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20

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23
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29
 •

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30
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32
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33
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e.M6puiJJKo, J360-1370-(' U .. 6epmu 14JO-J420·xu.: TYPHUpllWU W.ileM mOflXe.ilbM
3iJUI/(JypItCKUU Mg,Jeii Felfpuxu V n.llUllmUeelll'fllU 1410-J420-xu.

CTH, "MeHHO .aSHHOfl aeTS" 3BOJlIOU:HOHHoro
pa3BHTIHI npnHa,ltne.>K8T .60Jlbwne llllleMbH
1380-1400-x, KOTopble H3BeCTHbi no 11306pa-
3UTeJIbHbIM HCT01.lHHK8M. 3TO 6blJUI yme He
60eBbie. a '-(MCTO nap8,llHble H Typ"HpHhle Ha-
rOJIOBbR, KOTopble xapaKTepH30B8JIlfCb reo-
MeTpneH TyJIbH, 6JUl3KOii K KynOJlOBn.QHoH,
eAuHou CMOTpoaoii ll.tellblO, a C8Moe {'n8a-
Hoe - npo<lHiJleM nepe,lJ;Hei1: (JllIueBon) 'tf8CTIl
BeHu;a, KOTOpaR HMen8 BWpa:lKeHHbIii H3rn6
BnepeA B HHmHel'l TpeTH H BepXHeu TpeTH.
PaCCM8TpHBaeMbie WJleMbl npeABocXHTHJlH
nORBJleHHe 3HSMe"HTbIX TYP"HpHbJX .)f(a6b-
HX roJloa., KOTOpbJe J.I3BeCTHbi no lI306pa>Ke-
HHJlM C 1400-1410-x rr. B STO" CBR3H Heo6-
XO,lVIMO 06p8ntTbCSI K H8llrpo6mo .umOBaHlHl
Ali ITOA>KJlO a JIyKe 1391-ror., 8 T8K)Ke BeH-
ASlflfHO llll BeHelleTTu 1402-ror. 113 My3eH
BapAIIHU BO <I>JlOpeHLI,UU (puc. 52). BeI.D;eCT-
BeHHblM nO,llT8ep>K,il,eHueM Moryr CJlY>KliTb

40
Olll'ITb-TaKH 06paaUbi Ha AHI'J!HU: mJleMbI
feHpHXa V 1400-1410-x 1'1'. H HUKOJl8Ca Xa'
y6epTa 1403-1'01'. (puc. 53).
TpeTHH THO TOnXeJlbMOB MO>KHO OXapaK-
TepHaOBaTb KyOOJlOBHAHOH TYJlbell (HHOI'Aa
6..1H3KOH K oOJlYCct>ePH'IeCKOH). DOABUJilICb
OUH K 1320'M 1'1'. (PUC. 54).
CBoeo6paaHou paaHoBuAHOCTblO .60Jlb-
WHX WJleMOS., flBJlAJOTCJI TonXeJlbMbI C nOA-
BH)KHblMH aa6paJIaMIL 3apo>KJJ:aeTCSl AaHuaA
pa3HOBHAHOCTb B Kouu,e XIII B., B KSqeCTSe
Cpe.ll:CTB8 K ynyqweuHIO ~YHKU,HOHaJlbHbIX
CBOHCTB TOnXeJlbM8. Ha H306p8.>KeHHHX
XIVB. a86paJIo q8.llte scero conpoBO>K,l(aeT
TODXeJlbMbl TpeTbe1'O THna. B CBA3H C ;)THM
He BCe1'n;a npeJ.J;CTaBJiAeTCA BOaMO>KHOCTb TOq-
HO OTAeJlHTb ua06p8>KeuHe TonxenbMa C a8-
6pa..l0M OT 6suHueT8 C aS6paJIOM, yqHTbIBaA
3HatlUTeJlbHble paaMepbl nocneAHUX. PaayM-
BbiM KS>KeTCA CJleAYIOlLJ;Hi'1 KpllTepllU, OCHO-
BaHHblU ua aHanHae '1eTKO aTpu6yTHpyeMbIx
H306pa>KeHlLH II npeJl,MeTOB: aa6pano 6au,u-
BeTa OTKpblBaeT wneM cnepeAH oonHOCTblO
(B CJiytl8e C 60JlbWHM 6aU.HHeTOM, aa6paJIo
p;OIlOJlHeHO 6HBepoM, KOTOpblH He flBJlAeT-
CH KOHCTpyKTHBHO HeoT'heMJleMOH: '1aCTblO
Kopnyca WJleMa), B TO BpeMA KaK aa6paJlo
ronXeJlbMa COBMelLJ;8eTCA C a8MKHYTblM JlI-I-
IJ;eBblM BblpeaOM, T. e. OOHpaeTCA cHHay ua
myxylO oepeMbt'lKy, Ope.llCT8BJlAlOlll;elO eAll-
Hoe u,enoe C nepeAHeH: ~laCTblO WJleMa. B Ka-
qeCTBe npl1Mepa p8CCMOTpHM WJleM C 6ape-
JI&e<Pa 1320-13251'1'. BO ,ll;BOpUe BapAmeJlJ!o,
¢nopeHuHA. llIJleM HMeeT KynoJtoBH,ll;HyIO
TyJlblO, yseHQ8HHYIO HaWJleMHOH: ¢urYPoH:,
a T8Kme 3a6paJlo, Bl1AHMO, C YCI-IJlflIOIll;HM
BaKJlaAHblM KpecToM. I1HTepecHo, '-ITO c}lpaI'-
MeHT KpeCTa SUAeH }{ ua TyJlbe WJleMa, '-ITO
lIaBO)J;HT Ha MbICJlb, "ITO l-IaHYTpH aa6p8JIo
c.ny6J1l-1pOSaHO, XQTfl 6bl "IaCTH'IHO. 0,0:80-
TIlDUble WJleMbt 80 MHomecTBe H306pa>KeHbI
Ha CTpaHHu;ax KO,ll;eKCa B8J1AYHHa TpHpC-
KOro (Ha"l. XIVs., GeB. WT8JlHA HJlll IOmH.
fepMaHHfl) (puc. 55). Ha06psmeHHA AaHHO"
KOHCTpyKU,UH nC"IeaalOT K cepeAHHe XIV D.,
O.ll:H8KO S X8J1KHCe 6bIJlO HauAeHo HecKOJIb-
KO 3K3eMnJIApos, npeACT8SJIAIOlLJ;HX rn6pHA-
HbI" THn TOnXeJlbMa Ii 6oJIbworo 6aUHHeTa. Puc. 54. TOnXeAb.lI C flaazpolJuR BUAWl.Ma Cmoymona.
AaHHble WJleMbi HMelOT OAHy nOA60poAuylO • 1326z.. Hommuflte.MWUp

41
 Puc. 55. MUHuumlOpa KoikKCU SUJliJyUHU TpUpcKOZO Puc. 56. ill Jle.M C3U(jPUAOJ4. U3 z. XaAKuc. o. 3B6e

Puc. 58. AAJlezOpUR 3aKOHO

C zpa.tlombl 8UCCUAbnou
npucRzu t. npamo KOpoJlIO
Puc. 57. 570. 576. KoiJeKc SUJliJyulfu TPUPCK010 ((jJpal.MI'Hm .'IIulfuamlOpN); Heano./tJI P06epmy AnJK:yu-
MUHuunuopN .PoMona oIJAJleKcaHiJpe•. 1344 z. cltoMy.1340z.

OTKI1,D;HyfO CTBOpKy Hll neTJle. OH" HllH,D;eHbl TeJlbHO, BnJlOTb AO nepBblx ,necHTHJleTlIii
Cpe,D;H pa3BaJlHH apCeHaJlbHOH 6aWH" BMeCTe KB8TpO'leHTO (puc. 56).
C npe,D;MeTSMH BoopY:>KeH~UI, CSMbJe n03,nHue llIJ/.eMbl c noJUl.MU (shspel-de-fer, eisen-
Jl3 KOTOpblX OTHOCHTCH K cepe,nuHe XV B., hut) nOJlb30B8JUfCh B :HT8J1HH HeH3Meuuoii
T. e. Tpa.nUU,HfO HCnOJlb30BaUUH B OT,lteJlbHbJX nonyJlHpuOCTbfO U8 npoTH:>KeHHH Bcero p8C-
pernoH8x MO:>KHO npoAJIHTb. npe.a.nOJlO:>KH- CM8TpHB8eMoro nepliO,lt8. BnJlOTb ,D;O XVB.,

42
 .,0 J\lcoo::gtt:-\ Ct>1.1t«C"" i.:m<n ..,..
mite: fuxc d:c..."" moln> fo:n d::>1
,

.'.
Puc. 59. 4JpecKu CWIIOIIU M upmullu. Puc. 60, M UI/uumlOpu (,XpOIlUIfU jJ,:w06aHHu BUJIulto».
W'PK06b C6.IHupmuliu U3 Accu.J. 1320l. AnocmoJlbCIfUR 6u6J1uomelfU Ij Bumulfulle. PUM

Kor,[la MX B MaCCOBOM IlOpa,ll;Ke CMeHMJIM ca-

Jl8,[1bI.
TlepBbIH THIl IlIJIeMOB C nomlMH HMeeT yce-
'leRRO lWHl1'-1ecKyIO l1JIl1 UUJIMH,[IpH'-IecKyIO
TyJIbIO C llJIOCKHM llJIM BbmYKJIbIM ,[IHOM.
IToCJIe,ll;HUH a8pu8HT, H8,[10 oTMeTuTb. pe,ll;KO
BCTpett8eTcH B l1CTOttHl1K8X. KJI8CCl1'-1eCKl1H
Bapn8HT u306p8llieH H8 HeCKOJIbKUX MUHH-
aTIOp8x KO,ll;eKC8 1320-1330rr. 113 6116JIH-
OTeKlI PUKap,ll;118H8 (M1358) 80 cDJIopea-
22
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CTpaHHuax HJIJIIOMHHUpo8aHHoro KO,ll;eKCa
BaJI,[IYI1Ha TpHpCKoro Hatt. XIVB. TaM H306-
pameHbI waileJIU c yceqeHHOKOHu'-IecKOH
TyJIbeH U 3Ha~IHTeJIbHO 8bmYKJIbrM ,Il;HOM,
Koropoe, BU,ll;HMO. I1epeCeKaeT BbrpameHHblH
Me,[lnaJIbHblll rpe6eHb TpeyrOJIbHOrO Ce'-leHl1H
(puc. 57). H8CKOJIbKO MomHO CY,[lHTb, Onl1CbI-
BaeMaH P83HOBH,[IHOCTb nOHBl1JI8Cb B cepe,[lu-
He XIIIB. H npocy~ecTBOB8JIa. 80CHOBHOM,
,[10 Cepe,ll;UHbI XIV B.
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BeprneHHbIM TI1I10M rnaIleJIeH C KyIIOJIOBli,ll;-
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II U;liJIliH,Il;POKOHW·leCKlie I1JIli UliJI}IH,Il;POKy- Puc. 6 J, 4Jpeclfu (, ilfy'leltu 'Iecnwo C8, FeopluJ/»
nOJIOBlf,ll;Hhle TyJIbM, HO B p8MK8X ,1l;8HHOH pa- AltMI (I/(/)('PPU iJa jJ,.Jl'ouo. /(011, X IV 6.. rJ UiJYR

43
60ThI OHM 6yJ],yT PSCCMSTPIlBSThCH B pSMKaX
eJ],HHoro THns, KSK (]>YHKUItOHSJIhHO H TeX-
HOJIorllqeCKI1 pOJJ,CTBeHHble. M306pa:m:eHlIH
nOJ],06HblX WJIeMOO 00 MHo:m:eCToe npettCTSO-
)leHhI 0 nSMHTHltK8X HTaJlhHHCKOro HCKyC-
CToa OT nepOblX J],eK8J], CTOJIeTHH J],O Ha1.JaJIa
XVo. nplioeJ],eM, HanpHMep, aJIJleropuqec-
KyJO qmrypy 38KOHa C OSCCaJlhHOH rpaMO-
Tbi IlpaTo P06epTy AH:m:yi1:cKOMy (puc.58),
HS $pecKsx CIlMOHS MSpTIIH.11 (puc. 59),
MHHliSTtOpbl XpOHHKII ,D,:m:ooaHHII BHJlaHO
H3 AnOCTOJlhCKOH 6H6JIHOTeKH 0 BaTHKaHe
(puc.60) II MHorne Apyrlle. CBoeo6pa3HhI(1
nOttTUn npeJ],CTaBJIeH HS 1i306pa>KeHltJIx KOH-
ua xrv B., KorJ],S nOJIH wneMa B paiioHe -rulua
H8KJIOHelfW nOll, MSJIblM yrJIOM, S HM cKyJIa-
MM H 3aTbIJIKOM onYCK8tOTCSI n01.JTII noon 45-
50 rpa.AyCOB, 06pa3YH HSrOJIOBbe OlleHh cxo-
>Kee reoMeTplll·lecKII C repM8HcKOii KSCKOH
IlepBoi'1 i\HIPOooii Boihlhl M-16. JIrune Bcero
TSKlle WJIeMbJ 1I306pa:m:eHbI AnbTHKbeppH.ns
.n3eBHo Ha (~pecKax ,MY~leHHllecTBoCo. EKS-
TepHHbJ. H ,MYlleHlItfecTBo CB. reoprmu
1380-x rr. (puc. 61).
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WJIeMOB C nOJIfiMlI onUCblsaeMoro THna . .nBa
113 HlIX XpaHftTCfI B My3ee B8PAHHH BO t'f>JIO-
peHIJ;lIH. 31'0 HarOJIOBbft MOHOJIIiTHOH KOHC-
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MM pe6paMlI. BepuHIH8 KynOJIa 38KpyrJleHa.
CYJ],f1 no KOHCTpyKTllBHO reOMeTpW-leCKHM
xap8KTepuCTHK8M, .n.8TlIpoa8Tb HX MO>KHO 01'
nepsoH TpeTlI XIVB. J],O H8'1SJIS XVB., XOTH
uaH60Jlee np8oJ],onoA06HhlM KsmeTC8 ope-
MeHHOH OTpe30K 1350-1390-e rr. 23
l.{eToepThlH THn 06'beJ],lIHSleT WJIeMhI C no-
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MH. COrJl8CHO AoweAWHM AO HSC cBHJ],eTeJIbC-
TBaM M306pa3HTeJIbHbiX HCTOllHIiKOB, A8HHafl
pa3HoBMAHOCTb 6blJla pscnpocTpaHeHa B 11Ta-
JIlfH Bce me MeHbwe, '-!eM KynOJIOBHAHble wa-
neJIn. HSH60Jlee CTSpOH, UCXOAHOH $OpMOH
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TpyKUHeii TyJlbll. 06bl'-!HO OHS COCTaBJlHJlaCb
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WHpoKOii MeAli8JlbHOfi nOJlOce nocpe.nCTBOM
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KJI8J],Ka cna6mSJlSCb BbtpameHnbJM rpe6HeM.
nOJ],06HbIe 06ps3ubl npOCJle>Kl:IB81OTCS, Ha-
44
npHMep, Ha '1eK8HHbIX naHeJlHX C .mHTHeM
CB. HKOBat 1316-ror. 1i3 c060ps IlHCTOHn
p860Tbi AH.npes J],H )l,>KaKOnO .n'AHr06eue.
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POTKIlMIl B H8AJlHllHOii llSCTII, 3HallHTeJlbRO
y.nJIliRHJOTCH HaA weeH. IllJteMbJ C npocTbIMH
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AM6poAmllO JIopeHlJ.eTTll 'PSCnfl1'l1e. 11 H8
HeKoTopbIX ps60TSX CmiHeJlJIO ApeTIlHO KOH-
ua XIV B. (puc. 62).
illSneJleH 3Toro T1In8 B I1TaJlHH He COXp8-
HHJIOCb, OAHaKO 8HSJIorHllHhle H8rOJtosbS 1'13-
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TOtlHOH EBponbi. QHU B MeJtO'-lSX nOBTopfilOT
AeTaJtll He TOJIbKO IIT8JIbHHCKliX H306pa3H-
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uteeBponeiicKoro Kpyra. 31'0 n03BOJIReT 01'-
necTU .nSHHyJO pS3HOOII,llHOCTb K IlIJteMSM
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m8utliX 3noxe, Kor.ns He CJlO>KHJlHCb e1IJ,e BbI-
psmeHHble HaUltQHSJIbHble llepTbl 381IJ,HTHoro
CHspSlmeHUSI pa3JI1I'-!HbIX perHOHOB.
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Hue OTpa311JlOCb liS (~peCKSX maKono maKe-
pno (.KpeCTHbIH nyTbt 1340-ror.), CHMaRa
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1I306pameHHbl~iCUMOHOM MapTHHH, HHTepe-
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perHOllax Eoponbl C 1320-x no 1400-err.
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aB pe3HOH K8mlTeJlH KOJlOHHbl 1309-1'01'. BO nO,ll,06Hblx 1I306p8>KeHHU:, KoTopble llO CHX

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(puc. 64). HOCHJlHCb ropmeTbI B OCHOBHOM B pe~b He HAeT 0 HeKDeR XY,ll,O>KecTBeHHot'1 Tp8-
KOMnJleKTe C W8neJlHMH, XOTH lIHor,ll,a 11306- ,ll,HUIlH, 11306pa>KeHHble HarOJ'OBbH flanfllOTCH
paiK810TCH II BMeCTe C 6aUllHeTBMII. HenOCpe,ll,CTBeHHbIMIl npe,ll,WeCTBeHHlIK8MII
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pbIM BHSJlornqHblM CBllAeTeJlbCTBaM ncnaH- He p8Hee XVI B.
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aanllpaTbCfl C O,ll,HOH CTOpOHbl nOCpe,ll,CTBOM lOT nJIaCTllHlJaTble ,ll,ocneXI1, T8K K8K KOJlbtIY-
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OKOJIO 1325-1'01'., 6BpeJlbe<j) Ha co6opa B llBM- TpyKTIIBHOMy npIl3H8KY: '1ewy"'laTble, 6pn-
miOne, 1320-err. (puc. 65). raH,ll,HHHbIe, Jl8THble.
B I1T8JllUl XIV B. JlaTHble rOp>KeTbl 11:306- H8UOOJlbWeri nonyJlflpHOCTblO B XIV B.,
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nUlIe_ paOOTbl OpKaHbH 1131.1epKBU CB. ,Uyxa 3HaKOMCTBO C KopnycHblMJI npUKpbITHfl-
BO Cl>JiOpeHUHlI. B OOJlee n03,ll,HIIH nepl:IO,ll, MH H8'1HeM C ooJIee ,ltpeBHHX H 8PX8U'IHbIX
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46
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Hor" nOMelU,eHbl creraHble ttYJlKH.

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7. fi\ 10.

6. HaAe08H1le KopnycHoii 3a~IITbI:

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nJIe'leOble npoTeKTopbl IllHypylOTCH
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a8<IHlKcnpoB8l1bl 6PUI'8HJJ;HHHble Hapy4H C
npHUlHypoBaHHblMH H8J10KOTHHK8MH.

9. HaAeB8HHe 3a~IiTbl pyK: KllCTH npHKpblTbl

Jl8THblMH nepQaTK8MII.

10. CHapllmeUlIe a80epW8eTCH HaAee8HueM

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(pe.nKlili repM8HcKHH nln npHKpblTlUI JlUl.l.8).

06J184eHHe B ,l.l,ocnexlI. M.T8J10-repM8HcKoe CHapH>KeHHe cepe,D.IIHbl XIV B.

AJleOapJlIICT B nQJlHQM tlOCneXe
repM8HIIH. cepe.D;JfHa - BTopaH nOJIOBlIH8 XIV 8.

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51
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naHOB Ha HacnuHHHKe. 8HaJIOrll'lHO roTJIBH,D;- B npHMOM CMblCJle.

52
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53
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54
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63
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64
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67
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68
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69
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70
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72
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73

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75
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76
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77
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78
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86
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96
 npI1ME4AHI1~
KupnU'IHUK06 A. H. D.peOHCPYCCKCIe opy>KUe.
8wn. III. ,Ilocnex, KOMTlJleKC 6oeowx Cpe~CTD
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r KUpnU'IHUK06A. H . .o.peollepyccKoe opyame.
Bwn. IIl.1locnex, KOMDJlCKC 6oeOblX CpeD.CTB
IX-XllIos./eAH. El-36.Jl. 1971,c. 20-21;
3 )f(yK06 K. A. KoM6uHIlPOOllIIHi>lii JlBMCJlJlflpUO-
'1CWyliqaTblH Aocnex H8 pyclI./IPlira bellum M2.
cm~. 2003. c. 84;
• KOllma.MUH 4'. Borma B CPCAHIlC BeRIl. enG. 2001,
c.206;
r; Oakeshott R. E. The sword ill the! age of chivalry,
L. 1964, p. 43-46;
5 Bruhn-Hoffmeyer A. Arms and Armour in Spain.
VoJ.II.//Gllldius 1982, fig. 96;
; Edge D.• Paddock J.I\1. Arms aud Armour of the
Medieval knight. L. 1996, pAl;
8 Blaire. European Armour. L. 1958, p. 41;
9 K eliy F. M. Pre Gothic Cuirasses of Plate./ I Apollo
Vol. 12, N! 67, 1930, p. 41;
1. Aluller H., Kanter F. Europaische Helme. Erfurt
1971, s. 25;
11 Kelly F. M. Pre Gothic Cuirasses of Plate.//Apollo
Vol. 12,M67, 1930. fig 9;
U Ffoalkes Ch. Some aspects of the craf~ of the
armourer.jjArchaoologia Vol. 79, 1929. p. 19-20;
13 Boeheim W. Handbuch der Waffenkunde. Leipzig
1890. s. 138
.. Mann J. Notes on thc evolution of Plate Armour in
Germany in XIV-XV c.jjArchaoological Journal
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