5I»' [TeJIHlI,; 1977, c. 192-194]. '

Pa3JlHI.[H5I Me)KJl.Y 5IM H XM B JIOrH4eCKOM acnexre COOTHOCHMhI' C pa3JlH4HHMH perpepeauaaasaux CB5I3eH B 06bI4HOH pesn H B n033HH'1

B HCCJIeJl.OBaHHH H. H. Baaanrosa npa conOCTaBJleHHH oc06eHHO·' CTeH 06bI4HOH peoepeuuaansaof CBH3H H peqiepeauaansuos CBSi3H B II033HH BbIHBJleHbI H CBeJl.eHbI B 6HHa paste onn03HUHH pa3JlH4HlI Me)K)1.y 3THMH KaTeropHHMH. 3TH pa3JlH4HH npOHBJI5IIOTCH B OTKJIOHe· HHHX peva, B KOHHOTaUHOHHbIX OTKJlOHeHH5IX, B yposae CMbICJlOBbiX HeTOtIHOCTeH, B opHeHTaUHM oaaauaexoro aa Te HJIH aasre OCHOBHblenapaxerpsr petpepeara, ECJlM npn rpa<pH4eCKOM H3Q6pa)KeHHH peoe: peHUHaJIbHOH CBH3H B 06bI4HOH perm yposeas 03HaQalOllI.HX B KoH' TeKCTe M306pa)KeH IIP5IMOH JIHHHeH, TO rr03TH4eCKMe 03Ha4aIOllI.He 06·' pa3YIOT He JIHHHIO, a crpepy (3JlJlHnCOHJl.) «C Typ6yJIeHTHbIMH B3aHMo.·' )1.ei1cTBH5IMH, OTKJlOHHIOIl1.HMHCH OT aeprnxansaoro nyTH K 03HaQae· MbIM» [13aJIalllOB, 1984, c. 157].6

6 Mbl He OCTaHaBJIHBaeMCH aaecs aa cnopnsrx sonpocax peipepeauaansnoa CBl'I3il• B n033HH. Banauroa, B '1aCTHOCTH, C'IHTaeT, 'ITO B n033HH npHMaH JlHHHH. Me)f{.1l.Y n09TRL. '1eCKHM 03Ha'lalOlIl,HM Hero 03Ha'laeMblM xopoxe. '1eM B 06bl'lHOH pexa, 'ITO 06YCJIOBJI,! saer «6J1H30CTb», «CXO,D,CTBO» oaaavaiouiero H 03Ha'laeMOrO [Bananroa, 1984, c. 159, ..

34 i

, t

- . ~,

t.Cyw.eCTBeHHbl pa3JlHl[HH 5IM H XM C TOl[KH 3peHHH HX JleKCHl[eCKOrO cr aryca. ECJlH 5IM npencrasaaer co6oi1 CaMOCTOHTe,1bHYIO JleKCH4eCKYIO e.ll.HHHUY, OTHOCHTeJIbHO CB060.ll.HO acrynaiouryio B ceMBHTH4eCKHe CBH3H H peaJlH3yeMYlO B P83HOo6p83H~X JIeKCH4eCKHX OKpy)l(eHHHX, TO XM He HMeeT TaKOM JleKCH4eCKOM caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTII - OHa scerna CBH3aH8 co «CBOHM» KOHTeKCTOM. Oco6eHHOCTH KOHTeKCTY8JlbHOM 06YCJIOBJIeHHOCTH XM 6blJIH onHC8HbI B. H. TeJIHeM:

XM (H83b1B8eM8H TemleM «pe4eBoM». - r. C.) «HCXO.ll.HT» H3 KOHKpeTHoro KOHTeKCTa; poxcaaerca H CYUJ.eCTByeT B KOHTeKCTe, pacrraziaHCb BMeCTe C HHM; KOHHOT8THBHble rrpH3H8KH, C03.l1.alOUJ.He MeTa<j:>opy, ljJOKYCHPYIOTCH TOJIbKO B paxxax .aaaaoro JleKCH4eCKoro aariopa [TeJlIUI, 1977, c. 194].

,lleHcTBHTeJIbHO, BHe CBH3H C KOHTeKCTOM He 'MO)l(eT 6bITb onpeneJleHa ceMaHTHl[eCKaH CYUJ.HOCTb XM. I\oHTeKcT .lI.JlH XM - He «oopaxneaae», He <j:>OH, .lI.a)l(e He «TII1TaTeJlbHaH cpena», B KOTOPOH MO)l(eT cymecTBoBaTb MeTa<j:>opa, 11, co6CTBeHHO ceM8HTH4eCKaH Cy6CT8HUHH xeratpopsr, ee conepscaaoe, xoropoe nanexo He acerna .nerko p83JlO)!<HTb na «<j:>OKYC» H «P8MKY» (BOCnOJIb3yeMcH snecs TepMHHOJIOfHei1 5Jl3Ka, XOTH CYW.eCTBYIOT H npyrae H8HMeHOB8HHH .lI.JlH 0603H84eHHH uenrpa MeTa<j:>opbl H aeooxoaaaoro .lI.JlH ee BocnpHHTHH JleKCHl[eCKOrO OKpY)l(eHHH): Ha CTe/C/w eesuocru y'J/Ce neeno Moe Ouxanue, uoe renao (M8H.lI.eJIbWT8M). bonsuia» Bcenennan B JlIOAbKe Y.-IWJlefibKOU eesnoctu cnur (M8H.lI.eJlbWT8M).

f ,ll8)!(e B CJIYl[8HX KOHTeKCTHoro p83BepTblB8HHH 5IM KOHTeKCT TBK)!(eHBJlHeTCH He «OKpy)!(eHHeM», 8 C8MOH CYTblO XM. Cp8BHHM T8KHe 5IM, K8K JlI00C/cOU BOOOBOPOT, nut» C06blTUU H HX oopasnoe BOTIJIOUJ.eHHe B xY.ll.O)l(eCTBeHHoM TeKCTe: Ouu nOTepJlAUCb B TOAne, cae HOBblU YHUBepcaM, a PJliJOM C nus: 06YBHOU, U /l100U TaM UiJYT, /Ca/C eosnu iJBYX C/lUBalOU{UXCf/. pete, - nenensu: JlI00C/cOU BOiJOBOPOT paCTaU{UJl UX 8 paesue croponu. (MaKaHHH. O.ll.HH H onaa.) Otipasno 20BOPJl, nus» eeo 'J/CU3HU MepHO CTpYUJlaCb U3 I.f.bUX-TO 60JICeCTBefifibiX pu«, CIWJlb3UJlQ Me:>!C nansuee. Be3 U3JlUUlHeU crpeuurensnocru, 6e3 06Pbl80B U Y3Jl08, ona, BTa nurs, HaXOOUAaCb 8 P08HOM. U HeCUAbfiOM. fiaTf/.'J/CeHUU U /lUUlb BpeMeHaM.U «eunoeo npoeucana. (BHTOB. IlyurKIfJ.lCKHH .lI.OM.)

K CKa3aHHOMY cnenyer .lI.068BHTb, 4TO MHHHM8JIbHblM xeraoopa- 4eCKHM KOHTeKCT KaK «YK83aTeJlbHbIM MHHHMyM» [Illsenosa, 1982, c. 144], He06xo.lI.HMb1H .lI.JlH pe8JIH3aUHH H aocnpuarus 5IM, 06Jl8.l1.aeT .Ll.OCTaT04HO )l(eCTKHM KOHCTPYKTHBHblM O<j:>opMJleHHeM H :2.THM npuaUHTIHaJlbHO OTJlH4SeTCH OT csooonaoro KOHTeKCTa XM I [JIHcoTa, 1962; 4epKacoBa, 1968; ApYTIOHoBa, 1978a, 19796; T~HH, 1980, 19? 1 ; Becca paooaa, 1987].

! r Jly60KHe pa3JIH4HH Me)l(,ll.Y 5IM H XM o6HapY)I(HBalOTCH TaK:>Ke ua ypoane ceM8HTH4ecKoH CTPYKTYPbI MeT8<j:>opH4ecKoro 3H84eHHH. J13 5IM npa sceii CJlO:>KHOCTH csoero YCTPOHCTB8 see )l(e nozmaercs C1:I?YKTyp.HpoBaHHIO If nonseneamo TIO.ll. TiITIOBble cxeMbI (cv. rJI. 2).

"l--13secTH3 M npOTMSOnOJIO)J{HaS! TO'lKa 3peHHH: «3Ha'leHHH B n03T[{l{eCKOM H3b1Ke soc~pHHMMaIOTcfl onocpenosaaao, KaK 6bl H3.llaJIeKa» lll106ya, c. 46]. Ca. TaK)J{e [Pli<pq,a-

, Tep, c. 72]. .

3'

35

lITO KaCaeTC51. YCTpoi1cTBa Jl3 XM, TO B 3TOH otinacru HCCJIe.u.OBaHHH i Mbl pa3.u.eJI51.eM TOllKY 3peHHH, COrJIaCHO KOTOPOH Ka)K.u.aH XM yHHKaJIbHa, He conOCTaBHMa no CBoeM ceMaHTHlIeCKOM crpyxrype C npyraMH XM. ECJIH B crpyxrype 7JM Ha60p ceMaHTHlIeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB, KaKHM 6bl MHOrOLIHCJIeHHbIM OH" HH 6bIJI, see »ce HCLIHCJIHM, TO B XM OH rro CYlll.eCTBY 6ecrrpe.u.eJIeH-:rBoJIb<p, 1979, c. 133]. ITpH3HaHHe uenoBTOPHMOCTH Ka)K.u.oH rr03TH"IeCKOH <PHrYPbl KaK CBOHCTBa ee a6COJIIOTHOH YHHKaJIbHOCTH (vro ztenaer rporrsr nenocrynaun a renepannaaUHH) npusonar DHpBHwa K OTpHuaHHIO caMOH B03MO)KHOCTH paspa-

__ 60TKH reopan CTpyKTYPbI n03TH4eCKHX TeKCTOB [Bierwisch, S. 50J.

YIcCJIe.u.OBaHHe 7JM npa CHCTeMHOM nonxoae H BbIHBJIeHHH THnOB HarrpaBJIeHHH MeTa<popHLIeCKHX nepeaocos TaK)Ke 06HapY)KHJIO npnnuannansnue H rJIy60KHe pa3JIWIHSl Me)K.uy paCCMaTpHBaeMbIMH BH.u.aMH MeTacpop, rJIaBHOe H3 KOTOPbIX 3aKJII04aeTCH B TOM, -rro 7JM HMeeT CHCTeMHblH xapaxrep, T. e. oopaayercs H <PYHKUHoHHpyeT nq 3aKOHaM H3blKOBOH CHCTeMbl, a XM B 3TOM OTHoweHHH BHeCHCTeMHa,' [~JIHpeBCKa5l, 19876, c. 64] (CM. rJI. 5).-'

r Taxosu H3BeCTHbie B .nareparype pa3JIH4HH Me)K.u.y 7JM H XM. I

. TeM He xeuee B OTelleCTBeHHblX H aapyriexcnux patior ax, rrOCB5I-

uieanux JIHHrBHCTHlIeCKOMY aHaJIH3Y MeTa<popbl, 7JM H XM, KaK npaBHJIO, paCCMaTpHBaIOTC5I KaK e.u.HHbIH 06beKT HCCJIe.u.OBaHH5I (cp. npuae.aeausre asnrre THrrOJIOrHH 7JM). H3BeCTHbi H TeopeTH4eCKHe 060CHOBaHH5I raxoro nonxona, B 4aCTHOCTH 060CHOBaHHe, nannoe B. H. TeJIHeH: «<PaKTbl aeropcxoro CJIOBoyrroTpe6JIeHHH CTOJIb xce HeOTbeM-; JIeMOe .u.OCT05lHHe )KHBOrO 513bIKa, KaK H HopMaTHBHo <pHKCHpOBaHHaH C04eTaeMOCTb CJIOB» [TeJIHSl, 1981, c. 12].

C 3THM rpyzmo COrJIaCHTbCH. ITocTaBJIeHHbie PSl.u.OM B npene.nax oanoro HCCJIe.u.OBaTeJIbCKOrO TeKCTa, 7JM H XM no KOHTpacTY euie OT4eTJIliBee o6HapY)KHBaIOT npucyurne HM pa3JIH4HSl. XM rrpHHUHnHaJIbHO He cnococua COCTaBHTb O.u.HH pH.u. C 7JM - C 06LUeH3BeCTHbIMH, 06menOHHTHbIMH JIeKCH4eCKHMH cpe.u.CTBaMI1, JIerKO OTbICKI1BaeMbIMH cpena .u.PYrHX BCHKHH paa, KaK B HHX rrOHBJIHeTCH KOMMYHHKaTHBHaH norpeonocrs (npnvepu CM. ssnne). B OTJIl1l1He OT 7JM, XM He MO)KeT 6bITb npeacraaneaa aHOHHMHO.

o e)l.HHCTBe aBTopCKHX H 06lll.e5l3b1KOBb1X MeTa<pOp, nO-BH.u.HMOMY, MO)KHO rosopars B TOM rinaue, 4TO cyocrparov (HCXO.u.HbIM MaTepl1aJIOM) B TOM H B .apyroa CJIY4ae HBJI5IeTCH 06LUl1H .u.JI5I scex (KaK .u.JIH cpe.aaero HOCHTeJIH H3b1Ka, TaK H .u.JIH rrHCaTeJIH) H3bIK.

YITaK, Mbl HCXO.u.I1M H3 Toro, LITO 7JM H XM KaK 51BJIeHHH oouier-o H3blKa Haxo.u.HTC5I B CJIO)KHbIX H npornsopevaaax CB5I351X H OTHOll1eHH- 5lX: 06UJ.HM .u.JI5I HHX HBJIHeTCH nCHXOJIHHrBHCTH4eCKoe (H rrCHXOJIOrHxecxoe) CBOHCTBO nepeneceaas HaHMeHOBaHHH C onnoro npenxer a aa .u.pyroH aa OCHOBaHHH cxoncrna. lITO KaCaeTC5I COOTHoweHIHI 5IM H XM B JIHHrBHCTHLIeCKOM nnaue (rro ceMaHTHlJeCKHM, HOMHH.aTHB-

7 BnOJlHe nOHHTHo, 'lTO Mbl He HMeeM B BH.u.y CHCTeMbl 06pa3HbiX cpencra roro HJlII asoro nHCaTeJIH (HJlIi npOIi3Be.!l.eHHH), B xoropue BXO.u.HT XM, a 'ratoxe cHcTeMHorol . xapaxrepa n03TH'leCKOrO aasnca (KaK Ii 513blKa xynoacecraeanoa aareparypu B ueJlOM).

[CM. Fparopsea, 1979, c. 78]. ~

36

~HbIM, KOMMYHHKaTHBHbIM H ,npYrHM CBOHCTBaM), TO 3,neCb Me)K,ny : Hl1MH 06HapY)KHBaIOTCH rJly60KHe pa3JlHLJHH npHHUHnHaJlbHOrO xapaxrepa. 5IM HMeeT CHCTeMHblH xapaxrep, 06beKTHBHa (orpaxcaer KOJIJIeKTHBHble npe,nMeTHO-JlOrH4eCKHe CBH3H), BbIITOJlHHeT KOMMYHHKaTl1BHYIO ¢yHKUHIO, «aHOHHMHa», BOCnpOH3BO,nHMa. XM BHeCHCTeMsa, cy6'beKTHBHa (orpaxcaer HH,nHBH,nyaJlbHbIH B3r JIH,n aa MHp), BblnOJIHHeT 3CTeTH4eCKYIO ¢YHKUHIO, coxpaaser «aBTopCTBO», 06JIa,naeT MaKCHMaJlbHOH CHB.rarMaTH4eCKoH 06YCJlOBJleHHOCTbIO, YHHKaJIbHa, nesocn POH3BO,nH Ma .'

K 060CHOBaHHIO-o6'beKTa nauiero HCCJleJ.LOBaHHH Heo6xoJ.LHMO J.LO- 6aBl1Tb CJIe,nYIOLUee. Hsopas 06'beKTOM 5IM H OTrpaHH4HB ee OT XM, Mbl TeM He MeHee CTpOHM caoe HCCJleJ.LOBaHHe aa MaTep!:!aJIe XYJ.LOlKeCTBeHHOH JlHTepaTypbl. B 3TOM HeT npOTHBope4HH. Be,nb!XYJ.LO)KeCTaeHHble TeKCTbI (BO BCHKOM CJIYl.!ae, MHorHe H3 HHX) ccnepxear B CBoeM

, COCTaBe KaK rponu, TaK H 06bll.!Hble 06u.r,eyrroTpe6HTeJlbHble, 06LUeAocTynHble Bblpa)KeHHH, B HX 4HCJIe H 5IM.;Mbl oT611paeM ,nJIH aHaJIH3a 5IM, OCTaBJlHH B CTopOHe see, 4TO COCTaB"J1HeT CneLl,H¢HKY aaropcxoro CTl:l,JIH 11 aecer aa ce6e 3CTeTl14eCKYIO HarpY3KY.

I,UJIH J.LaJIbHeHWero 060CHOBaHHH 06'beKTa l1CCJIe,nOBaHHH HaM He- 06X(0)J,HMO OCTaHOBHTbCH aa ceMaHTH4eCKHX HBJIeHHHX, xoropsre MorYT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH KaK BapHaHTbI 5IM H XM. BapHaHTOM XM MbI C4HTaeM npexcne scero p H TOp H 4 e C K Y 10 MeTa¢opy, BbI)J,eJIeHHYIO H onl1caHHYIO B csoe BpeMH A. B. DeJIbCKHM. PH TOp H 4 e C K H M H

~a3BaHbI MeTa¢opbI, He 06Jla)J,aIOLUHe HH)J,HBH)J,yaJIbHOCTbIO, ynorpeor JIHeMble MHOrHMH asropaxa, 3TO csoero pona «xynoxcecreeunue I nrraunu», KJlHWe, C OCJIa6JIeHHbIM HJ1H BqJ;l,Ce YTpa4eHHbiM 06pa3HbIM I 3JJeMeHTOM H 3CTenl4eCKHM nOTeHUHaJ10M(naYTUHa AJlCU, U3YMPYObl I AUCT8bl, 3aKaI J/CU3HU H T. n.) [5eJ1bCKHH, C. 129; CM. TaK)Ke 5I3HKoBa, I c. 127, 130].; K PHTopH4ecKoH MeTa¢ope, no aaureuy MHeHHIO, OTHO; CflTCH see CJI~aH OJIHueTBOpeHHH (Aec yCHyA, Mope ouuiano, «ascuiu

[menTaA, co.nnue csceetcsi, «auen» ne-uinen H T. )J,.). .

I. Hapany C PHTopH4eCKOH MeTa¢opoH, KOTopaH npe)J,cTaBJIHeT col .. 60H xY)J,O)KeCTBeHHble urraanu, B 60JIbWeH HJlH MeHbweH CTeneHH l HeHTpaJIH30BaBlllHeC51 B 06lll.eM H3bIKe (XOTH H He CTaBWHe ero 3J1e~ MeHTaMH), Mbl C4HTaeM L1,eJleC006pa3HbIM BblJ.LeJIHTb nOT e H U H-

a JI b H Y 10 rIM. K n O'T e H LI, H a JI b H bl M 5IM Mbl OTHOCHM TaKHe I MeTa¢opbl, xoropue no rany nepeuoca, 110 xapaxrepy ,neHoTaTHBHoH

.~f ... CBH3H, no KOHTeKcTyaJIbHOH 06YCJlOBJIeHHOCTH H no J.LpyrHM CBOHCTBaM t- He nporusopenar 5IM, 06pa3YIOTC51 no 3aKOHaM 5IM, XOTH npu 3TOM ~ He HBJIHIOTCH Y3yaJIbHblMH H 06blQHO He ¢HKCHPYIOTC51 B CJlOBapHX, He l." .• Q>YHKll.HOHHPYIOT B assrxe aa npaaax rOTOBblX JleKCH4eCKHX eJ.LHHHU. I HanpHMep:napa¢Uf-108hlU '6eJIblH, n0J1ynp03pa4HblH'; 03epo 'orpaHHf lIeHHOe npOCTpaHCTBO, 3aHRToe 4eM-J1.'; ruuuiuecsuu 'ry6HLUHH, YHHQl TO)!{aIOlll.HH QTO-Jl.'; OT Aa.Mbl8aTbC5I 'HC4e3aTb H3 na MRTH'; C8eJICUU

r '3aHOBO B03HHKlllHH, n051BHBWHHC51'; ¢aCOAUHbl 'MeJIKl1e 6JIeCT51IlI.l1e . I: npezjaersr OBaJIbHOH <P0PMbI' H T. ,nJ

' . Ilpuaepsi:

r· Ha 6AeOf-lblX napatpunoeux uiesax eeo noueuianucs npu.auscnou: ceoue 6aKeH6apObl. (I1JIb¢ H Ilerpos. 30JIOTOH TeJ1eHOK.). Mapeapu-

37

, I

ra ... Y6UOeAa noo COOOIO He JzeCHYIO TbMY, a opoocauiee osepo ,ltO-,

CKOBCKUX oenea. (13YJ1raKOB. Macrep 11 MaprapHTa.) OH nepeuepn.; HYIl j:TpaHuu,y :JICUpHbLM f1.epHbUf. KapaHoaULOM, KOTOPbLii. eceeoa ucnOllb30BQIl O.MI nasauecxou pa60TbL - 3aLfepKU6aTb, BbLLfepKUBaT6. (TPI1CPOHOB. BpeMH 11 MeCTO.) flOf1.eMY :JICeHU{UHbL 'npuesisanu K npo- . Ul.AOMY 20pa300 scensuie, «ex MY:JICf1.UHbL? Il peocns« :JICU3Hb OT sauueaercsi Y HUX «aeceeoa. (TPHCPOHOB. BpeMH H MeCTO.) MY:JICLfUHa ... CKa·. san C H.eO:JICUOaHHOU CBe:JICeii. 3A060u: «Haoo HaYLfUTbCfl, HaKOHel.{, Y81.l:JICaTb npaeu.aa 06U{e:JICUTUfl». (TPI1CPOHOS. BpeM5I 11 MeCTO.) jJeBICU Ul.UPOKO, TOACT02y60 3aYAbl6aAUCb, tinecm KpynHbLMu cjJaCOAUHaM.U 3y606. (Hocos. nOMOH aa MaTepblO.)

3TI1 MeTacpopbl H3BJ1e4eHbI 113 TeKCTOB xYLlO)KeCTBeHHOH J1HTepaTY· pbI, O,l.I.HaKO HeT HHKaKHX npenHTCTBHH LlJ1H OTpbIBa Ka)KLlOH 113 HI1X OT «csoero» KOHTeKCTa, ,nJ1H paCWl1peHHH KOHTeKcTyaJ1bHbIX CB5I3ei1: naptubunoean pYKa, KUCTb, AaOOHb, naptubunoeoui A06, HOC, n08'1 60pOOOK, napadiunoeoe AUU,O; osepo 20AOB, 3eAeH.U, u,BeT08; naAaf1.8·1 cxue ueroiiu, iieucreti«; orsaxueaercsi npouoioe, MOAOOOCTb, AIO- 60Bb; C6e:JICafl HeHaBUCTb, 60Ab, paiioct» H T. rr. Kpove TOrO,J1erKOCTbI BXO)K.ll,eHI1H nOTeHUHaJ1bHOH 5IM B 06LUHH H3bIK 06YCJ10BJ1eHa TeM, liTO! 06bILJHO OHa nonnepacasaercs aHaJ10rHeH, cp.: napadiunoeoe AUU,O -I BOCKOBoe AUU,O; osepo oenea - Mope oeueu; cjJaCOAUHbl 3y60B -! 20g_OUlUHbl 2Aa3 11 T. n.

I OOTeHUl1aJ1bHaH 5IM CTPOI1TCH H3 roro )Ke MaTepl1a.'la, LJTO 11 o6bI4Ha5I 5IM (T. e. I1MeeT CXO,UHbIH Ha60p cev) , H no TeM )Ke npI1H·~ unnax. Pa3.1HLJI1H npOHB.1HIOTCH B oo.lbwel1 06pa3HOCTH f10TeHUll· aJ1bHOH 5IM - B ee KOHKpeTHOCTI1, HarMI,nHocTH H KapTHHHoCTH. OpaKTH4eCKH 3TI1 cBOHCTsa ,nOCHlraIOTcH caMbIMH npocruxn cpeaCTBaMH, K KOTOPbIM MoryT 6bITb OTHeceHbI cnenyiounre: HeCTaHLlapT' HaH CO'-leTaeMOCTb (cp. B3pbLB He2000BaH.UR. H eepeie neepacrenuui; ynorpeo.aeaue nepnaara 5IM (cp, uenkan ruismt» - euenu noc» CAO- 80; 2HUTb B 6e30ellCTBUU - OOCHU6aTb; 2YCTOU 20.ll0C - 20AOC C2YCTUACfl II T. n.}; COOTHeceHHe MeTacpopHLJeCKOrO 3Ha4eHI15I. He c pO,nOBbIM, a C BI1,nOBbIM nOHHTlIeM (cp. KAO'1.bfl .~ty3blKU 11 K.lI.O'tbJ! 6aca, renopai: yrIOTpe6J1eHlIe CI1HOHHMa 5IM (cp. eenuue C Sanaoa H CKB03HflK C Sanaoa; KUCAoe BbLpa:JICeHUe - YKCYCHoe eupascenuei H T. n. OOBbIweHHaH 06pa3HOCTb noreuunam-uoa 5IM npenarcrsyer ee BXO)K.ll,eHHIO B 06UlHH H3bIK.

0pIIMepbI: ,

OTpaBAeHHbLU B3PbLBOM He6paCTeHUU, n03T flOKQLfHYACR. (13yJ1ra· KOB. Macrep 11 MaprapHTa.) H3 Bce20 BblKPU1('HYT020 :JICeHU{UHOU B paccrpoennuu M032 HBaHa HUKoAaeBUf1.a Bu,enUJLOCb OOHO CAOBO: «AHHYUlKa». (13YJ1raKOB. MaCTep 11 MaprapHTa.) C YAbl6KOU npeeocXOOCTBa OH 2.1lflOeA «a OOUHOKUX H3nMaHOB, OOcHU6alOU{UX noa BbLBecKaMU: «TOP20BAfl T06apaMU KaMBOAbHOcO rpecra E. A. Jleiitiedee», «Il ap-ca U qreap» OAR uepkeea U KAy60B» UAU «EaKa.lleUIWR Aa6K.a X. P06UH30H U M. Il sscrnuua». (l1J1bCP 11 OeTpOB. 30J10TOH Te,leHOK.) Iloeoaeuas: .1!aJWKpOBue.}l OeBYWK.a. (13YJlraKOB. MaCTep 11 Maprapnta.) jJOHOCUAUCb K.IlO'tbfl TO a2aneHOBCK020 6aca, TO ilUKo,f cnaCT06CK020 renopa. (13YJ1raKoB. Tearpansuus pOMaH.) flbLTOt{,~

38

flOCTb uucnei; COCTOflJla 8 TOM, 'iTO OH He Mae - He 6btJlO CUJl - pasMblutAflTb noopotino U 8 OTOeJlbHOCTU. (TPHCPOHOB. Bpeva H MecTO.) - TOJ/Ce «er, - OTBeTUJl BOJlaHO, U eonoc eeo CeYCTUJlCfl U nOTeK Hao cKaAaMu. (5YJlfaKOB. MaCTep II MaprapIITa.) Pannua PYCCKUU CUM- 80)lU3M 6blJl CUJlbHeUUlUM CKB03liflKOM C Sanaoa. (MaHneJIbLUTaM. Byp5I H HaTHCK.) 06HUMaJ'lCb, o6a tip ara ucxoca noe nsuiueasu na npeoCeOaTeJlfl, C nuua KOTOpOeO He CXOOUJlO YKCYCHoe eupaocenue. (J1JIbCP H ITeTpOB. 30JIOTOH TeJIeHOK.)

513b1KoBaSi MeTa<l>opa H 6e3Q6pa3HOe npOH3BO.ll.HOe 3HalJeHHe

r ECJ1H npencrasnrs 06pa3HbIH nOTeHI1,Ha:J1 CJ10Ba B snne «LUKaJIbI 06pa3HOCTH», TO aa OLl,HOM ee KOHl1,e (c MaKCHMaJIbHOH CTeneHbIO 06pa3HOCTH) OKa)KeTC5I XM, a aa npyroa (c HYJIeBOH creneusio 06pa3HOCTH) - OTBJIe4eHHaH JIeKCHKa, KOTOpa5! HH npa KaKHX yCJIOBIH!X He MO)KeT MeTaq)OpH30BaTbC51 (aanpuxep: «renue, eputiocrs, sareeopus, " L£UCTOTa, nanp ae.nenue, tbanrasusi, CMblCJl, K.pUTepUU, cyU{H.OCTb, OJlUTeJlbHOCTb H T. zr.), Me)KLl,Y 3THMII nOJIIOCaMH pacnpe,Ll,eJ15!IOTC51 see OCTaJIbHble JIeKCH4-eCKl1e etJ,HHlIl1,bl, HaHLl,YT TaM csoe MeCTO H 5IM, H 6 e 3 6 6 P a 3 Hoe n p 0 H 3 B 0 JJ. Hoe 3 H a 4 eHHe [5IT3].

Ha He06xoJJ.HMOCTb paarpaaauaaar s, He CMeLUHBaTb MeTacjJopHqe-

CKHe (oopaaaue) H 6e306pa3Hble npoaaaonnue 3HaqeHH5I (BTOpH4Hble fFHOMHHaTHBHble, HOMHHaTHBHo-npOH3BOLl,Hble) YKa3bIB<.t_I B. B. BHHOr rpanos [Bauorpanoa, 19536, c. 12].

I, O.II.HaKO pasrpana-nrn, 3TH HBJleHHH He scerna JIerKO. 06 3TOM CBHLl,eTeJIbCTBYIOT TeKCTbl JIIIHrBIICTH4eCKHX HCCJIeJJ.oBaHHH, rne 6e3- 06pa3Ha51 JIeKCIiKa paccxarpaaaercs B OJJ.HOM pHJJ.y C MeTacpopoH, II nOKa3aHHH CJIOBapeH, rzte nOMeToH «Il epen.» Hepe.11.KO KBaJIHcpIIUH-

PYIOTC51 He TOJIbKO MeTacpopH4eCKHe nepeaocsr, HO H npyrae ransr nOJ1HCeMHH: paCLUHpHTeJIbHOe IIJlH CY)KeHHOe 3Ha4eHlIe, KaJIbKH, CPYH-

I KUHOHaJIbHblH nepenoc Ii T . .11.. B J1HHrBI1CTHQeCKHX I1CCJIe.11.0BaHH51X B xavecrse npaxepos xeraqiop MO)KHO BCTpeTHTb 5IT3, nanpaxep: ! aeroeptup, anutiu, aurpaxr, OUa2H.03, OUHaCTUfl, ducneraep, OY3Jlb, i)y:n, xaeaxsxaoa, KBapTeT, K8UH.TeT, H.080CeJlbe, nponucxa, CTapT

H np. [PaXMaHOBa, c. 138]; «nan (H.11.epHbIH), 2paoyc (BHHMaHH5I) H np. [Beccapariosa, 1987, c. 161].

CJ10BapH TaK)Ke aepenxo OTMeqaIOT 6e306pa3Hble npoaaaonaue 3Ha4eHHH KaK MeTacpopH4ecKHe: 6oPb6a (lIYBcTBa 11 .11.oJIra), sanae (CJIOB, 3HaHI1H), U3MepJ'lTbCJ'l (cana JJ.PY)K6bl H3MepHeTcH aepaocrsio}, I IWJlu6p (sxanasca pasaoro KaJIH6pa), KJlOKOTaH.Ue (naposoaa). KOJle, sasue (reaneparypsr) , KOJlOPUT (ponaaa) , KOCH.YTbCJ'l (sonpoca), ! spenut» (060POHY), KYJlbMUH.a/.{ufl (oTHoLUeHHH), KYAbT (JIH4HOCTH), r KYPC (B nOJIHTHKe), xaciurati (napoaaaas), npeiie» ()KH3HH), npet oucnoeue (JJ.eHcTBoBaTb 6e3 npe.11.HCJlOBHH), npeJl100UJ'l (6051), npoe«-

I{UJ'l (4YBcTBa), nponoe (C06bITHH), crauoapr (B KHHO), craruxa

". ()!{H3Hll), ueurp (C06hITHH) H T. JJ.. [5AC]. CJleJJ.yeT OTMeTHTb, lITO

rMHOfHe 113 nepe411CJIeHHbIX CJIOB B CBOHX HCXOJJ.HblX 3Ha4eHHHX npenCTaBJIHIOT aocrpaxrnsre nOH5lTH5! inpoexuue, cranoapr H .11.p.) , nosro-

• 39

:-'lY HX MeTa¢OpH'.JeCKOe, T. e. 06pa3HOe, nepeocz'ucneuue rrpHHUHIlIi aJ1bHO HeB03MO)KHO.

Kparepneu pa3rpaHH4eHHH 5IM H 503 MO)KeT CJlY)KHTb pa3JlH4He B x ap axrepe ceMbI, CBH3blBalOLUeH HCXO)l.HOe 3Ha4eHHe C npOH3BO)l.HblM B TOM H B )l.pyroM CJlY4ae. 0pHMemlTeJlbHO K 5IM TaKOH CeMOH CJlYIKlll 4YBCTBeHHblM npH3H3K, HepeJleB3HTHbIH )l.JlH ,UeHOT3THBHOM 4aCTH HC· XO)l.HOrO J13 HJlH BOBce He BXO)l.HLUHH Bee crpyxrypy H OTHOCHllI.HHCH K KOHHOTaUI1H (ynpouiaa npocneny, MbI npencras.naea ne.no TaK, KaK eCJ111 6bl CBH3b Me)K)l.Y I1CXO)l.HbIM 11 MeTacpopH4eCKI1M 3Ha4eHHHMH oCYLUeCTBJl5IJI O)l.HH npnsuax, XOTH 06bI4HO B 3TOM CPYHKIlJ1H BblcTynael ueJlblH Ha60p npH3HaKOB (CM. r,n. 4).

OpI1MeHI1TeJlbHO K 503 TaKaH ceaa MO)KeT 6blTb onpeae.neua KaK OTBJle4eHHbiM npH3HaK, BbI4JleH5IeMbIM JlOrH4eCKHM nYTeM KaK 3JleMeHl CXO)l.CTBa no cpopMe, npocrpaacrseuaoa J10KaJlH3aUHH, CPYHKUHH H T. n., peJIeBaHTHblH KaK )l.JlH npoaasohaor-o. T3K H ,UJ15I I1CXO,UHoro 3Ha4eHHH H He BHOCHLUHH B CJlOBO A06aB04HbIX 3KcnpeCCHBHbIX, 3MOTHBHblX HJlH OUE:H04HbIX npHpaLUeHHH. OH H Y4acTByeT B cpOPMIi· POB3HHH 6e306pa3Horo npOH3BO)l.HOrO 3Ha4eHH5I KaK 06LUHM ceaaarn- 4eCKHH 3JleMeHT: IW.IlOH.H.a 30aH.Ufl - KO.llOH.H.a OeMOH.CTpaH.CTOB (06· LUHH ceMaHTH4ecKHH 3JleMeHT - ceva «BbIT5!HYTbIH H Y3KHM»); iouxeu: uta postns: - «naeuuia rupu.ra unpueseuus: (06LUHl1 ceMaHTH4ecKHH! 3,leMeHT - CXO)l.CTBO CPYHKUHH); TlopeM.liafl IWMepa - IcaMepa Mfl'faj (06LUHI1 ceMaHTH4ecKHH 3J1eMeHT - c\eMa «3aMKHYToe npocrpan-' CTBO») H T. )l.. 503, B OTJlH4He OT 5IM, 06J1a)l.aeT ceMaHTH4ecKoi{~ caMOCT05!TeJlbHOCTblO: OHO BocrrpHHHMaeTCH 11 CYLUeCTByeT B 5I3bIKe! He3aBHCHMO OT HCXO)l.HOrO 3Ha4eHH5!, 4TO CBH,UeTe.lbcTByeT 0 ero HO'; MHHaTHBHOH caMOCT05!TeJlbHOCTH. I

Pa3JlH4HH Me)K)l.Y JIM H 5I13 B 0606LUeHHoM BHne MoryT 6blTbi cseneau B Ta6JlI1UY. (Cu. Ta6Jl. I.)

Ta6JIHua 1

Pa3JJII'IHlI Me>K)J,~ 1I3b1KOBOH MeTa<jlopoH II 6eso6pasHbiM npoHsBo)J,HblM 3Ha'leHHeM i

I, •

1. B ocaoae ceMaHTH4eCKoro CABHra JIe>KllT 3MnHpH4eCKIIH npH3HaK, HepeJIeBaHTHhlH AJIl1 ceMaHTII4eCKOH crpyxrypu HCXOAHOH ceMeMbl

2. HH3Kal1 HOMHHaTHBHaH 3Ha4HMOCTb (saBHCHMOCTh OT HCXOAHoro 3Ha4eHHl1)

3. Casas CJIOBeCHOro 3HaKa C AeHOTaTOM onocpeAoBaHa HCXOAHOH peaJIHeH (<<YA' soenae nesorara»). Ceaaxrasecxaa ABynJIaHOBOCTb

4. 3KcnpeCCHBHal1 H oueH04Ha51 nacsnnenHOCTb

,

------------------------------+----------------------------l

B OCHOBe ceMaHTH4ecK~ro cnaara JIe>KIlTf npH3HaK, BbI4JIeH5IeMbIH JIOrH4eCKHM ny·lt TeM, peJIeBaHTHblH AJlH ceMaHTH4ecKoH CTPYKTYPbl HCXO.llHOH ceMeMbi ~

Buccxaa HOMHHaTHBHaH 3Ha4HMOCTb ~ (OTHoCHTeJIbHaH caMoCTOHTeJIbHOcTb) ~ Henocpencraenaas CBH3b cnosecaoro] 3HaKa C .lleHOTaTOM. HeT .llBynJIaHOBOCTH~

5[13

t' 1

3KcnpeCCHBHaH H oueaovnas HE'HTpa.1b'! HOCTh

-»

40

f

.

f

. "3WKOBaH H reHeTH4eCKaH MeTa~Opa

( OPOH,D.H ,D.J1HTeJ1bHbIH rryrs pa3BHTHH B H3bIKe, MeTacpOpa J1H60

npeBpamaeTCH B a6CTpaKTHOe nOHHTHe (nOOa8UTb 80CCTaliUe, tWCbL ! UOyT, «acu OTCTaIOT, connue 8CTaeT H T. n.), J1H60 CTaHOBHTCH e,D.HHI1- i ueii HOMI1HaUHH, yrparua BC5lKYIO CBH3b C nepBOHa4aJ1bHbIM 06pa30M

H yxce He 06HapYiKHBaH HHKaKOH CTHJ1HCTH4eCKOH HJ1H 3KcnpeCCHBHOH Bblpa3HTeJ1bHOCTH (fiOC.IlOOKU, py'iKQ oeepu, cOP.IlbLUlKO 6YTbl.llKU, munica ctipui, ucnnnea eputia H T. n.).

Cyurecrayer uenas cepus TepMHHOS, onpenenaiouiax xap axrep «6bIBweH» MeTacpopbI: MeTacpopa «HOMHHaTHBHaH» (ApYTIOHOBa), «JleKCH4eCKaH, JleKCHKaJlH30SaHHaH, OKaMeHeBwaH, rrpHBbI4HaH, Mepraaa, CTepTaH» (AXMaHOBa), «reHenl'1eCKaH, TepMHHOJlOrU4eCKaH» (KOPOJ1bKOB), «O,D.HOCTOPOHHHH ceMaCHOJlOrH'1eCKaH» (Tax) , MeTacpopa «no npOHCXO)K,D.eHHIO, CTepwaHCH, n06J1eKWaH, sxcnerarpopa» (4epKaCOBa). TepMI1H r e H e T H '1 e C K a H MeT a cp 0 p a [fM] o606meHHO H ,D.OCTaT04HO T04HO orp axcaer cyumocr s aroro H3bIKOBOro HBJ1eHHH: nepBOHa4aJ1bHYIO MeTacpopH4HOCTb H' yTpaTY 06pa3HOCTH B COBpeMeHHOM sauxe, ceMaHTH4eCKHH pacn an CJlOBa - paspus CBH- 3H C HCT04HHKOM HaI1MeHOBaHHH. HMeHHO 3THMH 06CTOHTeJ1bCTBaMH 06YCJlOBJleHbI ace xapaxrepnue oc06eHHoCTH TaKOH JleKCHKH (ceuanTH4eCKHe, HOMHHaTHBHble, sxcnpeccuaaue H .ap.).

KaK Y)Ke ynoMHHaJ10Cb, fM 06bI4HO OTHOCHTCH HCCJle,D.OBaTeJlHMH ~K rnny 5IM. Onpene.nas fM KaK O,D.HOCTOPOHHIOIO ceMaCHOJlOrH4eCKYIO r MeTacpopy H npH3Has3H ee HOMHH3THBHblH xapaxrep (fiO:JfCKQ CTysa - e,D.HHCTBeHHoe 0603H34eHHe rrpe,D.MeT3), B. f. I'ax TeM He MeHee HaCTaHBaeT ua TOM, tITO TaKaH J1eKCH4eCK3H e,D.HHHUa CaXp3H51.eT cBOH MeT3cpopH4ecKHH CT3TYC: MeTacpop!14eCKHH xapaxrep HaHMeHOB3HHH coxpaHHeTCH 33 C4eT npOTHBorrOCT3BJleHH51. KOCBeHHoro H3HMeHOS3- HHH rrp51.MOMY [Fax, 1972, c. 150]. Cv. T3K)Ke [5I3HKoBa, 1962, c. 127-130].

MbI p3ccMaTpHB3eM fM HeKaK run (HJlH BapH3HT) 5IM, a KaK CMeiKHoe C 5IM ceMaHTH4eCKoe HBJleHHe. Oouiuocrs npOHCXO)K,D.eHH51. He ocecnexuaaer e,D.HHCTBa B CHHXPOHHOM n.naae. fM, B OTJlHtIHe OT 5IM, He 06Jla,D.aeT 06pa3HbIM 3JleMeHTOM, He 06HapY)KHBaeT ceMaHTH- 4eCKOH ,D.BOHCTBeHHOCTH, ceMaHTH4eCKH He3aBHCHM3. 4T06bl aocnpaHHTb I' M,He HY)KHO MbICJleHHO B03SP3lll.3TbCH K HCXO,D.HOMY 3Ha4eHHIO, T. e. TaKHe 0603Ha4eHHH, KaK «oc .IlOOKU, noscxa cru.na, CpYOfiafl K.IleTKa, KOCTU rasa H T. n., He COOTHOC51.TCH C 4aCTbIO JlHUa, HH)KHeH KOHe4HOCTblO, KJleTKOH ,D.Jl51 rrTI1UbI, npe,D.MeTOM ,D.OMaWHero 06HXO,D.a. ECJlH conOCTaBHTb ,D.eHOTaTHBHYIO CBH3b B 5IM KOPblTO (rinoxoe CY,D.HO) 11 fM Ta3 (4aCTb cxe.ner a 4eJlOBeKa), TO MbI 06HapY)KHM ceMaHTI14eCKYIO CBH3b C nepaonavansnua ,D.eHOTaTOM B nep aov CJlY4ae H ee OTCYTCTBl1e BO BTOpOM. HHbIMH CJlOSaMH, MbI BocnpHHHM3eM fM Ta3 HenOCpe,D.CTBeHHo, BHe CBH3H C nOHHTHeM, ,D.aBWHM HMrIYJlbC K pa3BHTI11O MeTacpopH4eCKoro 3Ha4eHHH, a ,D.JlH BOCnpH5ITHH 5IM KOPblTO npHXO,D.I1TCH MbIC.TIeHHO BepHYTbCH K I1CXO,D.HOMY 3Ha4eHHIO. ~ nJlH fM xap axrep aa yrpara MOTI1BHpOBaHHOCTH, asma.aeane sne;vleHTa CO~?CTaBJ]eHHH 113 ceMaHTH4.eCKOH CTPYKTYfbI caosa. Yrpara

'," 41 \;

,I'

I, »e ,

f

CBH311 C I1CXO)lHbIM 3Ha4eHI1eM B CeMaCI10.nOrI14eCKOM nn a ae 03Ha·

4aeT B03BpameHHe K ()6bI4HOH, HenOCpe)lCTBeHHOH )leHOTaTHBHOilJ OTHeceHHOCTI1: ecnn npa «1K11l30H» MeTa<pope Ha6mo)laeTCH )lBoij.f CTBeHHaH CBH3b C )leHOTaTOM (Y)lBOeHHe nenorara) , npH)lalOmaHI eH CeMaHTI14eCKYlO )lBynJIaHOBOCTb, TO B I' M - HenOCpe)lCTBeHHaHt CBH3b C HOBblM )leHOTaTOM, 6e3 COOTHeceHHH C nepBOHa4a.nbHbIM,1 HHblMH CJIOBaMH, F M B CHHxpOHI14eCKOM nnaue aocnpnun aaercsj KaK nepBH4HaH HOMHHaUH5I (ApYTlOHOBa). . i

fM, TaKHM o6pa30M, .nHweHa scex npH3HaKOB 5IM (ocpaaao] ern, ABynJIaHOBOCTH, oueaosnux H APYrHX KOHHOTaUHH). Y4HTbI·i BaH 3TH 06CT05'ITe.nbCTBa, Mbl paCCMaTpHBaeM fM KaK CMeIKHoe\ C 5IM H3blKOBoe HBJIeHl1e, a He KaK TI1[1 5IM.

BMeCTe C TeM cyuiecrayer fM, YTpaTHBwaH )lBynJIaHOBbIH xa-: paxrep, HO coxpanasuraa KOHHOTaTHBHoe conepxcaaae (3MOUHO':

HaJIbHOCTb, 3KcnpeCCHBHOCTb, oueaxy). Bonee ror-o, B onpenenes-,

" HblX p aapaaax TaKOH .neKCHKH 3KcnpeCCHBHOCTb aanoaaaer zreno-i TaTHBHYlO 4aCTb ceMaHTHKH fM. Cp.: 3ac803i71w, «apea, MopOKa,1 060PMOT, OAyX, cpUCKaA, 80AOKUTUTb, 80AblHUTb, KaHUTeAUTb, KAflHIiUTb, Kypa~uTbCfl 11 T. n. HeT IKI1BOH CBH3H C nepaoaasamHblM HaHMeHOBaHHeM, 3Ha411T, HeT 11 MeTa<popbl. l..J.To6bl YCTaHOBI1Tb YTpa4eHHYlO CBH3b C HCT04HHKOM MeTa<popH3aUI1H B cnoaax raxoro pona, rrpHXO)lHTCH oripauiarscs JIH60 K 3THMOJIOrH4eCKOMY aHaJIH· 3Y, .nH60 K CBe)leHHHM 113 )lpyrHx H3bIKOB, JIH60 K <paKTaM HCTOPHH:

OAyX - 'uesexca, nypas' - 113 craporo 80AyX (naCTYX BO.nOB) ~ 60A8aH - '6eCTo.nKOBbIH, rJIynblH 4eJIOBeK' - H3 craporo 60A8aH (nypoaa): OblAoa - '4eJIOBeK BblCOKoro pOCTa' - 113 no.nbCKoro dyl (noncaaua) ; KAflH'f.UTb - 'nonpouranunua n,' - 113 no.nbCKoro kleczec (rracrt, aa Ko.neHl1); scuxarsc« - 'cKHTaTbcH, HCnbITblBaH HylK)ly, nessrcnu' - H3 )lHa.neKTHoro MblKQTb (uecart, .neu, neusKY); KQPcQ - 'caapnasas, 3.na5I H.nH 6e306pa3Ha5I crapyxa' - 113 )ll1aJIeKTHOro KQPeQ (sopoaa}: cjJUCKQA- 'H6e)lHHK, )lOHOC4HK'B snoxy Ilerpa I )lOJIIKHOCTHoe .nHUO, nansnpaauree sa 3aKOHHO· CTblO AeHcTBHH npasurenscreeaaux Y4pe)K)leHHH. KaK BH.uHO H3 npaaenenaux npnxepos, peaJIHH, nocJIYIKI1BwaH HCT04HHKOM xeTa<popH3aUHH, .nH60 HC4e3JIa (cpUCKQA), .nH60 no TeM H.n11 -l1HblM npl1LfHHaM He 113BeCTHa 4JIeHaM ssuxosoro Ko.n.neKTI1Ba (OblAoa, KapeQ) .

,UpyroH BH)l 3MOUI10Ha.nbHoH MeTa<popbl COCTaB.nHlOT TaK naauaae-

r Mble «HHTeHCHBbl» (TepMI1H H. A. J1YKbHHOBOfi): 6aXHYTb, 6pflKHYTb, Cl/CQXHYTb, ocaput», rnnnut», XAeCTQTb, yXfiyTb H T. rr. B 3TOH .neKCI1Ke raxxce yrpaueaa CeMaHT114eCKaH CBH3b C HCXO)lHbIM 3Ha4eHHeM, HO coxpaaeua 3KcnpeCCHBHaH MOTI1BHpOBaHHOCTb - O)lHO 11 TO 1Kt C.nOBO MO)KeT 0603Ha4aTb pasasre HB.neHHH, aepenxo He 06HapYIKI1BalOw.He Hl1KaKHX BH)lHMbIX CBH3eH; TaK, r.naro.n X8aTUTb MO)KeT 0603Ha4aTh xaxoe yronno HHTeHCl1BHOe )leHCTBl1e: H3JIOB4HTbCH, ypsa'n, 4TO-JI., BbIllI1Tb, 6blCTPO r JIOTHYTb, nepeuecru, HCIIblTaTb 4TO-.n. THlKe.noe, )lonYCTI1Tb xpaiiuee npeYBeJ1H4eHl1e B LfeM-.n., HeO)KH)laHHO nopaaurs, CHJ1bHO ynapnrs, BHe3anHO Ha4aTb .ue.naTb 4TO-JI., rrOHBI1TbCH 6bICTPO,j BHe3aflHO. ,

42

K BH)],Y rM OTHOCHTCH, no aaurevy MHeHHIO, npo<jJeCCHOHaJIH3- MbI - HaHMeHOBaHHH OPY)],HH Tpy)],a, HX 4aCTeH, TPY)],OBbIX npoueCCOB . !1 T. n. no CXO)],CTBY C npe)],MeTaMH 6bITa, C 4aCTHMH 4eJIOBeQeCKOrO l rena, no aCCOUHaUI1H C :lKHBOTHbIMI1: K03eA '3acTbIBwHH MeTaJlJI', K03a 'BarOHeTKa', CBUI-LIW 'CJII1TOK MeTaJIJIa', zY3Ka 'JII1WHI1H KOHeu Y JIHTephI', UtKyplW 'Ha:IK)]'al.{HaH oYMara', tiapassa 'PYJIb', alCypaBAb (KO.Jlo)],ua), IWAeI-LO (TPYObl), 6opoo/w (KJII04a), eqcenuua (rpaxropa) , sana (canO:IKHaH), ca.nasxu (CTaHKa), KOUtKa 'npHCnOCOOJIeHHe )]'JIS'l Jla3aHHS'l', eerxa (:lKeJIe3HOH )],oporH), 20A06Ka ()],eTaJII1) H T. )],. TepMHHOJlorH4eCKHe o603Ha4eHI1S'l OOLUeH3BeCTHbIX peaJIHH (6apafi/w, UlKypIW, eetxa alCeAe3I-LOU OOP02U, eqcenuua rpatcropa H non.) HMelOT

B H3bIKe TOT :IKe CTaTYC, 4TO H 06bI4Hble r M icnunxa ctipia, 20PAbLUtKO 6yrbLAKu, ras Lf.eA06eKa, 2PY0l-LaJi «nerxa H non.) , TaK KaK He COOTHOCS'lTCS'l B S'l3bIKOBOM C03HaHHH rOBOpS'lLUHX C peaJIHHMH, noCJlY:lKHBWHMH B MOMeHT HaHMeHOBaHHH I1CTOllHHKOM ceaaurusecsoro pa3BHTHH. HeCKOJIbKO CJIO:IKHee 06CTOHT )],eJIO C Ha3BaHHS'lMH npenMeTOB, He H3BeCTHbIX aa npenenava Y3KOH npo<jJeCCHOHaJIbHOH cpensr (K03eJI, CBHHKa, rY3KCI H T. n.): «3K30THl[HOCTb» ()],JIH HeCneUHaJIHCTa) 3THX 0003Ha4eHHH, He3HaHHe COOTBeTCTBYIOLUHX HM peaJIHH Bbl3blBaeT MrHOBeHHYIO H CTOHKYIO aCCOUHaUHIO C HCT04HHKOM HaHMeHOBaHHS'l (K03eA - :lKHBOTHoe), H 9TO MO:IKeT ObITb BocnpHHHTO KaK CBOHCTBeHHoe MeTa<jJope Y)],BoeHHe )],eHOTaTa. O)]'HaKO 9TO nces.noaeTa<jJopH4HOCTb: B npenenax npo<jJeCCHOHaJIbHOrO H3bIKa TaKHe CJIOBa,

!l BbIf10JIHHS'l <jJYHKUHIO TepMHHOB, JIHWeHbI KaKOH ObI TO· HH ObIJlO 9K30: r TH4HOCTH H )l.BYITJIaHOBOCTI1.

rna B a 4. CeMaHTHQeCKHH nocpenuax MeTat!IOPH3aI\HH'I,

Ceeiaurnsecxae BH.lI.bl Sl3blKOBOH xeradiopu r

!

I3bITb nOCpe.D.HHKOM Me}K.D.Y .D.BYMH CTO~b!

pa3HOpO.D.HbIMH rpynnaxn aocnpnsraa, KaK! orcas H 60Jle3Hb, CJlOBO MO}KeT TOJlbKO noJ TOMY, LITO ero co6CTBeHHoe CO.D.ep}K3HHe, ero! BHYTpeHHHR <popMa 06HHMaeT He see npH.! 3HaKH ropeuaa, a TOJlbKO O.D.HH H3 HHX, BCTpe·1 qaeMblli H B 60Jle3HH. '

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!

B npouecce HCCJIe.1l.0BaHI1H HaM npe.1l.CTOI1T BbI4JIeHI1Tb, onucaru

H onpenennrs TOT CeMaHTI14eCKI1H 3JIeMeHT, KOTOPblH HenOCpe.1l.CTBeH·; HO Y4acTByeT B npe06pa30BaHI111 CMhlCJIOBOH CTpYKTyphl CJIOBa np~ MeTa¢opI13aUI1I1, ocyw.eCTBJI5IeT ceMaHTI14eCKYlO TpaHc¢opMaUHI()1 11 CBH3bIBaeT MeTa¢OpI14eCKOe 3HalJeHI1e C I1CXO.1l.HbIM. i

A. A. OOTe6HH, r.nyooxo I1CCJle.1l.0BaBWHH nCHXOJlOrH4eCKYlO CYlU·!

HOCTb MeTa¢opbI, BbI.1l.eJII1Jl onocpenyiouiee 3BeHO Me)!{.1l.Y .1l.ByMH npez. MeTaMI1 11 Ha3S3J1 ero C p e n C T B 0 Man IT e p U e n U 11 11. TaKfIMi nOCpe.1l.HI1KOM OOTe6HH ClJl1TaeT KaK ocuine 4epTbI, xcropue MorYT! 6bITb otiaapyaceau Me)!{.1l.Y .1l.BYMH pa3HopO.1l.HbIMI1 rpynnava socnpaa.t TIiH, TaK Ii cavo CJIOSO (c06CTBeHHO MeTa¢opy. - F. C.) [noTe6HH" 1862, c. 136 Ii cnen.]. i

I1.1l.eli OOTe6HIi HaMHoro npe.1l.BOCXI1TIiJII1 cospeaeanue I1CCJIe.1l.0sa·, HHH CeMaHTl1lJeCKOrO YCTpoHcTBa 5IM, nOI1CKI1 11 .onpeneneuae TOHI lJaCTI1 CeMaHTI1KI1, roro CeM3HTI1lJeCKOrO KOMnOHeHTa, KOTOPbI~ Herro·t Cpe.1l.CTBeHHo ocyuiecranser «nepeaeceane» npl13HaK3 OT O.1l.HOI1 rpyrn nsr BOCnpH5ITHH K .1l.pyroH. I

3TI1 sonpocu BbI3blBaIOT MHO)!{eCTBO p33HOrJIaCI1H. nO-BI1.1l.I1MOMY.!

MO)KHO ClJliTaTb 06w.enpl13HaHHblM TOT ¢aKT, lJTO npn MeTa¢opHlJel CKOM npouecce xexoropas xacn- cea aarauecxoro cO.1l.ep)KaHI1H IiCXO,l("I", noro 3HalJeHHH nepenocnrcs B MeTacpopH4ecKoe aaaxenae, Jll160 OCTa· BaHCb npa 3TOM HeI13MeHHOH, JIli60 nperepnenas re I1JlIi I1Hble CMbICJlo·l sue MO.1l.licpIiKaLl,1111 [noTe6HH, 1862; BeCeJlOBCKI1H, 1898; BblroTcKIiH;f KaUHeJlbCOH, 1965]. t

Pa3HOrJIaCI1H Ha411HalOTCH TaM, rne pe-n, aner 0 CYW.HOCTH 3ToM 4aCTI1 CeMaHTI1KH: 06 ee JIOKaJll133Ulil1 B CeM3HTI1lJeCKOH CTPYKTYP~ HCXO.1l.HOrO 3HalJeHI151 (B .1l.eHoTai""I1BHOH HJIIi KOHHoTaTIiBHoH cdiepel] o MeCTe B nepapxan cex (anepnaa, nepmpepuaaas, noreauuansaasj] 06 ee peneaanruocru I1JlH HepeJleBaHTHOCTI1 .1l.JlH I1CXO.1l.HOrO 3H3lJeHI1H.i,

Pacnpocrpaaeua (Ii naxce npnaaaercs 06w.enpHHHToH [4epKaco.~ aa, 1968; Beccap aocsa, 1987]) TOlJKa 3peHHH, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOHi MeTa¢OpI14eCKI1H nepenoc cOBepWaeTC5I aa OCHOBaHl111 06 LU e r ~ C e M a H T 11 4 e C K 0 r 0 :9 JI e M e H T a (K 0 M IT 0 H e H T 3). 3T01 '; TepMI1H npIiMeH51eTCH B KOMnOHeHTHOM aHaJIH3e 11 HMeeT .1l.B05lKO~ 3Ka4eKBe. Bo-nepaax, OK 03Ka4a;: TaKOH snexeur ceMaKTBKB ABf.1

liJHl HeCKOJIbKI1X JIeKCI14eCKI1X e.rr.I1HI1U, KOTOPblH B paBHOH Mepe pe.neBaHTeH .rr.JlH Ka)f{.rr.OH 113 HI1X 11 KOTOPbIH 06be.rr.I1HHeT 3TI1 JIeKCH4eCKHe e.rr.fIHI1UbI B CeMaHTI14eCKOe nOJIe [5I1PBI1W, c. 182]. BO-BTOPbIX, TepMI1H «06Ill.I1H CeMaHTI14eCKI1H 3JIeMeHT» npI1JIO)f{HM K cesre, coezurHHlOIll.eH acxonnoe 3Ha4eHI1e C MeTacpopl14eCKI1M: «llBa nOHHTI1H, ,LJ.aJleKl1e npyr .rr.pyry, CBH3bIBaIOTC51 Me)f{.rr.y C060H TpeTbl1M, HMelOlUHM o6mee 11 C nepauu , 11 co BTOPbIM; BbIHBJIeHHeM sror-o oouiero co- 3.rr.aeTC51 nCI1XOJIOrH4eCKaH OCHOBa MeTacpopbI, KOTOPOH onpenenaercs H xap axrep oouiero ceuauruvecxoro 3JIeMeHTa» [Hepxacoaa, 1968, c. 35] .

.llpyra51 T04Ka 3peHI1H TaKOBa: npnaaax, CJIY)f{alll.HH OCHOBOH MeTacpopJ1l-leCKOrO nepeuoca, He TOJIbKO He peJIeBaHTeH .rr.JIH CeMaHTI1- qeCKOH CTpyKTYPbI nepeOCMbICJlHeMOrO CJIOBa, HO 4aCTO sooouie He HBJIHeTCH 3JIeMeHTOM 3TOH CTPYKTYPbI, a 3aBHCI1MOCTb MeT8cpopH4eCKoro 3Ha4eHI1H OT Hcxo.rr.Horo onpe.rr.eJIHeTCH BOBce He nOBTOpeHl1eM B MeTacpopl14eCKOM 3HatfeHI111 3JleMeHTOB, cyw.eCTBeHHbIX .rr.JI51 HOMI1HaTHBHbIX 3Ha4eHI1H, a «orpaaceauev B HI1X aCCOll.HaTI1BHbIX, HJII1' penpe- 3eBT8TI1BHbIX, npI13H8KOB, TO ect s npH3HaKOB, T8K 11.1111 HHa4e orpaxcaIOmHX npe.rr.CTaBJIeHI151,· CBH3aHHble c 0603Ha4aeMblMI1 .rr.aHHbIMI1 CJIOBaMI1 rrpe.rr.MeTaMH H HBJIeHHHMH» [WMeJIeB, 1973, c. 73]. 1l. H. WMeJleBbIM 6bIJIa r axxce asrcxaaana MbICJlb, 4TO TaKoH np113H8K, HBJIHHCb YCTOHLJHBOH aCCOll.HaUHeH, CB513aHHOH C npencras.neaaex 0 5lBJIeHI1I1, xoropoe 0603Ha48eT CJIOBO, He MO)f{eT C4HT8TbCH HH .rr.HcpcpepeHUHaJlbHOH ceMOH, HH sooouie KOHCTPYKTHBHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM 3Ha4eHHH [IlhaeJIeB, 1973, c. 193; CM. raxxce c. 231]. B .rr.aJIbHeHWeM, conOCTaBJIH51 TOJIKOBaHHH OCHOBHhlX 11 nepeHocHhlx 3HaLJeHHH eJIOB (B pa3pH.rr.e 300MOPCPH3MOS), ll. H. WMeJleB zrenaer BbIBO.rr., 4TO B TOJlKOBaHI151X HCXO.rr.HhlX 3Ha4eHHH «HeT H HaMeK8 Ha Te Ka4eCTB8, KOTophle 3axpenneaa sa HHMH npa I1X npl1MeHeHHH K JlIOJl,51M» [Illuenea, 1982, c. 28]. MblCJlb 0 TOM·, 4TO KOHHOTaTI1BHbIH npH3HaK, CJlY)f{alll.I'!I1 OCHOBOH MeTacpopl1LJeCKOrO nepeHoca, He BXOJl,I1T B OCHOBHoe 3Ha4eHHe CJlOBa H HepeJleBaHTeH .rr.Jl51 I1cxo.rr.Horo 3Ha4eHI151, rrOCJle.rr.OBaTeJlbHO npOBo.rr.HTCH B. H. TeJIl1eH [TeJII1H, 1977, c. 147, 151; 1981, c. 227], asrcxaauaanacs raioxe H. 3. KOTeJIOBOH [KoTeJlOBa, 1975, c. 35].

llYMaeTC51, xro HerrpHMHpHMOCTb onacaaaax n03HUHH B 3Ha4HTeJIbHOH xepe OCHOBali8 aa pa3HOM rrOHHMaHI1H 06beMa J13 (CM. rJI. 1). CTOPOHHHKH nepsoa n03HUI1l1 aa OCHOBe I1HTerpaJIbHOrO nonxona TpaKTylOT J13 WI1POKO - KaK CTpyKTYpy, BKJIlOlialOllLYIO, xpoxe .rr.eHOTaTHBHoro conepxcauaa, see KOHHOTaTI1BHble HaCJIOeHHH, orxyaa H xepnarorca «oourae CeMaHTl1l1eCKl1e 3JIeMeHTbI». CTOPOHHHKH BTOPOH n03HUI1H, HanpOTI1B, TpaKTylOT Jl3 B COOTBeTCTBI1H C Jl,l1cpcpepeHUHaJIbHbIM nonxonox K8K .rr.eHOT8THBHoe conepxcaaae, OCT8BJIHH 38 ero npenenaxa KOHHOTaTHBHYIO crpepy.

B H8CT051lll.eM HCCJIe.rr.OBaHHH, KaK 6bIJlO CKa3aHO (rJI. 1), npHH51TO HHTerpaJIbHOe nOHHM8HHe J13. Ilpa 3TOM 06 Ill. H M .rr.Jl51 .rr.ByX aaaseHHH MbI ClIl1TaeM TOJIbKO TaKoH ceMaHTHliecKHH 3J1eMeHT, KOTOPbIH B ·060HX JlCB BbIITOJIH51eT CTPYKTYPHO-Jl,HcpcpepeHUHaJIbHble CPYHKUHH,

~ BXO.rr.HT B .rr.eHOTaTHBHoe anpo, KOTOPbIH n03ToMY o.rr.I1HaKOBO peneB8HTeH .rr.JlH acxozmoro H MeT8cpopHliecKoro 3HalleHHH 11 cpHKcHpyeTC51

45

B CJIOBapHbIX AecpHHHUHHX KaK B MeTacpOpH4eCKOM, TaK H B HCXOAHOM' 3Ha4eHHHX.

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HbIH npH3HaK, KOTOPblH JIeIKHT na nOBepXHOCTH, JIerKO BbI4JIeHHeTCH! H 3KCnJIHUHTHO npHBH3bIBaeT MeTacpopH4eCKoe 3Ha4eHHe K HCXO.LI.HO·f My: - BOT :nOT, Bam napeflb... HeYKAIOJlCuii raxoa ... - Mea·! eeos, - noocsasan JKYPKa. (,llHrHJ1eB. Be-moe nepeso.) Cp. raroxe.] Benua nnaui C tiaepstnot: nootiuesoa B03flUK B eucore «a KaMeH.H.OM! urece Hao «paes: '1.eAOBetteCK020 MOpR. (5YJ1raKOB. Macrep H Mapra·; pnra.) C n.nattpop u»: BOK3aAa BUOfleAOCb scope OdUflOKUX CU2flaAOB.! (nJIaTOHOB. Il POHCXOIKAeHHe xacrepa.) (BbI4JIeHHeTCH ceMa I «06WHpHoe npOCTpaHCTBO»). Beponuxa nO'1.YBCTBOBaAa, IWK n02py,! »caetcn B osean tieeucxodnocru. (Toxapesa. ,llJIHHHbIH .LI.eHb.) Beep-c mYTbl11 B nyi£uflY otiui), ocnatieetuuu OT tiannoeo ueapa, ... .MaAb'1.UKt OTblCIWBaA B 2AYXO.M y2AY B03Ae IW.MeflKU CBOIO OOeJICOflKY. (ACTa¢b.! ea. O.LI.a PYCCKOMY oropony.) (BbI4J1eHHeTCH ceaa «rJIy6HHa»). I

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POJIh ceMaHTH4eCKOfO nocpeaaaxa MeIKAY liCXO.LI.HbIM Ii MeTa<popH' I lJ.eCKHM 3HalJ.eHIiHMIi, KaK MbI BIi.LI.liM, MO)!(eT BbInOJIHHTb He O.LI.Ha cexa, a MHOIKeCTBO ceM (06blll:HO HepaCtIJ1eHeHHOe, AlicpCPY3Hoe), xoropue . cxpsrret B r JIy6liHe ceMaHTlitIeCKOH CTpyKTYPbl H li3BJIeKalOTCH as Hee~

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, npa MeTacpOp~3a11.HH. B 5IM MO)f{eT aKTyaJIH30BaTbC51 cexa, He TOJIbKO He peJIeBaHTHGiJ:I ,LI,JI51 ,LI,eHOTaTa, HO naxce npornsopevauiaa 06bI,LI,eHHOMY npe,Ll,CTaBJIeHHIO 06 06beKTe, O.D.HaKO BC51KI1H pas o6HapY)f{HBaeMa51 npa rJIy6l1HHOM aHaJIH3e (B l..!aCTHOCTH, nCl1xoJIOrHl..!eCKoM). I1HbIMI1 CJIOBaMH, fl3 5IM CBH3aHO C HCXO.D.HbIM ,LI,eHOTaTOM H ,LI,eTepMHHHpoBaHO ero CBoHcTBaMH, XOTH 3TH CBOHCTBa He CPHKCl1pYIOTCH B ceMaHTHl..!eCKOH CTpYKType HCXO,Ll,HOrO 3H8l..!eHHH, 8 H3BJIeKaIOTCH H3 ee rJIy6HH.

TaKOH KOMnOHeHT ceMaHTHKH, CBH3bIB8IOll1.HH MeTacpopHl..!eCKOe 3HatIeHHe C HCXO,Ll,HbIM, Mbl Ha3bIBaeM C H M B 0 JI 0 M MeT a cP 0- P bl.8 BBe,Ll,eHHe sroro TepMHHa MeTO.D.H'-IeCKH onpae.aaao CJIe,Ll,YIOll1.HMH 06CT05UeJIbCTBaMH. Bo-nepaux, TepMHH «C H M B 0 JI MeT a cP 0 p u» npHJIO)f{HM He TOJ1bKO K e.D.HHHLIHOH cerse, HO H K MHO)f{eCTBY ceM (cp. Tpa,Ll,H11.HOHHbIe TepMHHbl KOHHOTaTHBHaH ceua, aCC011.HaTHBHblH npH3HaK, Cpe,Ll,CTBO armepuenunn H T. n.). BO-BTOPbIX, 3TOT TepMHH CB5'l3bJBaeT HCTOl..!HHK MeTacpopbl H rOTOBYIO MeTacpopy H npe,Ll,CTaBJIHer HX B e,Ll,HHCTBe: npH3HaK, KOTOPbIH B ceMaHTHl..!eCKOH CTpYKType HCXO,Ll,HOrO 3HaLIeHHH OTHOCHJIC5I K crpepe KOHHOTa11.HH, B MeTacpope nepeneuiaerca B ,LI,eHOTaTHBHYIO l..!aCTb, CTaHOBHTCH .D.HcpcpepeH11.HaJ1bHOH ceMoH.

B caMOM ,LI,eJIe, eCJIH B HOMHHaTHBHOM 3HatIeHHH CJIOBa nuca cexa «XHTPOCTb» HBJ1HeTCH nOTeH11.HaJIbHOH, T. e. He BXO,Ll,HT B ,LI,eHOTaTHBHoe H,LI,pO, a JIHWb orpaxcaer aexoe npunacsraaeaoe l..!eJ10BeKOM 3TOMY )KHBOTHOMY Kal..!eCTBO, TO B 5IM nuca ceMa «XHTPOCTb» CTaHOBHTCI1

. ,LI,HcpcpepeH11.HaJIbHOH, onpene.nas ceMaHTHKY fl3 B 11.eJIOM Hero ,LI,eHO, TaT. TaKHM 06pa30M, CHMBOJI MeTacpopbJ MO)KeT 6bITb npe,Ll,CT8BJIeH KaK KOHHOTaTHBHbIH npH3HaK HCXO,Ll,HOro 3HaLIeHHH, npeoopaaosauauu B npouecce MeTacpopH3a11.HH B onpe,Ll,eJ1HIOll1.HH npH3HaK MeTacpopHl..!ecxoro 3Ha4eHHH, HHaLIe, KaK nOTeH11.HaJ1bHaH cesra HCXO,Ll,HOrO 3HaLIeHHH, npeoopasoaanaaa B ,LI,HcpcpepeH11.HaJIbHYIO cevy MeTacpopbl.

I1TaK, non C H M B 0 JI 0 M MeT a cp 0 p bI M bl n 0 H H Mae M 3 JI e M e H T C e M a H T H K H, C 0 C T 0 H iu H H JI H 6 0 H 3 O,Ll, H 0 H C e M bI,JI H 60 H 3 COB 0 K Y n HOC T H C ev, K 0 TOp bI H B H CXO,Ll,HOM HOMHHaTHBHOM 3HaLIeHHH OTHOCHTCH K C cp e p e K 0 H HOT a 11. H H, a B MeT a cp 0 P H '-I e C K 0 M 3 H aLI e H H H B X O,Ll, H T B ,LI, e HOT ar H B Hoe C O,Ll, e p )f{ a H H e B K a LI e C T B e H,LI, e p H bI X (.D.H cp cp e p e HUH a JI b H bI x) C e M H C JI Y )K H T 0 C HOB a H HeM C M bI C JI 0 B bI X n p e 0 6 P a 3 0- BaH H H B n p 0 11. e C C e MeT a cP 0 P H 3 a I.I, H H.

CHMBOJI MeTacpopbI BbInOJIHHeT CPYHK11.HH npeztjaera KBaJIHcpHKa- 11.HH, OTpa)KaH CJIO)KHYIO, C.D.BOeHHYIO CTPYKTYPY KBaJIHcpHKa11.HH B 5IM.

E. M. BOJIbCP onpenena.na THnOBYIO KBaJIHcpHKaTHBHYIO CTPYKTyPY K8K ·4eTbIpeXKOMnOHeHTHYIO: c06CTBeHHO KBaJIHcpHKa11.H51, cy6beKT KBaJIHcpHKaI.l,HH, 06beKT KBaJIHcpHKa11.HH H OCHOBaHHe KBaJIHcpHKaI.l,HH [BOJIbCP, 1978, c. 29]. B. H. TeJIH51 YCJIO)f{HHJ1a sry CTPYKTYPY, BbILIJIeHHB T8K)Ke npenxer KBaJIHcpHKa11.HH - Te CBoHcTBa pe8JIHI1, KOTOpsre CTHMYJIHPYIOT 3MOTHBHYIO peaK11.HIO cyo'sexr a pexn: aanpavep,

~ 8 Ha HallaJIbHbIX sranax HCCJIe,n:OBaHHH MbI nOJIb30BaJIHCb

r «CMMBOJI nepeaoca» [CKJIHpeBCKaH, 1983, c. 55; 19876, c. 58).

. 47

pa6011MM TepMMHOM

KBa"H<PHKaTH'HaH crpyxrypa C"OBa KA,"" 'H3MO)l{AeHHaH Milla"'! peaJlf13yeTcH CJIeJl,YlOlUHM 06pa30M: KJlR'-la - TaKaH JIOWaJl,b (06b' eKT KBaJIH<pHKaUHH),· KOTOPYlO rosop aumji (cy6beKT KBaJIH<pHKa. UHH) CLJHTaeT no cpasueuato C «HopMaJ1bHbIMH» JIOWaJl,bMH (ocHo.1 BaHHe KBaJIH<pHKaUHH) nJIOXOH (c06CTBeHHO KBaJIH<pHKaUHH) H3-3a\ ee HeMOlUHOCTH HJ1H HeKa3HCToro BHJl,a (npenxer KBaJIH<pHKaUHH) i [TeJIH51, 1981, c. 205]. i

ITPI1 MeTa<popHLJeCKOM nepenoce KBaJIH<pHKaTHBHaH CTPYKTypa!

yC.~O)l(HHeTCH - ynaauaaercs BMeCTe C YJl,BOeHHeM Jl,eHOTaTa. I,

Paccaorpux B CBH3H C 3THM 51M KJlR'-la «H3HypeHHa51, HeKDa·1 CI1BaH )l(eHlUHHa». TaKa51 MeTa<popa I1MeeT Jl,Ba npenvera KBa~H' i <pHKaUI1H: oueaxy JIOwaJl,H [Kl] H ouenxy )l(eHlUHHbl [K2]. B co-] OTBeTCTBI1H C 3TI1M YJl,BaHBaeTcH BCH KBaJII1<pHKaTI1BHaH CTpYKTypa: I n051BJ1HeTCH OObeKT BTOPHLJHOH KBaJ1H<pHKaUI1I1, YJl,BaI1BalOTCH npen.] MeT 11 OCHOBaHHe KBaJIH<pI1KaUI1I1 (BnOJIHe nOHHTHo, 4TO cy6beKT! nepBHLJHOii H BTOPH4HOH KBaJIH<pHKaUHH cosnanaer). Cxexia pas-] BepTbiBaeTC51 CJIeJl,ylOw.HM 06pa30M: KJlR'-la - TaKaH )l(eHllI.HHa I (06beKT BTOPHLJHOH KBaJIH<pHKaUHH / OK2 /), KOTOpylO rOBopHlUHH! (cyo sexr BTOPI1LJHOH KBaJIH<pHKaUHI1 CK2) C4HTaeT no cpaBHeHHIO! C HOpMaJ1bHbIMH )l(eHlUI1HaMH (OCHOBaHl1e BTOPH4HOH KBaJIH<pHKa·. UHH / OCHK2 /) llJlOXOH (c06CTBeHHO BTopH4HaR KBaJII1<pHKaUH51'I· [K2]) 1-13-3a ee nanypenuor o BHJl,a (npezurer BTOPH4HOH KBaJlH<pIl' t KaUHH [ITK2]) na OCHOBaHHH CXOJl,CTBa no aCCOUHaUHH H H3HypeH·! HblM BHJl,OM (npenuer nepBH4HOH KBaJIH<pHKaUI1H [DKd) nJIOXOH1 JIOWaJl,H (c06CTBeHHO nepsnuuas KBaJIH<pHK(1ILH5l [Ki j ) , KOTOPYIO no cpaBHeHHlO C HOPM8JIbHhlMH JIOWaJl,bMH (OCHOBaHHe nepBH4Hofi . KB8JIH<pHKaUHH [OKI]) rOBOpHlll.HH (cyo sexr nepBH4HOH KB8JIH<pHxaunu [CKd) nasuaaer K.~5l4eii (06bE'KT nepBH4HOH KBaJIHq)l1Ka- I UHI1 [OKJ]).

ITpeJl,MeT KB8JIH<pI1K8UHH (OCHOBHOH H BTOPH4HOH, npeJl,CTaBJIeHHoii l? HX eJl,HHCTBe) H ¢opMHpyeT CHMBO.1 MeTa<popbl: «H3HypeHHblH (+cna6blH+HeKa3HCTbIii) ».

T8KHM 06pa30M, npn MeTa<popH3aUHH npOHCXOJl,HT KaK 6bl Jl,B05lKaH, noarannaa KBaJIH<pHKaUH51: npexcne 4eM H83BaTb xarporo 4eJ10- aexa JIHCOH, TPYCJIHBOrO - 3ai1ueM, HeYKJIlO)I(erO - MeJl,BeJl,eM 1'1 T. n., ~ HY)I(HO CB5I3aTb 3TH K8lJeCTBa C )l(HBOTHbIMH - T. e. KBaJIH<pHUHPO-1 BaTb xaxcnoe )l(HBOTHOe COOTBeTCTBYlOlll.HM 06pa30M. ~

I;

CeMaHTH4eCKHe BHJl,bl Sl3bIKO'BOH MeTaq,opbI t

iit ,.

CHMBOJ1bl MeT8<popbl 06HapY)KHBalOT 60J1bWOe paaaooopaane KaK ~ no CBoeMY ceM8HTH4eCKOMY YCTPOHCTBY (MOHoceMHble, nOJ1I1CeMHble), ~ TaK H no xapaxrepy CBH3H HCXOJl,HOrO 3Ha4eHHH C MeTa<popH4eCKHM ~ (oonee HJIH MeHee HenOCpeJl,CTBeHHaH CBH3b, onOCpeJl,OBaHH8H H T. n.). ~. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THMH pa3.nH4H51MH MorYT 6blTb BblJl,eJIeHbl CJIeJl,YIO- {I iune BHJl,h! 51M: 1., Mo. H B H P 0 B 8 H H 8 H 51M. 2. C H H K p e r H- ! 4 e C K a H 51M. 3. A C C 0 U H 8 T H B H a 51 51M. ';

Cne.ayer HMeTb B BHJl,y, lJTO 3Ta KJI8CCH<pHKaUH5l YCJIOBHa H HMeeT MeTOJl,H4eCKHe ueaa. 4eTKO OTrpaHH4HTb OJl,HH BHJl, 51M OT .apyr-oro He ~

48 i

Bcer.l.\a npe.ll.CTaBJl5!eTC51 B03MO)KHbIM - nOMY npen arcrayer HeYCTOHLJHBbIH 11 nO.ll.B11)KHbIH xapaxrep CHMBOJl3 MeTa¢OpbI.

1. MOTI1BI1POBAHHM! 5I3bIKOBM! METM>OPA

MOT 11 B H P 0 BaH H 0 H MbI Ha3bIBaeM TaKYIO 5IM, B KOTOPOH npl1CYTCTByeT ceMaHTH'-IeCKI1H 3J1eMeHT, 3KCnJll1UHTHO CB5!3bIBalOw.I1H MeTa¢OpH'-IeCKOe 3Ha'-leHHe C I1CXO.ll.HbIM. ct>opMaJlbHbIM Kp11TepHeM or6opa TaKI1X 5IM nocJlY)KI1JlI1 naaasie TOJlKOBbIX C.IIOBapeH: .111160 HaJIl1'-1l1e B CJlOBapHbIx .ll.e¢HHHUl15IX npn HCXO.ll.HOM 11 MeTacpop11'-1eCKOM 3HaLJeHH5!X OJLHOrO 11 roro »ce HJlH CX0.ll.HOrO B ceMaHTH'-IeCKOM n.n aae C,10Ba; JlH60 Ha.llH'-IHe B CJlOBapHOH crarse CpaBHI1TeJlbHOrO oriopora, peaJll13YIOw.ero TOT »ce npH3HaK, 'ITO H MeTa¢opa.

Do HaWI1M Ha6JlIO.ll.eHI15!M, aKTya.llH30B3HHbIH B 5IM npusaax, KaK npaBHJlO, He ¢HrypHpyeT B TOJlKOBaHHH HCXO.ll.HOrO 3Ha4eHH5!. C.IIY- 4al1, KOrJLa TaKOH npusuax 3acpl1KCl1pOBaH B TOJlKOBaHI1I1 HJlH 3KCnJlI1- UHTHO B HeM BbI'-I,'leH5IeTC5I, BCTpe4aIOTC5! B CJIOBape, O)J,HaKO OHH ceMaHTH4eCKl1 Y5!3BHMbi. 06paTHMC51 BHa4aJIe K npavepaa.

Kapuxarypa. PHCYHOK, H306pa)KalOw.I1H 4TO-.II. B 11 C K a )K e HHOM, C Me ill HOM BH)J,e. Il epen. HeYJLa4HOe nonp a scaaae, C Me illHoe, H C K a )K e H Hoe nO)J,0611e xoro-, -rero-n. Kpeueas. Oxem, T B e p )J, bI H MHHepa.n, COCT05!W.HH H3 xpex nesen a ; MO)KeT C.IIY)KliTb .l.\Jl5! BbICeKaHH5! or as. Il epe«. 0 '-IeJIOBeKe T B e p )J, 0 r 0, nenpexnonnero apasa, a TaK)Ke cxynue, )Ka)J,HOM K )J,eHbraM. (BTOpa5I lJaCTb 3TOH .ll.ecpHHI1UHH COMHHTeJlbHa; BO BCHKOM cnyxae, peansaocr-s r axoro J1CB UI1TaTHbIM MaTepl1aJIOM He nO.ll.TBep)KJLaeTC5I). MOHax. 4JIeH peJlI1rH03HOH 06W.HHbI, npI1H51BWHH nOCTpH)Kt'Hl1e H )J,aBWI1H 06eT secrn a C K e T 11 lJ e C K H H 06 P a 3 )K H 3 H H. Il epen. 0 MY)K4I1He, iKI1BYW.eM ye)J,HHeHHO, senyutev a C K e T 11 '-I e C K H H 06 P a 3 )!( H 3 H H. OT,ll,YUHlHa. OTBepCTHe .ll.Jl5! B bl X O)J, a soa.ayxa. Il epe«. To, -rro uaer B bI X 0 J], KaKHM-Jl. lIYBCTBaM, CTpeMJIeHI15!M, HaCTpoeHHHM.

MeTa¢opa B 3THX CJIY4a5!X npospauaa, MexaHH3M ee 06pa30BaHl1H BCKPbIT, HaJlHlJl1e ocuiero cenanrnsecxoro 3JleMeHTa KaK 6YJ],TO 6bl oxeaanno: 3TO ceMbI «6bICTpa5! CMeHa» B CJlOBe «a.neuoocxon, «raep.l.\blil» - KpeMeHb, «acKeTHlIecKHH» - MOHQX.

OJ],HaKO 06W.HH ceMaHTH'-IeCKI1H 3.11eMeHT npa MeTacpopl13aUHl1 HMeeT npnauanuansuue OTJlHlJl1H OT 06w.eH ceMbI ncxo.auoro Ii 6e306pa3- aero npoaaaomror c 3Ha4eHI1H. 3TO npOHBJI5!eTC5! B CJIe.nYlOlUeM.

Bo-nepsux, MeTa¢Opl1l1eCKHH 06W.I1H CeMaHTI14eCKHH 3JIeMeHT 4aCTO HMeeT cy6beKTHBHbIH H xp aaae HeYCTOHlJHBbIH xapaxrep, 'ITO 06YCJlOBJleHO ero ,ll,H¢¢Y3HOCTblO, HepaC4JIeHeHHOCTblO, cnoc06HOCTbIO npOH3BO)J,I1Tb lIYBCTBeHHoe B03,ll,eHCTBl1e. CeMa, 3a¢HKCl1pOBaHHa5! B HCXO)J,HOM 11 B MeTa¢Opl1'-1eCKOM 3Ha4eHI1HX, MO)KeT sap sapoaars B pa3HbIX CJlOBap5IX, a TaK)Ke YTpa4HBaTb aKTyaJIbHOCTb B paausrx

cJloBoynoTpe6JIeHI15!X. _

PaCCMOTpl1M C 3TOH T04KH 3peHH5I CJJOBO «aneaoocson. 5AC:

KaJIeH,ll,OCKon. Onrl14eCKHH npnoop-urpyunca B BH,ll,e Tpy6KI1 co BCTaBJleHHbIMI1 B Hee IlOJ], yrJlOM 60° 3epKa.llbHbIMI1 CTeKJlaMH 11 nOJlO)KeHHbI~ MI1 Me)K)J,y HHMI1 pa3HoUBeTHbIMH KycKaMH CTeKJIa, 6YMarl1 H T. n.,

4 r. H. CKJ1SlpeBCK8Sl

49

B KOTOPOM MO)!{HO Ha6Jl1o,ll,aTb 6 bl C T P 0 C M e H 51 10 W. H e C 51 pas. aooopaaasre LLBeTHble ysopsr. Ilepe«. B bl C T P a 51 C M e H 3 MeJIbKa. lOLUHX 06P330B, JlHLL, C06bITHH. 11 TOLtHO - pOMaH (<<YHH)!{eHHble H OCKop6JIeHHble») npeocraenner nasc !WAeUOOClwn npOUCUleCT8ut1. ()J.06POJII060B. 336HTble. JIIO,ll,I1.) MblCAU 0 ·CAYLtU6UleMCfl ... CMeUlU· 8aAUCb C 80CnOMUH.aHUflMU OerCTBa. 3TO 6btA IWAeUOOCKon AeT U AUI1. (3peH6ypr. BYPH.) BOA2a o-uipoeana scens: C80UMU npocropasui, C8eJICeCTblO, 602aTCT80M. U pasnootipasueu ueera. fl A08UA 8 3TOM KaAeUOOClwne CMeH.fllOU{UXCf1. neU3aJICeU otiuiiu; AeUTMOTU8 ueera. (11. I13BJIOB. MOH )!{H3Hb 11 BCTpe4H.)

I1pHBe,ll,eHHbIH LLI1T3THblH M3TepH3JI enaa JIH naer OCHOB3HH51 ,ll,Jl5I 6e3YCJlOBHoro BbI4J1eHeHI1H ceMbl «6bICTPbIH» K3K 06111ero CeM3HTI14e· cxoro 3J1eMeHTa. B LLHTaTe H3 .IT.06POJl1060B3 pevs aner 0 4epe,ll,OBa· HI1H, CJle,ll,OB3HHH O,ll,HOrO aa ,ll,pyrHM, npa 310M npI13H3K «6bICTPO» npe,ll,CT3BJl51eTCH cpaKYJlbT3THBHbIM. To )!{e MO)!{HO CK33aTb 0 LLHTaTe H3 3peH6ypra. I10-BH,ll,HMOMY, npnseneaaue TeKCTbI cxopee naior OCHOBaHHe rOBopHTb 0 HenpepWBHOM 4epe,ll,OBaHHH, CMeHe O,ll,HOrO ,ll,pyrHM. (B 3TOM OTHOWeHI1H npe,ll,CTaSJI51eTCH 60JIee 060CHOS3HHOH ,ll,ecpHHI1UHH MAC2: Il epen. Becnpecrannas CMeHa HBJleHHH, JlHU, C06bITHH H T. n.). 4TO xacaercs TeKCT3 11. I13BJIOB3, TO B HeM B 5IM peanasyerca npyroa Ha60p cex, cpenn KOTOPbIX H3 nepenaaa IlJIaH Bbl,ll,BHraIOTC51 ceMbl «pasaooopaaaua», «pa3HOUBeTHbIii». (Cp. TaK)!{e: ¢aH.Ta3UU oocrunno ece - AI060u IWAeUOOCKon HeAenOCTeU. I'oJlOCOBKep, UI1T. pa6., c. 10) . .IT.3J1ee. Ceaa «P33HoUBeTHbIH» MO)!{eT YCHJlHBaTbCH H 3anOJIHHTb ace CeMaHTI14eCKOe conepscaane MeT3cpopunecxoro 3Ha4eHHH: Hauiu YCUAUf1. 8 OCH08HOM 6btAU naruiae nenu na TO, '1.T06 M.H0201.{8eTH.bIU UCTOpULteCKuii. xaneaoocxon C8eCTU K CKynOMY IWAOPUTY, K npunuunuansnoa cxeue. (Teanpaxoa. I10KyweHHe ' na MHpa)!{H.) B npyrax KOHTeKCTax aKTyaJlH3YlOTCH ceMbl «HepaC4JIeHeHHbIH», «3anYTaHHbIH». Hanpnxep: B IWAeuooCK0[Le C06btTUU Mbl 3aLtaCTYIO He 3aOYMbt8aeM.Cfl H.aO A02ULteCKoii. UX C85l3blO, esounorpetiAflfl HepeOKO CA080M «CAYLtaUH.OCTb». (Hr aar sea. I1HTb,ll,eC51T ner

B CTpOIO.) Cp. raiose B MeTa<j:>opHlleCKOM npOH3BO,ll,HOM: (/>U3U'1.eCKOe KpYJICeH.Ue IWM02AO aeropu n02pY3UTb cetin U C80UX .eepoee 8 IWAeuOOCKOnUtieCKUU KOUlM.ap. (Ha6oKOB. HHKOJIaH J'orons.)

Ilpaseneuaue cpaKTbl rOBOp51T 0 TOM, 4TO npa MeTa<j:>opH3aUHH 06W.HH ceMaHTHlleCKHH 3JIeMeHT MO)!{eT 6blTb suneaeu TOJIbKO YCJlOBHO. OH He HMeeT YCTOH4HBoro xapaxrepa - MO)!{eT YTpa4HBaTb csoe auaseane H nasce pa3pYW3TbCH B rex CJIYllaHX, KOr,LJ.a CJIOBO pa3BHBaer xeradiopanecxyro nOJlHCeMHIO. B caMOM nene, sens HeB03MO)!{HO B TOJIKOB3HHH HCXO,ll,HOrO 3H3lleHH51 nepe-racnars see IlpH3H3KH, KOTOpue MoryT pe3JIH30S3TbC51 - H pe3J1H3YIOTC51 - B 5IM. Booouie B3aHMO,ll,eHCTBHe ceM B HCXO,ll,HOM H MeT3cpopHQeCKOM 3H3QeHH51X HMeeT nO,ll,BH)!{HbIH, HeYCTOH4HBblH H aenpencxasyeaua xapaxrep: B MeTarpope MO)!{eT aKTY3J1H30BaTbCH Jl106aH nOTeHUH3J1bHa9 cez a, T. e. no CyTH ,LJ.eJl3 H He CYW.eCTBYlOLU351 peansuo B ,ll,eHOT3THBHOH QaCTH I1CXO,ll,HorO 3Hat.teHHH (CM. asnue) .

.IT.pyroH MOTI1BHPYlOW.HH MexaHH3M MeTacpopl1lleCKOro nepeuoca 06HapYlKHBaeTCH B cpaBHeHHH - ::rAa cp asnnrensuua 060pOT H co- 1

~

. OTHOCHMaH C HHM MeTa<j:lopa cj:>YHKQHOHHPYIOT B H3blKe CHHXPOHHO II 3acj)HKCHpOBaHbl B O)J.HOH CJIOBapHOH crarse. CJIOBapHble CTaTbH -axcro pona OTpaJKalOT npouecc cj:>OpMHpOBaHHH MeTacj:>OpbI sooriuie:

Ha OCHOBe KOHHOTaTHBHOrO npH3HaKa (peaJIH30BaHHoro B )J.aHHOM Myqae B cpaBHeHHH) K 06pa30BaHHIO MeTacj:>opH4eCKoro 3Ha4eHHH II K efO JIeKCl-il..JeCKOMY aaxperineamo. Hanpnxep: TeJleHOK. B cpasa. KporoK u oo6podyUlel-£, M.1:K reAeHOK. MOAttUr, KaK reAeHOK. Il epen. o 6e30TBeTHoM H r .nynoaaron lJeJIOBeKe. COKOJI. B cpasn. CMOTpeA cJrt en 0, KaK COKOA. CaMOAeTbl sopxue U cuenue, KaK COIWAbl. Ilepen. o COBeTCKHX CaMOJIeTax. Il epe«. 0 ionoure, MYJKlJHHe, OTJIHlJalOlll.eMCH KpaCOTOH, CMeJlOCTblO, ynansro. Open. B cpasa. Cepoue, KaK y op na. KOHb OPAOM secercs. Il epen. 0 xpaopox, CHJIbHOM, MYJKeCTBeHHOM tJeJIOBeKe. neTYX. B cpaaa. Baocnuuaer, KaK nerux. /l.pa'iAU8blU, IWK

. netux. D epen. 0 aanopaox, 3aHOClJHBOM -re.noaexe, 3a6H51Ke.

B npaaeneaaux npaaepax MeTacj:>opa TaKJKe npospaxua, MOTHBHposaaaa, TaK KaK npaaaax, 06pa3YIOIll.HH nepenoc, YKa3aH B cpasaeHHH. 3TO THn JKHBOH MeTacj:>opbl B H)J.eaJle. O)J.HaKO B 5l3blKOBOH )J.ei1- CTBHTeJlbHOCTH CBH3H If COOTHoweHHH OKa3bIBaIOTC5I HHbIMH: ceua, npe,lJ,CTaBJIeHHaH B CpaBHeHI-fH, MOJKeT He COrJIaCOBbIBaTbCH C CHMBOJIOM MeTacj:>opbl, H B 3TOM CJIYlJae cpasaeaae He C6JIHJKaeT, a, nanpoTHB, pa3be)J.HHHeT HCXO)J.Hoe H MeTacj:>opHl..JeCKOe 3HalJeHHH, HCKJII04aH .naJKe B03MOJKHOCTb oriuiero cexaaravecxoro 3JIeMeHTa. Harrpaaep: 3MeSi. B cpasu. Illunur sueea. Pe'lIW, KaK sue« (6JIeCTHT, H3BHBaeTCH). Ilepe«. 0 IWBapHOM, XHTPOM, 3JIOM l..JeJIOBeKe. 3)J.ecb xovnapaTHBHble 3J1eMeHTbl (<<wHnHT», «6J1eCTHT», «H3BHBaeTcH») npe)J.CTaBJI5IlOT ceMbI, xoropsre, rro JIOfHKe Be uie H , MOJKHO 6bIJlO 6bI OJKH)J.aTb aKTyaJlH30BaHHbIMH B MeTacj:>opHlJeCKOM 3Hal..JeHHH. O)J.HaKO sroro He npoacxonnr. B xerarpope aKTyaJlH3YIOTC5I npyrne cexs; (<<KOBapHblii», «XHTPbIH», «3J10ii»), xoropsre He BXO,lJ,51T B ceMaHTHlJeCKYIO CTPYKTYPY HCXO,lJ,HOfO 3HalJeHHH H OTHOCHTCH K 06JIaCTH aCCOQHaUHH. OCHOBaHHbIX aa KOJIJIeKTHBHblX 3HaHH5IX 0 )J.eHOTaTe. Cp. TaKJKe: )l(epe6eu.. B cpasn. FOZOtf.eT, «a« »cepetieu. D epe«. 0 MOJlO.lLOM MYJK4HHe. J1ourans. B cpasa. YnepCfl, KaK souuui». Patioraer, KaK noiuao». Il epen. o HerrOBOpOTJIHBOM, HeYKJlIOJKeM HJlH HeYMHoM 4eJlOBeKe. Ilaau, B cpaaa. Teno Bepeanoc» KapTOHHblM naflu,eM. Jlsieuuuca 60ATaAaCb B B030yxe, IWK KapTOHHblU naflu" [J epen. 0 l..JeJIOBeKe, KOTOPbIH JIOMaeTCH, KpHBJI5IeTCH, sener ceoa WYTOM.

TaKa51 HeCOfJIaCOBaHHOCTb ceMaHTH4eCKHX 3J1eMeHTOB, csoero pona ceMaHTHlJecKHH paanan - seurs BnOJIHe 06bIlJHaH H npHBbI4HaH B· CJIOBape. JleKcHKorpacj:>bI nOCTOSl:HHO HmYT rrYTH K ceMaHTHlJeCKOH COfJIaCOBaHHOCTH, K np03palJHOCTH CTPYKTYPbl CJlOBapHOH crarsa, KOTopaH 6bI )J.eMOHcTpHpOBaJIa MOTHBHpoBaHHocTb KaJK.lLOrO JlCB, ero JIOrH4ecKYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb OT npemuecrayrourero (B H.lLeaJleessrrexaaae» KaJK.lLOrO nocnenyiourero JlCB H3 npenunyuiero}. O,lJ,HaKO nexcaxorpadiasecxoe ynopanosenae, YBH3blBaHHe MeTacj:>opH4eCKHX 3HaQeHHH H OTTeHKOB Hepe)J.KO HaTaJIKHBaeTCfl Ha conpOTHBJleHHe MaTepHaJI a.

np03palJHOCTb, JIOmQeCKaH 04eBH.lLHOCTb xeratpopi», 3KCrrJlHQHTHO :!

cYIll.eCTBYlOmaH cesia, CBSl:3bIBalOmaH MeTacj:>opHl..JeCKOe 3HalJeHHe C I1C-

4*

51

XO)],HbIM, «pa3bHCHHIOw.aH» MeTa¢opy, CBOHCTBeHHbl TOJlbKO He3HalJll, TeJlbHOH 4aCTYI 5IM. OCHOBHOH MaCCHB MeTa¢OpH4ecKoi1 JleKCHK~ 05pi3yeTcH no npyrHM npHHUHnaM.

HaJ1H4He oouiero ceaaura-iecxor-o 3J1eMeHTa npezincnar-aer co-

3HaTeJ1bHb1H nepeuoc 3Ha4eHHH, T. e. OCMbICJ1eHHOe H KaK 6b! BOJleBOe nepeuecenne npasuaxa H3 onHOH cexaaraxecxoa CTpyKTYPbl B npyryIO B KaiK,ll,OM KOHKpeTHOM axre pellH. TeM He MeHee 3TO He TaK.

HCCJlenOBaHHe MeTa¢OPbl C n03HUHH ¢H3H0J10rHH aucurea HePBHOH neHTeJlbHOCTH HenOCpenCTBeHHO CBHneTeJ1bCTByeT 0 TOM, 4TO B xeraoope HeT 3J1eMeH'J'a CU::lHaTeJ1bHOrO, nOCJ1e)]'OBaTeJlbHOrO nepeuo ca (fl. AHOXHH. HOBoe B YlleHHH 0 BbIcweH HepBHOH neHTeJ1bHOCHI / / J1HT. ra3. 1940. 27 OKT., NQ 54. Ul-lT. no: [EpeMHHa, c. 9]). MeTa<jJopa H BocnpHHHMaeTCH He nOCpenCTBOM BblBOnOB H YM03aKJ1IO- 4eHHH, a nenocpencrneuao, lIYBCTBeHHO, 06pa3HO: MbI CHa4aJ1a BOCnpHHHMaeT xeratpopy, a nOTOM yxce l1w.eM eH «onpaanauna», «05b5ICHeHH51» [Bauorpanos, 1925]. Ilpa 3TOM socnpasrrue MeTa¢opbI TaK iKe O,ll,HOMOMeHTHO, KaK H B03HHKHOBeHHe, 4TO 5bIJlO nO,ll,TBepiKneHo naHHbIMH nCHX0J10rHH H ¢H3HOJlOrHH [Ce-reaos, c. 197 H cnen.]. 3TO CBH,ll,eTeJlbCTByeT B nOJlb3Y roro, liTO B aopne 5IM H HCXOnHoe saaveHHe He 06HapYiKHBalOT 3KCnJ1HUHTHOro oouierc cevaurnuecxoro 3JIe· MeHTa.

2. CI1HKPETI14ECKA5I 5I3bIKOBA5I METM>OPA

B rpynax no HCTopHlIecKoH n03THKe A. H. BeCeJlOBCKHH BCKPbIJ] nCHXOJlOrHlIeCKHe OCHOBbI 05pa30BaHHH MeTacpop H 3nHTeTOB H noKa3aJ1, -rro 50JlbWaH lIaCTb MeTa¢opH4eCKHX npe06pa30BaHHH coBpeMeHHbIX H3bIKOB socxonur K npeBHeHwei1 nope, xorna «CPH3H0J10' rH4eCKaH Hepa360pllHBOCTb» lIeJ10Be4eCKoro C03HaHHH npHBOnHJIa

K TOMY, 4TO lIYBCTBeHHbIe snesar.neana (3pHTeJ1bHbIe, cnyxcssre, 050- HHTeJ1bHbIe H ,ll,pyrHe) BocnpHHHMaJIHCb HepaClIJ1eHeHHO, CJ1HTHO, H 3Ta 1 CJ1HTHOCTb 3aKpenJ1HJ1aCb B H3bIKe - B ero «05HxonHbIX ¢opMYJ1ax»: 1\ «epnas TOCKa, scepreas TUUlUHa H non. KaK nonaran A. H. BeCeJ10BCKHH, CHHKpeTH3M BOCnpH51THH BH:WHI1X B03neHcTBHH, xapaxrepaus I nMI apxaaxecxoro C03HaHHH, CBOHCTBeH H COBpeMeHHOMY lIeJ10BeKY I H MOiKeT 6blTb 05b51CHeH «¢H3HOJlOrHlIecKoi1 Hepa360p4HBOCTbIO Ha- I weH, TeM 50Jlee nepB06bITHOH, nCHXHKH [BeCeJlOBCKHH, 1895, c. 88). I

«CKpemHBaHHH» ouiyuteaaf He MOrJ1H He OKa3aTbC51, CTHMYJ10M assrxoaor-o TBop4eCTBa H HMnYJ1bCOM pa3J1H4HbIX ceMaHTH4eCKHX npo·1 ueCCOB - Be,n,b HMeHHO ouryuieuns CJlYiKaT OCHOBHblM HCT04HHKOM ! 3HaHHH lIeJ10BeKa 05 okpyacaiouiea ,ll,eHCTBHTeJlbHOcTH. Kasecraeaaoe , MHoro05pa3He MHpa, B?CnpHHHMaeMoe opr aaana lIYBCTB, 05YCJ10BJ1H- I saer BHnbI ouryuieaaa, cpenn KOTOPblX cOBpeMeH{:IaH nCHX0J10rHH ~ Bbl,ll,eJIHeT sparensnue, cnyxosue, ocsaareasnue, nonpasnensnouraeca I' aa TaKTHJ1bHble, reaneparypnue H 50JleBbIe, a raioxe sxycoaue H 060- , H51TeJlbHbie. Kpoxe Taro, cYW.eCTBYIOT 50Jlee CJlOiKHble OW.YW.eHH51, B03HHKalOw.He B npouecce B3aHMoneHCTBH51 pa3J1H4HbiX opr aaoe l.JYBCTB: ouryuieaua ¢OPMbI, BeJlHlIHHbl OT,ll,aJleHHOCTH npenveros npyr 1. OT npyra H OT Ha6J11O,ll,3TeJl51 H T. n. [<1>3C, c. 473). flO-BH,ll,HMOMY, .

52 '

B CKpew.I1BaHl1l1 OW.YW.eHl1H MOIKHO Bl1)l,eTb HHTyHTHBHoe CTpeMJIeHHe pa3YMa BOCnpHH51Tb MHp He )l,HCKpeTHO, KaK 3TO ne.n aer aayxa, a Cl1HrerH4eCKH, B ero e)l,HHCTBe, TeKYl.JeCTH, B CB5I3aHHOCTH H B3aHM03aBHCHMOCTH ero 3JIeMeHTOB, C Y4eTOM 6eCl.JHCJleHHbIX aHaJlOrHH H TO)Knecrs, npHl.JeM 3TO CBOHCTBO l.JYBCTBeHHoro OTpa)KeHH51 enna JlH MO)KHO C4HTaTb TOJlbKO nepexorrxca apxaaseckoro MblllIJleHH51.

COBpeMeHHble nCHXOJlOrH4eCKHe HCCJle)l,OBaHH51 06HapY)KHJlH H nepe4HCJlHJlH see BH)l,bI ceacopaux B3aHMO)l,ei1cTBHH: 3pHTeJlbHbIX, aKYCTH4eCKHX, BKyCOBbIX, 060H51TeJlbHbIX H TaKTI1JlbHblX [BOpOHHH]. 3TO 3Ha411T, 4TO aauia rrCHXHKa, Y)Ke YMelOw.a51 ,lJ,HcpcpepeHUHpOBaHHO BocnpHHHMaTb CBOHCTBa H OTHOWeHH51 aeuieii (<<HaCJlalK)l,aTbC51 pas,ll.eJlbHO»), He MO)KeT OTKa3aTbC51 OT CJIHTHOrO BOCrrpH51TH51 paasoponHbIX no CBOHM HCTOl.JHHKaM 06pa30B, 3aKperrHBWHXC51 B 5l3b1Ke.

5IM, 06pa30BaBllIYIOC51 B pesyn srare raxoro CMeweHIUI 4YBCTBeHHblX BOCrrpH51THH, MbI Ha30BeM C H H K p e r H 4 e C K 0 H.

I1pocTeHwHH BH)l, cHHKpeTH4ecKoH 5IM o6HapY)KHBaeTC5I B npeneJlax l.JYBcTBeHHblx ouiyuieaaa. C03HaHHe KaK 6bl nrnopapyer H30- JIHpOBaHHbIH xapaxrep OW.YW.eHHH, H 513bIKOBa51 CHCTeMa CVHKcHpyeT 3TH CMemeHH5I: nanpuaep, aKYCTH4eCKoe ouryuieaae MOlKeT ncnveH5ITbC5I BKYCOBbIM (C)WOKUU 'lau - CJlaOIWJl .MeJlOOUJl), 3pHTeJIbHbiM (TYCKJlblU C8eT - TYCKJlblU 20JlOC), TaKTHJlbHblM (.MJl2ICUU nyxMfl2KUU 38YK) H T. rr. Cp. raioxe: nOCTfWJl nuuia - nocrnast rjJU3UOHOuus, 2YCTOii. cyn - 2YCTOU 6ac, »cuoxa« saiua - J/CuaK.Ue annoducuentt» H T. rr.

Ho CHHKpeTH3M He OCTaeTC51 B npenen ax l.JYBCTBeHHbIX (T. e. oxeBl1)],HbIX H 3J1eMeHTapHbIX) rrpH3HaKOB, OH pacrrpOCTpaH5IeTC5I raxace ua ace crpepsr BOCrrpH51TH5L

TIO)l,06HO TOMY KaK ceMb HOT C03)l,aIOT 6eCKOHe4Hoe MHoroo6pa3He MeJlO)l,HH, TaK H orpanusenaoe 4HCJlO npH3HaKOB, BOrrpl1HHMaeMbIX rr5lTblO 4YBCTBaMH, CJIylKHT OCHOBOH orpoa noro (a eCJlH BKJlI04 HTb H xY)],OlKeCTBeHHYIO pexs, TO 6eCKOHe4Horo) 4HCJla MeTa<j:>Op. KalKAbIH BH)], OW.YW.eHHH nopoxcnaer uenue rry4KH 513bIKOBbIX 06pa30B.

3pHTeJIbHble 06pa3bI: 6JleCHYJla .MOJlHUR - 6JleCHYJla Haae:JICaa, ooeaiixa; tinecrsuuuu npeoner - 6JleCTRUI,UU yM, ti.necrsuuuu Y'leHblU; MYTHaR eooa - MyTHoe C03HaHue, MYTHaR TOCKa; np06JleCK C8eTa - np06JleCK MblCJlU, C03HaHUR, ranasra, uaoexo«, ceotiodu; np03pa'l.Hoe CTeKJlO - npoepaunue CTUXU, npospasnue 38YKU, npospaunan

\ settupopa; C8eT nas: TIWHb - C8eT sas: JlU'l.HOCTb, ceer na» paoocr»; resnue KpaCKU - reunue oena, reunue JlIOOU, reunue ruuuu».

AKYCTH4eCKl1e 06pa3bI: ZPOMKUU seu« - ZpOMK.Oe UMR, 2pOMKue CJl08a; TUXUU 38yK - ruxoe o-uipoeanue, ruxan otiuoa; sxo 8 Jlecy - sxo nOX8aJl, sxo npeccu.

~coBble oopaau: 20pbKaR nonun» - ZOPbKUU unpe«, cOPblWR »canotia; K.UCJlblU JlUMOH - KUC.IlaR Y.llbl6Ka, «uc.aa« CPU3UOH.OMUR; npecnan nuuia - npecuas: UlYTKa, npecnua CTUJlb; npuexqc uapunaoa - npuekuc naucnocru; npuropnast nuuia - npuTopHbl_ii TOH., nputopnas YJlbl6Ka; CJlaaKUU 'laC!. - C.IlaOKUU cOJlOC, cAaoKuu TOH., c naosue peuu; COJleH.blU ozupeu - COJleH.blU aH.eK.aOT, conenasi UlyTKQ.

53

060HHTeJIbHbie oopaasr: apouat Iw¢e - apouar IiOBU3Iibl, ape.

MaT npOUlA020; CMpao 2liUAU - CMpao «neeeru.

TaKTI1JIbHble 11 rexneparypaue oopaau: BAaJIC1W!l 2y6Ka - BAa:J/C· HblU 3BYK; esssast uacca - B!l3KUU crpax, B!l3IWU 20AOC, B!l31W)l TUUlUHa; esaasa« nOBepXIiOCTb - e naoxiu: CTUAb, 2AaOKue OTHOUleHU!l; Op!l6Able scuuuit« - Op!l6Aa!l dipasa, Op!l6Aa!l BOA!l; :JICeCTKUa iiuea« - »cecrsua CTYK, 3BYK, :JICeCTKUU TOH, :JICecTKue CPOKU, npaeu. na; sunkas 6YMa2a - nunsast MY3bIKa, nunxan rutuuna; M!l2KUii nux - M!l2KUe 08UJlCekU!l, AUIiUU, ouepranun, M!l2KUU xapaxrep, TOH; OCTpblU HOJIC - ocrpas 60Ab, ocrpoe CAOBO, ocrpan nOAeMUKa; pu» AblU cnee - puxnsu: pOMaH, puxsa« «arupa: reepasu: npeoscer :-. reepoas BOA!l, reepdsu: xapasrep; runoa HOJH; - tunoa «enoee«, runoi; B32A!lO; XOAOOHblU 8030yX - XOAOOlibtU TOIi, xosoonue OTHOLUeHU!l; Ul:epOx08aTa!l n08epxHocTb - iaepoxoearuu CTUAb.

K paspsny CHHKpeTl111eCKHx MeTacpop MorYT 6blTb OTHeceHbI r aioxe cevaurasecxae rpaucdiopaauaa scex CPH3HOJIOrHlleCKHx COCTOHHHH:

T!lJICeAa!l 6oAe3Hb - 6oAe3Hb TeaTpa, ucnblTbt8aTb TOUlHOTY - HpaBCTBeHHa!l TOUlIiOTa, nepenectu AuxopaoKY - suxopaaea patioru, TR:JICeAblU yC1ap - ueap pe8ftOCTU H T. n.

,Upyroi1 BHA cHHKpeTH3Ma npOHBJIHeTCH sa npeAeJIaMI1 lleJIOBellecxoro opr auaaaa - B crpepe HBJIeHHH npaponsr, cpl13H4eCKHx npoueCCOB, BH,lI.OB 3HeprHH, pasuoro poaa CTHXHH: 6pbl3HYAa Booa- 6Pbl3liYA C8eT, cuxsna» 6yp!l - 6yp!l eocropea, 836aAaMYTUTb 80- oy - 836aAaMYTUTb petisr, B3AeT caMOAeTa - B3AeT cpaHTa3UU, 83pblB cnapsuia - B3pbl8 lie20008aIiU!l, 8nUTbl8aTb 8Aa2Y - 8nUTbtears ece Ii080e, BcnblXIiYA 0C101ib - BcnblXIiYA 21ieB, 2aCUTb C8eTeacurb «eeoooeanue, cOpUT 0C101ib - cOpUT OYUla,. epnsnua CTaTWH - epnsnue nouoic.au, ucnurueat» :JICa:JIC0Y - :JICa:JICoa Oe!lTeAbIiOCTU, y 60AbH020 :JICap - »cap A1068U, ucxp»c nnauenu - ucsou TaAaHTa, KunUT eooa - KunUT !lPOCTb, 06AaKO lia «etie - 06AaKO ne-canu, paCTa!lA Aeo - pacranrs OT y0080AbCTBU!l,. CTPY!l BOObl - CBe:JICaR CTPY!l 8 »urepatupe, reuer eooa - teuet epexst, TAelOT apOBaTAeeT :JICU31ib, Y2ac oeons - ueac BOCTOpc H T. ,lI..

'uJIHTeJIbHOCTb cyw,eCTBOBaHHH B H3bIKe (HanOMHHM, xro B03- HHKHOBeHHe cnaxper asecxof 5IM OTHOCHTCH K apxaH4eCKOH nope 4eJIOBelleCKoro C03HaHHH) rrpHBeJIO K CHIOKeHHIO oopasnoro nOTeHUHana H K HeH30e)KHOMY B TaKHX CJIY4aHX aBTOMaTH3MY BocnpHHTHSl., -rro npH6JIH)KaeT CHHKpeTHlleCKYIO 5IM K rM. npH6JIH)KeHHe, O,ll.HaKO, He 03Ha4aeT npespaureaaa: KaK 6bI HH 6bIJIH «CTepTbI» H «H36HTbI» OT -racroro H nonroro ynorpecneaaa re HJIH HHbie CJIOBa (cp. reuer epeun.eopur OYUla) , OHH coxpaaaior CTaTYC 5IM, noxa B HHX ocaapy)!<HBaeTCfI ceaaxraxecxaa ABynJIaHOBOCTb.

npaKTH4eCKH JII060e llYBCTBeHHoe socnpaarue MO)KeT CJIHTbCH C .ll.pyrHM, JIH60 ocraaaacs B npenenax ouryiueaak, JIH60 ssrpuaaacs B 60JIee BblCOKHe ctpep s; 3MOUHH, CBOHCTB JIHt[HOCTH, HpaBCTBeHHblX H COUHaJIbHblX xareropaa.

Ilpavepu:

B oeTCKOM sapasnou oroenenuu eecs oelib BcnblXUBaAU cronu. (BYJIraKOB. MOp¢HH.) Ilponan EpUlaAaUM - 8eAu/\.UU eopoo, KaK1

M I

6ydTO ne cyU!,eCTBOBaJl na CBeTe. Bee noocpana TMW. (.6YJIraKoB.

, MacTep H Mapr-apar a.) To nna OT8eTUJla OJlUftftblM 2YJlOM IWK 6bl ydUBJleHUfl UAU otineeuenus: K02da »ce OH nOTYX, I] UJlaT npoiio.nsea» ... (Byaraxoa. MaCTep H Mapr-apar a.) Mfte 3anOMHUJlOCb 3TO, a OCTaJlbHOe you8UTeJlbftblM o6pa30M CMa3aJlOCb 8 naustt u. (By.nr aKOB. TeaTpaJlbHblH pOMaH.) H npueepuun esuouo-cares», U M2ft08eHftO TbJ,.W c se na BCIO xoscnaru. (.6YJlraKOB. MOpcpHH.) AftTUnOBa ooypMauuean TaUHblU U Bfl3KUU crpax. (TPHcpOHOB. BpeMH H MeCTO.) DJla20- oapnocrs Fpueopusi Bacusseeuua He uct nena sa OOJl2Ue 200bl. (TpHqJOHOB. BpeMH H MeCTO.) fl noooiuen K HeMY U CKa3aJl: «Kasoeo «epra ru KO MHe nunneucs? Bee» fl reti« He Tp02alO». (TPHcpOHOB. He.aoaroe npeosraaaae B KaMepe nbITOK.) OH KUBaeT - JlaOHO, MOJl, XOpOUlO. A Y caM020 drusuonouusimocrnax. (TPHcpOHOB. BpeMH H MeCTo.) Liena esi.nas, cupasi 3UMa. (TPHcpOHOB. BpeM5I H MeCTo.) - Faserxa «ax.nenoxas: ECAU yJfC nauunars. TO 20e-TO no-xpunnosu). A TyT ece paeno "iTO HU20e. (TPHcpOHOB. BpeM5I H MeCTO.)

CHHKpeTH4eCKHe 51M, BKJIlO4a5lCb B CeMaHTl14eCKHe 11 cnosoocpasoaarensnsre npoueccu, rpynnapyscs B JIeKCH4eCKI1e nona, C03.ll.aIOT MHKpOCI1CTeMbI, Ka)!(.ll.a51 113 KOTOPbIX I1MeeT csoe ceMaHTH4eCKoe 51.lLPO, KY.lLa BXO.n.HT 4YBCTBeHHbIH npH3HaK H3 cqiepu omymeHHiL

CHcTeMHOH opraHH3aUHH 51M nocsauieau rJI. 5 H 6 aacroauiero HCCJle.ll.OBaHH5I; s.aecs )!(e orpaHH411MC5I O.ll.HHM npuaepov:

Bxyconoe ouryuieune (KUCJlblU, KUCHYTb, npOKUCHYTb 11 T . .a.}: JJ.a pasee Jl M02 6bl noeepurs, "iTO B cepeoune cepenexoeo KUCA020 ceH~ rsuip« «e.noee« MOJfCeT Atep3HYTb B nOM, KaK B IlIOTYIO 3UMY?! (Bynr aKOB. DOJlOTeHUe C neTYXOM.) KaTJl IWKaHYHe TOJfCe suc na, JfCaJlOBasacs na cepoue. (TPI1CPOHOB. Herepnenue.) ICMHpHOB:] BTOJfCeHU!,Ulw! BOT BTO Jl nonusuuo! - He KUCAJlTUHa, He pasuasns, a 020Hb, nopox, paxeral (4exoB. Me.lLBe.ll.b.) Oft OT IlU'iH.O snan, "iTO OYMalOT BOT BTU eocnooa npo H.e20: otiatiu.ic«, pacnYCTUA HIOHU, npOKUC. (MaMI1H-CH6HP5lK. J1106oBb.) - He nOHUMalO - «eeo Tbl pacxucaeiu»? Tot case noee pun B C8010 8UH08H.OCTb? Te: TaK OOpOJlCUUlb 3BaHueM 21laBH020? Y retin otnstnu PYKU, H02U, 201l08Y? TbL suaeucs, 'iTO He 8UH08aT, U T80fl 20A08a npu retie. He nOHUMalO - saueu pacxucars? (HHKOJlaeBa. 5HTBa B nyrn.)

CB5I3H, nopoacneuusre cHHKpeTH4eCKl1M BOCnpH5ITHeM pa3HOpOD.HbIX CPH3HOJlOrH4eCKHx pas.npasceuaa, A. H. BeCeJlOBCKHH Ha3BaJI «nCHXOJlOrHlIeCKHM napaJlJIeJIH3MoM» [BeCeJlOBCKHH, 1895, c. 90]. Ozmaxo rpatpaxecxoe H306pa)!(eHHe TaKHX cBH3eH naer He napan.neJIH, a ny4KH. CI1HKpeTHlieCKHe C6JlHlKeHH5I MoryT 3aXBaTbIBaTb MHOlKeCTBO pa3HOp0.ll.HbIX BOCnpH5ITHH: ocaaare.nsnsre ouiyuieaus nepeuoCHTCH aa apnreasasre (XOIlOOH.blU 8030YX - XOAOOHblU L{8eT), aa 060H5ITeJIbHble (XOJlOOftbLU aposcarv. 3TO caMbIH 3JIeMeHTapHbIH CJIy- 4aH CHHKpeTH3Ma . Bonee CJIO)!(Hble C6JlH)!(eHHH npOHCXO,ll.51T sa 'npeneJIaMH 4YBcTBeHHbiX BOCnpHl'lTHH - B ctpepax 3MOUHOHaJIbHbiX B03- ,ll.eHCTBHH (XOIlOOHbLU TOH, XOIlOOHblU 83cAflO), rrCHXI11.JeCKHX COCTOHHHH txosoanas nenaeucro i, HHTeJlJIeKTyaJlbHbIX aKUl1l1 (XOllooHble paccYJfCOeH.UR), cBoHcTB HHTeJlJIeKTa (xOAoOHafl naMflTb), COUHaJlb-

t HblX oTHoweHHH (XOIlOOHblU npueu, XOJlOOHbLe OTHOUleHUfl).

55

3. ACCOUI1ATI1BHM! 5I3bIKOBMI META<l>OPA

A C C 0 U 11 a T 11 B H a l'I 51M 6a311pyeTcl'I ua cnoc06HOCTI1 C03Ha.

HHl'I OTbICKI1BaTb aH3JIOrI1H Me1K1l.Y JII06bIMI1 06beKTaMI1 1l.eHCTBI1TeJIb. HOCTI1. YHI1BepCaJIbHOCTb T3KOH MbICJII1TeJIbHOH onepauun no CYTH ne.na 03H34aeT Bceo6beMJIIOlll,I1H x ap axrep MeTacpopH4HOCTI1 l'I3blKa. MeT3cpopa, 06pa30BaHHa51 no npaauany aCCOUl1aTHBHblX CB513eH, aaHI1MaeT aenyuiee MeCTO B J1eKCI14eCKOH CHCTeMe KaK B K0J1H4eCTBeHHOM OTHoweHIH1, TaK 11 no CBoeMY BJII1HHHIO H3 npOHCX01l.51lll.He CI1CTeMHble CeMaHTI14eCKHe npoueccw.

Ilpa 06pa30B3HI111 3CCOll,118TI1BHOH 51M 8KTY3JII13YIOTCl'I 1136blT04· Hble :,)JleMeHTbI CeM8HTI1KI1 I1CX01l.HOrO J13, OTCT051lll,l1e 1l.8JIeKO OT era l'I1l.ePHOH 48CTH.

ACCOUH3UI1l1 MoryT 5blTb paanoro P01l.3. O,ll,HI1 113 HI1X penpeseurnPYIOT nexne 06beKTI1BHO npucyuure npe1l.MeTY npl13H8KI1 (I1JII1 npanncsiaaexnse eMY Bo06pa)KeHHeM 4eJIOBeK8 - B ,ll,8HHOM CJ1Y43e :')TO He I1MeeT 3H34eHI1H), xoropsre, He H3X01l.l'I OTp8IKeHJ1H B ,UeHOT3TI1B' HOM conep acannu ncxozmoro 3H34eHl1l'1, TeM He MeHee XopOWO 113BeCT· HbI BceM 4JleH8M H3blKOBoro KOJIJIeKTl1B3 (H8npI1Mep, np113H3KJ1 «WyM, KPI1K», CBH3aHbI C BOCnpl151Tl1eM T8KOH peaJII1I1, K8K 683ap). )lpyroH Tl1fI aCCOUl18UHH OTp8:tKaeT «nCHxo.rIOrI14eCKI1H n3p3JIJIeJIH3M» - nexoe ofiiuee nCI1XOJ10rH4eCKoe BIle48TJIeHl1e, CKJI8,ll,bIB81Olll,eeCH IlOA Bm1HHHeM CXO,UHbIX B03,UeikTBI1H aa opranu 4YBCTB (H8I1pI1Mep, xa- 4eCTB3 LJeJ10BeK3, «M51rKHH, Bl'I.'1bIH, 6e3BOJIbHblH» I1CI1XOJIOrI14eCKI1' aCCOll,mlpYIOTCl'I C TaKOH pea.'1l1eli, K8K KI1CeJIb).

B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C 3TI1M B p33pH,Ue 8CCOUl18Tl1BHOH 51M MorYT 5blTb auneneuu ,il,Be pa3HOBH1l.HOCTI1: 11 p 11 3 H a K 0 B a 51 11 IT C H X 0 JI O· r Jl lj e C K 8 H.

ACCOUI18THBH351 H3hlKOBa51 MeT8cpop3 npH3H3KOB351

B IT P H 3 H 3 K 0 B 0 Ii ace 0 U H 3 T H B H 0 H 51M 05HapYIKI1Ba· eTC51 I1pl13H8K (HJII1 p51,U I1PI13H8KOB), KOTOPblH He C01l.ePIKI1TCH B ceo M3HTI14eCKOil crpyxrype I1CX01l.HOrO HOMHH8THBHoro 3Ha4eHI151, HO «npI1BH3aH» K ,UeHOT3TY aCCOll,113UHeH: Baaap. MeCTO 1l.JI51 TOprOBJII1 .. ; P03HIl4Ha51 TOprOBJIH H3 TaKOM MeCTe. Il epejc. J'osop, WYM, KpI1K. Ka6aK. B 1l.0peBOJIIOUI10HHoti POCCHI1 - s aseaenae 1l.J1H nponaxcu H paCflHT!HI cnnprnux H311I1TKOB. Il epen. 0 oecnopanxe. 6e306p33HI1, HeLJHCTOTe, HanOMHHalOUlI1X 06CTaHOBKY xaoaxa. Ka3Hb. BblCWa51 Mepa HaKa3aHI1H - JIHWeHl1e IKH3HI1. Il epen. MY4eHl1e, CTp81l.aHl1e. KOpblTO. OTKPblTbIH np0,ll,OJIrOBaTbIH cocvn C oKpyrJIeHHblMI1, pacumP511Olll,I1MI1C51 xsepxy 60KOBbIMI1 CTeHKaMH, I1pe1l.H33Ha4eHHblH ,LI)I51 CTl1pKH 6e.1bH, KOpMJIeHI1H CKOTa 11 T. 11. Il epe«. 0 HerO,UHOM CTapOM CY'uHe, JI01l.Ke 11 T. fl. Capaa. Kpsrroe X03HHCTBeHHoe 110MeUleHHe. Il epeu. 0 60JIbWOH, HeYIOTHOH KOMHaTe, 0 HeKpaCHBOM 3,ll,aHHI1. THHa. 3eJIeHble B01l.0pOC.~I1, IlJIaBalOUlHe rycroa Maccoi:j B CT051'-!eH H MaJl0 npOT04HOii sone. Il epe«. To, 4TO sacacsmaer, onyrsraaer, J1HWaeT BOJIH, CBo601l.bl ,UetiCTBHH. XJleB. Iloxeuienae 1l.JI5I CKOTa. Il epen. o rpH3HOM, 3aIlyw.eHHOM 110Melll,eHI1I1. Cp. TaKIKe: tianaean ('WYTOB-

56

crso') ; 6apUH ('He paooraer'): 602aaeAbH5l ('orCYTcrBl1e )l,el'lTeJIbHOCHI'); 60UH5l ('r)l,e y6I1BafOT'); 8UHe2peT ceeoenua ('CMeCb'); «e.no- 8eK-6UHTUK (,HI14TO)KHbIH, He3aMeTHbIH'); 80JICJlCU 8 patiore ('y)l,epI!OIBaeT, C)l,ep)KI1BaeT'); 6bl8UXU 8 nAaHUpOBaftUU ('HapyweHHe'); U3/iWiKa C06bLTUU ('CKPbITbIH'); KOHYPQ (,TeCHbJI1, TeMHbJi1'); KOHIOUlfi5l ('rp513b'); KPflJIC '3)J.OPOBbII1, KopeHaCTbII1, xp enxor o CJIO)KeHI1l'I 4eJJOBeK~ ('KOpOTKI1H 11 Wl1pOKI1I1'); AQ6upUHT paCCYJlCaeHUU ('3arryraHHbli1'); norepest '0 opaxe, 3K3aMeHe' ('Herrpe)l,CKa3yeMOCTb'); MAaoeneu - 0 B3POCJlOM 4eJlOBeKe ('6ecrrOMOw,HOCTb'); nurxa ('MY4eHue'); C8UHQPHUK ('rpH3b') 11 T .. n.

Ilepeuoc MO)!(eT ocyiuecranarsca raioxe aa OCHOBe nexoropsix HCTOPI1KO-KYJlbTypHbIX npencrasneaaa, ooumx )J.JJH H3bIKOBoro KOJlJ1eKTI1Ba, kor opue, eCTeCTBeHHO, raxxce He HaXO)J.51T OTpa)KeHI151 B ceMaHTI1Ke CJIOBa-I1CT04HI1Ka: Puuaps. ¢eo)J.aJl, T5'1)KeJlOBoopy)!(eHHbIH KOHHbIH BOI1H B cpenune sexa B 3ana)J.HblH Espone, npl1Ha)J.Jle)!(aw,l1H K BoeHHO-3eMJle)J.eJlb4eCKOMY COCJlOBI1IO. Il epen. CaiVIOOTBep)KeHHbIH, 6JJaropo)J,HbIH, BeJlI1Ko)J.YWHbIH 4eJ10BeK. Il epe«. LIeJ10BeK, 6e3pa3- )J,eJlbHO OT.ll,alOw,I1H ce651 KaKoMY-Jl. )l,eJly, anee.

Cnosapaue .ll,eqmHI1UI1I1 5IM orpaxcaior MHOrOnpI13HaKOBocTb, ,U11<jJ<jJY3HOCTb Cl1MBOJla MeTacpopbI. B 3TOM HaXO.ll,HT orpasceane rJlaBHoe CBOHCTBO MeTacpopbl - B03MO)!(HOCTb nepe.aar s 06pa3 npenvera. BKJl104 alOw,I1H ace (HJ1 H M norue) er o CBoHcTBa. B npouecce pesesoro ynorpeo.renaa HHOr)l,a BbI4JleH51eTC51, Bbl.ll,BHraeTcS1 ua rrepe.ll,HI1H rrnaH It aKTyaJII13yeTcH B 5IM O.ll,I1H npnanax 11 CTaHOBI1TCl'I «3TI1KeTKOII» nesorara (xAe8 - «rpl'I3Hbdh), O.ll,HaKO 60J1ee xapaxrepuu« cnenyer C411TaTb MHOrOnpl13HaKOBbIH CI1MBOJ1 MeTacpopbI. B 3TOM OTHOWeHl111 aCCOUl1aTIIBHaS1 5IM euie B 60JlbWeH CTerreHI1, 4eM MOTI1Bl1pOBaHHaS1 (BcrrOMHI1M aaan as CHMBOJla MeTa<j:>opbJ B 5IM lWAeuaoCKon), oonapyIKI1BaeT CBOIO ceMaHTI14ecKYlO .ll,11<jJCPY3HOCTb, nep ac-rneneunocr s. HeBbI.ll,eJlI1MOCTb 11 )J.a)Ke HeYJIOBI1MOCTb aKTya.'I1130BaHHblx B MeTacpOpll- 4eCKOM 3Ha4eHIIl1 ceM.

Ilponeaoxcrpapyea CKa3aHHoe aa npuaepe MeTacpopl14eCKOro pa3BI1TIIH JleKCeMbl OMYT. Ee I1CXO.ll,HOe 3Ha4eHlle 4J1eHI1TCH ua naa nCB: 1) r.nyooxas HMa aa .ll,He peKl1l1JlI1 osepa (OCHOBHoe 3Ha4eHl1e) 11 2) 6blcTplIHa, BO.ll,OBOPOT, BbIMblBalOw,l1e aa ,ll,He peKI1, osep a HMy (oTTeHoK 3Ha4eHliH). )laJlee SAC cpl1Kcl1pyeT MeTacpopll4eCKIII1 OTTeHOK 3Ha4eHI151: 06 oocrauoaxe, cpe.ae, KOTopaH 3aTHrHBaeT, aacacsrsaer 4eJJOBeKa, ne.naer 6e3Bo.'IbHbIM, 6e3JI114Hb1M. He aail OCTblTb aytue nosra, OJICeCTOliUTbCfl, o-tepcreers, H naxoueu OKaMeHeTb B ueprestU{eM unoenee CBeTQ, B ceM OMYTe, cae C 8QMU fl KynalOcb, uu nue OPY3bfl. (DYWKHH. EBreHI1I1 OHerI1H.) [DaXOTIIHJ He ycneA euie OKyHYTbCfl 8 OMyT onacnou, npu npa3aHOCTU U aeHb2QX, JlCU3HU, KQK HQ oeaouar» nsrou 208y e20 JlCeftUAU. (rOHLlapOB. 06JJOMOB.) Becesast ocusn« nocrenenno sacacueana 8Ty ae8YUlKY B C80a 2Ay6oKua OMyT. Ona C BOCTOP20M paCCKaSbl8aJZQ HAbe 0 ICYTeJICax C 602QTblMU KynliuKaMU .. , 0 TpOUKax, pecropanax. (M. rOpbKl1iL Tpoe.)

Ilpaseneaasie KOHTeKcrbI couep scar I1HcpopMaUI1IO, KOTOpa51 113- ~ BJIeKaeTC51 He aenocpencraeuuo 113 CeMaHTI1'-1eCKOH CTpyKTYPbI I1CXO.ll,r aor o 3Ha4eHI1H. III) 11\ '·\II;lllllH 0 _leHOT3Tl'»: I)\I\T I)Obl4HO 3aTHr11Ba-

57

er, 3aCaCbIBaeT B CBOIO rJly6J.IHY. 4TO KaCaeTCH BTOPOH 4aCTH ,Ue<pHHH.' l.I,HH (<<,UeJlaeT 6e3BOJIbHbI,M, 6e3JIH4HbIM»), TO 3TH CBeJJ,eHHH HHKaK He CB5i3aHbI C. JJ,eHOTaTOM H H3BJIeKaIOTCH H3 3HaHHH ysce 0 «BTOPOM JJ,eHOTaTe», T. e. 0 peanaa, 0603Ha4eHHOH 5IM (cpena, 06CTaHOBKa KOTOpa5i accouaapyercs C OMYTOM), UHTaTHbIH MaTepHaJl JJ,aeT OCHO:

BaHHe ,UJI5i BbI,UeJleHHH MeTa<popH4eCKHX nepeHOCOB, CHMBOJl MeTa<j)o. pu KOTOPbIX CBH3aH B JJ,pyrHM xpyroxr aCCOUHaUHH: euties» (cp.: Kyoa !I' sasecer nac 6yprwe, ece ucxopsuouieecn reuenue H CTOPUU, B «asue:

KunY'1.Ue nOp02U, 8 KaKUe 2u6eAblible OMYTbl? (TeHJJ,pHKOB. Floxyurs] HHe ua MHpa}!{H); 2Ay6ulia {cp.: 3AaTOeYPOB KaK 6bl OZAflObl8aACJl i B nOUCKaX '1.e20-liu6yOb, sa 'tTO MOJICIiO YX8aTUTbCfl, satienurecn, I '1.T06bl noornnut» ceo» U 8blTaU{UTb U3 OMYTa 6e3liaOeJICIiOCTU. (Kpe.! JIHH. Bes sareaj ): OBUJlCeliUe (Cp.: EUO/We YTOlieT B 6e36peJICliOM I uope BUOOB lWKUX-liU6YOb nacexouux, CTaTUCTUK «unercs B OMYT!I nosnanust BCflKOZO pooa «ucen. (MHXaHJIOBCKHiL /KecToKHH ra-j JIaHT) H np. I

ACCOl.l,HaTHBHaH 5IM HHlJeM He «cxpenneaa» C HCXOJJ,HbIM 3Ha4eHI1·1 ex. KpOMe HeKOTopbIX 3JleMeHTOB 3HaHIUI 0 ,UeHOTaTe: na oaaape I 06bI4HO WYMHO, B xariaxe H B XJIeBY rp5I3HO, B capae TeMHO H HeYIOT- ! HO, KOPbITO He npHMeH5IeTC5I ,UJI5I nJIaBaHHH, THHa onyrsrsaer, CKOBblsaer ,UBH}!{eHIHI H T. JJ,. - 3TH CBe,UeHHH Ka}!{,UbIH 4JIeH 5i3bIKOBoro KOJlJleKTHBa 4epnaeT H3 csoero HHJJ,HBH,UyaJlbHOrO }!{H3HeHHoro onsrra, KOTOPblH BMeCTe C TeM orpaxcaer KOJlJIeKTHBHO OC03HaHHble xapaxrePHCTHKH. 06pa30BaHHble ua OCHOBaHHH TaKHX xapaKTepHCTHK 5IM He:

Tpe6yIOT «paCWH<pPOBKH» - OHH BocnpHHHMaIOTC5i BceMH 4JIeHaMH H3hlKOBoro KOJIJleKTHBa O,UHHaKOBO 6JIaro,UapH 06~eKTHBHpOBaHHhlM CBH3HM. COBnaJJ,aIOT KOJIJIeKTHBHble 3HaHH5I (06HXO.ll.HO-npaKTHlJeCKl1e HJIH KYJIbTYPHO-HCTOpHlJeCKHe) - n03TOMY COBna.ll.aIOT H aCCOUHaUI1H [TeJIHH, 1977, c. 192-193]. Pacuiarpponxa (aar opcxoe pa3b5ICHe· HHe) HM, 06bI4HO co,Uep}!{HTC5I B KOHTeKCTax, H3 KOTOPbIX JleKCI1KOrpatp xepnaer MaTepHaJl .ll.JlH nocrpoeaas .ll.e¢HHHUHH.

DpHMepw: 'I' [BOcbMH6paToB:] Bu 6yoeTe npuuar», fl 6yoy xpuuat», 6yoeT '

tiasap, a TOAKY He euuoer. (A. OCTPOBCKHH . .nec.) [Fpyrma] 3K-1 cnpourou opeanusoeana uiutoanoe npueercreue C MOliOKAflMU na ,' ••

2Aa3ax, uununitpcucu na eonoeax, a OCTaAbliOU tuanet - TPYCu/W. • Ho nOO7JeXaBUlUe na 2PY308Ui£Ke roeapuuiu ecrpetusu HaUl6aAa2aH " 6e3 Y.A.bl6KU. (MHlJypHH. I'opsxne ,UHH axrepcxoji }!{H3HH.) Bupeiea- ; RCb U3 KpenKUX cepourux pu«, oc neniuuu, Oe.A.OXUlUU, opas .Ma.A.bi£UK na BCIO tianio. .• YJlCe C.A.OM.AeHHO U nOKUHYTO 3a8bL8a.A. MaAb"tUK., oocuoas KOHl{a xasnu. (Acrarpses. Ona PYCCKOMY oropony). EPlOC08 BblBO.A.OK uens: U3 ea3eTHOU rpsicuuu, sarneueaeiuea uens: C KaaleiJbl.M I OHeM. ece cu.asnee, npuotuuun AteH.R K. 60.A.bUlOU »ureparupe. (K. 4y- I KOBCKHH. OHCbMa B. OpIOCOBa.) Bnqtpu [xapxeaua] rasasi ZPR3b, ,I" 6yoro ryT He Me.A.U, lie '1.Ucru.A.U uecsiuauu. H ece alee Anopei; C yoo- , BOllbCT8UeAt cen 3a 2Pfl3HblU CrOAUK. .. enepeue sa noneooa nonan

B xapueenuto, nucstu: B 8raKUU XAeB! (TpH<POHOB. Herepneaae.)

Cnenyer, O.ll.HaKO, 3aMeTHTb, lJTO B .ll.aHHOM cay-rae KOHTeKCT ,,. asmonuser cxopee XYAOlHeCTseHH.:e. ,eM ceMaHTHQeCHHe <PYHKUHH'l

C T04KH 3peHHH ceMaHTHKH TaKaH paCWHcpPOBKa OKa3bIBaeTCH H36bIT04HOH, nOCKOJIbKY H B MHHHMaJIbHOM KOHTeKCTe CrrOHTBHHOH paaroBOPHOH pexn IlOHHMBHHe MeTacpOpHl.!eCKOrO CMbICJIa (HHbIMH CJIOBBMH, IlHTYHTHBHOe BbI4JIeHeHHe CHMBOJIa MeTacpopbI) He BbI3bIBaeT sarpynHeHHH. Cp.: npexparure tuisap, KaKOU 30eCb xnee, uoy na nbtTKY (K 3y6HOMY Bpa4Y), «e nopipcat; suueeo 3TOMY Mllaoeflu,y H T. Il. (caMO C060I1 pa3YMeeTCH, 4TO rrOHHMaHHe 6a3HpyeTcH aa 3HaHHH, aenocpe.ll.CTBeHHOM BocnpHHTHH CHTyaUHH, B KOTOPOH nporexaer paaroBOp) .

ACCOUHBTHBHaH H3WKOBaH MeTacpopa nCHXOJIorHl.!eCKaH

ECJ1H B aCCOUl1aTI1BHOH 5IM npaauaxoaor o r ana CHMBOJ1 MeTacpOpbI CO.ll.epIKHT Ha60p cex, XOTH H He BXO.nHllI.HX B AeHOTaTHBHoe CO)l.epIKaHHe acxonaor o JI3, HO J1erKO .10rH4eCKH BbI4.neHHeMbIX (cp.: tiasap - 'WYM, rOBOp, KPHK', Pbtl{apb - '6JlarOpOAHbIH, caMOOTBepiKeHHbIH' H T. n.) , TO B a c C 0 U HaT H B H 0 H n C H X 0 J1 0 r H l( eC K 0 H 5IM CHMBOJ1 MeTa(jlopbI npeACTaBJl5IeT co6oi1 axoprpuoe cexanTH4eCKoe o6pa30BaHHe. l1MeHHo 3AeCb 06JIBCTb «6ecc03HaTeJ1bHOH nrpst JlOrHKH» (BeCeJIOBcKHi1). Cp.: Bpeaao, 04HllI.eHHbu"i OT BeTOK H 6e3 sepxyurxa CTBOJI cpy6JIeHHOrO 60JIbWOrO nepesa HJlH 4BCTb raxoro CTBOJIa. Ilepe«. 0 rynox, rJ1ynoM HJIH He4YTKoM 4eJIOBeKe. KPSI:lK. KOpOTKHH KYCOK TOJlCTOro 6peSHa, 113 4aCTH AepeBa, 6JIH3KOH K KOpHIO. Ilepen. 0 HeBeIKeCTBeHHOM, HeKYJ1bTypHOM l(eJIOBeKe. OrapOK. OCTBTOK aenoropesmex CBe4H. Il ep en. 0 4e.noseKe CJIa60CHJIbHOM, IKa.1KOM, sauopuure.

MOIKHO npeACTaBHTb, KaKHe OTAa.1eHHbIe, onocpeaoe aaaue accoUHBTHBHble CBH3H npI1BO)],HT K (jlOPMHPOSBHHlO 5IM, KBKHMI1 npn- 4Y.ll..1HBbIMH nCHX0J10rH4eCKHMH XO.ll.BMH OAHO JI3 npH6J1l1IKaeTCH K .ll.pyrOMY, ec.nn, nanpnuep, 5IM 6pe6flO penpesenrupyer TaKHe Ka4eCTBa 4e.rIOBeKa, KaK «rnynocr s» lWIl «He4YTKOCTb», 8 «oiooa - 'xoporxoe TO.'lCTOe 6peBHO' - «HenOBopOT.fJHBOCTb», «HeYK.1IOiKeCTb».

Oc06eHHO Har.1HAHble Ii y6eAHTe.fJbHble npuvep s: HaXO;Ul:VI B paapsne 300MOPCPH3MOS: Fycs. KpYIlHaH BOAOIlJIaBaIOlUaH rrr nua C cepbI~I 1I.1l! 6eJ1blM onepeanea. Ilepe«. OpeHe6peIKI1Te.fJbHOe oopauieuue HJ111 OT3bIB 0 4eJIOBeKe, uaoraa C HaMeKOM ua ero orpnuare.nsaue Ka4eCTBa: n.fJYTOBCTBO, r.nyrrocr s Ii T. 11. - Bbt - areucru'rl - Jl,a, Jtbt - areucrbl, - Yllbl6aflCb, OT6erUJl Bep nuos. A Ee300;,tHblU nOGyJIIQ.Z, paccepoueuiucs: «Bor npuuenuncsi, eaepanuunuu eqcu!» (ByrrraKOB. MaCTep 11 MaprapHTa.) Kopoaa. Kpynuoe napHOKOfIbITHOe .ll.OMaWHee IKHBOTHoe, naiouiee :'lO.~OKO; cavxa 6bIKa. Il epen. 0 Hepacroponuon, HenOBOpOTJHiBOii IiJIli HeYMHoii IKeHllI.HHe. - Kop oea, CY/11afl xopoea: ee XOTb yoapb, xot» 06HUMU - ece y:o,tbtllflerCfl. ([OH4apOB. 06J10MOS.)

BOCIlDI1HTHe HOi\HlHaTIiBHbIX 3Ha4eHI1ii nDl!BeAeHHbIX CJ10B I1CKJIIOxaer TaK'He cseneuna. K8K CBOHCTBa, OTpa~eHHble B MeTa¢ope: IlJIyTOBCTBO 11.111 rJIYIlOCTb rYCH, r.rynocrs KOPOBbI 11 T. ;1..

L. OO)]'06HbIM 06pa30M B TOJ1KOBaHHH npHMbIX 3HaLIeHI1H COBepweHHO r 3aKOHHO He ynoMHHaIOTC5I TaKHe CBOHCTBa, KaK XHTPOCTb JII1CbI, neon-

59

P5lTHOCTb HJIH TeM 60JIee HenOp5l,!J.04HOCTb CBHHbH, ynp5lMCTBO OCJla, Me,!J.JII1TeJIbHOCTb 11J111 paBHO,!J.YUIHe Pbl6bl H T. n., nOCJIY)KHBWHe OCHOBOi1 06meH3BeCTHbiX 5IM.

Vi B paane.ne 300MOPCPl13MOB 6blBalOT (pe,!J.KO) CJ1Y'laH, korna caoacrna, orpaxcennue B MeTacpOpe, yxaaauu B TOJ1KOBaHI1I1 HCXO,!J.HOro 3Ha4eHHH CJ10Ba. Hanpauep: XOMSIK. fpbI3YH ... C TOJICTblM HeYKJ1lO)KHM TeJ10M. Il epen. 0 HenOBOpOTJIHBOM, nepactoponnov 'leJ10- sexe. Ilonyraa. nTI1Ua, cnocoonas BblY4HBaTbOl nYTeM nO,!J.pa)KaHH5l npOH3HOCl1Tb CJIOBa. Il epen. 0 4eJ10BeKe, KOTOPblti He HMeeT c06CTBeHaoro MHeHI1H H nOBTOp5leT 4Y)KHe CJ10Ba. Ilayx. 4J1eHHCTOHoroe )KH' BOTHoe C H,!J.OBHTbIMH )KeJIe3aMH, 06bl4HO n.ne'rytuee nayrnay, B KOTOPYlO JIOBHT MeJIKHX )KHBOTHblX, CJ1Y)KamHX eMY nauiea. Il epe« o )KeCTOKOM 'leJIOBeKe, 3KCnJIyaTHpYlOIUeM 4Y)K0i1 rpyn ... nO-BI1- ,!J.HMOMY, B nO,!J.06HbIX CJIY4a5lX xerarpopnvecxoe 3Ha4eHI1e onocpenoBaHHO BJIH5IeT aa HCXO,!J.Hoe, xerarpopa KaK 6bl «HaB5I3blBaeT» CBOH onpenenmouma npH3HaK HCXO,iI.HOMY 3Ha4eHl1lO: Be,!J.b eCJIH 6bl 3TIl C.10Ba He ynoTpe6J151JII1Cb cpHrypaJIbHO, TO eaaa JIH 6blJla 6bl necoxo,iI.HMOCTb BBO,!J.I1Tb B TOJlKOBaHH5I TaKHe nO,!J.p06HOCTH, KaK crroco6 YMepmBJleHH5I »ceprnu (nayx) HJIH cnocoouoc n, nonpaacars 3BYKaM (nonyraji) . 80 BC5IKOM cny-iae TaKaH He06xo.l\HMOCTb He rionrsepacnaeTCH C.10B8pHblMI1 MaTepHa.18MI1 (uanpavep, cxsopeu, BOpOH 11 Hexoropsre npyrue nTI1Ubl raxxce 06JIa,!J.alOT cnocoonocrsro BOCnp0I13BO,!J.I1Tb OT,!J.eJIbHble CJlOBa 4eJIOBe4ecKoi1 pe411, O,!J.HaKO 3TO I1X CBOHCTBO, eCTeCTBeHHO, He yrrOMHHaeTC5I B CJlOBapHblX onpene.neauax) .

Ilpasuax, CPOpMl1pYlOml1i1 300MOpQ)HYlO MeTacpopy, He TOJlbKO He HB.H5IeTC5I CYIUeCTBeHHblM AJIH HCXOAHoro rrOH5ITHH, HO HepeAKO Bo06- me He BXO,!J.I1T B ero CMblCJlOBYlO xapaxrepucrnxy, Bo.rsure roro.

8 OTneJIbHblX CJIY4a5lx OH ,!J.a)f(e nporneope-nrr TeM MaCCOBblM accouaaUHHM, xor op sre Bbl3blBaeT TO HJIH uaoe CJIOBO. Hanpuvep, coriaxa H3,!J.aBHa BocnpHHHMaeTC5I KaK CHMBOJI npe,!J.aHHOCTI1, 6eCKop~CTHOA ,!J.PY)f(6bl H aepuocru, O,!J.H8KO 3TH 06IUel13BeCTHbie Ka4eCTBa He HaWJlH 513blKOBoro BOnJlOmeHH5I - HH Onl1H rOBopHIUHH aa PYCCKOM H3blKe He Ha30BeT aepaoro, npenannoro 4eJIOBeK8 C068Koi1, K8K Ha3blB8lOT xarporo JUlCOti, ynpauoro OCJIOM, KOB8pHoro 3Meeti 11 T. n., - 8 B Merarpopnvecxnx 3HalJeHHHX aaxpenunacs COBceM ,!J.pyrHe aCCOUHaUI1H:

1) 0 3J10M,' IKeCTOKOM, ,!J.ypHOM 4eJ10BeKe. - MOJICeT, HQ non» OTnucrstr ... CTQPUlUU odiuuep XOTb U C06QKQ, Q C nOHJlTUeM. (CTaHlOKOBH4); 2) 0 3HalOIUeM, JIOBKOM, HCKYCHOM B KaKOM-Jl. ,!J.eJIe 4eJlOBeKe, 3HaTOKe cscero ,!J.eJI8. - Beiu. TOJICe u no 6YMaJfCHblM oena» «axan cotiasa. H3 iJpycux CTQHUU, npUe3J1CQJOT K HeMY 6YMacu nucars. (J1. TOJlcToi1). 5I3blKoBoe C03HaHHe rOBOp5lIUHX MOIKeT OTMe4aTb 3TO rrporneope-me MeIKny nCHXOJlOrH4eCKHM BocnpHHTHeM 11 JIHHrBHCTH4eCKOi1 CPIiKCall.Heif raxoro pona 8ccoUHaUHH. Hanpuxrep: - [OH] oceoptisst» uensi, TO ecrs iJYMaA, I.f.TO oCKop6AJleT, Ha3blBQJl uens: co6aKOU, - TyT QpeCTQHT YCMeXHYACfl, - Jl JZUI.f.!-lO He 8UJlCY nuueeo iJYPHOcO 8 3TOM seepe, I.f.To6bl 06UJfCaTbCJl HQ 3TO CA080. (5YJI raKOS. Macrep H M8prapHTa.) floK838TeJIbHO pa3BI1THe ceMaHTHKH npoH3BO,!J.Horo npanararensaoro cotiauuu; B KOTOPOM MeTacpopl14ecKHi1 111 fIpH3HaK sooome ,!J.eceMaHTI13HpyeTC5I, YTp8411BaeT KUHKpeTHoe ,.

60

I "

,3Ha4eHYle, npn 3TOM COXpaHHeTC5l YI BbI.ll.BYlraeTCH ua nepennaa

TIJIaH ceraa YCHJIHTeJIbHOCTYI HJIH o6meM: neM:OpaTYlBHOM: Ol1,eHKH: 1) nO,llJlbIH, npespeunsni, HH3KHM: icotiauo« U3MeHa, cooauss: OOAJICIiOCTb); 2) 04eHb TPY.ll.HblM:, THlKeJIbIM:, HeBbIHOCHMblM: (cooaus« JlCU3Hb, C06atibU YCA08'UR); 3) OLIeHb CHJ1bHblM:, KpaM:HHM: B CBoeM I1pOHBJ1eHIHI (co6alfuu XOAOO, cotia-u.« YCTaAocTb); 4) ynorp. B 6paHHblx aupaaceHfHIX (K «eprn» C06al{.bUM, xasoe T80e cotiasue oeAo?).

B coapeaeanux CeMaHTYl4eCKHX H I1CHXOJ1HHrBHCTHLIeCKHX HCCJ1e,llOBaHHHx BblHBJIeHO 11 3KCl1epHMeHTaJ1bHO .ll.OKa3aHO aecosnaneHlle, a B pane CJ1Y4aeB H nporusopeaae MelK.ll.Y JIeKCH4eCKHM 3HalJeHHeM CJ10Ba 11 ero I1CI1XOJIOrl1LIeCKH peaJIbHbIM 3Ha4eHHeM [CrepHHH, 1979].

~ B nCHX0J10rH4eCKH peansnoe 3HaLIeHHe BXO.LI.HT KOHHOTaTI1BHble

r

I cexsr, orpaacaroume paaaor o po.aa aCCOl1,HaTHBHble rrpH3HaKH, Te

I caaue nexcautae B OCHOBe MeTacj:>opbl «XOAHLIHe rrpe.LI.CTaBJ1eHHH i 0 KJlaCCe peanaa», ~OTOPble, no MHeHl110 H . .It ApYTIOHOBOH~ He np aI Ha,llJ1elKaT H3bIKOBOH ceMaHTI1Ke, a BXO.LI.HT B CYMMY 3HaHI111 0 MHpe

I [ApYTIOHoBa, 19796, c. 172].

. B. B. Ilepuiaesoa 3Kcnep11MeHTaJIbHO 6blJIO onpe.aeneno nCHX0J10-

I m4eCK11 peansnoe 3HaLIeHHe psna 300MOpcj:>113MOB (B TepMI1HOJIOrHl1 asropa - 30oceMH3MoB). BOCnOJIb3yeMcH ee .LI.aHHbIMI1 .LI.JIH .LI.eMOH-

crp auna COOTHoweHI1H ceMbl, peaJII130BaHHOM: B 5IM H nCI1XOJIOrI14e. CKI1 peansnoro 3Ha4eH11H CJIOBa. (CM. Ta6JI. 2).

KaK BH.LI.HO H3 Ta6J1HLl.bl, CI1MBOJI MeTa cj:> ops; Kp11CTaJlJHl3yeT cexsr, xoropue B nCI1XOJIOrHLIeCKI1 peaJIbHOM 3Ha4eHH11 He JIeIKaT sa rroBepXHOCTH. CHMBOJ1 MeTacj:>opbl npn 3TOM cj:>opMHPyeTcH no-paaaovy. Ceva, nepeaeceaaaa B MeTacj:>opy, MO)KeT rpaacrpopvupoaarsca H YCHJ1HBaTbCH B MeTa¢opHLIeCKOM 3Ha4eHHH (cp.: cexa «xycaerca», npeoopasoaaaaas B npouecce MeTa¢OpYl3al1,YlH B ceMbl «xcecroxaa», «3J10il:» B 5IM cotuucas . B npyrux CJ1YLIaHX B nCI1XOJIOrYlLIeCKH peansHOM 3Ha4eHHH MOlKeT 6WTb 06HapY)KeHa HeTpaHc¢opMHpOBaHHaH (<<4HCTaH») ceua, O.LI.HaKO OHa CKpbITa B PH.ll.Y npyrnx cex, He npeBaJIHpyeT nan HHMH, KaK, aanpnxep, cena «HeYKJ1IOIKHM:» B nCHXOJIOrH4eCKH peaJIbHOM 3HaLIeH1111 CJ10Ba Me08eOb. nCHX0J10rYl4eCKH peansHoe auaxeaae CJIOBa MO)KeT YI BOBce He conepscars cexu, nporusopexanme 5IM, KaK, nanpnaep, ceMbI «.ll.06paH», «YMHaH» B CJIOBe «opoea. CpaBHHM raxxce rrpOTHBopeLII1BblM: Ha60p cex B rrCHXOJIOrH4eCKH peaJIbHOM 3Ha4eHHH CJIOBa Me08eOb: BrrOJIHe 04eBHAHO, LITO H3hIKOBoe C03HaHHe rOBOpHml1X HCKJII04aeT H3 ceMaHTH4eCKOH CTpyKTYPbl 5lM Me08eOb TaKHe rrpH3HaKH, KaK npOBopHOCTb H CI10C06HOCTb K 6blCTPOMY nepenaaacenmo, BOWe.ll.WHe B I1CHX0J10rHLIeCKH pea.m.aoe suasenae.

no CyTH ,lleJ1a CHMBOJI MeTa¢OPbl MOlKeT aoepar s B ce65l KaI, JlI06ble cevsr, npeztcraenesaue B rrCHXOJIOrH4eCKH peaJIbHOM 3Ha4eHYlH, TaK H TaKHe, xoropsre OCTaJIHCb aa ero npe.LI.eJ1aMH.

nOKa)KeM 9TO Ha npHMepe MeTa¢opH4eCKoro pa3BHTHH CJ10Ba 3aJl/{ (AJ1H nOJIHOTbI OXBaTa MaTepHaJia BbIH.ll.eM aa npene.nsr CHHXPOHL-. uoro aHaJ1H3a, KOTOPOMY Mbl cnenyex B CBoeM HCCJIe.ll.OBaHHH, H pacr- CMOTj)HM HapHAY C cOBpeMeHHblMH asnuemuae H3 Yl1oTpe6Ji:eHYlH 5IM).

61

Ta6JlHua 2

Cooraoureane ceMaHTHKH Sl3b1KOBOii MeTaljJopbl II nCHXOJlOrH'IeCKIi peaasaoro 3Ha'leHHSI CJlOBa

nCHXOJlOrH4eCKH peans aoe Jlekcaxe- CeMbl, axryann- CeMbl, lIpOTH.
51M HOMHHaTHBHoe3Ha4eHHe cxoe 3H8'-1e- aoaaaaue B aopes aurns
(no Jlepuraeaoa) HHe 51M 51M 51M 3a5lll

Koposa

Me,D,BeJl,b

Cooaxa

Fpusya, Jl,JlHHHble YUlH, ,!J,JlHHHble 3a,!J,HHe HOfH, 6bICTpO 6eraeT, npa oere II era 51 er, TPYCJlIIBbIH, HCnOJlb3YIOTC5I WKYPKII II M5ICO, Bpe.1l.IIT CeJlbCKOXO- 351HCTBeHHbIM KYJIbTypaM; naraercs KOPOH nepeases, cepurr, 6eJIblli

.uOMaWHee MJleKOIIHTaIOw,ee )KBaLJHOe napHOKOnsrruoe )KHBOTHOe, nacerC5I aa nacroaurax. mrraerC5I rpaaoii. ren.nas, MbI'-1I1T; JlaCKOBa5l, .1l.06pa5l, CMIIPuas, YMHa51

CIlJIbHOe KOCOJIarroe )KH- a) BOTHoe, MaCCHBHoe Te.JJO, rpOMKO PbILJHT, Jla3HT 110 nepeasau, JII06UT CJIaAKOe, 6) IIIlTaeTCH nronaua, Me.1l.0M

H M5ICOM, 31lMOli cnnr B 6epJIore, llCnOJIb3YIOTC5I M5ICO H uixypa, 60JlbWHX pasaepoa, onacHblli, sananaer na .1l.0MawHHi\ CKOT; TO.1CTblli, xpynuas rOJIOBa, A.1I1HHa51 urepcrs, HeYKJlIO)Kllii, 6b1CTPO nepe.1l.BHraeTC5I

YMHU5I, BepHU5I, OCTPblIl mox, TOHKHI! C,1YX, naer, 6blcTpaH, BbIHOCJlHBa5l, acnonssyerca aa OXOTe; noopas. 6eraeT C sucyayTbIM H3bIKOM, CllJIbHaH, JlOXMaTaH, sycaercx, crepe)KeT AOM

TpYCJIHBbIH TpYCJIHBblH

4eJIOBeK

Hepacropon-

.uo6paH, YMHaH

Ha5l, HenOBOpOTJIHBafl HJIH HeYMHa51 )KeH-

uinaa

HeYKJIIO- HeYKJIIO)KHH,

)KHH 4eJIO- KOCOJIanblH BeK

Hesocna-

TaHHbIH

LJeJIOBeK

I1POBOPHblH, 6bICTPO nepeaBllraeTCH

3Jl?H, )KeCTo-. «Kycaercas

KHH, aypHoIl

LJe,10BeK

.u06paH

B 4HCTOM Bli)J,e B 5IM sanu axryannaapyerca cewa «TPYCJ1HBbIih: '{acrue notieos: y6eauJZU ux [urseiiuapuea] 8 C06CTBeHHoii neno- 6eaU.MOCTU U UCnOJlHUJlU npespenusi K apyeUM. tPpaH./,fY3CKUX JlaTJ-lUKOB OHU nasueanu 800pYJICeHliblMU 3aUl1aMU. (rpaHOBCKHH. Psruaps BaHp)J,.) He TOJlbKO y PYCCKUX, HO U Y KUTau""e8 U axupcxux TY3eN,4e8 CJlOBO «sasu» 03Ha<weT HacMeUlKY HaiJ «enoeesos: TPYCJlU8blM, oesa/OU{UJd OT ct paxa BCJlKUe e/umocru. (Apceases. no YCCypHHCKOH raare.) - [PeKaJ BOT-BOT OCTaH06UTCR, nponaoars MHe roeoa.>CepaUTO py6UJl craptuuna. - eTO pas ycneeUlb, flOJlUU{YK, He 6yab saaueu, - enuiuan POeOB. - TpYCUT? - CnpOCUJl, nooxoosi saTMa-f ... H08. (A)!{aeB. LLaJ1eKO OT MOCKBbI.)

62

, Ceaa «6blCTPO 6eraeT» peanasyerca B 5lM (TaK>I<e B cpaBHeHMH

11i6 reHHTHBHOH KOHCTPYKI.I,HH) Y)Ke He KaK TaKOBaSl, HO OCJIOlKHeHHaSi ceMOH «TpYCJIHBbIH»: 3aHI.I,eM Ha30BYT He roro, KTO cnocooea K 6bICTPOMY 6ery (aanpuaep, aa xpocce) , HO roro, KTO CTpeMHTeJIbHO I y6eraeT, cnacascs OT xoro-, 4erO-JI.: Crapuxa OJlUMnUaOa, 20BOPflT, f eMY.·· xpuscasa: «nOCTOUTe, nOCTOUTe, n03BOJlbTe 06'bflCHUTbCfl», a OH I no cqepotia» - stuiueu, saaueu, oa U 6blJl TaKOB. (Typreaes. Xo, JIOCTHK.) [Tpauryrxa 1- npOCKOLlU.Jl saaues: U nponan 3a KJleTYUlKOU.

[fpHropoBH4. KOWKa H MbIWKa.)

B nOTeHI.I,HaJIbHOH 5IM (npe.nCTaBJIeHHOH e.ll.HHH4HbIM npaxepoa ) qmrypHpyeT ceaa «rpYCTHbIH», nO-BH.lI.HMOMY, pa3BHBwaSiCH nyrea i uepeOCMbICJIeHHH ceMbl «TPYCJIHBbIH»: [BoJIbIHI.I,eBl eoea YJlbl6aJlCfl B OTBeT na ux [cecrpu 11 JIe)KHeBa] W.yTKU U ensure», KaK euposuncn o HeM OOHaJfCObl nU2aCOB, 2PYCTHbl.M saaueu. (Typreues. PY.lI.HH.)

B ceMaHTH4eCKOM npeoopasoaaaaa (6 HaWHX MaTepHaJIaX- 6 cpaBHeHHH) MorYT raxxce aKTyaJIH30BaTbCH H ceusr, He sourenurae B ceMHblH Ha60p rrCHXOJIOrH'~eCKH peansaoro 3Ha4eHHH CJIOBa, aanpaxep cexa «H3.l1.aeT rpOMKHH, TOHKHH KpHK»: OOUH TOllbKO pas, B321lflHyB «a Hee [Bapaapy], satcpuscan AHTun, KaK 3aflt{, U ocranoeu.acsi, eecs opooca. (A. H. TOJICTOB:. 4epHaSi 3eMJISI.)

DOJIee CJIOlKHYIO ceMaHTH4eCKYIO TpaHC¢OpMaI.I,HIO nCHXOJIOfH- 4eCKH peansaoro 3Ha4eHHSI paccaarpasaeaoro CJIOBa MOlKHO Ha6JIIOnars B 5IM «6e36HJIeTHbIH naccaxcap» H B BblWe.ll.WeH H3 ynoTpe6JIeHHH 5IM «6HplKeBoH MaKJIep». B TOM H B .npyroM CJIY4ae nepen HaMH rrCHXOJ10rH4eCKoe rrepeOCMbICJIeHHe H 4YBCTBeHHoe, KOHKpeTHoe HanOJIHeHHe cexa «TpYCJIHBbIH»: «TOT, KTO ne.naer 4TO-JI. He3aKOHHoe, n03TOMY BbIHYlK)I,eH 60SlTbCH, npHTaTbCSI HJIH 4YBCTBOBaTb ceos B orraCHOCTH, HeYBepeHHO, KTO HaXO.ll.HTCSI B nOCTOSlHHOM aanpaaceaaa» H T. n. TaKOH HJIH rrO.ll.06HblH Ha60p ceM crp ascea B KOHTeKCTax: [KOHTpOJIep] Bbl:HCUM.aJl turptup U3 saaua-cruoenra ... TOT xsonan 2Jla3a.MU, iuapun B noprdiese U JlOnOTaJl HaCLleT CTuneHOUU, «ro saerpa nOJlYIiUT, a KOHtponep eecs CBeTUJlCfl OT paOOCTU, 'iTO nOU.MaJl. (CaHHH. CeMb)l,eCSIT ABa rpanyca HHlKe HYJISI.) A3bl nCUXOJl02UU: B noesoe peBU30p nenpeMeHHO uitpadnjer CJlYliaUH020 saaua, T020 HeC'iaCTH020 U oooocaU{eco sauua, KOTOPblU cnetuu.n, 6e:J/CaJl, He ucne» B3flTb tiu.nera. (I'opbIWHH. TOHYC.) Cp. TaK)Ke: Il oscuuo M.aKJlepOB ••. cuuiecreuer na 6up:HCe MHOJfCeCTBO He3aKOHHblX scaxnepoe, U.MeHyeMblx saauauu: H x eU{e Ha3bl8a1OT CBOOHUKaM.U UIlU He2JlaCHblMU 6UpJfCeBblMU aeenrauu. (I'paropses. BeKCeJIbHblH JIeKCHKoH.) To oce cauoe npodenueator tiupoceeue 3aut{bl U xaxnepu; »cenatouiue, «ioeu ux TaK:HCe npunstnu 3a C8eTCKUX Jl100eu. (fpHropoBH4. BCTpe4a.)

Ilpaaeneaaue co06pa)KeHHSI 3aCTaBJIHIOT He COrJIaCHTbCSI c Bbl~ CKa3aHHbIM B csoe BpeMSI MHeHHeM, liTO npH3HaK, nOCJIY)KHBlllHH OCHOBOH MeTa¢OpH3aI.I,HH(B lIaCTHOCTH, B paspane 300MOP¢H3MOB), .lI.OJI)KeH 6bITb JIeKCHKOrpa¢H4eCKH 3a¢IiKCHpOBaH B TOJIKOBaHHIi IiCXO)l,HOrO 3HalleHHH (CJlOH - 60JIbIllOH, TIOJleHb - HenOBOpOTJ1HBbIH Ii T. n.) [DHp)KaKOBa, c. 78; Cepreea, c. 64]. Caxo C060H pa3YMeeTcSI,

~. 3TOT npH3HaK aaxonar OTpa)KeHHe B HCXO.ll.HOM 3Ha4eHliH, eCJIH OH peaesaarea, T. e. SlBJISIeTCH cyurecreennsra H Heo6xo.ll.HMblM )l,JIH

63

onpene.nenaa )J,aHHOrO rrOHHTH5I (CAOH - 60JIblllOH). O)J,HaKO, KaK MbI nsrranacs rtoxasars, xapaxrepaayroiuas MeTa¢Opa o6pa3yeTC5I Ha OCHOBaHHH HeCYlll,eCTBeHHbIX, CJIY4aHHbiX H naxce nporaaopesaunn CeMaHTHKe HCXO)J,HOrO 3Ha4eHHH rrpI13HaKOB. Kpoxe TOrO, Heo6xO)J,HMO Y4HTbIBaTb lllHpOKHH )J,Harra30H 300MOP¢HbIX XapaKTepHCTHK: 3TO MOlKeT 6blTb He TOJIbKO saeuraee CXO)J,CTBO H ¢H3HlJeCKHe )J,aHHble (60JIblllOH, HeYKJIlOlKHH, JIOBKHH, nenosopor JIHBbIH H T. IT.), HO H nCH. XOJIOrHlJeCKHe (6eClJYBCTBeHHbIll, XHTPbIH, KOBapHbIH, 6eCTOJIKOBbIH, ynp5IMbIH) H )J,alKe HpaBCTBeHHbIe (He6JI<iro)J,apHbIH, npespeanua] KalJeCTBa. ECJIH COrJIaCHTbC5I C TeM, 4TO Heo6xo)J,HMO ¢HKCHpOBaTb TaKOH npH3HaK B TOJIKOBaHHH np5IMOrO 3Ha4eHH5I, TO B CJIOBe CBUHbfJ npnur.nocs 6bI YKa3aTb: «napaoxonur aoe M.JleKOrrHTalOmee... He. 4HCTOrrJIOTHOe, He6.Jlaro)J,apHoe H T. )J,.», B CJIOBe UHOIOIC «KpyrrHa5I )J,OMalllHH5I ITTHua .. , r.nynas, 3aHOC4HBaH, Ha)J,MeHHaH» H T. rr.

B OT)J,e.JlbHbIX C.JlY4a5IX o606lll.eHHbIH 4YBCTBeHHbIH 06pa3 B npouecce MeTa¢opH3aUHH paC4JIeH5IeTC5I, C03)J,aBa5I )J,H¢¢peHuHpOBaHasre MeTa¢opH4eCKHe 3HalJeHH51: CJIOBO CBUHbfl, MeTa¢opH4eCKH ynorpe6JIeHHOe rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K lJeJIOBeKY, pacnanaerca aa P5I)J, caa OCTO· HTeJIbHbIX MeTa¢opH4eCKHX 3HalJeHHH: 1) ueonpsrraujl; 2) HM· 3MeHHbIH; 3) HeBelKecTBeHHbIH; 4) HerrOp5I)J,OlJHbIH; 5) He6JIaro· )J,apHbIH. B ceMaHTHlJeCKOH crpyxrype sroro CJIOBa nep soe MeTa¢opH' lJeCKOe 3Ha4eHHe OCHOBaHO na np5IMOH aCCOUHaUHH C He4HCTOrrJIOTHO' CTblO sroro lKHBOTHoro (o6beKTHBHoe 3TO CBOHCTBO HJIH rrpH·' nncuaaexoe 4eJIOBeKOM - B )J,aHHOM CJIY4ae 3Ha4eHHH He J1MeeT); sropoe MeTa¢OpHlJeCKOe 3Ha4eHHe BbIBO)J,HTC5I H3 nepaoro - 3)J,eCb ! YlKe caxo Ka4eCTBO «HelJHCTOrr.JlOTHOCTb» ziaer BTopH4Hoe suaveHHe - HH3MeHHble CBOHCTBa JIH4HOCTH. CJIe)J,YIOlll,HH nepenoc COBep· ll1aeTC5I TaK )!{e JI HHeHHO, BbITeKaH H3 npensrnyutero 3Ha 4eHHH aa OCHOBe 60JIee OT)J,aJIeHHbIX, cnccpenosaunux aCCOUJ1aUHH (HH3MeH· HblH - HeBelKeCTBeHHbIH). Haxoneu, rrOCJIe)J,Hee MeTa¢OpW!eCKOe 3Ha· lJeHl1e )J,aJIeKO OTXO)J,HT OT OCTaJIbHbIX, HJ1 JIOrH4eCKJ1, HH 06pa3HO He COOTHOCHTC5I C HOMHHaTHBHbIM H ¢opMHpyeTC5I aa OCHOBe aricrparupOBaHHH yxce He KOHKpeTHbIX rrpJ13HaKOB, TaK HJIH HHa4e CBH3aHHbIX )J,pyr C npyroa HJIH C HCXO)J,HbIM nOHHTHeM, a oouiero 3MOUHOHaJIbHOrO BocnpHHTHH (B )J,aHHOM cnyxae orpauarensnoro) .

Ilpennaraa TaKYIO HHTepnpeTaUHIO ceMaHTH4ecKoH CTPYKTypbI

,JIeKCeMbl CBUHbfl, orpaacaiouiyio rro CYTH )J,eJIa uonsrrxy aocnponaae)J,eHH51 nepaoaavansnux ceMaHTH4eCKHX npeocpaaoaauan, MbI He ripeTeH)J,yeM, pa3YMeeTCH, aa TO, 4T06bI C4HTaTb 3TOT BapHaHT e)J,HHCTBeH' HbIM H OKOH4aTeJIbHbIM. B03MOlKHbI H ApyrHe sapaaarst, cp., aanpnMep: «CBJ1HbH - rp5I3HOe lKHBOTHoe, OHa He npHBH3blBaeTC51 K XO· 3HHHy, KaK npyrae )J,OMalllHHe lKHBOTHhle - OTCIO)J,a aTpH6YUHH npn- 3HaKa He6JIaro)J,apHOCTH» [TeJIH5I, 1977, c. 192']. Ilpas 6blJl JI. C. Bsrr-orcxair, xorna nHCaJI: «Ilepeneceane Ha3BaHHH 06bl4HO nponcxoaar no paaaooopaaasia aCCOUHaUHHM, pexoucrpyapoaars xoropue HeB03MOlKHO 6e3 T04Horo 3HaHHH HCTOpHlJeCKOH o6CTaHoBKH axra nepeaeceuas Ha3BaHH5I» [Barorcxajl, c. 194].

1

r JI a B a 5. 513b1KoBaSl MeTaq,opa H CHCTeMaTHKa AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH

Cyuraocri, H3b1Ka. COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITo6bl OTJIHBaTb B Ij:>OPMY MblCJIeti MaTepHIO MHpa Bemeii H HBJIeHHii.

Mera Ij:>op a 6bl HH O.nHH 0603Ha'leHH5I.

coneacrsyer TOMy, 'ITOnpeaxer He OCTaJIC5I 6e3

K8UHTUJlUaI-l

Bee 3JIeMeHTbi MaTepl1aJIbHOrO Ml1pa: KOCMOC 11 3JIeMeHTapHbie 4aCTI1Ubl, >KHBa51 H He>KI1Ba51 MaTepl151, 06meCTBO, LJeJIOBeK KaK >KI1BOe CYllleCTBO, KaK HOCI1TeJIb pasyaa 11 KaK 3BeHO COUl1aJIbHOrO YCTPOHCTsa, BCe 51BJIeHHH cpl13HLJeCKOrO 11 rrCI1XOJIOrH4eCKOrO Ml1pa, a TaK>Ke a6CTpaKUI111 - l1)J,eaJIbHble 06beKTbi 11 nponyxrsr KJIaCCl1cpI1KaUI1HCBH3aHbi npyr C npyron, B3aHM03aBHCI1MbIH B3aHMoo6ycJIOBJ1eHbl, 06Jla)J,a1OT yrropH)J,04eHHOCTblO H CI1CTeMHOH opraunaauaen. 4eJIOBeK 1I0CTI1raeT 310T ynOp51.J.04eHHbIH MHp nocpe.acr aov JleKCHLJeCKOH

!CI1CTeMbI csoero H3b1Ka, 1160 TOJIbKO CJ10BO aaer B03MO>KHOCTb BOCnpl1- 'HHTb xaoc paspoanenuux Bne4aT.leHHH 11 ouiyuieauti, BbI4JleHI1Tb CBoHCTBa, 0603Ha411Tb oouree 11 e)J,HHH4Hoe, KJIaCcHcpHUl1pOBaTb 6ec- 4HCJIeHHbie 11 rrO.ll.BH>KHble 3JIeMeHTbi )J,eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH, CHOBa CJIO)KHTb I1X B e)J,HHYIO KapTI1Hy H nanee aocnpnaart, H OCMblCJIHTb ee. BunOJlHHH CPYHKUI1IO H.lI.eaJ1H3au.1111 11 penpeaearauan peaJIbHOH ;lE'(lC'TRllTeJIbHOCTI1 [5IHOB, c. 19], 5l3blK rro CyTH )J,eJIa rrpe)J,CTaBJ1HeT C060H opraHI130BaHHYlO KJIaCcl1q)HKaUHIO 4eJIOBe4eCKoro onsrra [5IHOB; KaUHeJIbCOH, 1972; ApYTIOHoBa, 1979; MaKOBCKI1H, 1980; Cepe6- pel!lI11hOB, j :1,,).) J. !\U/K.lOt· C.IOnO Ha\O.lIIT csoe "ICC ro l:l ':1TOII x.iaccuIplli\aIUlIf.

I1cCJIe)J,YH H KJIaCCHcpHUHPY51 C 3TI1X rr03HUHH JIeKCI14eCKI1H MaTepnan, Mbl HeH36e>KHO aarparuaaex np06JIeMbl, CBH3aHHble C rHOCeOJ10rH4eCKOH CYlll,HOCTblO 5IM (BrrOJ1He rrOHHTHO, 4TO 3TH np06J1eMbI B .lI.aHHOM I1CCJIe.ll.OBaHHH I1MelOT H3BeCTHble OrpaHH4eHHH) .

. \\bl BOCIIO:lb3ye\lCH BbJpaiKeHIlt:\1 «H3blhOBaH l\aI!TIIHa xuipa» .l.IH U(JU3Ha4eHIIH penpesearupoaauaou B H3bll,e pea:lbHOCTII .. .\C!Il:hT HC1- IUelO llCl·,le.lOI:WHIIH 1103 BO.HH:' r IIpeHeOpe4b \leTa¢Op"4eCI,II\1 x a p akiepO\1 "JTOrO repxnura (cp.: «l10 CyTlI .ie.ra BbJpaiKel-IIIC "I\Cl]!TIIHa 1111 pa: OCT aeTC51 xieratpopou. 1I0hGl Hl' cy uiecru yer ';1;,( J 1.1 l! IUIT H bL\ i,:")ILl'.l)p ee II0CTPOl'jlIIH" lKapu).IO[3, l~;-tJ, c_l-t{jJ). Ulah,ht- I)\'TUBHTb B CTopOHe nexoropsre cnopaue 11 aepeuieansre sonpocsr, CBH3aHHble C rrOHHMaHHeM «5I3bIKOBOH xapr ausr Ml1pa». B LJaCTHOCTH, Mbl He xacaeacs sormoca 0 B03MO)!{HOCTH ezurnoro .lI.JIH scero 4eJIOBeLJeCTBa lI\:0crrpHHTI15I ~eHCTBI1TeJ1bHOCTH, OCHOBaHHoH na 06ll1,eM .lI.JIH acex W3anace Har.l51.ll.HO-OflbITHbIX 3HaHHI1» [3bluapb, c. 28-30]; OCTaB-

5 r. H. CKJl51peSCKa51

65

I

J15leM B CTOpOHe TaK)Ke BOnpOC 0 B03MO)KHOCTH pa3JIH4eHJ.:Il1 JIeKCHKij:

OAHOfO H TOfO )Ke sasnca Y paaasix JIIOAeH, 4TO 06YCJIOBJIeHO aeco. BnaAeHHeM HX )KH3HeHHOrO onsrra [Wartburg, 1962, S. 165]. Ynpo. uiaa np06JIeMY, 4TO nonycraxo B acnexre nauiero HCCJIeAOBaHHH, H OCHOBblBaHCb na eAHHcTBe CJIOBa H nOHHTHH, MbI MO)KeM npeHe6pe4b AHcpcpepeHll,Hall,HeH KOHll,el1TyaJIbHOH MOAeJIH MIipa Ii H3bIKOBOH MOJ\e. JlJil MIipa [5pYTHH].

AKTyaJIbHbIM AJIH naurero JilCCJIeAOBaHHH HBJIHeTCH pa3JIH4eHHe HHTefpaJIbHOH xapraau MHpa, KOTOpylO COCTaBJIHIOT coaoxynaoe-, scero H3blKOBorO COAep)KaHJilH, H AHcpcpepeHll,JilaJIbHOH KapTHHb! MHpa, KOTopaH BKJII04aeT B ceos cneuarpa-recxae -reprsr ceMaHTHKH roro HJlH HHoro H3b1Ka, OTJIH4'alOmHe ero OT zipyrnx H3bIKOB [KapaYJIOB, 1976, c. 245]. DOCKOJIbKY B HaWH 3aAa4H He BXOAHT conOCTaBHTeJIbHblH aHaJIH3, BnOJlHe nOHHTHO, 4TO pens nOHAeT 0 AHcpcpepeHll,HaJIbHOH KapTHHe MHpa.

JIeKcHKa KaK CHCTeMa, penpesenrapyiouras CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaH· ayto AeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb, AOCTaT04HO nOJIHO onacana B OTlleJIbHblX rpparaeurax JIeKCH4eCKOH CHCTeMbI. Bonpoc 0 CHCTeMHOM xapaxreps TOH 4aCTH JIeKCHKH, KOTOPYIO COCTaBJIHeT 5IM, AO CI1X nop He BbIABH' raJICH.

3aAa4a AaHHOH fJIaBbl - ncxaaars CHCTeMHbIH xapaxrep HM.

C 3TOH ll,eJIblO nposeaeac HCCJIeAOBaHHe B rpex acnexr ax: 1) B acnexre THrrOJIOfHH MeTaqlOpJil4eCKHX nepeaccos; 2) B acnexre KOfHHTHB' HbIX cBH3eH H oTHOWeHJilH; 3) B acnexre JIeKCH4eCKHX cBH3eH H OTH01 weHHH.

Ilpescne 4eM nepearn K 0630py MaTepHaJIa, YTOl[HJilM conepxcaam nOH5ITHH C B H 3 H HOT Howe H Jil s, a TaK)Ke 3aBHCHMbIX OT HHX nOHHTHH C Jil C T e M a H C T P y x T Y P a. KaK H3BeCTHO, B JIHHfBHCTH· xe HeT oeutenpasaaaaoro onpeneneaas Jil KpHTepHeB AJilcpcpepeHIIHa· ll,JilJil 3THX xareropua [Oouiee H3bIK03HaHHe, 1972, c. 22]. B AaHHoH paoore npHHHTo TpaAHll,HOHHOe HX nOHHMaHHe: C B H 3 H nOKa3bIBalOT aenocpencrsenaoe «cuennenne», CBH3aHHOCTb 3JIeMeHTOB; 0 THO ui eH H H noxassraaior npyr ae (60JIee onocpenoaaaaste) BHAbI 3aBHCH· MOCTH, nanpnxep OTHoweHHe nOA06HH, pa aencraa, TO)KAeCTBa H T. n. (TaM »ce). B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM C T P y K T Y P a IIOHHMaeTC~ KaK HaJIH4He CBH3eH H OTHoweHHH Me)l{llY 3JIeMeHTaMH 06beKTa, a C H C T e M a - KaK 06beKT, HMelOmHH CTPYKTYPY H 06JIaAalOw.HH npa 3TOM ll,eJIOCTHOCTblO (TaM »ce, c. 23).

CHcTeMHoe HCCJIeAOBaHHe JIeKCHKH npennoaaraer B nepsyio 04e· pens ee KJIaCcHcpHKall,HIO no AeHoT'aTHBHoMY npH3HaKY.

BCH MeTacpopHtJecKaH JIeKCHKa, OKa3aBwaHCH B' nOJIe naurere 3peHHH, 6blJIa pacnpeaeaena no TeMaTHtJeCKHM rpynnaa, COOTBer· CTBYlOmHM nOHSlTHHHbIM rrOJI5IM, nOCKOJIbKY npeaaeraoe 4JIeHeHH~' lleHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH COBnaAaeT C ee nOHHTHHHbIM tJJIeHeHHeM,

Bcero B rviase paccuorpeuo 1018 5IM. MeTaQ:>0pbI-cymecTBHTeJlb' Hble (954 ea.) 6bIJIH nOABeprHYTbI KJIaCCHQ:>HKall,IUI, aa OCHOBaHIIH KOTOPOH asrseneaa THIIOJIOrHSI xerarpopavecxax nepenocos.

KaK caMOCTOHTeJIbHble MeTacpopbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C Y3YCOM paq cMaTpHBalOTCH aexoropsre peryaapasre 06pa30BaHHH: YMeHbWHTeJl1

66

~Hble cymecTBHTeJIbHble (KYK.lLa H KYKOAKa), Ha3B8HHH JIHI..I, MYJKCKOrO :H )!{eHCKOrO noaa (6apuH. H 6apblH.fl), C8Mll.OB H caMOK (TU2p H TU2pU«a), a T8KJKe Ha3BaHHe B3POCJIbIX oc06ei1 H nereasnuea (6blK, KOpOea, re.Jte1iOK) H np. 3TO 06YCJIOBJIeHO TeM, lITO JIeKCHK8 perYJl5IpHbIX MO)leJIeH MeT8<popH3yeTcH OTHlO.lI.b He MeX8HHlIeCKH, B 5IM, 06p830- B8HHbIX no T8KHM MO.ll.eJIHM,CHMBOJIbI MeT8<popbI MoryT penpeseurapoB8Tb paaasre CBOHCTBa, aanpnxep KYKAa 'lIeJIOBeK, cnerro .lI.eHCTBYIOIllHH 110 BOJIe npyroro', a KYKOAKa 'xopoureasxaa, H8pH.lI.HO oneras )leBo4Ka, »ceauraua'. Kpoxe roro.perynapnocrt, ceM8HTH4eCKOH. MO.ll.eJIM He 03H84:8eT perYJI5IpHOCTH xeratpopauecxoro nepeOCMbICJIeHIUI:

B Y3yce ecr s 5IM OpAeH.OK, HO HeT COKOAeH.OK, ecr s KOH.¢eTKa, HO HeT KaLUIW H T. fl.

B CBoeH KJIaCCH<pHK811.MH MbI HCXO.ll.HM H3 roro, 4TO K8JK.lI.Oe ceM8HTH4eCKoe nOJIe 4JIeHHTC5I B COOTBeTCTBHM C 4JIeHeHHeM 06beKTOB .neHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, npa 3TOM JIeKCHKa K8JK.lI.OH py6pHKH scrynaer B MeTa<popHlIeCKHH npouecc. B nOCTpoeHHH .lI.aHHOH KJI8CCH<pHKall.HH HCI10JIb30EiaHbI oouiae npHHI..I,HnbI KJIaCCH<pHI..I,HpOBaHH5I JIeKCHKH [Po- 3MH8j, a TaKJKe CTpyKTYPbI HeKOTopbIX H.lI.eOrpa<pHlIeCKHX CJIOBapeH [Hallig; Wartburg; Kapay.noa, 1976, c. 248-249; 252; JIO, c. 264 H cnen.].

DpHCTynaH K KJ1aCcH<pHKaI..l,HH MaTeimaJIa, MbI CTaBHJ1H nepe.a C060H MeTO.Ll.HlIeCKHe sanaua. KJIaCcH<pHKaI..l,HOHHble cxevu .lI.OJIJKHbl 6bIJ1H HMeTb BcnoMOr8TeJIbHbIH xapaxrep H npar-aarasecxoe Ha3Ha4elime - CJIYJKHTb opaearapox B .lI.aJJbHeHWeM pacnpeneneann MeTa <pO-

I u

pH4eCKOH JIeKCHKH no COOTBeTCTBYIOIll.HM paapanax H B BblHBJIeHHH

3aKOHOMepHOCTeH MeTa<popHlIeCKHX nepeHOCOB H3 O.ll.HOH ceMaHTH4eCKOH coepsr B npyryro. O.ll.HaKO pe3YJIbTaTbI nOKa38JIH H BaJKHOe recperasecxoe 3H84:eHHe nOJJY4eHHbIX KJIaCCH<pHK811.HOHHbIX cxev, o 4:eM 6Y.Ll.eT CKa3aHO nanee.

B X0.ll.e aHaJJH38 6WJIO BW.lI.eJIeHO 6 rJJ06aJIbHWX ceM8HTH4eCKHX «pep, OXB8TbIB8IOlll.HX see o6beKTbI .lI.eHCTBHTeJJbHOcTH.

I. Marepaansaue 06beKTbI: 1. Ilpenaer. 2. )l\HBoTHoe. 3. 4eJIolsex, 4. <l>H3H4ecKHH MHp. II. H.ll.eaJIbHble 06beKTbI: 5. OCHxHlIeCKHH:

MHp. 6. A6cTpaKu.HH.

UJIH opHeHT811.HH B CHCTeMe MeTa<p0pHliecKHx nepeHOCOB HaM ,Heo6xo.ll.HM8 o606lll.eHHaH KJlaCCH<pHKaI..l,HH 06beKTOB .ll.eiiCTBHTeJIbHOCTH (.lI.eHOT8TOB), BOBJIelleHHbIX B MeTa<popHlIeCKHH npouecc, 8 TaKJKe HX onpenenenae.

I(JlaCCHtPHKau.HH .u,eHOTaTOB, aoaaeseaaux B MeTatPopH,!eCKHH npouecc

1. CEMAHTI14ECKMl: C<1>EPA DPE.ll.MET_

B .lI.8HHOH p860Te nOHHTHe n p e n MeT OTO)l{.ll.eCTBJIHeTCH C noHHTHeM seuta, 06beKTa M8TepHaJJbHOrO MHp8. B py6pHKY OPEn'v1ET BXO.ll.HT see 6eCKOHe4Hoe MHoroo6p83He MaTepHaJJbHbIX 06beK~B, nocrynusix lIYBCTBeHHOMY BOCnpH5ITHIO, HMeIOIll.HX npocrpauttTBeHHYIO JIOK8J1H38UHIO, CPOPMY, cnoc06HOCTb .ll.BHraTbCH (eOAH.a,

~ -

S"

67

nOTOK, CTPYfl), a raroxe 06beKTbI HeBIi)J.HMoro Mlipa (aTOM, aaKY. YM) H 06beKTbI, JIOrHlJeCKH BbllJJleH51eMble lJeJIOBeKOM, 0603HaQa· IOw.He BMeCTHJII1llJ,e, cosoxynnocrs, lJaCTb ue.noro 11 T. [I. (copeTIJ, KJlOtfOK, nOOKJlaOKa).

B OCHOBe HaweK KJIaCCHcpHKaUHH J1e)!{HT aHTponoueHTpH4eCKHHI B3r.'1H)J. xa MHp 11 06YCJ10BJIeHHblH HM aHTponoueHTpH4eCKHH npHH.1 UHn pa36HeHHH .;leKCHKH. 3TO 3Ha4HT, lJTO 4e.l0BeK, K.laCCl1cpI1UH.! PYIOW.HK MHP, ncaeureu B ueurp MHp03.J,aHHH, see 3JleMeHTb~1 pacnpe)J.eJI5IIOTCH C n03HUHI1 (11 KaK 6bl B I1HTepecax) 4eJIOBeKa:

TaK, aanpuaep, «51)J.OBHTble seutecraa», xoropue, KaK npasaao, HMelOT npHpO.D.HOe npOHCXO)!{.D.eHHe, noxeutenu TeM He MeHee Hel B py6pHKY «C03.D.aHHble npHp0.D.OK», a B py6pHKY «C03.D.aHHble H HC', nonssyeusre 4eJIOBeKOM» ua TOM OCHOBaHHH, lJTO ca ao nOHHTHe «H)J.OBI1TbIii» B03HHKaeT JIHWb C n03HUHH 4eJIOBeKa, npHMeHHTeJIbHO K B03MO)!{HOCTI1 HCnOJIb30BaHHH lJeJIOBeKOM. [10 3TOH )!{e npH4HHe TeMaTl1lJeCKHe pa3.D.eJIbI «)!{HJIHme, 06HTaJIHllJ,e )!{HBOTHbIX» 11 «nH.11 uia )!{HBOTHbIX» crueceuu He K TeMaTl14eCKOH rpynne [1PEJlMET" a K rpynne >KYlBOTHOE, nocxo.nsky B npouecce MeTacpopH3auHH axrya.uiayerca npH3HaK, r axace BbI4.1eHHeMbIK C n03HUHl1 4eJIOBeKa'l B cpaBHeHHH C lJeJIOBeKOM (<<no)J.06HbIH )!{HBOTHOMY H nOTOMY He·! npHeMJIeMbIM )J.JIH 4eJIOBeKa»). B CBH3H C 3TI1M 5IM CBUlWPHUK 'oj rpH3HOM, 3aX.'1aM.leHHOM nOMellJ,eHHH' 11.1H nOUAO '0 )!{H.D.KOH HeBKYC.!' HOM rnnne' OTHOC51TCH K rnny nepesoca >KYlBOTHOE-+LJ:EnOBEK, a He flPEJlMET -+[1PEJlMET. flo 3TOMY »ce np11HUHflY K crpepe )KYIBOTHOE Mbl OTHOCH:\I JleKCI1KY, 0603HalJalOllJ,YIO 4aCTH re.ia iKHBOTHbIX, rpynriu. c006llJ,eCTBa, CKOfl.leHHH iKHBOTHblX H T. n.

neKcHKa CeMaHTl14eo:011 ccpepbl flPEJlN1ET paaveuieua B rpex 60,lbWI1X pasne.iax (c ux .J.a.lbHeiJweii pyopuxaunea}: 1. flPHP0.J,Hbl€ 05beKTbI. II. [1pe.D.MeTbI, C03.D.aHHble lJeJIOBeKOM, acnonsayevue -ienoBeKOM. III. [1pe.D.MeTbI, JIOrH4eCKI1 BbIlJJIeHHeMble 4eJIOBeKOM.

06paTHMcH K MaTepHaJIY. 1.1: Ilpuponnue o6beKTbl.

1.1.1. Heoecaue re.ia: 3Be3.J.a, xereop. CBeTH.l0, C03se3.J,He, q

CO.1Hue ...

1.1.2. 3JIeMeHTbI 3eMHoH nosepxaocrn: 6e3.D.Ha, 60JIOTO, BepwHH8, ropa, .D.)!{YHrJIH, .J.HO, MeJIb, Mope, OKeaH, OMyT, OCTPOB, nMK, n04S8, nponaCTb, nYCTbIHH ...

1.1.3. Cocr aa 3eMHofi KOPbl: aeuiectaa, MMHepaJIbI M T. n.: aJIMa3, rpauar, 30JIOTO, H3YMPY.D., KaMeHb, KpeMeHb, MpaMop, neCOK ...

9 4TOObl He neperpyacars H oe3 roro Ilpe3BblllaHHO CJlOlKHYIO HYMepaUHIO py6pHK, Mbl onycxaev nOpH,ll.KOBbIH HOMep p aaaena H rJlaBbl (rn. 5, pasn. 2). UHCPPbl xascaore nOp51,ll.KOBOrO soaepa HMelOT cneziyiourae 3Hal[eHH51: nepaas unrppaoaaauaer ceMaHTH' '1ecKYIO crpepy (I. IlPE,lJ,MET; nanee: 2. )1(}1BOTHOE; 3. 4EJIOBEK H T. n.): nocnenyioume UHcppbl COOTBeTcTBYIOT sranav cryneavaroa KJlaCcHcpHKap,HH MaTepHaJl8 H COOTBeTCTBeHHO 0603Hal[a1OT ace oonee npoeaste py6pHKI1. Hanpaaep, nopanxosas HOMep 1.2.2.4 (CM. HHlKe) csuavaer, l[TO CJlOBO OTHOCHTCH K ceMaHTHqeCKOH coepe IlPE,lJ,MET (I), K pa3pH.1I.Y «Ilpeaaeru, C03.11.aHHble l[eJIOBeKOM» (2), K nonpaspaa' «Ilpe.1l.MeTbl 6blTa» (2) ].I 3aHliMaeT B 3TOM nonpaspane onpenenenaoe MeCTO (4). MH,,'" ,

rOTO'lHe 3,ll.eCb H nanee osuasaer OTKPblTOCTb psna. ,

68

1.1.4. Ilpenjeeru, 06pa30BaHHble TeM yUHI HHblM COCT05IHHeM Be!1.l,eCTBa: KHn 5ITOK, JIe.LJ,.

1.1.5 . .3JIeMeHTbI arvocrpepa H npenuer sr, o6pa30BaBWHeC5I B pe- 3YJlbTaTe ar aocrpepnux HBJIeHl,Ii:f: rpan }weti, 06JIaKO, CocYJIbKa, rYM8H, TyLJa ...

1.1.6. Ilpnpo.aaue 06pa30BaHHH 11 npenaersr, 06pa30BaBWl1eCH B pe3YJIbTaTe npHpO.LJ,HbIX npoueccos: )KeM4YlKHHa, JI asa, . nneceas, p)!{aBLJHHa, caMopO,J,OK, OIO.la ...

1.1.7. PacTeHHH 11 HX LJaCTH: nyc, sepuo. KopeHb, Kp5IlK, .ronyx, orypLJHK, opex, nooern, nOJIblHb, nOpOCJIb, POCTOK, ceva, COK ..• !.l.S. Flpe.axrer st, 06pa30BaBWHeC5I B peaym.r are, nocpencr ao» lBH)!{eHH5I: BO.LJ,OBOPOT, BO.LLorra.LL, BO~Ha, KaCKa;J., ~aBHHa, nOTOK, noron, CTpe:VIHI1Ha ...

1.1.9. 06beKTbl, He .LJ,OCTynHble LJYBCTBeHHOMY BOCnpH5ITHIO 1.1.9.1. 06beKTbI MHKpoMHpa 11 HeBH.LJ,I1MOrO Ml1pa: aTOM, BaKYYM, MI1KDOMHO, MOJIeK'y.1a ...

t t u to

1.1.9.2. Flpocreiiunre: aveoa, 6aUI1JIJIa, snpyc, HHcpy30PH5I,

MHKpo6 ...

1.1.10. Flpoune npe.ll.MeTbI (He souremuue B 1\.1aCCI1(pHKaUI1IO): lKeJIlJb, aapo.auui, nayrnaa, neua, CO.10MHHK8 ...

1.2. Flpenue ru, C03.LJ,aHHble lJeJIOBeKOM, Hcno.TJb3yeMble LJeJlOBeKOM. 1.2. I. Ilpuponusie npe.axeru, ocp aoorauue HJIl1 npucnococnenaue ,)..15'1 pa3.111LJHb1X HylKJ].: iKep;J.b, KO:IO;J.a, Op5ICl1Ha, na.rxa, CTO.10 ...

r 1.2.2. flpe.LJ,MeTbI obITa.

1.2.2.1. Kyuiam,s, HanI1TKI1: 6JII1H, anner per, 3aKBaCKa, H3IOMHHxa, xaura, KHCeJIb, KOKTei1JIb, KOH<t>eTKa, .nanura, .neneruxa, Me.ll. ... 1.2.2.2. Jlexapcr aenuue, H.ll.OBHTble H npyr-ae aeurecr e a: BHTaMHHbl, JIeKapCTBo, orpas a, H.LJ, ...

1.2.2.3. Yrsaps, nocyzia: KaCTplOJIH, KOPbITO, KOTe.10K, nepevnaua, cryna, TepKa ...

1.2.2.4. Onexcna, rOJIOBHbIe yoopsr, 06YBb H HX lJaCTI1: 3araWHHK,

KaHMa, JIeHTa, JIHMKa, p acnauronxa, canor, rynyn .

1.2.2.5. flOCTeJIb: noayurxa, npocruua, TlOcp5'!K .

1.2.2.6. Me6eJIb: CyH.LJ,yK, TYM6a, wHpMa ...

1.2.2.7. TKaHI1: ar.nac, oapxar, KaHBa, TKaHb, WeJIK.

1.2.2.8. Ocaerure.asnue npuoop sr, npucuocoo.teuna H ux LJaCTl!:

CBeTI1.1bHHK, cpa xe.i, <pI1TH.1b ...

10 B 6HOJl0rl1H paspsn .npccresurax 3aHHMaeT npoxexcyrovuoe nOJlOlKeHHe !'¥IelK)l~ paCTeHHHMH H IKHBOTHbIMH, He OTHOCHCb HH K TeM HH K )lpyrHM. B H3blKe 4aCTb ':ITOH JIeKCHKH 5lBHO THrOTeeT K crpepe aeoayureaneanux npenjaeros, K8K no CBOHM rpaMM8TH- 4eCKHM xapaKTepHCTHKaM (cp.: BHlKy MUKpo6, BUPYC, HO He MUKpo6a, eupuca), TaK H no ceMaHTH4eCKHM nOTeHUHHM: BKJl104aHCb B npouecc MeTa(jlopH3auHH, ':ITa JleKCHK8 CJIylKHT HCT04HHKOM MeTa(jlopbl )lJl5l ceaaarasecxoa crpepu nCHXH4eCKHX H COlJ,HaJlbHbIX !lBJleHHH, KOTOPbIM CBOHCTBeHHO 3aMMCTBosaTb MeTa(jlopH4ecKHe HaHMeHOBaHH5l H3 ccpepbl npenxeraoro MHpa (cp.: 6aLiUJlJla CTR:JlcaTeJlbCTBa, couuassnue 8upyCbt, Mux:po6 cKenTuu,U3Ma H T. n.): 9TH 06CTOHTe.nbCTB8 )l81OT OCHOBaHH5l npHt.IHCJlHTb Ha3B8HHble .IleKCH4eCKHe e)lHHHUbl K npe)lMeTHOH JleKCHKe. YTO KaC8eTCH zrpyrofi 4aCTH CJlOB, 0603- H848lOmHX npocreaurax (B HaWHX MaTepHaJlaX asetia U WU/JY30pUfl), OTHeceHHe HX

~ paspaay npe)lMeTHOii JleKCHKH HMeeT B sexoropox pone YCJlOSHbIH xapaxrep - no ~JIOrHKe «anpaaoro CMblCJla» OHH THrOTelOT K ceMaHTH4ecKoH crpepe >Kl1BOTHOE.

69

1.2.2.9 . .uparOll,eHHOCTH, yxpameuns H T. n.: 6JIeCTKI1, 6Hcep, nparoueuaocrs, MHwypa, n030JIOTa, COKpOBHIll,e ...

1.2.2.10. YnpflJKb: BOJKJKH, C6pYfI, XOMYT, WOPbl. ..

1.2.2.11. Ilpo-rae ouroaue npenjser a: KOnHJIKa, xonna, JIaK, MeWOK, HHTKa, OT)lYWI1Ha, npooxa, TeJlera ...

1.2.3. CoopYJKeHHfI, nocrpoaxn H HX 4aCTI1: xasapva, KapKac, Ma5iK, onopa, nO)lBaJI, nperpana ...

1.2.4. YCTpOHCTB3, npncnocoo.neuaa, MeXaHI13Mbi H I1X 43CTH: 6ycpep, rB03AHK, HrJI3, KOHBeHep, MaWHHa, MblWeJlOBKa ...

1.2.5. Ilpenaeru HCKYCCTB3, H306paJKeHI1f1: oyradiopua, K3pHKa. rypa, KapTHHa, M03aHKa ...

1.2.6. Ilpenaeru arp, p33BJIe4eHHH H T. n.: 6HPIOJIbKH, arpym.

Ka, KaJIeH.llOCKOn, xapyce.ns. nocpaxyunca, ceprr3HTHH .

1.2.7. Boeanue peanua: 060HMa, CTpeJl3, nopox .

1.2.8. Ilpenaeru HaCHJIHfI: separn, KaH)laJIbI, OKOBbl, nyru. .. 1.2.9. Ilpenueru KYJIbTa: H.llOJI, HKOHOCTac, xpecr ...

1.2.10. MeCTo, rne cosepuraerca, npOHCXO.llHT 4TO-JI., npenna- 3Ha4eHHoe .ll.n5i 4erO-JI.; aaseneuae, xapaxrepaayrouieeca 4eM-JI.: 6a3ap, 6aH5i, 6ap3XOJIK3, 60ra)leJIbHfI, 60HHfI, JKHBOAepH5i, xa- 6aK ...

1.2.11. Ilyra C006w.eHH5i, noporn: MarHCTp3JIb, rpona ...

1.2.12. JIoKaJIbHO orpaaaxeaaoe npocTp3HCTBO: 3a.llBOPKH, saKOYJIOK, JIa6HpHHT ...

1.2.13. D p04He npenveru (He aourenurae B KJI3CCHcpHKall,HlO):

Beep, seaeu BeX3, 3epKaJIO, MaHeKeH ...

1.3. Ilpenveru, JIOrH4eCKH Bbl4JIeHfleMbie 4eJlOBeKOM. 1.3.1. BMeCTHJll1me: BarOH, B03, ropers, oxanxa ...

1.3.2. Cosoxynnocrs, ueonpene.nenaoe MHOJKeCTBO npenxeros, 3JIeMeHTOB H T. rr.: 6YKeT, rpyna, KJIy60K, KOMOK, Ky43, pOCCblIIb ... 1.3.3. 4acTH, .uOJIH npenvera, seuiecraa H T. rr.: K3rrJIfI, KJI040K, KpowKa, 06PbIBOK, OCKOJIOK ...

1.3.4. MecTo napyureaas, nospeacneaaa K3KOH-JI. nosepxaocrs: 6pewb, .llblpa, xopocra, aapsrs, npopexa, paaa, pyoeu rpeuiaaa ... 1 1.3.5. Ilpenxeru, OCT3BWHeC5i rrOCJIe HCrrOJIb30B3HH5i; OCTaTKH, OTXO.ubl; n.noxae, HeHYJKHble seum: 6apaxJIo, JIOXMOTbfl, MYCOP, 06· JIOMKH, or-apex, orpusox, oropocu, rrOMOH, npax, cop, rpyxa ... 1.3.6. «l'paas»: rpass, rrblJIb, rr5iTHO ...

1.3.7. «Pe3JIHH cveprn»: MepTBe4HHa, MOrHJIa, MepTBell" MOlll.H, MyMHfI, CKeJIeT ...

1.3.8. HapYJKHa5i / BHyTpeHHH5i 4aCTb npenuera: 6POHH, H3H3HKa, H3JIeT, OCTOB, rrO.LI.KJIa.LI.Ka, cxopnyrra ...

1.3.9. E.uHHI14Hble npenveru, BbI4JIeHfleMble H3 MaCCbI: xpynanxa, neC4HHK3, nywHHK3, nbIJIHHK3 ...

1.3.10. Pa3JIH4Hbie 3HaKH (B TOM 4HCJIe rparpuvecxae) ; nop5i.LI.OK pacrrOJIOJKeHHH 3HaKOB: 3aBHTYWKa, aaxopronxa, sanaraa, KJIeHMO, ne4aTb, nyHKTHp, CTp04K3 ...

1.3.11. D p0411e npenxersr (He sourenume B KJI aCCHcpHKall,HIO): oaraac, rpys, .ll.HO, 3aH033, K03blPb, MeCHBO, MeTaCTa3bl, MyTb, opeo,.

OCTpHe, neJleH3, rrO.LI.a4Ka, rropOllIOK, npOCBeT. . . c

70

t OpeACTaBMHHaR 3AeCb K"aCCH<pHKaUHR OT"H4aeTCR 4pe3MepHOH , )lp06HOCTblO, HeH36e)KHOH npn 06HJIHH H pa3HOpO.D.HOCTH MaTepHaJIa. ,ll.JU! HarJI5'!.D.HOCTH H Y.D.o6cTBa BOCnpH5ITH5I OHa 6bIJIa ocoouieaa B ra6JIHue. (Cx. Ta6JI. 3.)

Ta6J1Hu.a 3

TeMaTH'IeCKOe pacnpeneaeaae JleKCHKH ceMaHTH'IeCKOH cq,epbl nPE)l.MET

I. npHpO)lHble o6beKTbl

III. Ilpeaaeru, JlOrHqeCKH SblLlJleHReMble xeaoaeKOM

1. He6ecHbIe rena

2. 3J1eMeHTbl 3eMHoH noaepxaocra

3. BelUeCTBa. MHHepaJlbI

4. ITpeL\MeTbI.o6pa30BaHHbIe TeM HJlH HHbIM COCTOHHHeM seuiecraa

5. 3JleMeHTbI arxocrpepi;

6. ITPHpoAHble oopasoBaHHH

7. PacTeHHH H HX lJaCTH

8. <l>oPMbl cyutecrsoaa-

i HHH seuiecraa

r 9. ITpeL\MeTbl HeBHAHMOro MHpa

110. ITpOlJHe

I

I I ,

II. npe.nMeTbI. C03.1laHHble 4eJlOSeKOM

I. BMeCTHJlHllle

2. COBoKynHoCTb npen-

MeTOB

3. 4acTH. AOJIH ripen-

MeTa

4. MecTOrrOBpe>K.l\eHHH.

uapyuresaa

5. OTXO.n.bI. OCTaTKH

6. «fPH3b»

7. PeaJlHH cxepra

8. HapY>KHliIH/BHYTpeHHHH lJaCTb xero-n,

9. E.n.HHHlJHbIe npenxersr

10. 3HaKH II. Flpoxxe

2. CEMAHTH4ECKMI C<1>EPA )KHBOTHOE~

A. Ilpaponssre npenueru, oepaeorannsre H npacnOC06J1eHHbIe senoaeKOM

6. OpeL\MeTbI, H3rOTOBJleHHble lJeJlOBeKOM

I. OpeAMeTbI 6bITa mnua

.nexapcraa yrnaps, nocyna O)le>K.l\a

nocrens

Me6eJlb

TKaHH

OCBeTHTeJlbHbIe npH60PbI YKpaweHHH

ynpaxcs

npyr-ae npenaera 6bITa

2. OOCTPOHKH H HX lJaCTH

3. MexaHH3MbI

4. Ilpenversr HCKYCCTBa

5. 0 pe.n.MeTbI pa3BJlelJeHHH

6. Boeaaue peanaa

7. Ilpensserer HaCHJlHH

8. Ilpe.aaersr KYJlbTa

9. MecTo. rne npoacxo.l\HT lJTO-Jl.

10. OYTH coo6111eHHH

II. J1oKaJlbHO OrpaHHlJeHHOe npocrpancrso

12. OpOlJHe

2.1. Ha3BaHH5I )KHBOTHbIX.

2.1.1. BH.D.bI )KHBOTHbIX: aKYJIa, 6aH6aK, oapau, 6apCYK, oereuor, BOJIK, sopoaa, sunpa, r aznoxa, rOJIy6b, rycb, epur, )Ka6a ...

2.1.2_ PO.D.bI )KHBOTHbIX; o606w.eHHble Ha3BaHH51 )KHBOTHbIX: 6yxaurxa, )KHBOTHOe, asep s, 3Me5l, rrraxa, rrraurxa, rrrnua, pstoa. CKOTHHa ...

2.1.3. Ha3BaHH5I .D.eTeHblweH: BOJIl.£OHOK, asepeasnn, Me.D.Be)KOHOK,

OCJIeHOK, OpJIeHOK, nopoceHoK. - .

'" 2.1.4. Ha3BaHHe )KHBOTHOro no nOJIOBOH flpHHa.D.JIe)KHOcTH: 60pOB, r vyraH, 6bIK, »cepecen, Ka6aH, Ko6eJIb, Ko6bIJIa, KOHb, osua ..•

71

2.1.5. H33B3HHe IKI1BOTHOro no oc06eHHOCTHM nop onu, nosens.

HI1H, nOBa)],OK H T. n.: o apooc, 611TlOr, 6HPIOK, xnyura, KJlH43, K03HBKa, .rleraw, Hace)],Ka ...

2.1.6. Ml1cpH4ecKHe, BbIMepWl1e H T. n. IKHBOTHble: )],HH03aBp, )]'paKoH, HXTH033Bp ...

2.2. 4acTH re.ra, 4aCTH noxpcaa IKHBOTHoro: rpnaa, KJleWH5!, KOrOTb, KOnbITO, xpuao. .nana, MOP)],3, MyPJIO, nacrt., nepo, nyx, PbI.~O, XBOCT, 4ewyH, WKYP3, uiernaa, urynansua ...

2.3. Fpynriu IKHBOTHbIX: KOCHK, POH, csopa, CT3)],0, CTaH ...

2.4. MecTa 06HTaHHH, IKHJlHma IKHBOTHbIX; nocrpoaxu )]'JlH )],0.

MaWHHX IKHBOTHbIX: r aesno, xonypa, KOHIOWH51, Kyp51THHK, JlOrOBHll.(e, .rl0rOBO, MypaBeHHHK, nopa, cBHHapHHK, XJ1eB ...

2.5. Iluuia IKHBOTHbIX: nOHJ1o. : .

CeMaHTH4ecKaH neonnoponuocri, naauor-o J1eKCH4eCKoro paapsna (BKJII04eHHe B Hero uapsny C 0603Ha4eHHHMH IKHBOTHbIX npe)],MeTHoil JleKCHKH, a TaKIKe cnopannsecxce - B COOTBeTCTBHH C Y3YCOMBK.'1104eHHe B 06W,HK nepeueus IKHBOTHbIX HapH)],Y C 0603Ha4eHHeM caxua 0603Ha4eHHH caMOK H nereuuuren) 6bIJla 060CHOBaHa B saxane pa3)]'eJ13.

3. CEMAHTYl.4ECKMI CcI>EPA 4EJ10BEK.

3.1. 4eJlOBeK KaK HOCHTeJ1b onpeneneuasix cBoHcTB.

3.1.1. DOJIOIKeHHe B oouiecrae, pen 3aH51THH, )],e51TeJIbHOCTI1: axTep, aprucr, 6apHH, 6ap4YK, 6apbIH51, 6ypIKYH, BeJ1bMO)Ka, BOeBO)l.a, racrpo.nep. )],l1nJIOMaT, IKHBo)],ep, IKOHrJ1ep, KOMaH)],Hp, KOPOJlb ... 3.1.2. <:PH3H4eCKl1e ocooeuuocrn, COCT051HHe 3)],OPOBb51 H T. n.:

i1.I1CTpOCPHK, H.n.HOT, HCllOJlHH, KaJleK3, K3PJIHK, J1HJ1HllyT, MaHb5lK, pacTpella, c.nIOHTHH, CJIerreu ...

3.1.3. Oco6eHHocTH nOBe)],eHHH, oopasa )KH3HI1; CKJ10HHOCTI1, npnBbI4KH H T. ll.: aCKeT, KpI1KYH, OTWeJIbHI1K, rrpaaezuurx, CBHCTYH ... 3.1.4. B03pacT: MaJ1b4I1WKa, MJ1a.n.eHeu, peoeaox, CTapI1K ... 3.1.5. DOJlOIKeHHe B cesrse: )],e)]" MaTb, Ma4exa, oreu, naCbIHOK, cecTpa, CbIH .. _

3.1.6. CHTyaTHBHbIH rrpH3H3K: naxaps, 3aneB3J13, HMeHHHHI1K,

uosoepaneu, nO)],3a6opHHK ...

3.1.7. Dp04He: 6a6a, Ky)],eCHHK, .nonoen, J1allOTHHK, aerp ... 3.2. 5H6.neHcKHe, ~mcpo.lorH4ecKHe H T. n. cyuiecraa.

:3.2.1. 5H6.1eHCKl1e nepCOHaIKH: 50r, .J.bHBO.l, car ana ...

3.2.2. DepCOHaIKI1 KJ13ccH4ecKoH MHCPOJlOrlUI: 60r, 60rHH51,.6oIKOK, KyMHp, KyrrH.n.oH .. _

3.2.3. Flepconaacn H3bI4ecKoH MHcp0J10rHH: aasmap. se.n.bMa, KHKMMopa ...

3.3. Coopaune, rpynna JIIO.n.ei1: apMH51, )],eC3HT, «oropra, neruoa 0p.J.a, paTh, raoop ...

72

I

4. CEMAHTl1lfECKM! C<I>EPA <l>113I1lfECKI1Yf MI1P.

CeMaHTH4eCKaH crpepa <P113H4ECKY1fi lVlY1P OXBaTblBaeT

.1eKCHKY, KOTopaH HMeHyeT neikTBHH, npoueccu, HB~leHHH, npoucxo,1HlUHe B peaJlbHOI1 neI1CTBHTe.lbHOCTH H BOCnpHHYlMaeMbIe opr a aaxn: 4YBCTB, a r aro-ce pe3YJIbTaT 3THX .lei1cTBI1H, npoueccos, HBJleHl1il.

4.1. BpeMH rona, CTaJl.HH CYTOK: BeCHa, ae-rep, BOCXOn, 3aKaT,

,3apS'!, H04b, oceHb, cYMepKI1 ..•

4.2. BI1Jl.bl suepr-na: orons, CBeT, TenJIO ... 4.3. Il poueccu: sapsm, acnsnuxa ...

4.4. 51BJIeHI1H npnpoau: npOHBJIeHI1H norozur: 6YPH, serep, rpoaa , .1HBeHb, Ml1pa)K, MapeBo, MOJIHHH, OTTeneJIb, npe.arpoase, CJIHKOTb ... 4.5. B03Jl.eI1CTBHH sa opr-aau 4YBCTB: »cap, aanax, rrpn axyc, cMpaJl., ren.nsnu., TbMa ...

4.6. <PH3I10.10rI14eCKHe COCTOHHI1H (06bI4HO 60.1e3HeHHbIe); 60.1e3- HJl: arOHHH, 6e3YMHe, 60.~e3Hb, 6pe.l,.BbIBI1X, IKail(..la, xourwap, .1I1XOpanxa, OTpbI)KKa, npan a.aox ...

t 4.7. llel1cTBHH.

! 4.7.1. lleiicTBHH, CBH3aHHble C pa3B.le4eHHe:'1, ape.nnuev , COCHna-

j' Hl1e:vl H T. n.:, ~TTpaKUHoH, 6a.lara H, 6y¢¢OHa.la, B03HH, KOMe.lI151, xaparpon, Machapan, cneKTaKJlb ...

I 4.7.2. llei1cTBHH, np0l13BOJl.I1Mble JIIOJ],bMI1 Han lJeJIOBeKOM, )KIl-

I BOTHblM: BI1BI1CeKUHH, Ka3Hb, nsrrxa ...

• 4.7.3. llel1cTBHH, npouasonavue MeXaHI13MaMH, 11 IiX peayn srar:

r BCTpHcKa, npctiyxcosxa, TOJIlJOK, CTbIKOBKa ...

I 4.8. Baeuruee rrpOHBJIeHHe I1JIH pesy.m.r ar KaKI1X-J1. ¢113H4ecKHx i npoueccos, Mex a HH4eCKI1X .n.eHcTBI1I1 11 T. n.: liCKP a, H3 Ka.1, OT6.'1 eCK, [noIKap, rrp06JIeCK, npOBaJI, npojaax, rrpOCBeTJIeHl1e ...

i 4.9~ C1eJ],cTBHe napyurenns KaKI1X-JI. npoueccoa, Jl.e!"lcTBHi1, patio-

I TbI MexaHH3MOB H T. n.: xaracrpodia, Kpax, xpyure aae ...

i 4.10 . .neKCllKa, OCTaBwaHCH aa npenenavn K.'13CCI1¢I1KaUHI1: KOHI rparianaa, xpyr-osopor, JJOTepeH, Marl1H, npa3Jl.HHK, MY3bIKa, npunes. ! neCHH, cxoporosopka, ¢el1epBepK ...

I i

5. CEMAHTl1lfECKA)I C<I>EPA nCI1XYllfECKI1Yf MI1P.

CeMaHTH4eCKaH ctpepa f1CI1XI14ECKYiFI MI1P BK.lI043eT B ceos .1eKCHKY, nenocpe.acrseuno He Bocnpl1HHMaeMYIO B oiuyuienuax ileHCTBI1TeJIbHOCTH. Tl1rIbI 3TOH JleKCI1KI1 6bI,UI BbI4.1eHeHbI B. H. Tenneji: 1) o603Ha4eHHH nCI1XHlJeCKOH .n.eHTeJIbHOCTH 4eJIOBeKa (4YBCTB3, iKeJIaHIlH, MblCJJI1TeJJbHble aKUI1H); 2) OTBJJelJeHHble nOHHTI1H, KOHCTpYHpyeMbIe 4eJIOBeKOM (Jl.06po, .n.OJIr, 4ecTb); 3) rrOHHTHH, orotip aacaiouuie neS'!TeJlbHOCTb COUHaJIbHOrO THna (npaBo, BJJaCTb, aBTOpI1TeT); 4) acnexru JJH4HOCTIl [TeJIHH, 1979, c. 10].

Cocpe.aorcxenuue B 3TOH crpepe zienor a n» nevarepnansuu, .1I1we. HbI 4YBcTBeHHblx npI13H3KOB, a nOTO:v1Y He :VlOrYT C.1Y)!(HTb IICT04- Hl1KOM MeTa¢OpI14eCKI1X rrpeo6pa30BaHI1I1. 3Ta crpepa, HarrpOTI1B, ~pl1THrl1BaeT K ce6e MeTa¢OPbl 113 npe.aaeruoro MHpa, J],eMOHCTpI1PYH , lIoTpe6HOCTb 4eJIOBelJeCKOH MbICJJH HaCeJJ5iTb Jl.YXOBHbll1 Ml1p (Yr, KaK

73

MbI yBH)J.HM zranee, MHp a6CTpaKUHl1) npHBbI4HbIMH, 06bI)J.eHHbIMH 4YBCTBeHHO BOCnpHHHMaeMbIMH peanaann,

,U.nH CBOeM KJIaCCH¢HKaUHH 06beKTOB nCHXH4eCKOrO xapa Mij BOCnOJIb3yeMcH KaK OCHOBOi1 py6pHKaMH, BbI)J.eJIeHHbIMH B. H. Te . .nHei1, pa3BHB H )J.onOJIHHB sry cxevy B COOTBeTCTBHH C HaWHM Mare. pHaJIOM.

5.1. DCHxH4eCKa5I )J.eHTeJIbHOCTb. 11

5.1.1. MbICJIb: poccsmn Mblc.nei1, TYMaH 3a6JIYIK)J.eHHM, KYXH~ H)J.ei1, MyCOp B rOJIOBe, csanxa H)J.eM, KJIOllKH MbICJIeH ...

5.1.2. Pe-ns: rpan penJIHK, PYCJIO oece.au, M03aHKa CJIOB, pyxeer paarosopa, CJIOBeCHbIM XJlaM, 4aCTOKOJl rpp as ...

5.1.3. 3MOUHH: BO)J.ona)J. lIYBCTB, IKeJIlIb 'paanpa sceuae', KaMeHb Ha nyure, KorTH TOCKH, 06JIaKO nenana. ne.nena crpaxa, ryxa rueaa 3nH)J.eMHH cTpaxa ...

5.2. OTBJJe4eHHble nOHHTlHI, KOHCTpYHpyeMble 4eJlOBeKOM (noopo, 3JIO, nopox, JlOIKb, CJIaBa, csooona H T. n.) : OMyT nopoxa, nHK caasu COJIHue csoconu, npylKl1Hbl ycnexa, HMa 6e3HpaBcTseHHocTH ... 1 5.3. COUHaJIbHble xareropna. I 5.3.1. Y!CTOPH5I: BO)J.OSOPOT C06bITHH, 3a.a.BOPKH HCTOPHH, sapo )J.bIW oynyurero, XJIaM npoumoro, npenasepae peBOJJJOUflI1 ...

5.3.2. rOCY)J.apcTBeHHoe H ocurecraenaoe YCTPOi1CTBO: 60JIOTO (6IOpoKpaTHlIecKoe), MeTaCTa3bI xoppynuau, nonx.n anxa (nOJIHTH4e. cxaa) , npecc (rocyna pCTBeHHbIM), npyIK!'IHbI (couaansuue ), TpHTIb€ Mopa.nH ...

5.3.3. HaYKa, I1CKYCCTBO: oyrarpopu» B HCKyccTBe, IKeM4YMHHa apxarexrypsi, KaHBa pouana, PYCJ10 HayKH, COJlHue n03311H, CTpy~ (cBeIKa5I CTPY5I B .nareparype}, CTPHfIH5I (JIHTepaTypHa5I) ...

5.3.4. )KH3Hb HH)J.HBH)J.a B oriurecrae, ee KOHKpeTHble np05IB.leHHH (cxac n,e / HeC4aCTbe, C06bITHH, cj:JaKTbl, cj:JOpMbI )J.eHTeJlbHocTH): 0 TH· iKe,loi1 iKH3HH: an, J1HMKa, xaropra, Ka3Hb, fIbITKa, TIOpbMa; Ka.leH· .J,OCKOfi C06bITHi1, 060i1Ma ¢aKToB, TpHCHHa 6bITa ...

5.3.5. OTHOWeHH5I MeIK)1.y J1IO)1.bMH: JJa6HpHHT oruourenaa, 06JIaKO nenosepas, OCTpOS )J.06POTbI, naYTHHa HeHaSHCTH, CTeHa paBHo)J.Y· WHH, CTpeJIbI 3JIo6bl, XJIblCT CTporOCTH ...

6. CEMAHTI14ECKA5I CcI>EPA A5CTPAKUI15I.

Do)1. a6CTpaKUI1eH (HJ1H a6CTpaKTHOH xareropuea, 'H.1H aocrpaxrHbIM npe,LLMeTOM, H.1H o6pa30M pea.nsuocr») nOHHMaeTC51 Bbl)1.eJleHH nYTeM a6CTparHpOSaHH51 KaKoe-~H60 cBoAcTBO MaTepHa~bHoro 06beKTa, ero COcToHHHe, OTHoweHHe MeiK)1.y 06beKTaMH H T. )1.., orne,neHHble OT MaTepHaJ1bHblX HOCI1TeJlei1, socnpnnuaaevue He3aBI1CIiMo:

OT HHX, DYTeM a6CTpaKUHH 4eJ10Be4eCKa51 MbIC.lb JIHWaeT seurs JKH'; BOH n,;10TH 4YBCTBeHHbix npH3HaKoB H CBOHCTB, aupsiaaer 113 Mlipa' :v1aTepHa.lbHbIX npe)1.MeTOB, KaIK,LLbIH 113 KOTOPblX HMeeT ¢OP:\lY, UBeT,

11 Cnenyer HMeTb B suny, 'ITO, nOCKOJlbKY ceMaHTHlleCKHe c<j>epbl nCI1XI14E,.

CKI1Y1 MI1P H ABCTPAKUI151 He cnyscar, B OTJlH4He OT acex paCCMOTpeHHblX Bblwr coep, HCT04HHKOM MeTa<j>opH3aUHH, rrpauepu B nacrosutev H. CJleJlYIOw.eM pa3'!!'eJlal'

COOTBeTCTBYIOT He HCTOllHHKY MeTa<j>opbl, a erorosoa» MeTa<j>ope. . ...

74

l "HCHCTeHUHIO, 3aHHMaeT MeCTO B "pOCTpaHCTBe, B03~e~CTByeT I reM HJHi HHbIM cnococov na HaWH opranu t:fYBCTB H, 06eCKpOBHB I raKHM 06pa30M MaTepHaJIbHbIH npeaaer, a6CTpaKUHH npespauiaer i «BCHKYIO BeLUb B JIOrH4eCKYIO xareropmo» [3HreJIbC, c. 131]. TaKoBbI , KareropHH KOJIH4eCTBa, .LI.JIHTeJIbHOCTH, creneaa, OTHoweHHH, 1l0prI.LI.-

sa, oouiero H OT.LI.eJIbHOrO H T. n.

K cdiepe a6cTpaKUHH MbI OTHOCHM Te HM, xoropue BhIWJIH aa npe,lleJibI KOHKpeTHoH C04eTaeMOCTH H TeM caMbIM HapywHJIH CBrI3h C TOH HJIH HHOH ceMaHTHt:feCKOH crpepoa, MoryT OTHOCHTbCrI K JII06hIM o6beKTaM, 0603Ha4arI TaKHe 06LUHe nOHrITHrI, KaK KOJIHt:feCTBO, MeCTO B aepapxaa, pacnOJIO}KeHHe B npocrpaacrse H BO BpeMeHH H T. n., B orpuse OT t:faCTHbIX .LI.eHOTaTOB. HM a6cTpaKTHoH crpepsr o6Jla,llaIOT MHHHMaJIbHOH CTeneHbIO 06pa3HocTH, YTpa4HBaH 3JIeMeHTbI «HarJIrI.LI.HOCTH» H «KapTHHHoCTH». Hanpaaep, HM eopu KHUZ coxpasser HarJIH.LI.HOCTb, 3JIeMeHT 3pHTeJIbHOrO oopaaa H nOToMY OTHOCHTCf! K ceMaHTHt:feCKOH coepe ITPEllMET, a 5IM eopu oHeii TaKOH 3JleMeHT YTpa4HBaeT, He 03Ha4aeT HHt:ferO, KpOMe «MHoro )].HeH» H OTHOCHTCrI K ceMaHTH4eCKOH crpepe ABCTPAKUH5I. ITO)].06HhIM o6pa30M pacnpe.LI.eJlS'IIOTCH no pa3HhIM ceMaHTH4eCKHM crpepax 5IM uope PJICU, Mope 1l100eu, ryliQ MyX, KyliQ pYKonuceu, oerans-rpouaca, C O.LI.HOH CTOPOHbI, H ryliQ oes, KyliQ npotineu, KQnMl ocanoctu T. n. - C .LI.pyroH (npaxepu nepsoa rpynnu OTHOCHTCH K rnny nepeaoca DPEllMET __ ITPEllMET, a sroporo - ITPEllMET-+ABCTPAK-

, UH5I). B CBH3H C 3THM He06xo)].HMO OCTaHOBHTbCH aa np06JIeMe oT6opa JIeKCHKH B rpynny «KOJIHt:feCTBO» .

.neKCHKa 3TOH rpyrmsi 6bIJIa HCCJIe.LI.OBaHa H. A. .nYKbHHOBOH:.

DpHMeHHB Y.LI.at:fHhIH, aa Haw B3rJIH)]., TepMHH «06pa3bI MHO}KeCTBa» no OTHoweHHIO K MeTa<j3opHt:feCKHM 0603Hat:feHHHM 60JIbWOrO KOJIHt:fecraa, H. A. .nYKbHHOBa rpaxryer cOOTBeTcTBYIOLUee eMY nOHHTHe UlHPOKO; non 06pa3bI MHO}KeCTBa rrO.LI.BO.LI.HTCH JII06aH cosoxynuocrt, He3aBHCHMO OT TOfO, BbIt:fJIeHHeTCH JIH t:fHCTaH ceaa «MHoro» HJIH aa nepe.LI.HHH: nn aa BbI.LI.BHraeTCH KaKaH-JIH60 npyras cexa (BHe3anHOCTb, JI,BHlKeHHe csepxy BHH3, 6bICTpaH CMeHa, «3anYTaHHOCTb, aep acuneHeHHOCTh» H T. n.): 6ypf/. nporecra; BUXpb Mblclleu, udea; ens» CIlOB, nOKa3QH.UU; 2pao nUH.KOB, yOQPOB; KQlle11ooCKon eneuar nenuii; YPQZQH tfYBCTB; uinead: eonpocoe, npotines: H 'T. rr. CBoe06pa3He crpyxrypsr .113 «06pa30B MHO}KeCTBa» H . .n. J1YKhHHoBa BH.LI.HT B TOM, 4TO «BOnepasrx, B HeH HeT c06CTBeHHO .LI.eHOTaUHH, a ee «MeCTO» 3aHHMaeT CHrHH<j3HKaT - H.LI.eH KOJIHt:feCTBa; BO-BTOPbIX, KOHHOTaUHH H CHfHH<pHKaT HaCTOJIbKO «cpOLUeHhI», «cnaansr», 4TO, BH)].HMO, HeT OCHOBaHHH: «paCLUenJIHTb» J13 aa .aae CTPYKTypbI - 3TO B npaamme ozraa crpyxrypa» [J1YKbHHoBa, 1986, c. 125].

MbI pa3.LI.eJIH.eM MHeHH,e H. A. J1YKbHHOBOH 0 cnaHHHOCTH CHrHH<PH KaT a H KOHHOTaUHH B «oopaauax MHomeCTBa», O)].HaKO, KaK HaM npe,llCTaBJIHeTCH, rOBopHTb 06 YTpaTe .LI.eHOTaUHH (no CyTH .LI.eJIa 06 orpuse .LI.eHOTaTa OT cHrHH<j3HKaTa, nOCKOJIbKY B aopxre OHH CYLUeCTBYlOT B Hepa3pbIBHOM e.llHHCTBe), 06 «04HLUeHHH» caraaoaxara (B zraamM cnyxae «H.LI.eH KOJIH4ecTBa») OT .lleHOTaTHBHoro conepacaaas tiOlKHO TOJIbKO npHMeHHTeJIhHO K TaKHM 0603Hat:feHHHM KOJIH4eCTBa,

75

B KDTOPbIX 3Ta HJ1,e51 npencraanena B OTBJIeLJeHHOM sane 11 He OCJ10}i(. neua HHKaKHMI1 HarJ15l.uHblMI1 npe.ucraBJ1eHI151MI1 (BHe3anHOCTb, 6bJCT. poe -repenoeauue 11 T. n.) 11 aCCOUHaUliH.\II1. YlMeHHo TaKHe 51M, yrparusume Har,l51,D.HOCTb H aCCOUllaTHBHbIH xapaxrep, He 0603Ha4alOiUHe HH4ero, KpOMe nOH5ITH5I «MHoro» H.~H «MaJ10», H oo.nanaioume BCJIe.l\' crane YKa3aHHbIX cBoHCTB caMoH WHPOKOH COLJeTaeMOCTblO, MbI OTHO· CHM K p aspany «KOJII1LJeCTBO» (npHMepbJ CM. HH)!{e). 4TO KacaeTC5I rex THnOB «Ko.rlHLJeCTBeHHbIX» 51M, xoropue COXpaH5IIOT HarJ1HJ1,HOCTb, T. e. co.aepxcar B CTpyKType J13 Ha60p cev, orpaxcaiounrx HarJ1HJ1,Hble f1peJl.CT8B.r1eHHH H 8CCOUll8LlIHl, TO B H8weH pariore OHI1 OTHeceHbI K .upyniM pyopuxa«: nCl1Xl14ECKl1YI MI1P (6ypH. nporecra, HezoOOBaHUH.; BUXpb ilYBCTB, oce.nanua, crpacrea; eooonao paOOCTU, 3,HOL(Uii.; «cueuoocxon C06bITUU; UCTopUlleCKUU KQAeUOOCKOI1 li T. fl.); ¢113114ECKYll1 MI1P teptu) yuup013, eooonao ceera, KUCKao 3BYK08 II T. [I.); OPEL1.MET (cpao nu.i», KU,HHeu; eopu noouuie«. pYKonucell

11 T. n.r. .

51M crpepu A5CTPAKLI,I151 pacnpenensuorcs no CJ1e.uYlOiUHM py6pHKaM:

6.1. KOJIli4ecTBo.

6.1.1. MHoro: 6e3..QHa (co;v[HeHI1H, HaCHm151, 3JIa); B03 (3AO· pOBbH); ropa (CLJaCTbH, BpeMeHH, ropu ,D.eJI, COMHeHHH, BOflpOCOB); rpyna (pa60TbI, f1p06J1eM); KyLJ8 (3a60T, BonpOCOB, ,Ll,eHer, BpeMeHH); MO.leKYJI8 (..Q06POTbl, CLJ8CTbH, nOK05l); Mope (xposa, cnes. C4aCTb5l, ne48JIH); OKeaH ()!{H3HH, MOJI4aHH5I, yxcaca. npoo.nen, 3860T, pa3HO': rJIaCI1H); TyLJa (cnneren, BOcpOMHHaHI1H). ,

t>.].2. .via.io: a 10\1 (Ci.la/h:eHCTBa, oOPbi)bl); h2lii.HI (/j,a.IOcTlI.' Heih:HoL'TII); hjloxa (pa.iocru, I\\>OXII p aoor u i: l'I!OllJhU (CllaCTbH. 0.I'U'(,llcTBa); h:pyIIIIHI\d (\I)'J.pOcTII, o:IarOpaJY\IIIH, IIO.lbJblj; l,p~· unua (Jllaflll!i. ouur a}: IleC4IIHl'a (4Yl:JL'IJ3Cl); IUtIIOl!,a (1IPOIIIIl!. J.O(jPOTbl ) .

6.2. 3JIeMeHTbl CTpyKTYPbJ.

6.2.1. OCHoBa (ueHTp8JIbHBH LJaCTb): xapxac (cuenapaa, JIH6· jJt' I 1 U); hOjJ{:Hb (3.la, sccx oe.i, IIPOO:H:\lbl/; OCTOl:J (1Ipal1L'Tl:JeHI1UCTlI, \le.IO.lIIII); Il04llU (1ICIIXO.IOII14L'ChClH. pe.uuno.ma a I; C ItPil\l'iib r u.un, il\ILlHl!. xapaxrepa t .

6.2.2. Bropocreneuuue 3JIeMeHTbl (nepaoepus}: coyc '4TO-JI. He r.nasnoe, sropocreneuaoe'.

6.3. PacnOJIO)!{eHHe B npocrpancrse.

6.3.1. nOCJIeAOBaTe,lbHocTb, opraaaaoaaauocrs: uens (HBJIeH1lI1, C06bITI1H, ¢aKToB).

6.3.2. HeOpr8H1130BaHHocTb: POCCbInb (oumoox, nopoxos}.

6.3.3. Hanpasneaae: MarliCTpaJ1b (HaYKH, nporpecca, )!{H3HH); Tpona ()!{113HH, HCK8HI1H); TpOnl1HKa (nosruvecxas, TBOpLJeCKaH). 6.4. Pacncnoxceuue BO BpeMeHH (sran, MOMeHT cyuiecraoaauns, p 83BHTI151) .

6.4.1. Ha4aJIO: 3apOJ1,blW (oynyuiero): HCTOK (J1,e5lTeJIbHOcTH); HCTO'-lHHK ()!{H3HH, C4aCTb5l, 6.1arOnOJIYLJI151); POCTOK (KYJIbTypbl).:

TBO~~~~;B~~Heu, npene,n: seneu (::3BHTH"' ~OCTHJI{eHH", HCKYCCTBa'i

I 6.4.3. DpOM€)!{YT04HbIH aran, MOMeHT pa3BI1TlHI, Cyw,€CTBOBaHl1rI '4erO-Jl. ()!{113HI1, I1CTOPI1I1, TBOp4€CTBa); crynexs (xapsepu, npo. -pecca) .

6.5. 3JleMeHTbI nopanxa, CHCTeMbi.

6.5.1. DOPT1.ll.OK: MaTepHaJl OTcYTCTByeT.

6.5.2. HeYrI0pH,J,04eHHocTb: BHHerpeT (B ),lblC.1T1X; 113 UHTaT; He erarss, a snnerper}; xauia (8 ro.toae, 8 ;\lbIC.1T1X, B crar se; KOHnenuna - xaura; HCTopH4eCKa51 xauia ) ; KJly60K (npOTI1BOpe4I1H, 4YBCTB, COMHeHHH); J1a6HpHHT (MbICJl€H, C06bITHH) ;.OKpOWKa (CTHJlHCTHlJeCKa5l) .

6.6. KaTerOpl151 oueuxa.

6.6.1. D0J10)!{I1TeJ1bHa51 OU€HKa: aJlMa3 (3BKaJlHnT - aJIMa3 JIeCOB; aJIMa3bl n033HI1); )!{eM4Y)!{HHa (xypopraas, MY3bIKaJ1bHaT1, rro- 3THlJeCKa51); COKpOBHw,e(J1HTepaTYPHoe).

6.6.2. OTpl1uaTeJIbHaT1 oueaxa: oapax.no (0 JIO.ll.Ke, KHHre, cjmJ1bMe, 4e.1JOBeKe, H.ll.ee, npOWJ10M).

Hrax, KJlaCcHcj)HKaUHH nonsepruyr a JleKCHKa, scryna iouraa B MeTa<j)opI14eCKHH npouecc. D0J1Y4eHHoe KJlaCcHcj)HKaUHoHHoe pacnpenenenne naer OCHOBaHHe CTaBHTb sonpoc 0 «MeTacpopU4€CKOH KapTHHe ~Hpa».

MHorocTyrreH4aTblH xap axrep aauref KJ1aCCI1¢HKaUHI1 H ee HeH36e)!{HaH B 3TOM CJ1Y4ae rpOM03D,KOCTb CB513aHW co CTpeMJleHHeM OXBaTHTb KaK MO)!{HO 60JlbWe acnexros .ll.ei1cTBHTeJlbHOCTH, COOTHO~weHHH ee 06'beKTOB, CB513eH 11 onocpenoaaami, 4T06bI no B03MO)KHO! CTH H36e)!{aTb lJpe3MepHoH MexaHHCTH4HOCTH B nocrpoeuna «MeTa¢opH4ecKoH KapTHHbI MHpa». KaK H3BeCTHO, a6C0J1IOTHOe npH6JIH)!{eHHe

K neHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH HeB03MO)!{HO. Bsrcrpanaaa uaury KJIaCCI1¢HKaUHIO, MbI OT.ll.aBaJlI1 ce6e oruer B TOM, 4TO OHa, KaK BC51KOe npyroe cxeMaTH3HpOBaHHoe npencranneune 0 MHpe, HeH36e)KHO 3TOT MHp HCKa)!{aeT: paspsraaer CBH3H (uanpuaep, CB513b rrCI1XH4eCK0l1 cdiepsr C lJeJIOBeKOM), OCTaHaBJ1I1BaeT «TeKY4eCTb» 5lBJIeHI1H, YCTpaHHeT npoTHBOpelJH51 Me)!{.ll.Y 06'beKTaMI1 H Me}K.ll.Y I1X CBOHCTBaMH H T. n.

Pa3pa60TaHHa51 KJlaCCHcj)HKaUH51 He npereanyer raxxce HH na HC4epnaHHOCTb, HH aa YHHBepCaJ1bHOCTb, HH aa HerrpOTHBope4I1BOCTb. "lorH4ecKaH HenpOTI1BOpe4HBocTb .11060ro 4.1eHeHHH .1eKCHKH B a.aeorparpuvecxo» acnexre «OCTaeTCH npHHUHfIHa.lbHo He;J.OCTH}KHMoii», 4TO 6bIJ10 OTMe4eHO 10. H. KapaYJIOBbIM aa npuxepe conOCTaBJleHHH cooTBeTcTBYIOW,HX cxere X. Kacapeca H M. MOJlHHep [KapaYJlOB, 1976, c. 251].

DPH Bcex nepe4HCJleHHhlX orpaHH4eHHrIX KJ1aCcHcj)HUHpoBaHHaH coaoxynnocrs 51M C HeKoTOpblMI1 JIaKYHaMH noxpuaaer see ceMaHTHsecxoe npocrpaacrso 5l3bIKa H, HaJ1ara51Cb na H3bIKOBYlO KapTHHY MI1pa, no-rra nOJ1HOCTblO cosnanaer C nero.

D..1H npOBepKI1 3T0l1 runoreau MbI H36pa.ll1 cxevy P. Xa.t.nsra 11 B. BapT6ypra KaK HaH60~ee yHHBepca~bHylO H nOC~e.ll.OBaTe~bHO nocrpoenayio aa npnauarrax aarponoueurpuaaa, 4TO Ba}KHO .ll.JIH HaWHX ue.nef (noCKOJIbKY MeTacj)opa no CyTH csoeu a arponouearpa-r-

~-ja), H nonuranacs nyrev HaJlO)!{eHH51 COBMeCTHTb C HeH aaury cxevy, r orpaacarouiyio 4J1eHeHl1e MeTacpopH4eCK0l1 JleKCHKH. B nrore 6bIJI 0

77

06HapYlKeHO, "TO 06e CXeMhI cosnanaior (aa HCKmO"eHHeM rpynn I a6CTpaKTHOH J1eKCHKH, xro COOTBeTCTByeT HaWHM npencra R.1eHIH!M ' o 5IM) C He3HallHTeJ1bHbIMH np06eJ1aMH (9TH np06eJ1bI, Bnp04eM, MOrJ1H 6bI 6bITb 3an0J1HeHbI npa paCWHpeHI1H MaTepI1aJ1a, HanpHMep npn npHBJ1elleHHH B xasecrae HCTOllHHKOB TaKHX crpep, KaK p asrosop. Ha51 pens H ocooeauo »caproasr). (Cre. cxevsr 1, la.)

Cxexsa 1. "513bIKOBall KapTHHa MHpa" 110 P. Xannar-y H B. Baprtiypr-y (ljlpaI"MeHT)

rA• BCEnEHHA51 I
I
I I
Heeo PaCTHTellbHbIl!: )l(HBOTHbU!
Ii HeoeCHble 3eMllll
Te.na MHp MHP 1. Hseo Ii 1. Pe.1lbeq; 1. Pacra- 1. 4eTBepo-
HeoecHble Ii l1eli- Te.llbHblli HorHe
Te.na 3aJK MHP B 2. Ilransr
2. nOT'O)lB 2. Bonsr 001UHX
xeprax 3. MopcKHe
HBeTpbl 3. nO'lBB 3BepH
2. llepesbll
H ee 4. Porobl
cTpoeHHe 3. KYCTBPHH-
4. MHHe- KH 5. npecMbl-
4. 311BKosble KaJOIUHecSi
pansr
5. MeTan.nbl 5. OBOIUH 6. 3eMHOBO)l-
asre
6. KOpMoBbie 7. MonrnocKH
7. PacTeHHSI 8. PaKooo-
I1POMbnIl- paaasre H
lleHHOT'O l1ayKoo6-
3HB'leHHSI
paaasre
8. Jlyroasre 9. Hacexosrsre
Ii aecaae
pacreaas 10. EOIIe3HH
9. Bonopocrra lKHBOTHbIX
10. neKapcT- 11. CKa30'lHble
lKHBOTHbIe
BeHHble
paCTeHHlI
11. Ilezopa-
THBHbIe
paCTeHHll
12. OpaHlKe-
peliHbIe
paCTeHHlI
13. Bpenasie
paCTeHHlI 78

E. 4EnOBE,iJ
Ye.11oBeK
KaK lKHBoe
cymecrso
1. non
2. Paca
3, 4acTH
Tena
4. Opr-aasr
H HX
IjlYHKUHH
5. Opr-aasr
pe'lli
6. nllTb
'lYSCTB
7. llsIDKeHHlI
H 110.11O)l(e-
HHlI
8. COH
9. 3)lopoBbe
H oO.11esHH
10. 4elloBe-
'leCKBSI
lKH3Hb B
OOIUHX
'lepT6X
11. nOTpe6-
HOCTH
'lenOBeKa 1

\ CXeMS 1a. "MeTa<jJOpwrecKas:! KapTRHa MRpa" (C HaTIOlKeHReM aa "Si3bIKOSyro

f KapTRHY Ml!pa" IIO P. XaTITlIll'Y R B. Baprfiypr-y )

I

J A. BCEflEHHAR I
. I' J
I I
He60 PaCTHTenhHbll1: )KRBOTHbIl1:
I! He6eCHbIe 3eM.TIs:!
rena MHp MHP E. LfEflOBEK

I

LfenOBeK KaK lKRBoe cymec-rso

1. 3ae3Aa 1. I'opa 1. Kopeas o 'ieno- 1. 6a6a
YAa'il! C'iaCThH IIpo6neMbI aeKe: (0 M)')K-
2. YparaH 2. Mope 2. )ly6 (0 1. CleeTI 'iIlHe)
rHeaa CBeTa 'ienOaeKe) COKO.TI 2. Herp (0
2.
3. ATIMaS 3. MI!M03a TOM, KTO
necoa (0 'ienOBeKe) 3. TIOJIeHh abIlIO . .TlHs:!-
4. PbI6a eT TIDKe.TIYJO
4. MeTaTIJI 4. 3epHo He6TIaI'O-
a ronoce IICTHH"I 5. raAIOKa AapHYIO
5. OrYP'iIlK 6. )Ka6a pa60TY)
(0 qenOBe- 7. Kepexa- 3.*
Ke) T/fiIa 4. )KeTl'ih
6. 8. CKOP- '3.TI06a'
7. fleH aonoc rrROH 5.
8. Jlonyx 9. CTpe- 6. rOphKas:I
(0 'ieno- K03a rrpaBA8
sexe ) 10. 7.
9. Tl!H8 11. )lPaKOH 8. COH (a
Meno'iell 06lUecT-
10. nO.TIbIHb aeHHoll
(0 lK1!3HH) lKI!3HII)
11. Poaa 9. flllXOPaAKa
(0 lKeH- pa60Tbl
urase ) 10. npa3allHK
12. aa llywe
13. COPHliK 11. rOJIoa
(0 'ieno- (nyxoBHbIl1: )
BeKe)
* Jlexcaxa llaHHoll py6PIIKII CnylKHT RCTO'lHHKOM rM, cp.: YCThe pexa, rnaaox
KaPTOIjleJIll, 6opo.rll!:a KJIlO'la, r-onoaxa aeTamt, 3y6ell BIIJIKR, soneao Tpy6bI l! T.rr. TaKHM 06pa30M, OlleBH)lHO, -rro MeTacpOpa KaK cpeHOMeH SI3bIKa cosnaer OTHlO)lb aerppar aear SI3blKOBOH xaprnusr MHpa, HO 3arrOJlHSIeT Bee ee rrpOCTpaHCTBO.

BepHeMCH K MeTO)lHlIeCKHM iJ.eJlSIM aaurea KJlaCCHcpHKaUHH: KaK YIKe ynoaauanocs, MbI CTaBHJlH nepen C060H aana-ry p acnpeneaurs B 06beMe BbI)leJleHHbIX HaMH ceMaHTHlIe<;KHX cdiep BCIO nonasuryio B none 3peHHSI JleKCHKY, BOBJlelleHHYIO B MeTacpopHlieCKHH npouecc,

fJlR Toro,. lIT06bl rrO)lfOTOBHTb noxay )lJl51 )laJlbHeHrnero HCCJle)lO-

79

BaHI15l Tl1nOJIOrl111 MeTacP0pl14eeKI1X nepeHOCOB - TeX HanpaSM. IIllii, no KOTOPbIM ocyurectansercs nepeueceune npuanaxa ns oJ; I!OH eeMaHTfl4e!;KOH cdiepu B npyryio 11 xoropue e03LlalOT Bee MHO. I'006pa3He Tl1nOB 51:M.

Tl1nw peryJIHpHWX MeTa$opI14eCKHX nepeHOCOB B H3WKe

AHaJII13 noxaaa,n, 4TO MeTaCpOp114eCKJ1e nepeaocu B 5l3bIKe nos 4J1HeHbI .uoCTaTo4HO )l{eCTKOH 3aKOHOMepHoCTfl J1 OCYW.eCTBJI5HOTCH B onpenenenaux HanpaBJIeHJ1HX OT OLlHOH CeMaHTJ14eCKOK c¢epbl K npyroa.

OCHOBHble nyTJ1 C03.uaHI1H MeTacPopbl, HanpaBJIeHI1H MeTacPopH1.Je·!

CKI1X nepeuocos 6bIJIJ1 onpene.nenu eiue B aHTJ14HOH HaYKe. 11.0 CI-IXI riop He vrpa nr.nn aKTyaJIbHOCTfl HanpaBJIeHJ1H, BbIHBJIeHHble API1CTO' Te,I\:'\I: «.\1.eTalj)opa - nepeueceune c.iosa C IU\leHeHllbL\I JHa4eHHt'11 I IU po.ia B au.r, IlJ BlIJ.a B PO..l., HJ BI1J.a B sn.i !I:IfI 110 aHa:lOrJIII" I [.;'pIICTOTe.lb, c. DO]. H::meCTHo, 4TO Apucrore.u, 110,.1130,.111:1 110.1 110· ' H51Tlle \leTalj)0pbI H \leTOHIDllllO, 4TO 6bl:1O OT\le4eHO eLue Lluuepono« [AHTIIlIHble reopuu. c. 2lbj, IIOO/TOIIY C06CTI3eHHO h xre ratpope upn:IOiKIlllbl ro.u.xo nepeuocu «IU BII.la B BIU» ioruepnnu» OyUlY ue'10.11. .. ) 11110 a aa.torun: «Aua.iornef 51 Ha3bIB81O r axoii c:IY4aii, I\OUd IH()IH)l' C.IOBO OTHoelITUI 1\ IlejlIlO\IY rai, il\(', I\ah LJCTl:3eprOe h rpersL'.\ly ... 4TO cr apocn, ;.I,:IH iKIUHll, TO sevep LlJIH LlHH; !l03TOMY MO)!{HO I Ha3BaTb sexep CTapOCTblO .uHH, a CTapOCTb aexepoa )!(113HH» [API1CTOTeJ1b, c. 67]. He yTpaTHJII1 3Ha4eHI151 11 3aKoHoMepHocTI1, O!lI1CaHHbIe !\ullilrlI,I1IaHO\I: xrerarpopa oop aayercs uepeueceune» C 1:30 l!ClU O:lYILJeB,leH noro 11 pe.rxie ra Ha HeO.lYI11eB.leH Hbl i1; Heo.1Y ure s.te H HOI-O Ha HeO.lYIJJeB,leHHbliL neoavuieu.ieuuoro H3 o.tvuie a.ie a asn): o.rvuies.icuuoro Ha 0.1YI11cB.leHHbli\ lAHTI14Hbie reopnn, c. ~ 1 ~ J. llcIIO~'IbJYH "TIl ou06w,eHHble (YHllBepea:IbHble, a I10TO\IY II «BeLJHble») c.\e\lbl I1epeHUCoB, coapexieunue llCC.leJ.OB3Te.'I1I .10IlO:IH5IIOT I1X oo.iee (,10iK· Hbl\lll Jal,;oHO\lepHOCHIIIII: cjHI3114ecKMI .1eKCIIl,a C.1Yil<11T ;.I,.I51 xapaxrepucnuo: IICII.\lI4eCI\1IX COCT05UIllii 4e:IOBeKa, arpuoyr npe.rxrera IlpeoGp;;uYl'TC51 1:3 aTj1IIoYT aocrpaxruoro IIOHHTIIH II .lp. [Apynouosa, 1~)/~)(j, c. IG;"") II c.te.a.] .

(HCTe\IHbIH 110.1.\0.1 h 51:.\\ IIOJBO.III.1 OOI-JapYiKIlTb II OIIIIUHb naupaa.reuus \IeTalj)0pIILJeeI\IIX IIepeHOCOB B lIX \IIWrOOUpa31lll. BJa· 11\IHuii CB5UIl II JaSllCII\IOCTll. Bee 51B,]eHII51 pea.u.noro \IIIpa, O.\13d· rsnsatoume 1\31\ vrarepua.u.nue. r ax 11 n.rea.u.nue cYW.HOCTlI, BOB:IC· LJeHbl 1:3 upouecc xier adiopu.saunu, Iljll1 "TO\I IleTalj)opI14eChlI!i uepeuoc COBepwaeTCH B onpeneneuaux HanpaBJIeHI1HX B LlOCTaT04HO )!{eCTKOH nOCJIe.uOBaTeJIbHOCTJ1.

B LlaHHOM pas aeae npencraanensr B o606lll,eHHOM 11 CXeMaTl13J1po, saHHOM BI1.u.e see BbIHBJIeHHble B npouecce IICCJIe.uOBaHI1H perynspnue THnbI MeTacpopl14eCKJ1X nepeuocos (npunepu CJIOBoyrroTpe6.TJeHHH ~PHBOLl51TCH B orpaHH4eHHOM KOJII14eCTBe).

80

f·

,

nPEllMET --+nPEllMET 12

1.1.2. BO.LJ.o[Ian (c.tea ) ; ropa (KHI1r, .LJ.OKY"leHTOB); -liKyHr.1H (ropcna): xacxa a (BO.10C); .rec (pyx, "laYT); Mope (piKli, neCKOB); ocrpos (paCHlTe.1bHOCTH); pyc.io (y.1HUbl); PY4bH (c.iea ) ; yure.n,e (V.1HUbI); XO.HI (Te.1, pyxonacen).

- 1.L.3. AJlMa3bI (pOCbI); 30.ll0TO; (BOJ10C); H3YMPY.LJ.bl (.lHCTBbI);

MpaMOp (MOpCKOi1 nOBepXHOCTH); cepeopo (BOJIOC). 1.1.5. I'p an (KaMHeH); I1HeH 'Ce.LJ.HHa'.

1.1.7. J1eH (BOJIOC).

1.1.8. J1aBHHa (TaHKoB, nucev}; nOTOK (nI1CeM); cTpYMKa (necxa,

sepua}: CTPYH (necxa ) ,

l.l.lO. naYTHHa (peurerxa) : nena (uae rvuurx .repeasea).

1.2.1. Flanxa (1..;0.16acbI, cypryva j .

1.2.2.1. DJII1H (KenKI1); xauia (cnexcuas. 6eToHHaH); KHceJlb (;I.Opor n) ; nanuia (6YMaiKHaH, CBI1Tep-JIanwa); neneunca (caer a, rpH3H); CeM11.Ka 'ca6J1H'; cTY11.eHb (BO.llHbI); TeCTO (6eTOHHoe, pesuuoaoe}.

1.2.2.3. KacTplOJ1H 'UHJIHH.LJ.pI14eCKaH n e r a.n s npuoopo»,

ycrponcrs': KOPblTO 'neronuoe CY.LJ.HO'.

1.2.2.4. 3araWHI1K (.LJ.eHbrH B 3araWHI1Ke); KaMMa (pexn, .aop oru}; .11eHTa (11.0pOrH, acrpam.ra): JIeHTOlJKa (ropH30HTa); 06YBb 'KOJIeca': pacnauronxa (xaaprnpa-pacrrauronxa j ; recs.aa (iKeJle3Hoii ;J.Opor-n}; wy6a (cneroe, MXOB).

1.2.2.5. Flepuaa (cner a, TYMaHa, Mxa); noayurxa (Mxa, iKHpa). 1.2.2.7. ATJIaC (0 KOiKe); oapxar (0 rpase ) ; we.11K (BO,,10C). 1.2.2.8. <PaKeJIbI (TOlIO.rJeH); <poHaPb 'CHH51K'.

1.2.2.9. Bucep (no raj : 6.1ecn:1I (oraeii, POCbI); Wll11.1bKa 'TOHKlIii Ka6.1VK'.

1.2.2.fO. C6pYH 'onexcna'.

1.2.2.11. Kenna (B0J10C, nonyure«}: HHTKa (noporn j ; HHTll (noIK11.H); norpoxa 'HMyw.ecTBo'; cerxa (MOpW.lIH); cer s (11.01K,Ll.51); CKareprs (cueros}: r yiua (TaHKa, napoxo.iaj ; uier xa (BCXO.lOB, ycos ):

1.2.:3. Kaaapv a 'uexpacusoe s.aaune': OKHO (B oo.iaxax}: capaf 'ueonpsrnaa, HeYIOTHaH xaaprnpa, KOMHaTa'; ¢oHTaH (JIl!CTbeB, KaMHei1); xanyna, xuoapka, XI1)!{HHa 'Henpl1rJ151,Ll.HOe )!{I1JlHwe'; XOpOMbl (KBa prnpa - XOpOMbI); 4aCTOK0J1 (OPY11.HM); uiarep (neoa, BeTBeii).

1.2.4. rB03.LJ.HK 'TOHKHH Ka6JIYK'; I1rJ1bI (BCXO.ll.OB, pecauu). 1.2.5. Kapaxaryp a (nnarse - xapaxarypa l .

1.2.6. n06p51KywKa 'He3HalJHTeJ1bHa51 seun,': cepnanruu (,Ll.0-

poru ) .

1.2.7. 060MMa (xarpan}; CTpeJ1a (urnartiayaa}.

1.2.9. Hxonocrac '60J1bWOe K0J1H4eCTBO opneaos. MeAa.11eii'.

1.2.10. Bor aaeasus (peAaKUI151 - 60raJ.e.lbH51) ; )!{HBO,J.epH51

(60.1bHHua - )!{HBoJ.epHH); Ka6aK (YlJpeiK,.rJ.eHlle - HaCT051lUHI1 Ka- 6aK); xaaapua (wKOJIa - HaCT051w.a51 xaaap aa ) ; KOHTopa (0 JlI060M YlfJWil":.1C'HHI1); floMoMKa (B KOMHaTe); CBaJlKa (KHHf, pyxonncefi).

J2 Ilpaseaeuuue snecs Il nanee nopa.u.oaue HOMepa COOTBeTCTBYIOT py6pHKaM

r nponasenemroa B npenunyuieu pasnene AaHHOH rnassr KJIaCcHQJHKaUIlIl MarepIlaJIa.

i 6 r. H. CKJlHpeBCKa51 81

1.2.13. 3epKa.a (oaepaj : KOJIOAeu (xononuu BceneHHoil_1 crycnca CBepXnJIOTHOrO seuiecrna B MHPOBOM npocrpaucrae}; Ma3Hll '11J10XaH xapruua': neTJIH (pexa, noporuj : CTPY}f(KH (BOJIH).

1.3.1. Baros (KHHr, 6YMar, 6e3)].eJIyweK); B03 (PYKOI1I1CeH). 1.3.2. POCCbll1b (3Be3)]., orueji).

1.3.3. Kpourxa (neraas-xpourxa) ,

1.3.4. Bpeurs (B ocopone}; )].blpa: a) 'oT)].aJIeHHOe xecro', 6)

'11J10XaH xsaprapa': )].blpKa 'KBa3114acTHu:a'; urpax (aa 3)].aHHI1). 1.3.5. JIOXMOTbH (TY4, nesu): 110M0l1 'HeBKycHaH nauia'.

1.3.8. 5pOHSl (JIe)].SlHaH); CKOpJIynKa 'rinoxoe CY)].HO'.

1.3.10. 3aBHTKI1 (raJIaKTHKH); l1yHKTHp ()].OMHKOB, OrHeH, pacca)].bI); crpouxa (CJIe)].oB, rpaccnpyiourax nyns ):

1.3.11. Cyrpoo (JIHCTbeB, aepsa, necxa) : CYJITaH ()].bIMa, rrapa).

OPE)J.MET -+ 4EJ10BEK

. E)].Ba JJH He JJI060e CBOHCTBO JJI060ro npenjrera (H, KaK MbI yBH)].I1M nanee, raxxce )!{HBOTHOro H 4eJJOBeKa) MO)!{eT 6bITb ynorperineno )].Ji51 xapaKTepHCTHKH rex HJIH HHbIX 4eJIOBe4eCKHX Ka4eCTB B caMOM WHpOKOM n aanaaoae. 513bIK I1paKTH4eCKH He CTaBHT HHKaKHX rrperrHTCTB11I1 )].JIH caxux OT)].aJIeHHbIX C0l10CTaBJIeHHH B <pOpMHpOBaHHI1 anrponou:eHTpH4eCKHx MeTa<pop. AHaJIH3Y HX ceMaHTHKH rrOCB5IllI.eH 4 pasnen )].aHHoH rJIaBbI, snecs }f(e orpaHH4HMcH npocreue nepexuea npuxepos.

A. XapaKTepHcTHKH 4eJIOBeKa

1.1.1. 3Be3)].a, MeTeop, CBeTHJIO, COJIHu:e. 1. 1.3. Fpaaur, 30JIOTO, xaneas, xpexens. I. 1.4. KHnHToK, JIe)]..

1.1.5. CocYJIbKa.

I. I .6. Cavoponox, CMOJIa.

1.1.7. OOpOCJlb (0 )].eT5Ix), nve, KPH)!{, .norryx, MHM03a, orypxax, nens, noraaxa, nycrouser, peasxa, perreii, poaa, p03aH, CMOP40K, TOnOJIb, CPPYKT, xpen, U:BeTOK, HrO)].Ka.

1.1.9.2. AMe6a, HH<PY30pHH.

1.2.1. )J.y6HHa, xonona, opacnna, CTOJI6, xypoax. 4y6paH, xypxa. 1.2.2.1. KBawH5I, KHCeJIb, KOH<peTKa, KOH<peTa, Me)]., pa3Ma3HH,

caxap, cyxapb, TeJIHTHHa, TlOpH. 1.2.2.2. 51)]..

1.2.2.3. Ilepexaaua, cryna.

1.2.2.4. KOJIrraK, nancrs, canor-, rynyn. 1.2.2.5. TIO<p5IK.

1.2.2.6. CYH)].YK, TYM6a. 1.2.2.8. <PHTHJlb.

1.2.2.9. Zlpar-oueuuocre, COKPOBHllI.e.

1.2.2. II. Meurox, OrJI06JIH, npooxa, rrY3blpb, cnaxxa, rpsnxa, ryuia, 4Y4eJlo.

1.2.4. ABToMaT, BHHTHK, KyBaJI)].a, MaWHHa, nana, P060T, llI.OTKa. qUIlOrep. WrIHHraJIeT.

82

1.2.5. Kapr aaa, MapHoHeTKa, MOHYMeHT, CTaTY3TKa, CTaTYH.

1.2.6. Hrpyunca, nrpyurexxa, KYKJIa, KyKOJIKa, nerpyunca, nync, ·IOJIa.· 1.2.7. flopox.

1.2.9. Haon, HCTYKaH.

1.2.13. MaHeKeH, qHlTIOJ1bKa.

1.3.3. Kpourxa (0 peoeuxe): tuenxa. 1.3.4. CKBaJKHHa, H3Ba.

1.3.5. Or-apex, orpusox. oropocu, orpeose, 1l0nOHKH, pa3BaJIHHa,

pBaHb, pyaaa, pYXM1nb, XJ1aM.

1.3.7. Meprneu, MOlllH, MYMHH,nanaJ1b, CKeJIeT. 1.3.9. Ilec-muxa, nyuiaaxa, rrbIJ1HHKa.

1.3.11. 3aHo3a.

5. 0603Ha4eHHe 4acTei1 TeJ1a 4eJ10BeKa

1.2.1. .uocKa 'J1anOHb', xcepna 'nora'.

1.2.2.3. KOTeJ10K 'rOJIOBa', repxa 'JIHUO co CJ1enaMH ocnsr'. 1.2.2.4. Bapexcxa 'pOT'.

1.2.3. Bynxa 'JIliUO', 4epenoK 'r0J10Ba'. 1.2.13. Buaecxa 'J1I1uo'.

B. 0603Ha4eHHH rpynnu J1IOnei1 1.1.2. Mope (J1lOneH), pexa (neMoHcTpaHToB).

1.1.8. Bonosopor (J1lOnCKoH), sonua (araxyiourax) , J1aBHHa (JIIO.lI.ei1), rrOTOK (noCeTI1TeJIei1).

1.2.7: 060HMa (I1HCaTeJ1eH, 3HaMeHHTocTeH). 1.3.11. ct>J10THJ1I1H (60J1TYHOB).

flPE.uMET -+ct>11311LJECKl1ff Ml1P

3TOT paspan MeTa<p0pI14eCKHX cYlll.eCTBHTeJ1bHbIX B HaIllHX MaTepHaJ18X caMbIH HeMHOr04HCJIeHHbIM H HeBblpa3HTeJ1bHbIH (aeasrpaaareJ1bHOCTb IlpOHBJ1HeTCH B o.ll.Hoo6pa3HI1 c04eTaHHH, B orpaHH4eHHoCTH xpyr-a HBJIeHHH, 3aXBa4eHHblX MeTaepOpH3aUHeH). 113 sroro 06- CrOHTeJ1bCTBa MOJKHO cne.nars BbIBOn 0 TOM, 4TO HBJIeHHH H npoueccu qm3H4ecKOrO MHpa H3bIK 0503Ha4aeT «CBOHMH» I1MeHaMH, He 3aHMCTSyH .lI.JIH :nOH ueJ1H HaHMeHOBaHHH 113 apyrux ceMaHTH4eCKHX ctpep.

1.1.2. Kacxaa (3BYKOB, csera). 1.1.5. I'pan (ynapos, I1HHKOB).

1.1.8. BOJ1Ha (csera, 3BYKOB, aanaxos}: 110TOKH (3BYKOB, caera ) ; crpyaxa (nbIM a, aartaxa ) ; CTpyH (csera, aanaxa ) .

1.2.2.5. flOKDblBaJ10 (renna). .

1.2.2.11. Me~oK 'nOJIHOe oKpY>KeHHe (npoTHBHHKa)'; npooxa (8BTOnOpOJKHaH); CHon (caer a).

1.2.3. CTeHa (orna}; <poHTaH (orna}.

1.2.10. Basap , IllYM'; 6aHH (noxa HaCTOHlll.aH 6aHH); 60HHH (Roiill<l\: 11<11)11.11,(1 (B KOMHaTe napanxa) : lleKJ10 (BO BpeMH 6051); UI1PK 'aaoaaaoe HJII1 nenenoe IlpOI1CllIeCTBHe'.

1.2.l3. Beep (csera, J1Y4eii); pesepayap (HHq,eKUHH). 1.3.2. KOMOK (B ~oPJIe).

1.3.11. Il.neaxa (np.eMbI, 3a6bITbH).

83

6*

nPElJ.MET -nCHXHYECKHl1 MHP

npe)lMeTHa51 JleKCHKa 4pe3Bbl4afIH0 WHPOKO I1CnOJlb3yeTcH )lJl51 0603Ha4eHH5l 06beKTOB nCHXH4eCKOrO Ml1pa, K KOTOPbIM, 'KaK y)!{e 6bIJIO CKa3aHO, MbI OTHOCHM, KpOMe C06CTBeHHO nCI1Xl14eCKHX 5lBJle· HHH H npOUeCCOB, r axxce BCe 9J1eMeHTbl COUHaJJbHOrO YCTpOHCTBa, ¢aKTbl 11 9JJeMeHTbi )lYXOBHOH 1K113HH, KYJIbTYPbI, HCTOPI1H H T . n.

1.1.1. 3Be3.1l.a (Y,ll,a4H, C4aCTb5l).

1.1.2. Bes.aaa (3J1a, ropa) ; 60JJOTO (06bIBaTeJlbCKOe, 61OpoKpa.

TH4eCKoe, npoBHHUHaJlbHOe, 60JJOTO neseacecr aa l ; sepuraaa (ClJaCTbH, 6JIarOnOJJYlJHH); sononan (CJlOB, ynpexos}; ,ll,lKyHrJlI1 (npecrynaoro MHpa); ,ll,HO (IKH3HH); xacxan (xpacnopevaa}: MeJlb (1K113HeHHaH); OKeaH (IKH3HI1); OMyT (6e3Ha,ll,eIKHOCTI1, nopoxa) ; OCTPOB (,ll,06POTbI); nHK (CJIaBbI, ycnexa ) ; nonnousa (ncI1XOJlOrH· xecxan l: noxsa (l1,ll,e51 He I1MeeT non c06011 n04BbI); nponacn, (MelK,ll,y .rllO,ll,bMI1, MelK,ll,y reopuea H npaKTI1KOH); nYCTbIHH (onaH04eCTBa); nY4l1Ha (06H,ll" CTpa,ll,aHI111, 6e,ll,); P0,ll,HIiK (BocnOMI1Ha· HUH); pYC.10 (riecenu: rJJaBHOe PYCJIO HaYKH; 1K113Hb nosepnyaa B HOBoe PYCJIO); PY4eH (neaer ) ; pyseex (paaroaopa ) ; TeCHI1Ha (1K113HH, CTpa,ll,aHI1I1); TpHCHHa (6bITa, rrpuauxex) ; 4epH03eM (npoCTbIX 4YBCTB); 51Ma (6e,ll" nOWJJOCTI1, npecTYrIJIeHI1H).

1.1.3. fpaHI1T (HaYKH); KaMeHb (ua nyuie, aa cepnue: KaMeHb 3a60Tbl); MeTaJIJI (B ron oce ) ; neCOK (CJIOB); CTaJJb (BO B3rJl5l,ll,e, B xapaxrepe l .

1.1.5. I'pan (BOrIPOCOB, perI.TJI1K); 06J1aKO (nexa.na, rpycru, 3a· ,ll,YM4HBOCTI1, He,ll,OBepH51); TYMaH (B rOJIOBe; TYMaH 3a6JIYIK.ll.eHIiH, HeBe.ll.eH!151, ¢a HTa3HH); ryxa (He.ll.0YMeHI15'1, r-ueaa ) .

1.1.0. .Taaa (BoccTaHHH); II.leceHb (f10W.10CTH, xreurancrsa, PYTH· HbI); npax (60raTcTBo - np ax ) ; p)KaB4l1Ha (npI1BbI4eK, ropa, 6blTa).

1.1.7. Opex (aa.ia-ra - opex ) ; uorieru ("lbIC: , .1e51Te.lbHOCTH); nOJIblHb (1K113Hb - nOJIbIHb); POCTOK (HOBOrO, 3HaHHH, 4YBcTBa); CeM5l (ncopa, 3.'1 a , COM HeHHH, 6YHTa); CKOpOCneJIKa (l1.ll.eH - CKOpOCneJIKa; KHHra-CKOpOCneJIKa); ruaa ()K113HH, MeJ104ei1, MemaHcTBa).

1.1.8. BO.ll.OBOPOT (C06bITHH, )leJI, crpac rea) ; JIaBI1Ha (3MOUHH); nOTOK (4YBCTB, )!(113HI1); nOTOK (3MOUHH); CTpeMHI1Ha (4YBCTB); CTpyH (caexcaa crpya B mnepaType).

1.1.9.1. BaKYYM (JIHTepaTypHbIH, HH¢OpMaUI10HHbIH); MI1KpOMHp (.ll.YWI1, cepnua, CeMbl1, 4e.nOBelJeCKI1X oTHOWeHI1H, CTI1XOTBOpeHI151). 1.1.9.2. 5aul1J1JIa (cT51)!(aTeJIbCTBa, Tlll,eCJ1aBI1H); anpycu (exertTI1UI13Ma); Ml1Kp06 (nOWJIOCTI1, Melll,aHCTBa, paBHO)lYWI1H).

1.1.10. )i(eJI4b (3rIlirpaMMbl); sapoauui (oynyurero) : naYTHHa (JlIKI1, HeHaBI1CTH); COJlOMI1HKa 'CJIa6aH Ha)lelK,ll,a na CI1aCeHl1e'. 1.2.1. POraTKI1 (ueuaypu, 61OpOKpaTI13M a) .

1.2.2.1. I'apaap (HOBOCTb C r apuapoa: 3CTpa)lHbIH HOMep C rapaapOM); 3aKBaCKa (4eJIOSeK crapoa 3aKSaCKI1); 11310MliHKa ()!{eHlll,IiHa C H31OMI1HKOH); IlHlll,a()lyxoBHa51, )lJIH YMa, )lJIH nyum): CTpHnH5I (.~I1TepaTypHaH) .

1.2.2.2. J1eKapcTBo (OT JIeHI1, OT JI106BI1); orpasa (rppaa, BOC-1 nOMIiHaHI1H); H.ll (HacMeWKI1, :lrIl1rpaMMbl, lKeJIaHI1H, CKerITIiUI13Ma) ...

84

f

• 1.2.2.4. 3arawHHK (HneH B 3araWHI1Ke); .JHIMKa (n!>Ke.l0H

)!(J13HH) .

1.2.2.6. Illup aa (rppas, 6JIarOnOJIY4HH).

1.2.2.7. KaHBa (pouana. paccyxcnenaa, CIO>KeTa) ; TKaHb (rexcra, nOBecTBosaHHH); ql.JIep (socnoMHHaHHH).

1.2.2.8. CBen!JIbHHK (paaye a) ; ¢aKeJI (HCTI1Hbl, nocpa, 3HaHHH); . ~I1TH.JIb 'aurosop'.

1.2.2.9. MH urypa (pa3f"OBOpOB, n< 113HH, 6blTa); 11030,10Ta (CIOB, cppa3); COKpoBHLUe (c1HTepaTY[JbI, \lY3bI!\H; .tyxo aaste COKpoBlILUa);

wnH~bKH (B pa3fOBOpe). .

1.2.2.10. BO>K>KH (B pao ore, B ornoureaaax l; TeJlera 'n<aJlo6a, nopHuaHHe'; XOMYT (opaxa, 3aBHCI1MOCTH, CJIY>K6bl); WOPbl (He BI1- .1leTb B uiopax HCTHHbl).

1.2.2.11. KOnl1JIKa (paoovero onura, nenar-ornsecxaa, sceuanonsas}: nax 'BHewHHH 6.TIeCK'; HHTb (BpeMeHH); OTnYWHHa (8 pa6~Te); paMKH (3aKOHa-, JIH4Hb!X OTHoweHHH, npl1.J1H4Hi1); ce n, (cn.neren, HHTpHr, CeTI1 cynpyacecr aa) ; reaera (.n>KI1); rpanse (vopana, YC.J10BHOCTeH); X.nb!CT (CTporOCTI1, rpyoocru) .

1.2.:3. MaRK (IIpOJI3BO.lCTBa); OhHO (B paocre opur a.ru. \le/K.lY :IehUH5l:\lH); Of rep a (Hpa8CTBeHHaR; IICKaTb ouopu B .lpYiK6e, B cexise:

He HMeTb onopu 8 >K113HH); nOTO.JIOK (8 sapnnare, 8 xapsepej : nperpana (B JII06BH, 8 .D,e5lTeJIbHOCTH, B TBop4eCTBe); npenzisepne (peso.JIIOUHH, C06bITHH); CTeHa (paBHonYWHH, OT4Y>KneHI151); cr yneus

r (B pa3BHTl1l1 JlI14HOCTI1, 06llI,eCTBa); TpaMn.TIHH (nJI5I xap sepsr; 8 TBOp- 4eCTBe); ¢OHTaH (KpaCHOpe4H5I, 3MOUHH); 4aCTOKO.JI (¢pa3); 4epnaK 'YMCTBeHHble cnocoouocru, MblC.JIHTe.JIbHa51 neare.nsnocrt,'.

1.2.4. Byrpep (B oTHOWeHH5Ix); KOHBei1ep (HneH, MHeHI1H); MaWHna (aoeanas, cyneriaaa}; MbIWe.JIOBKa (B noaevnxe, B cnopej : OCeJIOK (4YBCTB); npecc (4Y)!(OrO MHeHH5I; rocyuapcraeunsrf npecc}; npY>KI1- aa (nocryrnca, xapsep asva, nCI1XOJIOfH4eCKHe npY)!(HHbI); pynop (Hnei1, MHeHHH, nOJlHTH4eCKHH pynop) : puxar« (BOHHbI, ,LI,e5lTeJIbHOCTH, nepecrpoiixn}: rap au (3HeprHH); THCKH (HY>KnbI, >KH3HH); TOpM03 (B paoore, B HCKyccTBe).

1.2.5. BYTa¢opH5I (B HCKyccTBe); KapTHHa (npoiunoro) ; M03al1Ka (C.l0B, MHeHHi1; CeMaHTI14eCKa51 M03aHKa).

1.2.6. BHPIOJIbKI1 'nycT5IKH'; rrpYlllKH (3aH5ITl1e - nrpyunor) ; K3- .1eHnocKon (¢aKT08, C06bITHH); xapyce.ns (ne,n, 3a60T, )!(H3HH); nerpyuixa 'HeJ1enOCTb'; noopaxyurxa 'nycT5IK'; xony.na (rpp as}; urapvanxa 'Ha,LI,OeBWHH pasrosop'.

1.2.7. 060H:vIa (cBeneHI1H, ¢aKToB); CTpeJIbI (3JI06bl, K.JIe8eTbl, 3nlffp3MM) .

1.2.8. Bepu rn 1'1\ i!,Or() 5l3bI!,Cl; (pllHaHcoBble aepu ra) : KaH,.la.lbl (JU(jUI); oxouu \cY,ll.b6bI); nyru (IKIITb B nytax) , uenu (3.JI3, HaCH.~H5I, HY>K.D,bI).

1.2.10. An (8 MbICJ151X, 8 OTHOWeHH5IX); 6apaX0J1Ka (mrrepa'rypnas, CJIOBeCHaH); 60raneJlbHH (3aCTOH); xaropra (>KH3Hb - xaropr-a) ; KyXH5I (JIHTepaTypHa5l; KyXH5I HneH); .naB04Ka 'He3aKOHHoe npen~ npHHTHe'; JIOSYWKa (B cnope); nOMOHKa (.JIHTep3TypHaH); paM 'npeKpaCHa51 >K113Hb', '6Jla>KeHCTBO'; CBaJlKa (H,LI,eH, MHeHI1H); 'TaHHHK

85

(ny L1lH , cepnua}; TeMHHua (npenpaccynxoa) ; TlOpbMa (}KH3Hb_ rropsva) .

1.2.11. MarHCTpaJIb (HaYKH, nporpecca, rrOJIHTH4eCKOH }KH3H!!)' Tpona (}KH3HH; HaHTH CBOIO rpony) ; rporiaaxa (HcKaHHM; C06CTBeH:

HaH rponauxa B }K113HH).

1.2.12. 3a,llBOpKH (oouiecrsa, I1CTOPI1I1, C03HaHI1H) ; 3aKoYJ1KI1 (rocynspcr sa, }KH3HI1); .'1a6HpI1HT (oTHOWeHI1M, peWeHI1H, C06bITHH MbICJIeH); TynHK (MbICJIb 3aWJIa B rynax; OTHoweHHH B TynHKe)',

1.2.13. Beneu (pa3BHTHS1, HCKYCCTBa, .nocTH}KeHHH); sexa (HCTOpHH, }KH3HH ociuecraa}: 3epKaJIO (nyura; npecca - 3epKaJIO nepeCTPOHKH; JIHTepaTypa - 3epKaJIO }K113HH); CTPYHbI (,llYWH, cepnuaj. ¢HJIbTP (KpHTHKI1, ueaaypu) ; uexear (ncxpeuaocrs - ueMeHT .nPY}K6bl) .

1.3.2. KJIy60K (nporaaope-raii, l[YBCTB, cOMHeHHH); POCCbInb (ra.

JIaHToB) .

1.3.3. KJI04KH (MbICJIeH, CHOB, BocrrOMHHaHHH); KyCOK (}K113HH), 1.3.4. Bpeurs (roaapaaa, ¢HHaHCOBaH.); nsrpa (B 3HaHI1S1x); ,llblpxa (B 61O,ll}KeTe); aapus (HpaBcTBeHHbIM); rrpopexa (B X0371McTse, B ¢HHaHcax, B paccyacneaaax) ; paaa (nyuieaaaa, HpaBCTBeHHaH); py6eu (OT nepeaeceanoro ropa) ; rpeuutaa (B OTHOWeHHH.X, B 06- mecree) ; urpax (B .nywe); H3Bbl (oourecraa; COUHaJIbHble H3BbI).

1.3.5. Mycop (B crarse, B rOJIOBe); 06JIOMKH (CJIaBbl, npe}KHeH }KH3HI1); pa3BaJII1HbI (npexorero yxnana, CeMbl1); cop (B roaose, B MblCJIHX, CJIOBeCHbIM cop); TJIeH (.neHbrH - TJIeH; npournoe=TJIeH); rpyxa (MbICJlei1, CJIOB, aHeK.nOTOB; paccxaasi - rpyxa}; YTHJIh (crapux CTHXOB); XJIaM (.ueHbrl1 - XJIaM; CJIOBeCHbIH, HCTOpHl[eCKHH XJIaM; 3cTpa.nHblH XJIaM); WJIaK (CJIOB, TBOpl[eCTBa).

1.3.6. fPH3b (}KH3HH, oTHoweHHH); MyTb (B c03HaHHH); nbIJIb (npoutnoro) ; OHTHO (nosopa).

1.3.7. MepTBeliHHa (arvocrpepa MepTBe4HHbI); MOrHJIa (}KH3Hb - .

MOrHJIa). !

1.3.8. EpOHH (repneuaa, MY}KeCTBa); .nHO (.nYWH, }KH3HH); H3- HaHKa (tpaxr a, rrocrynxa, }KH3HH); xopocr a (cpenu, 6e3HpaBcTBeHHoCTH, nopoxos: CHS1Tb KOPOCTY C nyum}; HaJIeT (rpycru, ¢aMHJIbHpHOCTH); nonxnanxa (nOJlHHIl[eCKaH, HCTOpHl[eCKaH; no.axnanxa ¢aKTos, C06blTHH); CKOpJIyna (cexetiaa», nyureauaa) .

1.3.10. 3asHTywKH (CTHJIHCTHl[eCKHe); aaxopionxa (s paoore): 3anHTaH 'sarpynaeaae': KJleHMO (noaopa, npotuaoro) ; nexars (HMuiersr, paaap ara) ; urraxn (JIHTepaTYPHbIH, ra3eTHbIH, aKTepcKHH).

1.3.11. Baraxc (3HaHHH, H.nei1; .nYXOBHbIH, !10JIHTH4eci<HH, HCTOPH- 4ecKHH 6araiK); rpys (socnoMHHaHHH, 3a60T, nonpooaocrea, npoiunoro) ; 3aH03a (B ayure): K03blPb (B rrOJIeMHKe, a crrope, B 60Pb6e); MeCHBO (BOHHbI); MeTaCTa3hI (xoppynuaa, opecTYOJleHH7I, paaspara):

MyTh (ccop, 3a6JlY)K.neHHH); opeoa (CJlaBbI, rr033HH, noxera) ; OCTpHe (nOJIeMHKH, CCOpbI, snarpanxu}: ne.neaa (3a.LI.YMl[HBOCTH, 3a6JlY)K.neHHM, crpaxa, He.LI.OBepHH.); nO.LI.a4Ka (He}KHOCTH; couaansaue nonasKH); noanopa, no.anopxa ()KHTb 6e3 nozmopxa, norepsr s nonnopy; nozmopa B 6e.ne); nopoutox (.neHbrH npeSpaTI1J1HCb B nopourox): J npHBeCOK (3MOUHI1; npl1SeCOKK sapnnare) ; npocser (s C03HaHI1I1, 1"

86

1.1.2. Besnaa (nen, sonpocoa, 3a60T); ropa (nen , C4aCTbH, apeMeHH, YCTaJIOCTH); Mope (KpOBH, np06JIeM, YJlbI60K, CJIOS, pa)l.OCTH); OKeaH (ropa, C4aCTbH, panOCTH, 3a60T, CJIYXOB, rrporaaopenaa). 1.1.3. AJIMa3. (3BKaJIl:Il1T - aJIMa3 .necos).

1.1.6. )KeM4YIKHHa (apxurexrypu, n033HH, (IIIY3bIKH).

1.1.7. 3epHo (HCTHHbl, )l.o6pa, 3JIa, CMbICJIa); xopeas (3JIa, npo- 6JIeMbl); COK (paaroaopa, reopaa ).

1.1.9.1. ATOM (6JIaIKeHCTsa); MOJIeKYJIa (3HaHHH).

1.2.2.1. Baaerper (B MbICJlHX, B crarse) ; xaura (B rcnose) : KOKTeHJlb (CTHJIHCTH4ecKHH); KOH<}>eTKa (n.aar se - KOH<}>eTKa); JIaKOMCTBO (KHHrH - JIaKOMcTsO); oxpounca (ucropasecxaa: oxpourxa B CHIJIe, B cIOIKeTe); npanpaaa (B pasroaope) : caxap (B CTHJIe); COJIb (paarosopa, nOBecTH); coyc 'lITO-JI. He rJIaBHOe, aropocrenenxoe'.

1.2.3. Kapxac (cueaapna, cIOIKeTa). 1.2.8. Llens (C06bITHH, npHKJII04eHHH).

1.3.1. Baron (neaer, paooru, npysea, BpeMeHH); B03 (paooru, 3.u0POBb5i, MbICJIeH); ropers (HneH); oxanxa (HneH, 3HaHHH); menOTKa (HeIKHOCTH, IKaJIOCT11, paaocr»):

1.3.2. BYKeT (YJIbI6oK, 60JIe3HeH); BOpOX (sonpocoa, MbICJIeH, 60JIe3HeH, cOMHeHHH); rpyna (neJI, 3a6OT, np06J1eM).

1.3.3. KanJIH (JII06BH, IKaJlOCTH, ornsixa, ynoBOJIbCTBHH); KJIOllOK (cuacn,s: KJ104KH BocnoMHHaHHH); 06pblBKH (CHOB, BocnoMHHaHHH, MbICJleH, pasroaopos ): OCKOJIOK (npeIKHeH IK113HH, npour.aoro; OCKOJIKH C06blTHH); OWMeTKH (npournoro).

1.3.5. Bap axno (cr arsa - 6apaxJ10; 4eJIOBeK - 6apaxJIo; nonKa - 6aJIaxJlo) .

1.3.8. OCTOB (HpaBcTBeHHbIH, MY3bIKaJlbHbIH; OCTOB nsecsi, TeKcra) ; crepxcem, (HpaBcTBeHHbIH, l:IneHHblH, n0J1HTH4eCKHH; crepxceus JIH4HOH IKH3HH); 5inpo (nena, MbICJIH, sonpoca, nYWH, KOHuenUHH). 1.3.9. Kpynaaxa, xpynnua (no.nsau, panOCTH, CMbICJIa, nooporu, nOKoH); neC4HHKa (cnacrea, 6JIarOnOJIYllHfI); Ky4a (nen, 3a60T, HO-

BOCTeH, nener, neraurex): '

Crpepa peaxsaux npenueros - caMblH MomHblH HCT04HHK H3bIKOBblX MeTa<}>op. HeT TaKOH 06JIaCTH 4eJ10Be4eCKOH IKH3HH H 4eJIOBe4eCKHX rrOHHTHH, B KOTOPOH oprauaxao He npasnaanact, 6bI MeTa<popbI npenveraoro MHpa. Bee MOlKeT 6bITb conocraaneao C npenverov, .

u I

ynon06JIeHO npenuery: He TOJ1bKO npyroa npenjser-, 4eJlOSeK, ouiyuie-

HHe, npouecc, 4YSCTBO, MbICJIb, <PaKT, HO TaKIKe H 3J1eMeHTbl HeBHnHxoro MHpa H a6CTpaKUHH .

. Bcero B pyopnxe OPEnMET OKa3aJIOCb 553 JIeKCH4eCKHe e)l.HHH, UbI. Honcveru rrOKa3aJ1H, 4TO rrOliTH rr0J10BHHY BceH MeTacpopH4eCKOH

r 87

, u '

1 B Tff)KeJ10H IKH3HH); cnnas (yaa 11 TaJIaHTa; CTHJ1HCTH4eCKHX 3J1eMeHTOB); cupse (nureparypnoe: cupse .uJIfi povaaa: CTaTb51- Cblpbe); ronuia (HCTopH4eCKa5i; To.'1111a UHTaT); 4epBOT04HHa (B nywe, B OTHoweHlUIX).

OPE)lMET ~ABCTPAKUI15I

.JleKCHKH COCTaB.Jl5lIOT 5IM, 0603Ha4alOw,He 5lB.JleHH5l nCHXH4eCKoro MHpa (229 H3 553, H.Jl11 42.1 %). 3TOT pe3YJ1bTaT nO,ll.TBeplKJl,aeT BblCKa3bIBaBWl1eC5l paaee cooopaaceuas 0 TOM, 4TO O,ll.HO H3 OCHOBHbIX Ha3H34eHHl1 5IM - CJ1Y:tKHTb 0603Ha4eHHeM nCHXH4eCKHX H COUHaJIbHblX CYLUHocTel1 (ApYTIOHOBa, Te.rIH5l). Hauaeusuree 4HC.Jl0 npen. MeTHblX 5IM na aaer na 0603H34eHHe epH3114eCKOH JIeKCHKI1 (22 eJl,HHIIUbI, HJIH 4.2 %). B H3WHX MaTepH3.JlaX He OKa33.JlOCb 5IM, 06pa30- BaHHblX no runy OPEllMET -+)K.I1BOTHOE, XOT5l B npnuuune, noBI1,ll.HMOMY, HeT ceMaHTH4eCKHX H ,ll.pyrHx rrpen5lTCTBHH ,ll.JI5l raxoro porta MeTaepopl13aUI111 (MO:tKHO KOPOBY H33BaTb KOJIO,ll.OH, 6apaHa CTOJI6oM H T. n.). TaKHe MeT3epopbI eCJIH H BCTpe4aIOTC51 B pevn, TO I1C4HCJI51IOTC51, Bep051THO, e,ll.I1HHuaMH 11 He MoryT 6bITb npH4l1C.JleHbl K pery.Jl51pHbIM.

Ko.1114eCTBeHHoe pacnpe.ie.reune npe.averuux 5IM npuse.teuo B Ta6.1. 4.

Ta o n x u a 4

KOJlH'IeCTBeHHOe pacnpeneneuue 5IM ceMaHTH'IeCKOil cI{Jepbl nPEJ],MET

Otiuiee KOmi- Ilpenxer Jlpenxer Ilpen aer Ilpenwer Flpenuer npei\Mer
4ecrBO nex- I I I I I I
Clf4eCKI!X
enusuu npe.auer lKlfBOTHoe 4e.~OBeK cp1f3H4e- flOIXH- accrpas-
crpepsi CKHH MHp 4eCliHH UHH
Ilpenaer MHp 553 121 137 22 229 44

100% ~ 21.9% 0% 24.7% 4% 41.4% 8%

CnOC06HOCTb Toro HJIH HHoro JIeKCI14eCKOro pa3p51lla (6YAb TO TeMaTH4eCKaH rpynna, CeMaHTH4eCKOe nOJIe 11.'111 ceMaHTH4eCKa5l cepep a ) nopoacna n, 5IM, auxonaiuue aa npene.nu «csoero» xp yr a neuoraTOB, orropratoumeca OT «caoer o» CeMaHTI14eCKOro CTep:tKH51 11 aropr aiounrecs B «4YIK11e» CeIl1aHTI14eCKI1e npenensr, Mbl Ha3blBaeM MeTaepopl14ecKol1 aKTI1BHOCTblO.

MeTaepopli4eCKa5l aKTI1BHOCTb npe.ll,MeTHOH JIeKCI1KH TaK Be.JlHKa, 4TO HM5l roro HJlH I1Horo npenjrera MOlKeT I1CnOJlb30BaTbC5l B MeTaepopH4eCKOM npouecce MHorOKpaTHO, 0603Ha4a5l peanau 113 JI1060H ceMaHTH4eCKOH cdiepu. PaC4JIeH5l51 e,ll.I1HbIH CMblCJl CJIOBa, crurennss pasuue npl13HaKH 0603Ha4aeMoro 11M npellMeTa H OTbICKI1B351 B03-

. MOIKHOCTH npIL'10iKeHI151 3THX rrpH3H3KOB K .lI,pyrHM 06beKTaM, 4eJIOBe- 4eCK351 MbIC.'Ib oopasyer MeTaepopl14eCKYlO uenosxy, Ka}!{.lI,Oe 3BeHo KOTOPOH OTCTOHT see na.nsiue H nansure OT 0603Ha4eHH51 ncxon aoro KOHKpeTHoro npeztnera. Ilpnsene» npHMepbl. BOJlHa: BOAHbl neCKaeo.an»: aTaKYlOW,UX - 80AHa 60AU - BOAHa CTpaxa. I'pan: cpaa ny.l1b - epao yaap'08 - cpa a eonpocoe. Mope: Mope PJfCU - Mope ntooet: - Awpe CBeTa - Mope npotineu. neCLJHHKa: necsuucxu scene- 3a - tte.lZ08eK-neCttUHKa - neC'iUHKU CAOa - neCttUHKa C'iaCTbfl. Opl1MepbI MO}!{HO 6bIJlO 6bl llPO.ll,OJl)!OlTb.

A. A. OOTe6HH n11C3.Jl 0 TOM, 4TO 4eJl0BeKY H3Ha4aJlbHO CBOHCTBeHHO 06b51CH51Tb (I1HbIMI1 CJlOB3MH - Ha3bIB3Tb) «OT.lI,a.JleHHOe 6mBKHM» [OoTe6H51, 1905, c. 447]. TOJlbKO 06b51CHHB (H33BaB) «OT.ll.a-1)

88

I

t J]eHHoe 6.nH3KHM», 4e.nOBeK oopauraerca K OKpY)KaIOUJ,HM ero B no-

BCe,!l.HeBHOI1 )l(H3HI1 npenveraa, reneps Y)I(e 06bHCHH5I «6.n113KOe OT,!l.aJIeHHbIM». «BMeCTe C 3THM C03HaeTC5f TeOpI1H, 4TO Ma.noe 11 c.na- 60e npOHCXO.l1.HT OT Be.nI1KOrO 11 CI1JIbHOrO, 06pa3YIOTCH 60JIee-MeHee 06Wl1pHble CBH3H Me)K.I1.Y He6eCHblMH HB.neHI151MH 11 3eMHbIMH» [OoTe6-

HiI, 1905, c. 447]. .

HaMe4aH TaKoH nyrs 11 TaKYIO nOCJIe.l1.0BaTe.nbHOCTb n03HaHl1H OKpY)I(alOIl.I,erO, A. A. nOTe6HH I1Me.n B BI1.11.Y nyrt. n03HaHI1H nep so- 6wTHoro 4e.nOBeKa, cnoc06Horo BOCnpI1H51Tb TOJIbKO pa3p03HeHHhle <pparMeHTbl MaTepHI1, TOJIbKO nosepxnocn, HBJIeHI1H, TO.nbKO careoe oouiee np0l13BO.l1.I1MOe 11M sne-rar.neuue. nOpa311TeJlbHO TO, -rro 11 yseHble KOHLI,a XX seua, OTKpblBWHe MHOrHe 3aKOHbI MaTepl111 H YBI1.11.eB-

ll1ue B3aI1MOCB513b BHeWHe paacoureuuux 5lBJIeHHI1, Ha3blBaI0T «OT.I1.a,~eHHoe 6.n113KI1M». Cavsre CJIO)l(Hble, 6eCKOHe4HO YAaJIeHHble OT 06bl,!l.eHHOI1 )l(113HI1, 4aCTO mnOTeT114eCKl1e, nocrnr aeuue TOJlbKO sooopa)!(eHl1eM 06beKTbl nOJIY4aI0T I1MeHa 6bITOBbIX peaJIHH: Benaa Ablpa. fHnOTenI4eCKH11 06beKT BCeJIeHH011, npe.D.CTaBJIHI0llI.H11 C06011 pe3YJIbTaT paCWHpeHHH BeIl.I,eCTBa, HaXO.D.I1BWerOC5I B CBepXnJIOTHOM COCTOHHHH [CHC84]. qepHaH )1.blpa. Crycrox 3Be3.11.HOrO seuiecrsa C TaKo11 CTeneHbI0 C)I(aTHH 11 C TaKHMI1 CHJlaMH THrOTeHH51, xo ropue He aurrYCKaI0T B npOCTpaHCTBO KaKHe-JI. lIaCTHLI,bl 11 BOJIHbl (TaM »ce). )1.b1pKa. He 3aHHToe 3JIeKTpOHoM 3HepreTl14eCKOe COCTOHHHe nonynpoBOnHI1Ka I1JlI1 1130JIHTOpa; KBa3H4aCTHLI,a (TaM »ce) .

DbITOBble CJIOBa B HaY4HOM TeKCTe CTaHOBHTCH B O.D.HH pH.D. C repMI1HaMI1 11 BMeCTe C TepMI1HaMI1 paC4JIeHHI0T 11 orrHCbIBaI0T aenoCTYflHbIH 06bliJ.eHHOMY C03HaHl1I0 :'vI up: «K02ua 3Jlel\_TpOHbL U eJbLPKu uauJlCYTc5I. TaK, '1TO paCXOO5l.TC5I. opyc? OT 0PYc?U, TO npOBOOU-I!QCTb I\OHTUKTHOc?O C.11051. pe3KO naoaet - a neu OCTuerCH xpaiuce .HU.lO nocure.ieu s netcrpuuecuoeo nonsi» (11. r. Wynne. J1eHI1HCKllenpeMI1I1 4J11llll,;I\I. 1970. C. 17). Cp. TaK/Ke: Il oscnee CTU.lO HeHO, 'ITO 3TO reKyr pytteUKU 3AeKTpOH08, OCbmalOU{UXCfl C n08epXHOCTU uercusa noo oeUCT8ueM ceera. (D.aHHH. Heaaoexcnocri, crpanaoro MHpa). B aTOMHblX cnetcrpax He OOHa AUHUfl, a ttaCTOKOAbl AUHUU. (TaM )l(e). AroM Peseptbopoa - TOJICe «apucen», n nanernasi «apucens. (TaM xe): H nuratocs 06'bflCHUTb, nO'ieMY saxpipcennoct» eanaxtu« He pasuaeueaercn, «oeoa OOAJlCHa 6bl, IW3aAOCb. Hnrepec K saeurnau aaHIWU c?aAaKTUKU y scen« oaBHO ucues. (TeHAPHKOB. OOKyweHHe na >'lI1pa)l(H.) H B npocropax BceAeHHOU ecrs KOAOOl{bl - «epuue OblPbl, Ky(}a epex« KaK 6bl npoeanueaercsi U sacrueaer 8 6ecKOHettHOCTu. (TaM )l(e)'.

HaY4HblH TeKcT, OpHeHTl1pOBaHHblH na CneLI,HaJII1CTOB, He MO)KeT 060HHICb 6e3 6bITOBbIX, «fIDH3eMJIeHHbIX» C6JIH)I(eHI1I1, 6e3 aneJIJIHUHH K 4YBCTBeHHOMY BOCfIPH51T~I0, a CJleAOBaTeJIbHO, 11 6e3 MeTaQJopI14HOCTl-1: H eB03.M.OJICHa eounast epasucatuxa npocropewus, B03HUKaer HeKOTOPbLU «eunezpet» U3 pasnux ouanextuux oco6eHHOCTeU. (D.eBKHH. o Bl1.11.aX HeJ1l1TepaTypHOH pe-m.) Hra«, petbepenuusi - sro cnoco6 «sauenurs» eucsasueanue sa MUp. (ApYTI0HOBa. HOMHHaLI,HH, pediepeHLI,I1H, 3Ha4eHHe). B ca.M.OU MeTOOUKe He 3aAOJICeHO npeonocscnox,

r xorooue .M.OcAU 6bl eueuears «paeuueanue» epanuu nOA5I.: U KOMno-

89

HeHTHbLU U aCC04UaTU8HbLU sranu 8KJlIO"taIOT npoueoupu, OOH03Ha'tHO OT8e"lalO14Ue «a 80npOC 0 npurtaOJle:JICHOCTU TOcO UJlU UHOcO CJlOea K OaHHOMY nOJlIO. (K.apaYJIOB. 06w.aH H PYCCKaH H.neOrpaqHI5I.) fl03TU"leCKut1 !WCMOC, KOTOPblM ynpaBJlReT MeTOHUMUR, pa3MbL8aeT «otctup»: npeOMeTOB. (5IKo6cOH. 3aMeTKH 0 npose nona Flacrepns. xa.) Il peOCTaBJleHUR cu,enJlRIOTCR U TRHYTCR eepeuuuauu. (nOTe6HH. MbICJIb 11 1I3bIK.)

)KI1BOTHOE- lIEJIOBEK.

ECJIH JIeKCHKa ceMaHTH4eCKOH crpepu nPE,UMET orinanaer, KaK MbI BH.neJIH, f10BbIWeHHOH MeTacpop114eCKOH aKTHBHOCTblO, pacnpo. crpaHHH CBoe .neHCTBHe Ha Bce .npyrHe ceMaHTH4eCKHe ccpephl, ro' nepeuocsi 113 crpepu >KYlBOTHOE nanp aaneuu TOJIbKO aa ccpepy 4EJIOBEK..

Tan perynapuoro MeTacpopH4ecKoro nepeucca >KI1BOTHOE~ 4EJIOBEK. arpaer B aasixe peas o.nHoro H3 caasrx CHJIbHblX sxcnpec CHBHblX cpencra, 06bl4HO r axae HaHMeHoBaHHH-xapaKTepHCTl1KH aanpasneasr aa .n.HcKpe.nHTaUHIO, pesxoe CHH)KeHHe npenxera pe4H H oo.nanaior lIPKOH nenoparnanoa oxpacsoii. TaK, s cnose tiapa« peana- 3yeTC5I np113HaK «6eCTOJIKOBbIH»; 6UpIOK - «yrpIOMbIH, HeJlIO.nI1MbIH»; eput - «3a.n.l1pa»; :JICyK- «JIOBKHH, nJIYToBaTbIH»; 3Meil - «KoBapHbIH, XHTPbIH, 3JIOH»; UHOIOK - «rJIynbIH, 3aHoc4HBb1H, Ha.n.MeHHbIli»; UUWK - «ynpHMblH HJIH rnynua»; Ka6aH - «rpy3HbIH, TOJlCTbIH»; KJlyuta - «HeyKJIIO)f(a5l, HenOBOpOTJlI1Ba5l, I1JII1 HepHWJIHBO o.aeras»: JlUca - «XI1TPblH:»; MeoBeob - «HeJIOBKHH, HenOBOpOTJIHBbIH, HeYKJIIO)f(HH:»; neTyx - «3a.nl1pa, 3a6115'IKa, .npa4YH»; putia - «6ec4YBcTBeHHbII1, XOJIO.nHbli1»; "lepBRK - «H'H4TO>KHbII1, npespeaaaa»: w,eHOK«MOJ10.nOH, aeonsrr aua» 11 T. n. (l1cK.lI04eHHH e,lI1HI14HbJ: ro.ly6b, opea, ,1eB H .J.p.).

C noxomsro 300MOPCPl13MOB1I3bIK 11306peTaeT cauue paaaooopasHble xapaKTepl1CTHKH 4eJIOBeKa, B nonaansnomex 60JIbWHHCTBe CJIyxaea neaopar aauue: BHeWHOCTH (6au6aK), nCHXOJIOrH4eCKHe (3Mefl), HpaBCTBeHHble (CKOTUHa), COUHaJIbHble (6YKautKa). nO.n.p06HOMY aHaJIH3Y 3TOH: np06JIeMbI 6y.n.eT nOCB5IllI.eHa CJIe.n.YlOllI.aH qaCTb .naHHoH

• r JIaBbI: .

nOCKOJIbKY, KaK Mbl yxce CKa3aJlH, ceMaHTH4eCKaH crpepa >K.I1BOTHOE naer TOJIbKO O.n.HH peryaspaaa THn nepeuoca - B crpepy 4EJIOBEl<., HHblMH CJIOBaMI1, 0603Ha4eHHH )f(HBOTHbIX npHMeHHIOTcH .nJ1S! MeTacpopH4ecKHx 0603HaqeHHH qeJlOBeKa, TO snecs Mbl orpaHH4HMCS! JIHWb nepevnex 5IM, COCTaBJIHIOw.HX ry HJIH I1HylO py6pHKY, He npHBO.n1l npaxepos CJIOBoynoTpe6JIeHI1H.

A. XapaKTepHCTHKI1 4eJIOBeKa

2.1.1. AKYJIa, 6ai16aK, 6apaH, 6apcYK, 6ereMoT, 6YHBOJI, Bo6JIa, BOJIK, sopoaa, ssrnpa, raznoxa, rOJIy6b, r-yes, epw, >KyK, 3aHU, syep,

:;~~u~, H ~a~~'o~~~~~~~~~~: ~~~~' :~:~,4~~~K~X~B~~:~~~~~H:PT~;~~:: 1<1

90

! Me,nBenHua, MenBenb, MOP)!{, Myxa, 06e3b5IHa, osua, ope,n, OceJI, oceTp, nayx, nay-taxa, nee, neTYX, naranaua, nH5IBKa, nonyraa, pOCOMaxa, pSI64HK, CBHHbSI, CKopnHOH, CJIH3HSIK, CJIOH, cocaxa, COKOJl, COJIOBeH, copoxa, CTepBHTHHK, CTpeK03a, CyCJlHK, CbILI, rerepes, THfP, THrpHua, TJl5I, Tp5ICorY3Ka, TIOJleHb, XaMeJleOH, XOM5IK, vepenaxa, waKaJl.

2.1.2. BYKawKa, )!{HBOTHOe, aseps, 3Me5I, rrraxa, rrraurxa, rrraua, TITH4Ka, puoa, CKOTHHa, XHLUHHK, -iepas.

2.1.3. BOJl40HOK, asepeasnu, MaJl5IBKa, MenBe)!{OHOK, OpJleHOK, !1OpOCeHoK, ncenox, nreneu, COKOJleHOK, COCyH, crpar-yu, crpnryaox, TeJIeHOK, TeJIOK, rnrpenox, YTeHo4eK, UbInJleHOK, LUeHOK, 5IfHeHOK. 2.1.4. BOPOB, 6yrai1, 6bIK, »cepeceu, Ka6aH, Ko6eJIb, Ko6bIJla, KOHb, caveu, cavxa, TpYTeHb.

2.1.5. Bapooc, 6HpIOK, 6rlTlOr, xnyura, KJJSI4a, K035IBKa, ner aut, aacenxa, onep, nycronaaxa, cKaKYH.

2.1.6. JlHHo3aBp, npaxoa, HXTHo3aBp.

2.2. Fpasa, KJIeWHSI, xorors. KonbITO, .nana, MOpna, MYPJIO, nacrs, nyx, pbIJIO, uncypa, LUeTHHa.

B. 0603Ha4eHHe rpynnsi, CKOnJIeHH5I JIlonei1

2.3. l\OCSIK, MypaBeHHHK, POH, csopa, CTanO, CTa5I, Ta6YH, XBOCT 'ouepens'.

2.4. Bepaora, raesno, xoaypa, KOHIOWH5I, JJOrOBHLUe, JIOrOBO, HOpa, cBHHapHHK, XJJeB.

Jl. 0603HalJeHHSI nHLUH lJeJIOBeKa 2.5. DOHJIO. 13

Py6pHKa «l{acTH TeJIa )!{HBOTHoro» B OTHoweHHH HanpaBJIeHHi1 MeTacpopH3aUHH naer HeOnHOpOnHYIO JJeKCHKY: CJIOBa, 0603Ha4alOLUHe '-laCTH TeJIa )!{HBOTHOro, COOTHOCHMble C lJaCT5IMH TeJ1a lJeJIOBeKa (/rtopaa - JIHUO, Aana - pYKa, KAeUJ.HH. - pYKa, naCTb - POT, zpuea - BOJIOCbI, uixupa - KO)!{a, KOnbLTO - aor a H T.n.), npa MeTacpoPH3aUHH CO Bcei1 OlJeBHnHOCTblO xapaKTepH3YIOT 4eJIOBeKa. CHMBOJI MeTacpopbI B 3TOM CJIY4ae penpesearapyer KalJeCTBa )!{HBOTHOro, xoropsre MoryT 6blTb npHJIO)!{HMbI H K lJeJIOBeKY, KaK 3TO npOHCXO,LlHT BCHKHH pas npH rune nepeaoca )KI1BOTHOE-+-l{EJIOBEK. I1HalJe 06CTmiT neJIO C TOH JleKCHKOH, KOTOpa5I 0603Ha4aeT 4aCTH TeJ1a )!{HBOTHoro, He COOTHOCHMbIe C 4aCTSIMH TeJ1a 4eJIOBeKa (KpblAO, nepo,

13 HanOMHHM, 'ITO TepMHHOJIOrH'IeCKYIO 300MOP¢HYIO JIeKCHKY (:J/CypaBAb K.oAo84a, ~ K03Jlbt, «on» 'cnopraausni CHapH.1l', C06a'lKa 3aMK.a, IWUlK.U enpacnococaeane .1lJIH Jla3aHHH» H T. n.) MbI OTHOCHM K rM H nOToMY OCTaBJIHeM aa npenenava aaanasa,

91

xeocr, «eiuus; uiqnansua 11 T. n.). TaKa5I neKCHKa C03.LLaeT HeXa.1 paxrepnue, neperynapuue THnbI MeTa¢OpHyeCKHX nepeHOCOB (nOA-' po6Hee 06 3TOM 6yneT CKa3aHO nanee).

4TO KaCaeTC5I J1eKCHKH, 06'belU1HeHHoH non py6pHKaMH «Mecra 06HTaHHH ... » 11 «nHLUa )KI1BOTHbIX», TO OHa, HanpOTI1B, 6ynYLJH B HOMHHaTHBHOM n.naue nenocpencrseauo CBH3aHHOH co c¢epoi1 npen.

o '

MeTOB, TeM He MeHee CO.LLeP)KHT r axae YCTOH4HBble KOHHOTaUHH,

KOTODble COOTHOC5IT ee C MHOOM )KHBOTHbIX. BbIYJ1eHHeMbIM B 3THx cnYY~HX CHMBOJI xer adiopu, ~aK Y)Ke 6bIJ10 CKa3aHO, ceMaHTH4eCKH 06'benHHHeT He .LLBa npenuer a (cp., aanpuwep. «eap rupa H IW/-l 10 iufifl), HO -renoeexa H )KHBOTHoe. HHbIMI1 CJ10BaMH, aexoropue npn- 3HaKH, xapaxrepnayiouute IKI1BOTHOe 11 MorYLUl1e 6bITb npl1nl1CaHHb[MH 4eJIOBeKY, BbI4J1eHHIOTC5I He HenOCpe.LLCTBeHHO, a onOCpe.LLOBaHHOxepes CBoi1cTBa npenxeroa. xoropsre aucrynaior KaK HOCHTeo~H CBOHCTB roro l-WI1 naoro )f(HBOTHoro.

4EJ10BEK-+4EJIOBEK

B ,.laHHOM ceMaHTI1YecKoil crpepe MeTa¢opa ¢opiVlI1pyeTcH nocpen.

CTBOM npI13HaKOB, H3BJ[eKaeMb[X H3 pasnoacnexruux xapaxrepacrnr 4eJ10BeKa: ero aneumer-o BI1./la 11 ¢H3110J10rl1yeCKI1X ocotienuocreu, CBOHCTB M1YHOCTH, 06YCJ10B.J1eHHbIX ero n0.J10)KeHl1eM B 06w,eCTBe, P0./lOM ./le5ITeJlbHOCTH, n0J10)KeHHeM B cesu,e, B03paCTOM H 1'. n.: n.1H 3TOM ueJ111 I1Cn0.J1b3YIOTC5I TaK)Ke MH¢114eCKl1e 11 6H6.1eMCKl1e nepcoaa)K11 B oopase Ye.10BeKa. OT./le.J1bHYIO py6pHKY COCTaBJ15IIOT 0603Haye· HI1H C06paHI1H, rpyrmu J11O.LLei1. B COOTBeTCTBHI1 co CKa3aHHbIM JleKCH· 4eCKHe MaTepHaJlbI p acnpeneasrorcs c.~e.LLYIOw,I1M o6pa30M.

3.1.1. AKTep, axrpuca, aprncr, aprucrxa. 6aH.J.HT, oapau, 6apYYK, 6apbIH5I, 6yp)Kyii, BenbMO)Ka, soesona, r acrpoaep, rpa6HTeJ1b, ./lHrI.10· MaT, )f(HBO.Qep, )KOHro1ep, 3BOHapb, l1e3YI1T, HHKBH3HTOP, KOMaH.LLHp, KOMeHll.aHT, KOHOBa.~, KOpOJ1eBa, KOPOJ1b, KpenOCTHHK, naKei1, Ma.1Hp, MaTpOHa, MorH.~bw,I1K, MOHax, MY)KHK! MYWKeTep, M5ICHI1K, HI1W,I1H, HHHbKa, nanau, narpuapx, naau, nnpar, no6HpYWKa, [JOll.eHw,HK, n03T, npocTHTYTKa, pa6, pa6a, pa36oHHHK, pa36oHHHua, peMecneHHHK, Pb[· uaps, CaHOBHI1K, CanO)f(HI1K, CKOMOPOX, CJ1Y)KaHKa, c.nyra, CTaTHCT, rupau, rpioxau, rpeonan, ¢Hrn5Ip, ¢HJIHCTep, ¢1'WOCO¢, ¢OKYCHliK, XI1MHK, X0J10n, XOJIYM, uapaua, uaps, yepHopa604HH, 4HHOBHHK.

3.1'.2. nHCTpO¢HK, H)J,HOT, I1C[Jom'IH, KaJIeKa, KapJII1K, JIHJlHnYT, MaHb5IK, pacrperia, cneneu, cnensnu, CJIIOHTHfl, ypoa.

3.1,3. ACKeT, Ka3YHCT, KpI1KYH, OTWeJIbHI1K, nap aaar, npaBe.LLHHK,

CBI1CTVH.

3. r .4. Mao~b4HK, MaJlb4HWKa, M.J1a.QeHeu, peoeaox, crapux.

3.1.5. ne)J" ,J.OYb, MaTb, MayeXa, creu naCb[HOK, cecrpa , CblH. 3.1.6. 38neB8JI8, I1MeHHHHHK, llMeHI1HHHua, aoaoopa aeu, rIO.LL3a·

60pHHK.

0.1.7, Bao a. .mxap s, hYJ.ecHlIh, .IaIIOTHllh, .uo.ioe.i, serp, Illlf\leil.

npopok.

:3.2.1. AHre:I, 60r, J.b5IBO;l, C3TaHC1.

92

1

3.2.2. DOf, 60fHH51, 60i!'(OI~, KO.10CC, KY:YIHD, KVlnUOH, \la.lOHHa,

~Iefepa, ca rnp, rnr as, (PYPH51, xepYBI1:Vl, xHMera. - ,

3.2.3. Baxmup, Be.ub:Vla, KHKH:VlOpa, xouieii, .neur Hl1 , He4I1CTb, -rep r, 4eOTeHOK.

'3.3. APMH51, xoropra, JJer110H, opzia, pars, Ta60p.

JIeKCI1Ka, 0603Ha4aIOw.a51 JJIO.uei1 no pa3Ho06pa3HbIM xap akrepuuv IITll!3Hah8:YI, B npouecce MeTalporJli3aUHIf He BbI.,(O.lIH 38 II l)e.le:IbI «~Boei1» C(pepbl, 3.leCb ocyuiecranaerca TO.lbKO O.J)1H pery.l51pH'bl~1 TU!! nepe aoca: 4EJ10BEK-4EJIOBEK npH3HaK .urua , na.ae.neauoro KaKII:\HI-.1H60 xapaxr epusun: oc06eHHOCT51\II1, nepenocurcs ua .upyroe mlUO, xapaxrepuaya er o. AKTep - npl1TBopW.IIK (- Tu eceeoa 6bLZ HeJtHOJICHO axt ep. Fouvapo a) . Bapu« - TOT, KTO YK.10H'51eTC51 OT TPY.ra, nepexnaauaas CBOIO pa60T)' aa .apyrux (EaT.ltaH08 ... yJIC oues» ()I>U llUPUUi!H .. , - HUBepHo, 1l03ep II ()UPUH, - Het1ece.1O tlo<JY.1[(U Asexcea. Axcaea): HauOT - OrpaHI14eH,HbIH, rynofi 4eJlOBeK (Hepes ece eeo [DJlOKa J nnecu - OT « Banaeansuxa» 00 «P03bL U specra» npOHOCHTCH ue.iue crtula llUUOT08, «orop ue o.ieior TOIUHOT80pHbie C:W8a. 4YKOBcKHi1). H,HeHllHHuK - repof .uH51 (H a'{GAOCb ucuuraHue. OHO 3GHfUlO 8ce20 necso.u.so .}lllHYT, flOAHOCTblO flOOT8epUUB npeOl!OoWJlCeHWI Sopuca 3UH08bU'W. Bee rpoe f104YBeTBo8a,lU ceo« ll.lteHUHHUKQ),LU. Fpauaa) . KAOYH (asrep, nasiu, diue.ixp, UlYT) - TOT, KTO KpUB.151eTC51, .1D:\1aeTCH C ue.n.io Bbl3BaTb cxiex (- KAOYH, nastu, 2POUl08blli QKTep, - CKa3a,1 Oft 8C,;/YX ... Ila 'ITO 3TO'? H3 uen» npet KaK.Oe-TO tla51CHU'WHue. Bounapea) . KOH08a,1 - HeBeiKeCTBeHHblfl Bpay (l-JeA08eK, Ael{U8LUUlICH 8 cro.nuue uaJICe Y ouen» UYPH020 ep a«a, C'IUTaeT, 'iTO HQ neputbepuu Ii. f20 YC.1Yc'a.JI OUHU KOH08a/lbl. Il as -

• .1eHKO) .

ct>YI3YI4ECKl1H MYIP-rnCI1X114ECKI1H MI1P

JIeKcHKa ¢H3H4eCKoro MHpa B npoueece MeTa¢opH3aUllll n04Tli ue.llIKO:V1 (sa pe,J,KHMH HCK.'I104eHH5nll1, 0 KOTOPblX 6Y.leT CKa3aHO .ianeej nepeHOCHTC5'l B cdiepy lICHX114eCKH\ 11 coun a.n.au x 5lB.leHlIiL BHOC51 B COOTBeTCTBYlOillIle Hall~leHOBaHlIH 4YBCTBeHHblii 3.1e~leHT II Har.l51..lHOCTb sa ever Taro, 4TO 3~IOUl!lI, \lblL'.'IIITe:JbHa51 .le5JTe.lbHOCTb, 3.1eMeHTbI .lVXOBHoi:j i!013HH, couaa.u.au x 51B,'leHII f! II T. II. npupasunBaJ{)TC5J h <pli3H4ecKH:V1 II <PII3HO.l0rlI4eChll:\l npouecca», K :vlexaHH4eCKII.\1 .leJ1cTBIl5J:'>1 11 T. II. Hanpuvep: 83.zeT casio.ieru - es.iet T80pnecsoi: .1lbLC.lU, 83_leT 1jJaHTa3IW; espue CN.ap.I{(Ja - B3jJbl6 cuexu, Ht:20u08aHWI; UCKpa socrpa - UCKpa .1IOOBU, ra.iaura; f1po6:1eCK CBeTa - npoti.iecx HaUe,'HCUbl, .WbIC.1U; KpycueHue f10e3Ua - KpycueHue HaUeJICO, ILWH08 Ii T. n.

SiiV\ raxor o po.ra 3aXBaTbiBalOT Bee paaae.tu Ce\laHTli4eCl\oii crpepu ct>YI3YI4ECKHH ,\U1P.

4.1. Becua (iKH3HII, .:1106BII); sexep (iKH3HI1); BOCXO.l (HOBOI1 iK113HH, ra.aaur a ) ; 3aKaT (x.taccuuua aa, iKH3HII); 3ap51 (cBo60,J,bI,

r' Ha..le)!{.lb!); H04b (Ha J.ywe, B IvlblC.l51X); oceas (ileT, iKH3HH, YYBCTB); cyuepkn (iKU3HH, cnotio.au}: yrpo (.1106BB, JK1I3HII).

93

4.2. Orous (.mo6BH, )KeJIaHHH, 5IpOCTH); CBeT (3HaHHH, HOBOii }!{H3HH, HCKyccTBa); TenJIO (Y4aCTH5I, .lI.PY)K6bI, JIl06BH).

4.3. B3pbIB (peBOJIIOUHOHHbIH, .lI.eMOrpacpH4ecKHH, aBTOM06HJIbHbIH, TYPHcTH4ecKHH, 11HcpopMaUHoHHbIH, TepMHHOJIOrH4eCKHH); acnsnuxa (rpanna, BOCCTaHH5I); nJIaM5I (JII06BH, CTpacTH, raeaaj

4.4. Bypa (socropra: peBOJIIOUHOHHa5I, COUHaJIbHa51 6ypfl); serep (B rOJIOBe; CBe)KHH serep B HCKyccTBe); BHXPb ()KeJIaHHH, MbICJleii; C06bITHH, peBOJIIOUHH); rpoaa 'ruea', '6YPHble C06bITH51'; JlHBeHb (3MOll.HH); MHpa}!{ (::nOT cpaKT - MHpa)K); MapeBO (Bo06pa)KeHHfI); MOJlHH5I (yxcaca: MO.nHHfI BHe3anHOH noranxa) : OTTeneJ1b (B OTHOWeHH5IX; B 06meCTBeHHOH, nOJlHTH4eCKOH )!(H3HH); npenrpoase (peBOJlIOUHH); paCUBeT t rananr a, TBop4eCTBa, .lI.YXOBHbIX CHJl); ypar aa (4YBCTB, peBOJlIOUIUI); WKBa.n (4YBCTB, ruesa ) : 3XO (noxsan; 3XO CTOJIH4HOH npeccsn .

4.5. )Kap (.lI.YWH, cepnua; Cpa}!{eHH5I, pasrosopa}; sarrax (HCTO- ! pHH); MpaK (HeBepH5I; e.ll.HHOMbIC.nH5I); npHBKYc (nournocra}; cMpa)), i (6e3HpaBcTBeHHocTH, nouinof )!(H3HH); rerinsras (ponaoro .lI.O- ! xt a}; TbMa (Ha nyure, B )KH3HH); XOJl0.ll. (B OTHOWeHH5IX, 80 B3r.n fine) .

4.6. ArOHH5I (crpaxa, CTpanaHH5I; 06meCTBeHHOrO yxn azra}; oesy. ~1He (rop a ) ; 60J1e3Hb (pocra, sexa}; open (3TH CTHXH - open: TBOIl MbICJIH - 6pe.ll.); BbIBHXH (B nJIaHHpOBaHl1H, B paocre) ; )!(a)KAa (JII06BH, )KH3HH, MeCTH); aapaaa (MaCCOBOH xym.rypsr}: xourxap (BOHHbI, O)!(H.lI.aHHfI); KpeTHHH3M 'rnynocri,': .nl1XOpa.ll.Ka (pa6oTbl, TBop4eCTBa); OTpbI)KKa (npournoro) : napannu (BOJlH, naM51TH); naPOKCH3M (rueaa, CTpaCTl1, OT4a5IHH51); npanaaox (BeCeJlOCTH, peBHOCTH, KpaCHOpe4H5I); npoxasa (B3f1TOK, xoppynuaa; npoxaaa sexa):

Cn5I4Ka (.lI.YXOBHafl); CTOJI6H5IK (OT yxcaca}; TOWHOTa (OT pasroaopa; .lI.O TOWHOTbI Ha.ll.OeJIO 4TO-.n.); 4eCOTKa 'CHJ1bHOe )KeJlaHHe cnenars 4TO-.n.'; 4yMa (couaansaaa; 4YMa cneKYJl5Ill.HH); 3nH.lI.eMH51 (Bfl3aHHl1; crpaxa) .

4.7.1. ATTpaKll,HOH (no C06bITHe - arrpaxunoa): oanarau (npexparirre 3TOT 6a.naraH); 6YCPcpoHana 'WYTOBCTBO'; B03H5I (nonevnveCKa5I); KOMe.ll.H5I: a) 'npHTBopCTBO'; 6) 'aacasuoe npoacurecraae':

KOHTpa6aH.lI.a (H.lI.eo.norH4ecKafl); JIOTepe5I (3K3aMeHa); MarH51 (no- 33HH, rearpa j ; Mapa¢oH (KOHll,epTHbIH, KHHeMaTorpa¢114ecKHH, 113611- paTeJIbHbIH, .lI.l1nJIOMaTI14eCKI1H); MaCKapa.ll. 'npHTBopCTBO'; npasnaux (uanyuie, na cepnne ) ; cnexraxns (aacenaaae - crrexraxns}: TplOK (nenaror-auecxna: MoweHHH4eCKHH); ¢OKYC (rrpexp ar a CBOH ¢OKYcui): WaJIOCTb (JlHTepaTYPHble WaJIOCTH).

4.7.2. BI1BHCeKUI1f1 (rpaumcrcxaa; apascreeaaaa) ; Ka3Hb 'MY- 4eHl1e'; nsrrxa ()!(113Hb - nsrrxa; HpaBcTBeHHa5I nurxa; nsrrxa pa3.nYKH) .

4.7.3. Bcrpscxa (HepBHa5I, 3MOUHOHaJlbHafl, oourecraeaaas): npocyxcosxa (B Be.ll.eHI1H nena; BO snenpeaaa reopnn B npaKTHKY); CTblKOBKa (HaYKH H npOH3BO.ll.CTBa); cnennenae (06CT05ITeJlbCTB,

CJlY4aHHocTeH); TO.n40K (K paoore: BblHeCTH MHoro TOJl4KOB B

"'.3 •• ) . 94 1

14.8. Hcxpa (He"'HOeTH; TBOp4eCTBa; rananra) : H8K". ("yoeTo, pa3Apa)f(eHI15l.); oT6J1eCK (cosecrn; TaJ1aHTa; !-la,lle)f(,Ilbl); noxcap (J1I06BH, crpacru, rueaa; BOHHbl); rrp06J1eCK (MbIClIH, C03HaHH51., xna.aHOKPOBH51.); rrpOB8J1 (H8 3K3aMeHe; pas sensaxa. opraHH3aJJ.HH; nposan B naM51.TH); nponax (B pariore) : npOCBeTJ1eHHe (ua JIHJJ.e; B nyuie; B c03HaHHH); C03BY4He (4YBCTB, Brre4aTJ1eHHH); TeHb (6ecnoKoHCTBa, ne4aJ1H; r.nyrrocru, 4BaHCTBa; ocpe-teaaocra, 6e3YMI1H, cMepTH; nopOKa, cOMHeHH51.).

4.9. Karacrporpa ()f(H3HeHHa51.); xpax (aanexcn. 11J1J1103HH); xpyweHHe (rrJ1 a HOB, Ha,lle)f(,Il).

4.10. Kpyr oaopor (,IleJ1, C06bITHH, )f(H3HH); MY3bIKa 'HY,llHble, Ha)l.OeBWHe ,IleJ1a, paaroaopu': npsnes (npanes MoeH )f(H3HH); neCH51. 'TO, llTO ,IlaBHO H3BeCTHO'; cxoporosopxa (B CTHJ1e, CIO)f(eTe); ¢eHepBepK (CJ10B, rppaa, OCTpOT).

l1TaK, B pe3YJ1bTaTe CHCTeMHoro aHaJ1H3a 6blJ1H 06HapY)f(eHbI cnenyiourae THnbI peryJ151.pHbIX MeTaQ:l0pH4eCKHX nepeHOCOB:

I. DPEllMET -+-nPEllMET. II. nPEllMET -+- 4EJ10BEK. III. I1PEllMET -+-<P113114ECKI1I1 MI1P. IV. nPEllMET -nCI1XI1- 4ECKl1l1 MI1P. V. nPEllMET -ABCTPAKUI15L VI. )Kl1BOTHOE-4EJ10BEK. VII. 4EJ10BEK-4EJ10BEK. VIII. <P113114ECKl1l1 MI1P-nCI1XI14ECKl1YI MI1P.

Kascuaa H3 BbI,IleJ1eHHbIX ceMaHTH4eCKHX ctpep 5l.BJ151.eTC51. HCT04HI1- KOM MeTa¢opH3aJJ.HH H B TO )f(e BpeM51. - KaK 6bI 3epKaJIbHO orpaxcea~ Ha51. - ee oObeKTOM. Ilpu 3TOM MeTaQ:lopH4eCKHH nepeaoc cosepuraerC51. scerna B onpeaeneauux crporo per.'l8MeHTHpOBaHHbIX aanp aaneHH51.X. (CM. cxeuy z.)

K0J1H4eCTBeHHbIe nOKa3aTeJ1H CBH,IleTeJ1bCTBYIOT 0 TOM, 4TO HaH6onee HHTeHCHBHO npoueccu MeTaQ:lOpI13aJJ.HH nporexaior B HanpaBJ1eHHHX DPEllMET -nCI1XI14ECKI111 Ml1P H )KI1BOTHOE-4EJ10BEK. Haaaeasuree 4HCJIO MeTa¢opH4eCKHX nepeaocos nanpaaneHO aa ¢113H4eCKYIO J1eKCI1KY. npaKTH4eCKH OTCYTCTBYIOT MeT8¢opH4eCKHe 0603H84eHH51. )f(HBOTHbIX. (CM. Ta6J1. 5.)

THITbi aeperynapaux MeTalj>opH'{eCKHX nepeuocos B S13b1Ke

DOMI1MO onHC8HHbIX perynspaux r anos MeTacjJOpH4ecKHx nepeuoCOB 6bIJIl1 06HapY)f(eHbI H aexoropue neperynapuste. Oaa HC4HCJ151.IOTCH e,llHHHJJ.aMH (HJIH BOBce He BCTpeTHJ1HCb B HawHX xarepaanax H MoryT ObITb npe,llnOJIO)f(HTeJ1bHO nocrpoeasr no onpeneneaaoit MO,lleJIH), aexapaxrepau ,IlJ1H CeMaHTl14eCKOro nOBe,lleHH51. JIeKCHKH TOH HJIH HHOH ceMaHTH4eCKOH c¢epbI H YH3BHMbl C ceMaHTHl.JeCKOH T04KH 3peHH51.. TaKHe THilbI ,IlepeHOCOB 6bIJIH asrnecenu aa npenensr HaweH THnOJIOrHH.

Ilpaaepu aeperynaptusx TlmOB MeTacpopH4eCKHX nepeHOCOB.

95

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)KJ1BOTHOE -+ nPE,UMET

EereMOT «T5DKeJIOe 0PY,UHe». Cp.: [OpY'uHH] TO/lbKO LiTO nputiusu c/Ooa. - OeO, - CKa3Q/l fl, - ecrs U rsocenue! 3TUX 6eeeMOTOB 6yaeM YCTaHaB/lUBaTb, KaK kpenocrnue. (Bex. BOJIOKOJIaMCKOe urocce.) Ilepus: (Mop03a); nyx - (KYJIe6HKa - nyx); Liewyfl (BO,UHOH nOBepXHOCTH) .

)KYIBOTHOE-+ )KYIBOTHOE-

Hasecruo MHeHHe, TO 300MopCPHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH MoryT 6blTb nanpasneau He TOJIbKO na lJeJIOBeKa, HO H aa ,Upyroe )KHBOTHoe. DpHMepbl TaKHX 5IM MO)KHO BCTpeTHTb B pane HCCJIe,UOBaHHH: Hy u 6eceMOT - 0 KOHe, HY U 6yeau - 0 cas aae H T. n. [CTepHHH, 1985, c. 149]. CYlll.eCTBYIOT H npHMble YTBep)K.LleHHH 0 B03MO)KHOCTH H8- 3blBaHHH )KHBOTHOro «BTOPbIM HMeHeM»: «DpaKTHlJecKH oseas MHOme, a nOTeHlI,HaJIbHO see 300HHMbi MorYT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaHbI KaK "BTopoe Ha3BaHHe" lJeJIOBeKa (pexce - zipyroro )KHBOTHOro HJIH npenvera)» [JIHTBHH, c. 85] (snecs orosopxa «peace», CY,UH no scexy, He HCKJIlOlJaeT perYJIHpHOCTH). B HaWHX MaTepHaJIaX TaK)Ke BCTpeTHJIHCb OT,UeJIbHble npenxeru nepeneceaas HMeHH )KHBOTHOro aa npyroe )KHBOTHoe: Y /lUTOK nOMecTU/lU B 6aHKY C BOOOU. ilOTO.M CMOTPIO: tieoa. Hy, LiTO TyT 6yoemb oenat»! Booy eu nu:n, sapean U.M )lUCTbe6, rpaeu. He JlCe/laIOT, CBUHbU soasue! (KaTepJIH. Llaeruue OTKpbITKH.) H ononexan ece 3aKoY/lKU, ece YKpoMHbLeMecTa - HeT 6blKa. Hy, 0YMalO, TO/lbKO 6bl MHe nauru retis, 3.Meil, fl retie nOKaJICY. (WYKWHH. YI3 ,UeTCKHX JIeT YIBaHa Ilonosa. ObIK.) Cnacox npuxepos Mor 6bI 6bITb ,UorrOJIHeH BnOJIHe .LlOnYCTHMbIMH B pelJH nOTeHlI,HaJIbHbIMH 5IM: opes (0 KOHe), /lUCQ (0 xouixe) H non, O.LlHaKO, KaK HaM ripenCTaBJIHeTCH, B no,Uo6HbIX CJIYlJaHX HeT OCHOBaHHH rosopirn, 0 MeTa¢lopH3aU.HH rana )KYIBOTHOE-)KYIBOTHOE. Merarpopa 06YCJIOBneaa 3,UeCb YCJIO)KHeHHbIM, C,UBoeHHbIM ceMaHTHlJeCKHM npeoopaaoBaHHeM: saxpenaauracs B H3bIKe KaK xapaxrepacrnxa lJeJIOBeKaHOCHTeJIH Tex HJIH HHbIX KalJeCTB . (CBUHbfl - He6JIaro,UapHbIH; suca - XHTPbIH, H T. n.) - TaKa51 MeTacpopa ynoTpe6JI51eTCH npa 113BeCTHOM aurponoxoptpaaae, xor.aa )KHBOTHOMY npHnHcbIBalOTC51 4eJIOBelJeCKHe Ka4eCTBa (novepnnyrsre, B CBOIO oxepens, H3 300MOPCPHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK).

3TOT sonpoc, anpoxev, HOCHT lJaCTHbIH xapaxrep, nOCKOJIbKY paCCMaTpHBaeMbIH THn MeTacpopHlJeCKOrO nepeaoca He HMeeT peryJlHpHOrO xapaKTepa H TeH,UeHlI,HH K Y3yaJIbHOCTH.

'7 r. H. CKJlSlpeSCKaSl

97

>KI1BOTHOE-+nCI1XI14ECKHYI MHP

!

4EJIOBEK -+ )KHBOTHOE

CnopaAH4eCKH MeTa~opH3yeTcH neKCHKa TeMaTH4eCKOH rpynnw «4aCTH rena )!{HBOTHoro» He COOTHOCHMbIe 06bI4HO C 4aCTHMH reaa 4enOBeKa (KpblAO, xeocr, l4ynaAbu,a H T. n.): KOZTU (TOCKH, crpaxaj KpbLAbR (Me4TbI, BocrrOMHHaHHH); xeocr '3aAOn)!{eHHOCTb no KaKQ· My-n. Y4e6HOMY npenxery': iuunansua (pa3BeAKH), a r axxce neKCHKa TeMaTH4eCKOH rpynnu «Cosoxynaocn, IKHBOTHbIX»: KOCRK (MbICneH); poa (Bne4aTneHHH); CTaR (MbIcneH, BocnOMHHaHHH).

npaKTH4eCKH HeT npenHTCTBHH AnH roro, 4T06bI xepnart. xapaxrs.

PHCTHKH )!{IiBOTHOro 1i3 crpepu 4EJIOBEK; 6apUH - 0 KOTe, BeAbMO· :HCa - 0 KOTe. Aprucr, LUyr, UMeHUHHUK, KopOAeBa ~ 3THMH Ii nOAO' 6HbIMH CJ10BaMH MO)!{HO aocnoasaoaarsca KaK «BTOPbIM HMeHeM» .lI.JJH Ha3BaHHH (T04Hee, AJ1H xapaKTepHCTHKH) J1106oro )!{HBOTHoro. Cp.:

Kora naco eucews. Bro He «or, a tianiun: (5YJIraKOB. Macrep H Map. r apar a.) OAHaKo H B 3TOM cnyxae, rro aaurevy MHeHHIO, MbI Ha6J1IOAa· eM CABoeHHoe ceMaHTH4eCKoe npeoopaaoaauae, xoropoe ysce 6bIJIO OTMe4eHo B crpepe >KI1BOTHOE: npnaaax, HCnOJIb3yeMbIH AJ1H xapax. TepHCTHKH )!{HBOTHOro, BHaLlaJ1e rrepeHOCHTCH sa 4eJ10BeKa. Ha3bIBa}!, aanpnxep, KOWKY «oponeeoa. MbI HMeeM B BHAY CJ1eAYIOLUee: 3TC! KOWKa TaK xce xopowa H 3HaeT ce6e l1.eHY, KaK TaKaH )!{eHI..UHHa, KOTOpylO MO)!{HO 6bIJ10 6bI cpasaars C KopOneBOH:.

<l>I13I1Y:ECKI1Y1 MI1P- 4EJIOBEK

<t>I13114ECKI1Y1 MI1P-<l>113I1LfECKI1Y1 MI1P

OCHOBY sroro rana MeTa~opH4eCKoro nepeaoca COCTaBJ1HIOT, KaK B rune nPE.IT.MET -npE.IT.MET, CHHKpeTH4eCKHe C6J1H)!{eHHH. Cnezryer, O.ll.HaKO, rrOMHHTb 0 HeMHor04HcneHHOCTH H ceMaHTH4eCKOH OAHQ· POAHOCTH TaKHx nepeaocos: B3pbL8 (cvexa, arrJ10.ll.HCMeHTOB); ecnuiu-

xa (60JIe3HH, cxexa) ; LUKBaA (arrJ10AHCMeHTOB). .

OeOHb 'ropH4HH, 3HeprH4HbIH 4eJ10BeK', CARKOTb '6ecxapaKTep· HbIH:'; xonepa (epaaaoe ssrpasceaae) : 'iyMa (opaaaoe ssrpaaceuae]: 3XO (6blTb 3XOM KOrO-J1.).

BepHeMCH K peryaspaua ranaa MeTacpopH4eCKHx nepeHOCOB. MO)!{HO npennoaoxcar», 4TO He TOJ1bKO HMeHa CYLUeCTBHTeJ1bHbI€, HO H npanar-arensasre H rnaroaa nO.ll.4HHHIOTCH BblBeAeHHbIM 3AeCb 3aKOHOMepHOCTHM . .IT.aHHbIH sonpoc OCTaeTCH sa npenezraa a HaillHX sana« H MO)!{er 6bITb peurea B xone AaJ1bHeHWero HCCne.ll.OBaHHH 5IM. O.ll.HaKO xarepaanu, nonasurae B none Hawe:o 3peHHH, CBHAeTeJl~~ CTBYIOT B non say raxoro npennoaoxcenas: CBOH!O:TBa npenxerca H x

98

paKTepHble .ll.eticTBHf! nepenocarcs H3 O.ll.HOH CeMaHTHlIeCKOH cdieps:

B APyrylO aa OCHOSaHHH TeX »ce ITpHHUHnOS H B TeX »ce HaITpaBJIeHHsx, xoropue 6bIJIH onpeneaeau ITpHMeHHTeJIbHO K CYIUeCTS"HTeJIbHbIM.

Ilpaxeper:

DPEnMET -+ OPEnMET: 'reuer 800a - reuet sepno, neCOK; 8W KUHYTb MyCOp ~ euxunut» denueu na nOKynKy 11 T. n.

DPEnMET-+ 4EJlOBEK: 6/l€CrRU{uii ueran» - 6.1!eCrRU{uu

ytteHblu; rqnot: HOJ/C - runoi: «enoee« H T. IT. (CM. rJI.· 4, paane,n CHHKpeTHlIeCKaf! 5IM); repetiurs nen - repetiurs 6eCKOHe'iHblMU 80- npocaMU; oepears 8epe8Ky - iiepears 3aMel1.aHURMU; pe3arb x.!!e6 - pe3arb cryoeHro8 na 3K3aMeHe; eacunat» sepno - sacunat» cry- 8eHTa H T. n.

TIPEnMET -+<pI13I14ECKI1Y:1 MI1P: octpsui HOJ/C - oct pan 60./lb; 8R3KaR Macca - 8R3KaR TUWUHa; MRcKUU nyx - scnexue 08UJ/CeHUR H T. n. (CM. rJI. 4, pas.ae.a CHHKpeTl1l1eCKaf! 5IM); ecnuxnuna muuxa - ecnuxnu ia 60.!!b; OP06UTCfl KaMeHb - OP06UTCfl 38yK; 3aBapurb 'iau - eaeapurs ccopy; pacTeKaercR eooa - pacTeKaercR OeOHb; nserc« 800a - neerc« MY3blKa 11 T. n.

DPEnMET -+OCI1XI14ECKI1Y:1 MI1P: enaiucas: noeepxnocro=« euuncas: nposa; »cecrsua oU8aH - »cecrxoe otuoiuenue; KUCJlblU '!!UMort - «uc.aoe nactpoenue; erucsurs KHU2Y 8 noordien» - BTUCflyrb ¢aKr B crarsio; 8blOo.!!6urb OT8epCTue - 8blOO.!!6UTb reopeMy; euscat» 800Y - euscar» ece cpeocrea; euxaputixarsc« U3 fRAtbt - eusapatncaru:« U3 nenpusrnocreu: euxonars xaproiuxq=« : eusonat» noopotinoct»; euxopweears nens - euxopeeears npeopacCYOKU; KOBarb J/Ce.!!e30 - KOBaTb CttaCTbe; Mo.!!orb Ko¢e - Mo.!!orb "lenyxy; nauxars n.!!aTbe - nauxar« penurauuto; nepenaxarb tto.ae - nepenaxars npoucnoe; OOCKa npunep na deep» - HyatCoa npunep.na; pacnyrarb K.!!y6oK - pacnyrarb npecTyn.!!eHue; paCTonuTb Mac.!!o - pacronur» neuas» H T. n.

<1>H3114ECKI1Y:1 MI1P-+OCI1XI14ECKI1Y:1 MI1P: BcnbIXHY.!!

OeOHb - ecnuxsq» enee; reuer eooa - reKYT MblC.!!U H T. IT. (CM. rn. 6); nseeat» «a non - n.neeat» «a pa60ry H T. IT.

HaH60JIee aKTHBHO 3TH npoueccsr npOHCXO.ll.f!T npn nepenoce 113 cljJepbI IKI1BOTHOE B crpepy 4EJlOBEK. OO-BH.ll.HMOMY, HeT HHKaKHX orpaHHlIeHHH .ll.JIf! nepeaeceaas na 4eJIOBeKa 0603Ha4eHHH xapaxrepnsix .ll.eHCTBHH, npOH3BO.ll.HMblX C )KHBOTHbIMH, nan )KHBOTHbIMH. TIO.ll.p06Hee 3TH npoueccu 6Y.ll.YT paCCMOTpeHbI B CJIe.ll.YIOIUeM paaaene .ll.aHHOH rnaasr.

H3JIO)KeHHble <jJaKTbI naicr OCHOBaHHe npe.QITOJIO)KHTb, 4TO paspa- 60TaHHaf! npHMeHHTeJIbHO K MeTa<jJopH4eCKHM CYIUeCTBHTeJIbHbIM TH- 1I0JlOrHf! nepeHOCOB HMeeT YHHBepCaJIbHbIH xa paxrep, orpaxcas nyrn 06pa30SaHHf! f!3bIKOSOH MeTa<jJopbI Bo06IUe. I1MeHHo TaKHe THnbI lIepeHOCOB npuaaior MeTa<jJope TeCBOHCTBa, xoropue H aocnpnaauaIOTCH KaK 06IUef!3bIKOBbIe. OHH BocnpOH3BO.QHMbI B npouecce peuesofO 061UeHHH H no CBoeH perYJIf!pHOCTH MorYT 6bITb rrpHlIHCJIeHbI K celaHTH4eCKHM MO.ll.eJIHM. 00 CyTH ne.na paccvorpeauue 3.QeCb THfIbI

rTa<jJOPHlIeCKHX nepeaocos OTpa)KaIOT C6JIH)I{eHHe 3JIeMeHTOB .QeHSHTeJIbHOCTH, xapaxrepaoe .QJIH KOJIJIeKTHBHoro sasrxoaoro _ C03Ha-

99

HH5L .uPYnIe ranu MeTacpOpH4eCKHX nepeHOCOB JII160 OTHOCHTCH K Heperynapnua, JII160 npe)J,CTaBJlHIOT I1HAHBHAyaJIbHOe H3blKOBoe TBOPlJeCTBO 11 npl1HaAJIe)KaT crpepe xy.uO)KeCTBeHHoH (ocorieuao n03T114eCKOH) pe-m. Hanpanep: )KJ1BOTHOE-<D113114ECKI1YI MI1P (PaHeHHblM Me08eaeM MOP03 oepet: Acees}; /KI1BOTHOE-OCI1XI1YE_ ! CKI1I1 MI1P (Tuxo tiapaxraercn 8 tune cepoua 2Ayna51 806Aa 80- 06pa'JICeHUR. MaHKOBCKHH); 4EJ10BEK-OCI1XI14ECKI1I1 MYIP (Crux ecraer, IWK co.uiat: CJIYUKHH). Boaee roro, B xy)J,O)KeCTB~HHojj xeratpope B03MO)KHbI nepeuocu «cnp aaa - HaJleBO» If .ua)Ke OT a6- CTpaKTHbIX xareropaf K KOHKpeTHbIM, aanpuaep: )KI1BOT. HOE-OPE,UMST (MeJlbHuu,a - tipeeenuarast nruua. ECeHHH); OCl1Xl14ECKl1YI MI1P-+OPE,UMET (J18a KpblJla - KaK 08a oePOMHblX 20pR. 3a6oJIOUKIfH).

Pe3YJIbTaTbi aHaJIH3a, B o606lll.eHHOM sane npe)J,CTaBJIeHHble B cxeve 2, AalOT OCHOBaHHH AJIH cnenytouinx BbIBOAOB:

- OLJ:eBI1.uHa uepaauoaepnocrs B oouiex npouecce MeTacpopH3a· UHH. CaMbIM aKTHBHblM I1CT04HI1KOM MeTa<popbl .ueHCTBI1TeJIbHO (KaK 3TO H3BeCTHO eute c aHTH4HbIX· speueu) HBJlHeTCH crpepa HeO.lI.yrneB· JIeHHblX peansuux npezmeroe: o6beKToM perYJIHpHOH MeTa<t>opH3aUHH MoryT 6blTb ace CTOPOHbI 6bITI1H, OT KOHKpeTHblx aeuieji no aricrpaxrHbIX xareroparl (aa HCKJII04eHHeM rpynnsr «/KI1BOTHOE»);

- npyr-ae ceMaHTHLJ:eCKl1e cdiepu CJIY)KaT I1CTOLJ:HI1KOM MeTa<t>opH· 3aUI1H TOJIbKO B O.uHOM (6JIH)KaHrneM) HanpaBJIeHHH: )KHBOTHoe-+l!e· JIOBeK; LJ:eJIOBeK _ 4eJIOSeK; cpH3Hl[eCKOe HBJIeHHe -+ nCHXH4eCKoe 5lB~l

,

JIeHHe;

--:- He MeTacj:>opH3yeTcH JIeKCHKa TaKHX crpep, KaK OCI1XI1YE· CKI1IT MI1P H ABCTPAKUI15!. 3TO BnOJIHe 06bHCHHMO: Be)),b HCT04HHKOM MeTa<popbI .uOJI)KeH 6bITb LJ:YBCTBeHHO BocnpHHHMaeMblii

npenxer (HJIH HBJIeHHe), BbI4JIeHHIOlll.HH cev aHTH4eCKHH KOMDOHeHT, npeoopaayiouraacs B CHMBOJI MeTa<popbI, 6e3 xoroporo xeraoopa HeB03MO)KHa.

513b1KoBaSi MeTaQ>opa B COI.\HaJlbHO-nCHXOJIOrH'IeCKOM acrrexre

AHTp0l10ueHTpH4eCKaH H3bIKOBaH xerarpopa H ee pOJIb B H3Y4eHHH CTpyKTYPbI JIHLJ:HOCTI1

MeTa<popa, KaK Y)Ke rOBOpHJIOCb, arpaer Ba)KHYIO pOJIb B no CTpoeHHH H3blKOBOH KapTHHbI Ml1pa 11 B 4JIeHeHI111 .ueHcTBHTeJIbHOcTH. B .uaHHOM pasnene naure BHHMaHHe 6YAeT Hal1paBJIeHO aa COUHaJIbHDI1CHXOJIOfH4eCKHH acnexr 5IM.

POJIb oop aanux fI3blKOBbiX Cpe.uCTB B <t>OpMHpoBaHHH COUHaJIbHblX

oueaox 6blJIa snepaue onpeneneaa W. BaJIJIH [BaJIJIH, 1 g61,

c. 237 H caen.] , 11 see nOCJIe.lI.YIOIUHe I1CCJIe.uoBaHI1H B 60JIbWeH HJUl, MeHbweH CTeneHI1 pa3BHBaJIH BbI.uBHHYTble 11M H.ueH [Liewehr, lnge I dal, Hanse; J1HTBHH, TpHnOJIbCKaH, 1983]. H. A. J1YKbHHOBa Herr

100