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ME)f(.D.YHAPO.D.HbJP! KOHrPECC nCHXOJlorOB 85

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KOTOPbIX MHe npHllIJIOCb 3HaKOMHTbC5!: Psychology H Educational
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Mf;/KD,YHAPOD,HbIU KOHrPECC T1CI1XOJlorOB 87

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zrax npouserana 3K3aMeHbI, HO B 3K3aMeHe OCTaBaJIaCbncer.aa Macca
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repnana KocHYJIaCb H rrpaBOITHCaHH5I, H OTPbIBKOB .lI.JI5I 'ITeHH5I, H
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88 A. P.JlYPHfl

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ME)f{PYHAPOPHblU KOHrPECC nCJ1XOJIorOB 91

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92 A. P. JJYPH51

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COJIlOTHYlO CHJIY OT~eJIbHbiX «HHCTHHKTOB»Y nO~OnbITHbIX. )KHBOTHbIX.
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MOH THnH4HrOH np06JIeMOH .L\JI5IaMepHKaHCKOH nCHXOJIOrHH nOBe.L\eHH5I.
Ilpaxenenae MeTO~a YCJIOBHblX pecpJIeKCOB H cneuaansno supaooraa-
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eTC5I pe3YJIbTaTOM CJIO)KHOHCHCT€'Mbl np106 H OlllH60K, npn KOTOPOH
y~a4HbIe peaKUHH nO~KpenJI5IlOTC5I H OCTalOTC5I, a neynaxaue-e-rop-
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aJIbHbIM He OTJIH4aeTC5I OT HaBbIKa Y )KHBOTHoro. MexaHHCTH4eCKHH
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aMepHKaHCKOH nCHXOJIOfHH nOBe~eHH5I, H 6bIJI crpaacen na xonrpecce
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O~aKO, HM'eHH'O3TOT B3rJI5I)I; na M1exaHH41eCKYlO OCHOBY HaBbIKOB
• 6bIJI nO~BeprHYT caMbIM cepseanua COMHeHH5IMaa xonrpecce, H HH-
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nCHXOJIOra, aaecurero B csoe BpeM5I ocooeuno MHOrO B Y4eHHe 0 Ha-
BbIKax,-lopH.L\aHKa.
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xe cooTBeTcTBeHHoH POJIH HaKa3aHH5I. KaK HarJI5I~HO H aa sxcnepaaen-
TaJIbHOM xarepnane nOKa3aJI TopH~aHK, nOB"fIOpeHHe MO)f{eT H He
urpart. OCHOBHOHp'OJIH ~JI5I 06pa30BaHH5I HaBbIKa. 13bIBalOT CJIY43H, K8-
ME)!{llYHAPOllHbIH KOHrPECC nCI1XOJIorOB 93

rna, HeCMIQTp5I aa MfiorOKpaTHOe nIOBTOpeHHe, HaBbIK He socnartaaaer-


CH; 6b1BaIOT 06paTHbIe CJIY'laH-KOr 1I.a npa pa~HIQHaJIbHOH opraunsauna
MaTepHaJIa HaBbIK (HJIH 3anOMHHaHHe) 06pa3yeTC5I COBepweHHO nesa-
BHCHMO OT rrOBTOpeHH5I, B CHJIY caMOH opraHH30BaHHOCTH xarepaana.
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)l,OJI}!{HO 6bITb npanacaao OCMbICJIeHHOH 0 p r a H H 3 a uH H MaTepHaJ1a,
rrpaBHJ1bHOii Y C T a HOB K e yvauterocs, H npa 9THX YCJIOBHHX paoora
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30BaHHH aCCO~HaTHBHbIX CBH3eH.
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aezrer K IQ'CJIa6JIeHl1lO'HaBbIKa, rrpOTHB xoroporo OHO aanpaeneno, HO
cosnaer HOBbIH HaBbIK, aa rrOHBJI'eHl1e xoroporo rrenon or, rrpHMeH5IB-
illHH ero, H He paCC'lHTbIBaJI. OCJIa6JIeHHe HaBbIKa MO}!{eT 6bITb C03-
.nano He H3<Ka3aiHl1eM, al 'I13MreHeHHeM CTPYKTYPbI axra, YCTaHQ.BOK
JIl1'lHCCTH, nepexmouerraea ere .rr.eHTeJIbHOCTH na npyryro CHCTeMY.
Y}!{e B 3TOM noxaane Topnnaaxa BH,ll.HbI CHMrrTOMbI 60JIbWOH CMe-
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psrx BbIpa}!{aJIlHCb CJIO}!{Hble rrCHXOJI'OrH'leCKH'e: cpaKTbI (nomcpenaeaae,
rrOB1'OpeHHe, TOpOMO)KeHHe), 331MeHHIOTCHHOBbIMH, B3HTbIMH U3 .rr.oporo-
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(Kohler, Berlin), C,ll.eJIaHHOM'Haon-
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94 A. P. JlYPHfl

nanpaaep, BXO,lI,ml~He B pasnue CHCTeMbI BOCnpH5lTI15l,xoryr ,lI,eC5lTKH


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KOTOPbIH 06bIqHO onpenenan nocrpoenae ncero noaenenna, naurex
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IlIeH'HO OC06bIM' .zr,lfHaMlf'IeCKHM npnauarraa 1

1 B rOJlbKO sro asnuemuen 3aMeqareJlbHolt KHHre «Brain Mechanisms and Intel-


ligence» J19111IIHnaer oxepx CBOHX xpaltae anrepecnux Hllett.
ME)/{ll,YHAPOlI,HbIH KOHrPECC nCHXOJIorOB 95

3a OCHOBY noaezieana aauaaaror rrpHHHMaTbC5I He OTneJlbHble


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'96 A. P.JlYPHfl

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ero crrOHTaHHbIM. I1MeHHo B 3TOH COOHTaHHOCT'Hrrp05lBJI5IeTC5I cosep-
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ME)f{.D,YHAPO.D,HbIM KOHrPECC nCHXOJIorOB 97

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MHe XO'T'eJIOChKOHlJHTb 911<YT KpaT'Kli'H OlJ~P'K napaJIJIeJIH~H, KOTO-

13TH n03HUHH Bionep paasarsr B ee crarse «Zwei Grundtypen der Lebenspro-


zessen, Zeitschrift f. Psichologie Bd 108. H. sh.
7 HaYQHOe CJlOBO JI& 4.
A. A. JJYPHf/

pue HeH36e)!{HO )I.OJI)KHbI nanpauraaarscs. B cenrscpe 1929 r. MHe'


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.BQcflHTaHHe HaBbmOB H nCHXOJIOrHH xapaxrepa, nsynenae JIH"IHOCTH H
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ME}/{D,YHAPOD,HbIH KOHr?ECC nCI1XOJIorOB 99

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YCJIOBH5IX KarrHTaJIHcruqeCKOH KYJIbTYPbl.

7*

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