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Engineering
HyperMesh Tutorials
Version 3.1
For technical support, contact us by phone or e-mail:
Trademark Acknowledgments:
HyperMesh is a registered trademark of Altair Engineering, Inc.
ACIS is a registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
ACIS Geometric Modeler is a registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
ACIS Kernel is the registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
ACIS Parametric Surfaces is the registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T.
MSC/NASTRAN is a registered trademark of MSC.
ABAQUS is a registered trademark of Hibbitt, Karlsson, & Sorensen, Inc.
ANSYS is a registered trademark of Ansys, Inc.
PATRAN is a registered trademark of MSC.
LS-DYNA is a registered trademark of LSTC.
MARC is a registered trademark of MARC Analysis Research Corporation.
PAMCRASH is a registered trademark of Engineering Systems International.
FLUENT is a registered trademark of Fluent, Incorporated.
I-DEAS is a registered trademark of Structural Dynamics Corporation.
Spaceball is a registered trademark of Spacetec IMC Corporation.
The Location of the HyperMesh Tutorial Files
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
4. Click retrieve.
To specify solver:
3. Click return.
6. Select all.
7. Click update.
6. Select all.
7. Click update.
5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
7. Click create/edit.
9. Click NU, click the data entry field, and enter .3.
3. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
7. Click create/edit.
9. Click return.
5. Click return.
7. Click update.
9. Click update.
6. Click rename.
5. Click move.
3. Click comps.
5. Click edit.
•Using HyperMesh
Each section contains links to lessons in the HyperMesh User’s Guide On-line Help. These lessons
explain the HyperMesh interface, terminology, and how to use the HyperMesh panels.
All files referenced in this tutorial are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/demos/hm.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
Starting HyperMesh.
The Mouse
The Keyboard
• Viewing Models
• Graphics Modes
• Saving a File
Similar in structure to HyperMesh 2.1, HyperMesh 3.0 consists of three menu systems: the main,
secondary, and permanent menus. Tutorials on the following topics are included:
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
The common panels in all pages are files, collectors, assemblies, organize, color, rename,
and reorder.
The common panels, edit element, split, replace, detach, order change, config edit and
elem types, are located in the right most column of these pages.
vectors
beam xsect
joints
vectors
solver
vectors
penetration
The stitch panel, as well as the line from surface edges and split surface edge options in the
surface edit panel, are no longer included in the menu. The new geom cleanup panel now covers
files
Panels related to file management are grouped into an integrated files panel. This panel allows you
to save and retrieve HyperMesh binary databases, import CAD generated geometry or finite element
model information, export CAD geometry or finite element information for specific analysis codes,
specify a template file, specify a result file, and execute a HyperMesh command file. These
subpanels include the following enhancements:
hm files
• Space between the save and retrieve buttons in order to prevent accidental selection.
By default, a file saved in a non-compact format includes surface facets and line/surface
drawing information. Choosing the save in compact format reduces the size of any saved hm
binary database by suppressing faceted surfaces created during the visual options-shaded
surface toggle under the geom cleanup and automesh panel. Non-compact databases save
these facets in the binary database, allowing an increase in speed during surface shading and
automeshing.
import
An offset ids toggle is included which allows you to assign id values to imported bulk data deck
entities such as nodes, elems, comps, etc. This improves the assembly process of building full
models from many individual files.
For UG, CATIA, STL, HyperMesh versions before 3.0 did not support direct import of UG and
CATIA files. Consequently, all CAD data had to be in IGES format before import to HyperMesh.
In HyperMesh 3.0, you can import not only geometry data in IGES format but also geometry data
UGII_BASE_DIR=/home/apps/eds130
UGII_ROOT_DIR=/home/apps/eds130/bin/
On a PC, a UG license is required to run the UG feinput translator; the UG feinput translator in
HyperMesh requires an entire UG 13 environment.
Since direct CAD import is available in this version, the name is changed to options for CAD
import. options for CAD import includes the geometry tolerance and cleanup tolerance. A
geometry tolerance can be set to use file geom tolerance, or geom tol =, a user-specified
value. The cleanup tolerance can be set to use automatic cleanup tol, don’t cleanup
topology, or cleanup tol =, a user-specified value.
export
• Retains the same function as the export data panel in versions before HyperMesh 3.0.
command
• Retains the same function as the command panel in versions before HyperMesh 3.0.
template
To load a template, you can either choose the template in the file/template sub-panel or in the
global/template sub-panel.
results
To load a result file, you can either type the file name in the file/results sub-panel or in the
result file field in the global panel.
New Functions
s Slide zoom: zooms the model in and out by dragging the mouse in a vertical direction.
Counterclockwise rotation: rotates the model counterclockwise by the angle set in the
options panel.
Clockwise rotation: rotates the model clockwise by the angle set in the options panel.
b Back function: returns the model to the initial orientation after a rotation (r) or arc
dynamic motion (a).
help Context sensitive on-line Help: accesses the HyperMesh on-line Help.
3. Click a How do I.
NOTE HyperMesh 3.0 on-line Help is context sensitive. When working within a
panel, click help to display the Help topic available for that panel. The main
Help contents tab appears if you are not within a panel.
r Enhancement in the rotation function: the rotation function now allows you to select a
node or point as a rotation center using the middle mouse button. If a middle mouse
button is not available, press the alt key and the left mouse button to pick the center.
a Enhancement in the arc dynamic motion function: the arc dynamic motion function now
allows you to select a node or point as a rotation center using the middle mouse button.
If a middle mouse button is not available, press the alt key and the left mouse button
to pick the center.
options Integrates the modeling, graphics, fonts, colors, page name, postscript, and
spaceball subpanels.
The Modeling Subpanel
This panel contains most of the entities previously located in the options panel as well as new
options including the cleanup and geometry tolerance fields, fixed points, and coincident node
picking.
geom tol The geometry tolerance specifies the mathematical accuracy of lines
and surfaces in the model. Lines and surfaces are guaranteed
geometrically accurate to within the distance specified by geom tol.
The geometry tolerance influences the speed of file i/o and geometric
operations in HyperMesh. Very small geometry tolerances can
increase file read times and increase the length of time required to
perform geometric operations. For typical automotive components in
millimeters, a geom tol of 1.000e-04 is usually accurate.
cleanup tol The cleanup tolerance specifies the maximum gap distance allowed
between two edges or points while performing geometry cleanup
operations. When a cleanup operation is performed, if two entities
are separated by a distance greater than the cleanup tol at any point
along their length, they are left unaltered.
coincident node This is a new option for selecting coincident nodes. If the option is
picking on, coincident nodes are displayed evenly on a circle when the
mouse moves close.
shrink This option allows you to set shrink element sizes. In HyperMesh
3.0, you can specify the size of element by entering a shrink factor
between 0 and 1.
The graphics Subpanel
This is the new location for the graphics panel. New options are included. In addition, the hidden
lines field and resize box were moved here from the original option panel. Lighting tools for shaded
elements are also included in this subpanel. The performance graphic engine now contains bitmap
animation tools, view acceleration tools, and the result color type options.
view acceleration Allows you to increase the rotation speed while viewing a model.
This option is especially useful if you work on a large model with a
slow machine. Three options (none, automatic, and Ctrl-Shift)
with four different simplification styles (feature line, bounding box,
node cloud, and element centroid) are available in this subpanel.
For example, if the Ctrl-Shift and feature line options are chosen
during the rotation process (clicking a or s on the permanent
menu), the model changes to a feature line based representation
by pressing both the Ctrl and Shift function keys. When
automatic and feature line are both chosen, the model is displayed
in feature lines whenever it is rotated.
AVI file option Gives you three window sizes in making an AVI file: ¼ screen, 1/9
screen, and full screen. You can also choose an 8 or 24 bit color
display. When 8 bit is chosen, the color shown in the AVI file is
discrete contour type. If 24 bit color is chosen, the color displayed
in the AVI file is blended contour type.
result color type Allows you to choose either blended or discrete contours when
viewing a contour plot. discrete contours gives a clear definition
of contour boundaries similar to centroidal or zbuffer mode in the
previous version, providing no gradual transition of colors.
fonts Retains the same functions the original font panel plus a new
cursor size: function. You can change the cursor size from
standard to large. This option is especially useful during a
demonstration or teleconferencing.
colors Retains the same function as the original background panel with
more options introduced. In this panel, you can customize the
color of the background, global axis, axis label and the
topological edge. In addition, you can also change the menu
background color. For the UNIX platform, two options are given:
dark and light. For PC, you can select classic or windows, the
desktop colors specified in the Windows Control Panel.
The display and vis subpanels now contain an improved navigation tool to help you when working
with multiple pages. You can tab through a single page at a time, or go directly to a specified page
number. You can also display components by name, id, or both name and id. In the vis panel, the
default color of the mesh line is black.
Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
A second table lists the HyperMesh panels alphabetically and gives the page on which the panel is
located.
distance 1 Geom
remap 1 Geom
lines 1 Geom
intersect 1 Geom
length 1 Geom
circles 1 Geom
tangents 1 Geom
fillets 1 Geom
reparam 1 Geom
reorder 1 Geom
graphics 1 Permanent/option
ruled 2 2-D
spline 2 2-D
skin 2 2-D
automesh 2 2-D
planes 2 2-D
cones 2 2-D
spheres 2 2-D
torus 2 2-D
tetramesh 2 3-D
linear 1d 3 1-D
masses 3 1-D
bars 3 1-D
rods 3 1-D
rigids 3 1-D
welds 3 1-D
springs 3 1-D
gaps 3 1-D
rbe3 3 1-D
translate 3 Tool
rotate 3 Tool
scale 3 Tool
reflect 3 Tool
project 3 Tool
position 3 Tool
permute 3 Tool
edges 3 Tool
faces 3 Tool
features 3 Tool
normals 3 Tool
dependency 3 Tool
mass 3 Tool
find 3 Tool
mask 3 Tool
delete 3 Tool
constraints 4 BCs
forces 4 BCs
moments 4 BCs
pressures 4 BCs
velocity 4 BCs
accels 4 BCs
temperatures 4 BCs
flux 4 BCs
interfaces 4 BCs
numbers 4 Tool
renumber 4 Tool
summary 4 Tool
count 4 Tool
contour 5 Post
titles 5 Post
deformed 5 Post
transient 5 Post
replay 5 Post
xy plotting 5 Post
fd blocks 5 3-D
spaceball 5 Permanent/option
postscript 5 Permanent/option
background 5 Permanent/option
fonts 5 Permanent/option
accels BCs
automesh 2-D
background Permanent/option
bars 1-D
circles Geom
cones 2-D
constraints BCs
contour Post
count Tool
deformed Post
delete Tool
dependency Tool
distance Geom
edges Tool
faces Tool
fd blocks 3-D
features Tool
fillets Geom
find Tool
flux BCs
fonts Permanent/option
forces BCs
gaps 1-D
interfaces BCs
intersect Geom
length Geom
linear 1D 1-D
lines Geom
mask Tool
mass Tool
masses 1-D
moments BCs
normals Tool
numbers Tool
permute Tool
planes 2-D
position Tool
postscript Permanent/option
pressures BCs
project Tool
rbe3 1-D
reflect Tool
remap Geom
renumber Tool
reorder Geom
reparam Geom
replay Post
rigids 1-D
rods 1-D
rotate Tool
ruled 2-D
scale Tool
skin 2-D
spaceball Permanent/option
spline 2-D
springs 1-D
summary Tool
tangents Geom
temperatures BCs
tetramesh 3-D
titles Post
torus 2-D
transient Post
translate Tool
velocity BCs
welds 1-D
xy plotting Post
Completed geometry.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
4. Click the switch under creation method and select no card image.
6. Click create.
To create nodes:
2. Click right.
6. To create the nodes, enter the X, Y, and Z coordinates found in the following table and click
create after entering each set of coordinates.
node X Y Z
1 0 5 0
2 5 5 0
3 5 5 -1
4 7 5 -1
5 5.5 5 0.5
6 2 5 -5
7. Click return to exit the create nodes panel after you finish creating all six nodes.
5. Click all.
To create a circle:
4. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select N1, N2, N3.
5. Pick any four nodes to define the plane and the base for the axis of rotation.
7. Click create.
5. Click split.
3. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select x-axis.
5. Click split.
4. Click 1st line. and pick the line between nodes 3 and 4.
Two X’s are displayed to allow you to specify the quadrant in which you want the fillet created.
3. Pick the adjacent lines until all the segments are combined.
The joints are displayed as red ‘V’s. Do not split the line.
8. Click smooth.
A message is displayed that states, “The line does not contain any joints.” If there are still
joints in the line, repeat the smooth function.
5. Click duplicate.
6. Click current comp to copy the new line into the current component.
7. Click view.
8. Click iso1.
9. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select y-axis.
3. Pick node 1.
4. Click and hold down the left mouse button over the new line until a box cursor appears and lift
when the line is highlighted.
6. Click create.
7. Pick node 4.
8. Click and hold down the left mouse button over the new line until a box cursor appears and lift
when the line is highlighted.
3. To create the nodes, enter the X, Y, and Z coordinates found in the following table and click
create after entering each set of coordinates.
node X Y Z
9 2 5 1
10 2 2 1
11 2 5 0
12 2 2 0
13 2 5 4
4. Click return.
5. Click all.
6. Click return.
5. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select x-axis.
8. Click create.
4. Click line.
6. Click split.
3. Pick any lines in your model that do not appear in the following illustration.
4. Click delete.
4. Click create.
5. Click and hold the left mouse button until the box cursor appears and the center arc is
highlighted.
6. Pick each end of the arc to create a temporary node at each end.
7. Click and hold the left mouse button until the box appears and the outer arc is highlighted.
9. Use the arrow keys on the permanent menu to rotate the model as necessary to create the line
segments that define the bracket and the remainder of the hitch geometry.
5. Click spline.
The surface appears as illustrated below. (Only the surface is displayed in this illustration.)
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
free edge The edge is owned by one surface. In the geom cleanup panel, the
default color is red.
shared edge The edge is owned by two adjacent surfaces. In the geom cleanup
panel, the default color is green.
non-manifold edge The edge is owned by three or more surfaces. In the geom cleanup
panel, the default color is yellow.
fixed point A point associated with a surface. A fixed point is displayed as a small
circle (o) and is the same color as the surface to which it is associated.
The automesher places a finite element node at fixed points.
free point A point in space not associated with a surface. A free point is
displayed as a small x, (x), and is the same color as the geometry
collector to which it belongs.
cleanup tol = The tolerance used to determine if two surface edges or two surface
vertices should be considered as one.
NOTE:
Values for cleanup tol= can be specified in two locations. The global
value for cleanup tol= is in the options/modeling subpanel. The
local value for cleanup tol =, which is used for a specific cleanup
operation, is in the geom cleanup panel. Sometimes, operations
performed by the local cleanup tolerance can be lost by a global
cleanup tolerance overriding it.
visual options Enables user to control display mode of surfaces and edges. View
surfaces in wire frame or shaded mode. Display on/off surface edge
types.
edges subpanel Used to remove gaps and overlaps between surfaces and to merge
surfaces together by modifying the edges of the surfaces.
toggle Convert individual surface edges from one edge type to another with
single mouse clicks. Free edge ⇒ shared edge ⇔ suppressed edge
(red ⇒ green ⇔ dotted blue).
replace Combine two free edges into a shared edge. Free edge ⇒ shared
edge (red ⇒ green).
equivalence Convert free edges between adjacent surfaces to shared edges. Free
edge ⇒ shared edge. (red ⇒ green).
surfaces subpanel Used to delete duplicate surfaces, remove surface holes, organize
surfaces.
find duplicates Find and delete duplicate surfaces. Non-manifold edge ⇒ shared or
free edge (yellow ⇒ green or red).
find holes Find and delete interior surface holes. Free edge ⇒ shared edge or
no edge (red ⇒ green or no color).
move faces Stitch faces to an existing surface or stitch faces to create a new
surface. Shared edge ⇔ suppressed edge (green ⇔ dotted blue).
fixed points subpanel Used to add, replace, and suppress fixed points.
suppress Delete unnecessary fixed points or convert fixed points to free points.
NOTE In the surface edit panel, the lines from surface edge subpanel no longer
exists. In most panels, surface edges can be used as lines.
3. Double-click translator =.
6. Select raw_iges_data.iges.
7. Click import.
In the iges.msg file, there are zero error and zero warning messages.
The message file has an .msg extension and is created in the directory in which HyperMesh
was invoked. After you import any file, it is good practice to review the message file for import
errors.
In the files / import subpanel, use file geom tolerance and use automatic cleanup tol are
default settings. It is recommended that these settings be used when you import CAD data files
into HyperMesh for the first time. Experienced users may want to override the default settings
based on prior knowledge with similar files. These options can be toggled to geom tol = and
cleanup tol =. For information about these tolerances and how to use them, see HyperMesh
Help.
The file geometry tolerance for this file is 1.E-06. File geometry tolerance is recorded in iges
files at the top of the files. For this exercise, the iges file’s top section follows:
116 1 0 0 1 0 0 000000000D0000001
116 0 0 1 0 0 0D0000002
4. Click surfs and select all on the extended entity selection pop-up window.
5. Click on.
6. Click return.
4. Click surfs and select all on the extended entity selection pop-up window.
5. Click renumber.
The header bar displays the message, “12 surfs ranging from 1 to 12. Completed Through ID:
0”.
6. Click return.
The header bar displays the message, “The file has been saved.”
5. Click return.
4. Click the switch under creation method and select no card image.
- Click material =.
- Click return.
6. Click color.
7. Select Color 5.
8. Click create.
A component collector named top, with a default material collector named top, is created.
9. Repeat steps 3-9 to create three more component collectors named middle1, with Color 4,
middle2, with Color 10, and bottom, with Color 9.
- Click destination =.
- Select bottom.
- Click move.
3. Use the above procedure to move surfaces 3, 6, 8, and 9 to the middle1 component collector.
4. Use the same procedure to move surfaces 4, 5, and 7 to the middle2 component collector.
5. Use the same procedure to move surfaces 1 and 2 to the top component collector.
6. Click return.
3. Click save.
4. Click Yes.
5. Click return.
7. Click equivalence.
The message, “All surface edges within tolerance combined,” is displayed in the header bar.
Some free surface edges (red) became shared edges (green).
3. Click faces and select displayed from the extended entity selection pop-up window.
4. Click find.
5. Click delete.
The message, “One face was deleted,” is displayed in the header bar.
The most obvious problems are a non-manifold edge, a missing surface between surfaces 10
and 11, and in the corner where surfaces 1, 3, 5, and 7 meet.
- Press and hold left mouse button in the graphics area until the cursor changes into a
white square with a dot in the middle of it.
- Pick a point on the same circle that is across from the green node .
- The number in the input field following distance = is a value less than 3.
- Click return.
3. Click surfs and select displayed from the extended entity selection pop-up window.
5. Click find.
6. Click P in graphics area in the two circles on surface 2 that aren’t centered on surface 2.
7. Click delete.
NOTE HyperMesh finds circular and non-circular shaped holes; the holes don’t
need to be perfect circles. The diameter is treated as a characteristic
dimension.
To combine two free edges into a shared edge using surfaces / replace subpanel:
3. Pick the surface 10 edge that is parallel and closest to a surface 11 edge.
4. Pick the surface 11 edge that is parallel and closest to the surface 10 edge just selected.
The header bar displays the message, “Gap distance (0.602170) is larger than specified
tolerance”.
7. Repeat steps 3 - 5.
NOTE Do not set the cleanup tolerance to unreasonably high values. New edges are
generated based on the cleanup tolerance. The cleanup tolerance not only
affects the selected entities, but it affects the edges that touch the selected
entities at vertices. The generated edges are accurate only to within the set
cleanup tolerance. As a result, if unreasonably high tolerances are used,
small gaps can increase in distance up to the set tolerance.
The geom cleanup edges / toggle subpanel can also be used to combine the
surface 10 and 11 edges.
If the shortest distance between two surface edges is greater than the
intended element size, do not use this function. Instead, use the surface filler
subpanel on the surface edit panel. Create a filler surface and toggle surface
edges to suppressed edges accordingly. Another panel that can be used is
the drag geoms subpanel in the drag panel.
3. Zoom into the corner of surface 9 which borders surface 1 and is on the perimeter of model.
6. Click replace.
The surface 9 corner node is replaced with the surface 1 corner node.
To combine free edges to create shared edges using the edges/toggle subpanel:
3. Click f on the permanent menu to fit displayed components to the graphics area.
The surface edge becomes green. The surface edge selected in the edges/toggle subpanel is
the retained edge. The other edge, which is found automatically, is the edge which is moved.
10. Deactivate the shared edges check box to turn the display of these edges off.
11. Deactivate the fixed points to turn the display of these points off.
Only the free edges that define the model perimeter and the interior holes remain.
13. Activate the shared edges check box to turn display of the edges on.
14. Activate the fixed points check box to turn display of the points on.
1. Click (un)suppress.
5. Click suppress.
The selected lines change from shared (green) to suppressed (blue) edges.
6. Click return.
The suppressed surface edges are not displayed in the graphics area. They still exist in the
model and can be toggled back to shared edges in the geom cleanup panel.
NOTE The resulting stitched surface is located in the component collector of the
stitched surface having the lowest id. As a result of surfaces 4 and 6 being
stitched together, the stitched surface is located in middle2 component
collector where surface 4 was originally located. As a result of surfaces 3, 5,
and 9 being stitched together, the stitched surface is located in middle1
component collector where surface 3 was originally located.
In the geom cleanup panel, HyperMesh treats lines and surface edges the
same. It is recommended that lines be displayed off or masked so that
surface edges can be selected more easily.
4. Click the three lines in the graphics area. Each line is between two fixed points.
5. Click create.
Question dialog box pops-up stating “Lines appear planar, project to plane? (y/n)”.
6. Click Yes.
7. Click return.
11. Of the three lines selected in surface edit / filler surface subpanel, pick the line closest to the
center of the model. The shared (green) edges are suppressed (blue).
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
interactive subpanel Allows you to mesh surfaces in an interactive mode. You can set
single or multiple meshing parameters before you create the mesh
and you can remesh surfaces.
NOTE:
reset mesh prarms to: Resets the meshing parameters. If you bring a saved surface into
the automeshing module and you select reset mesh prarms to:,
the new values are used and the old information is discarded.
elem size = Allows you to specify the element edge size to use to pre-calculate
default element densities along the edges of the surface.
NOTE:
use mesh params Allows you to specify additional meshing controls, such as chordal
deviation meshing or tria transition meshing.
elements to current comp Saves the elements that are created within the current component,
regardless of their original component.
elements to surface’s comp Saves the elements that are created within the component to which
the surface belongs.
remesh Allows you to remesh surfaces with poor element quality. The
existing mesh is deleted before the surface is remeshed.
highlight surfs HyperMesh scans the displayed surfaces for defined mesh and
highlights those surfaces which failed to create a mesh in the last
attempt.
automatic subpanel Allows you to mesh surfaces automatically. You can set meshing
parameters before you create the mesh and you can remesh
surfaces. It has the same features as the interactive subpanel,
except that it creates elements on a surface without invoking the
automeshing module.
mesh params subpanel The mesh params subpanel allows you to set specific meshing
parameters before meshing the selected surface(s). You can
choose to use size and biasing, described in tutorial HM-140, or
specify chordal deviation values, described in tutorial HM-141.
cleanup subpanel Allows you to modify surface topology by splitting a surface from
node to node, replacing points, and toggling edges.
split surf After selecting two nodes, HyperMesh splits the surface from the
location of the first node to the location of the second node along
the normal projection of the straight line between the selected
points. The line that HyperMesh creates is temporary. Split surf
mirrors the trim with two nodes function on the surface edit
panel.
unsplit surf Removes a surface split line from associated surfaces, and deletes
them from the model. You can use this function to remove
pinholes, for example. Unsplit surf mirrors the remove interior
trim lines function on the surface edit panel.
replace points Deletes the point to be moved and relocates the associated
geometry to the retained point. Replace points mirrors the
replace points function on the geom cleanup panel.
toggle Converts individual surface edges from one edge type to another
with single mouse clicks. For instance, if you use toggle, you can
click once on a free edge that has a neighboring free edge within
tolerance to combine the two free edges into a single shared edge.
You can also use this function to suppress and unsuppress edges.
add points subpanel Allows you to add fixed points to a surface from existing free
points or nodes. It mirrors the add points subpanel on the geom
cleanup panel.
remove points subpanel Allows you to suppress fixed points by deleting the selected points
or converting them to free points. It mirrors the suppress points
subpanel on the geom cleanup panel.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the clean_up_geom.hm31 file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
clean_up_geom.hm31 file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click on.
5. Click return.
4. Click return.
3. Click the switch below meshing algorithm: and select advancing front.
4. Pick the square at the center of surface 6. The square changes to reflect the advancing front
algorithm.
5. Click mesh.
6. Click the switch below meshing algorithm: and select map as triangle.
7. Pick the square at the center of surface 6. The square changes to a triangle to reflect the map
as triangle algorithm.
8. Click mesh.
The header bar displays the following message: “Unable to recognize triangular shape.”
NOTE Apply the map as triangle algorithm to a surface with three sides only. Apply
the map as pentagon algorithm to a surface with five sides only.
9. Click the switch below meshing algorithm: and select advancing front.
10. Pick the square at the center of surface 6. The square changes to reflect the advancing front
algorithm.
1. Click the switch below smoothing algorithm and select shape corrected.
2. Click set all next to shape corrected to apply the algorithm to the selected surfaces.
3. Click mesh.
5. Click set all next to no smoothing to apply the algorithm to the selected surfaces.
6. Click mesh.
9. Click set all next to autodecide to apply the algorithm to the selected surfaces.
4. Click mesh.
7. Click mesh.
4. Click mesh.
7. Click mesh.
9. Click mesh.
NOTE The mesh generated by either type of element shape is influenced by the size
control and the skew control.
4. Pick the density numbers on the top and bottom edges of surfaces 6 and 7 (see Figure 6).
7. Pick the density numbers on the three short edges of surfaces 6 and 7 (see Figure 6).
Figure 6
4. Click the bias intensity numbers on the shared edges between surfaces 4, 6 and 7 (see Figure
7).
2. Click the data entry field next to jacobian and enter 0.85.
3. Click jacobian.
Any element on the model that fails to meet the minimum jacobian value is highlighted in red.
The minimum jacobian value is displayed in the header bar.
4. Click skew.
Figure 7
To mesh surface 4:
3. Click mesh.
4. Click mesh.
5. Click return.
NOTE The mesh on surfaces 6 and 7 is assigned to the component bottom, and
the elements on surface 4 are assigned to the component middle, the same
component of their associate surfaces.
Figure 8
3. Click remesh.
8. Click mesh.
Figure 9
3. Click remesh.
4. Click return.
The elements of the surfaces are deleted. This is a way to delete elements without leaving the
automesh panel.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the clean_up_geom.hm31 file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
clean_up_geom.hm31 file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click on.
5. Click return.
4. Click return.
7. Click return.
The selected pinholes and the trim lines are removed (see Figure 10).
The cleanup tolerance of 0.200 is automatically displayed in the cleanup tol = data entry field.
2. Pick the green shared edge between surfaces 6 and 7 (see Figure 10).
Figure 10
2. Make sure surfs is highlighted and select surfaces 4 and 6 (see Figure 10).
NOTE The elem size = data entry field displays 2.0, due to the change made in the
global panel in the previous procedure.
4. Click mesh.
7. Click the data entry field after jacobian and enter 0.6.
8. Click jacobian.
The temporary elements with jacobian values less than 0.6 are highlighted. The minimum
jacobian value is displayed in the header bar.
NOTE While in the density subpanel, left click on a density number to increase it,
and right click on a density number to decrease it.
NOTE The newly created elements are placed in the same component collectors as
their associated surfaces.
Figure 11
4. Click points and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
5. Select Points.
6. Click select.
7. The seven points, displayed as x’s and offset from surface 5, are highlighted.
9. Click add to create fixed points on surface 5. These are displayed as o’s.
3. Click mesh.
4. Click mesh.
NOTE While in the density subpanel, left click on a density number to increase it,
and right click on a density number to decrease it.
9. Right click the biasing number on the edge between surfaces 5 and 8 to set its value to –1.0.
NOTE A node can be created by clicking anywhere along the edge. You don’t have to
highlight the edge or wait until the cursor becomes a box.
4. After the first node is selected, the lower node below split surf: is highlighted automatically.
Click the vertex of surface 3 opposite the node you created in step 3.
As shown in Figure 13, a line connecting these two nodes is used to trim surface 3 at the
normal direction.
4. While node list is highlighted, pick the edge between surfaces 2 and 3.
5. Wait until the edge is highlighted and the cursor changes from + to a square. Click the left
mouse button to assign a fixed point.
6. Click add.
7. Repeat steps 1 - 6 to add fixed points to the edge between surfaces 9 and 10.
NOTE Place these two nodes so that they break the edge into sections similar to the edge
between surfaces 2, 5, and 11, and the edge between surface 10, 1, and 4 (see
Figure 13).
2. Make sure surfs is highlighted and pick surfaces 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, and 11 (see Figure 13).
NOTE While in the density subpanel, left click on a density number to increase it,
and right click on a density number to decrease it.
Figure 14
Figure 15
• Using the Quads Mapped Mesh Element Type and the Smoothing Controls
• Using the Mixed Mapped Mesh Element Type and the Smoothing Controls
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the tria_trans.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
tria_trans.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click display
3. Click the leftmost toggle and select use size and biasing.
5. Click the switch under mapped mesh elem type and select quads.
2. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
3. Click mesh.
5. Click return.
• Repeat the steps using the quads_skew_only component and the skew option activated.
• Repeat the steps using the quads_size_skew component and the skew and size options
activated.
3. Click the leftmost toggle and select use size and biasing.
5. Click the switch under mapped mesh elem type and select mixed.
2. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
3. Click mesh.
5. Click return.
• Repeat the steps using the mixed_skew_only component and the skew option activated.
• Repeat the steps using the mixed_size_skew component and the skew and size options
activated.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with the first exercise and
continue doing the exercises in the following order:
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
The mesh params subpanel is divided into two halves. The left half contains the options for chordal
deviation meshing. The right half contains options for the tria transition meshing algorithm described
in tutorial HM-140-L.
use size and biasing / use chordal deviation Used to activate or deactivate chordal
toggle deviation meshing.
min elem size and max elem size Controls the nodal densities along surface
edges.
The chordal deviation parameters are also available in the density subpanel of the automeshing
module.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the chordal_dev.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
chordal_dev.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
6. Click surfs and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
8. Click select.
8. Set max angle = to 90.000 for the maximum angle parameter to be neglected.
2. Click surfs and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click select.
2. Click surfs and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click select.
2. Click surfs and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click select.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
The rigids menu panel allows you to create rigid or rigid link elements. A rigid element is an
element created in a space between two nodes of a model where a rigid connection is desired.
Rigid elements are displayed as a line between two nodes with the letter R written at the centroid of
the element.
Rigid link elements are displayed as lines between the independent node and the dependent
node(s) with RL displayed at the independent node of the element.
4. Select the connect1.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
connect1.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the large hole in part 1.
A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on part 1.
5. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the large hole in part 2.
A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on part 2.
7. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the small hole in component A.
A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on component A.
9. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the small hole in component B.
A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on component B.
3. Click return.
4. Pick a node at the center of the large hole on part 1 to be the independent node:.
5. Pick nodes on the perimeter of the hole on part 1 to be the dependent node.
6. Click create
7. Pick a node at the center of the large hole on part 2 to be the independent node:.
8. Pick nodes on the perimeter of the hole on part 2 to be the dependent node.
9. Click create
6. Click return.
4. Pick the mid-point node created in the previous exercise to be the independent: node:.
5. Pick a node at the center of one of the rigid links on part 1 to be the dependent node.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for the mid-point node and the other rigid link.
The welds panel allows you to create normally aligned rigid elements between two plate elements.
Place weld elements between the sections of your model that are to be welded.
Weld elements are displayed as a line between two nodes with the letter W written at the centroid of
the element.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the connect2.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
connect2.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Click return.
8. Click return.
The rbe3 panel allows you to create, review, and update RBE3 elements. The update subpanel
allows you to edit the connectivity, dofs, and weight for each node of the element.
RBE3 elements are displayed as lines between the dependent node and the independent node(s)
with RBE3 displayed at the dependent node of the element.
RBE3’s define the motion at a reference grid point -the dependent node- as the weighted average
of the motions at a set of other grid points -the independent nodes. RBE3 is used in NASTRAN.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
connect3.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Click return.
3. Pick a node at the center of the small hole on component A to be the dependent node.
5. Click create.
6. Pick a node at the center of the small hole on component B to be the dependent node.
8. Click create.
9. Click return.
The springs panel allows you to create spring elements. A spring element is an element created in
a space between two nodes of a model where a spring connection is desired. Spring elements
store a property and a degree of freedom (dof).
Spring elements are displayed as a line between two nodes with the letter K written at the centroid
of the element.
Springs can translate to CELAS2 in NASTRAN or *spring in ABAQUS. Springs require a property
definition.
4. Select the connect4.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
connect4.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
4. Select general.
5. Click return.
3. Click return.
6. Click create/edit.
7. Click the data entry field under K1 and enter 1.0 as the spring constant.
3. Select dof2.
7. Click return.
The equations panel allows you to create, review, and update equations.
Equations are displayed as lines between the dependent node and the independent node(s) with
the letters EQ displayed at the dependent node of the equation.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the connect5.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
connect5.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
6. Click create.
3. Click the switch and select dof2 as the dependent node degree of freedom.
4. Activate dof2 as the independent node degree of freedom. Deactivate any other degree of
freedom options selected.
3. Click create.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with
the first exercise and continue doing the exercises in the following order:
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the 1D_elements.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
1D_elements.hm file.
5. Click retrieve.
9. Click the switch below update and select components from the pop-up menu.
13. Click node A and select the lower node in the graphics area.
14. Click node B and select the upper node in the graphics area.
2. Click the upper left switch and select lines from the pop-up menu.
5. Click the switch after element config: and select rigid from the pop-up menu.
6. Click mesh.
7. Click set segment to highlight the box with the blue input cursor.
3. Click none.
4. Select feature_elements.
7. Click Comps.
8. Select feature_elements.
9. Click return.
12. Click the toggle after create: and select plot elements.
In this tutorial, use the PBEAM card for the Nastran solver as the example to create 2 models; one
with a solid section and another with a shell section. The following procedures are included:
• Creating a summary file to view and save the calculated element properties
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/. The beam_solid.hm file contains line segments and nodes.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
NOTE You must load a template and create material and property collector before you can
assign beam properties. A material collector must also be created to calculate the
correct characteristics for the bar or beam elements for the summary.
3. Double-click file =.
5. Click retrieve.
6. Click return.
3. Click return.
6. Click return.
5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
7. Click create/edit.
9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 1.
10. Click RHO, click the data entry field under RHO, and enter 1.
5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
8. Click create.
9. Click return.
To define a section and calculate the cross sectional property for a specified area:
2. Double-click props.
4. Click select.
The message, “Property prop1 has a card image loaded for Nastran. Do you wish to clear the
current card image and load a new one?” is displayed.
7. Click Yes.
The property called beam_prop has now been updated with the Area, Moment of Inertia, and
other calculated values added to the property card.
1. Click the toggle under bar2 element to specify end A and end B.
2. Leave end A at the centroid and click pick node under end B:
4. Click summary.
The summary information is displayed on the screen. An example of a summary file is shown at
the end of this tutorial.
5. Click the left mouse button to advance to the next page of the summary file.
6. Click return.
3. Click props.
5. Click select.
6. Click edit.
The card image is displayed. The values can be edited by clicking in the field you wish to edit
and entering the new values.
7. Click return.
8. Click return.
A pop-up window displays the message, “Do you wish to delete the current model?”
3. Click Yes.
4. Click return.
3. Double-click file =.
5. Click retrieve.
6. Click return.
7. Click define.
NOTE: You can click the graphical representation of the thickness arrow to toggle
the side of the line where the thickness is to be applied. Each click changes
the location of the thickness of the line from top to bottom or centered. In this
case, place the thickness over the center of the lines.
The Center of Gravity (purple +) and Shear Center (Yellow +) are displayed.
2. Double-click props.
4. Click select.
The message, “Property prop1 has a card image loaded for Nastran. Do you wish to clear the
current card image and load a new one?” is displayed.
7. Click Yes.
The weld_prop property has been updated with the Area, Moment of Inertia, and other
calculated values.
8. Click return.
To update the property and view the card in the card previewer:
3. Click props.
5. Click select.
6. Click edit.
The NASTRAN PBEAM card image is displayed. The values can be edited by clicking the field
you want to edit and entering the desired values.
Area
• A = 220
Centroid
ZC = 0
global Yc = -1.13636
global Zc = 0
Principal Moments of Intertia
• IYYP = 16549.2
• IZZP = 3693.33
• ANGB = 0
Bending
IZZ = 3693.33
IYZ = 0
IZZC = 3693.33
IYZC = 0
EMZP = 1259.8
PMZP = 1715.04
ZMAXC = 10
ZS = 0
Ysc = -2.15517
Zsc = 0
AZZ = 1.84491
AYZ = 0
AZZP = 1.84491
KZZ = 0.542033
KYZ = 0
Torsion
AXZ = 0
Results in Terms of NASTRAN Input
$ C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F1 F2
$ K1 K2 I12
$ C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F1 F2
ruled panel Allows you to create a surface and/or mesh from nodes or lines
that are unconnected.
spline panel Allows you to create a 3-D mesh and/or surface with lines.
skin panel Allows you to create a surface and/or mesh skin across a set of
lines.
drag panel Allows you to create a surface and/or mesh by dragging nodes,
lines, or elements.
line drag panel Allows you to create a surface and/or mesh by dragging nodes,
lines, or elements along a line.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
4. Select the simple300.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
simple300.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
8. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without
saving the surface that you created.
- If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
10. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
mesh and surface options in step 6:
- surface only
6. Click the rightmost collector switch and select mesh, keep surf.
7. Click create.
8. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel
without saving the surface that you created.
10. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
mesh and surface options in step 6:
- surface only
11. For practice, select a combination of node list and line list entity selection methods to create
surfaces or meshes.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the simple300.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
simple300.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
4. Click create.
7. Click return.
3. Pick lines L1, L2, and the lines that you created in the previous procedure.
6. Click create.
7. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel
without saving the surface that you created.
- If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
9. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
mesh and surface options in step 4:
- surface only
NOTE Spline surfaces are created with either three or four nodes selected.
This does not mean, however, that the spline surface must be planar.
6. Click create.
7. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel
without saving the surface that you created.
- If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
9. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
mesh and surface options in step 4:
- surface only
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the skin.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the skin.hm
file.
6. Click retrieve.
5. Click create.
6. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without
saving the surface that you created.
- If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
8. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
and surface options in step 4:
- surface only
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the dragdemo.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
dragdemo.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
5. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf.
6. To specify the direction along which to drag the line, use the plane and vector collector switch, or
select three nodes. The three nodes specify a plane, and the drag direction is assumed
perpendicular to this plane.
7. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select z-axis as the direction along which to drag
the nodes.
11. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
12. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface.
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without
saving the surface that you created.
- If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
13. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
mesh and surface options in step 5:
- surface only
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the simple300.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
simple300.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
5. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf.
6. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select y-axis as the direction along which to drag
the nodes.
9. Click drag-.
10. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
11. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface.
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel
without saving the surface that you created.
- If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
12. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
mesh and surface options in step 5:
- surface only
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the dragdemo.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
dragdemo.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Click the input collector switch after drag: and select lines.
5. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf.
7. Click line list to the right of along: and pick line L2 in the graphics area as the guide line along
which to drag the entities.
8. Click drag.
9. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
10. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface.
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel
without saving the surface that you created.
- f the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
11. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
mesh and surface options in step 5:
- surface only
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the skin.hm file located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the skin.hm
file.
6. Click retrieve.
4. Click the data entry field after number of nodes = and enter 6.
6. Click the data entry field after bias intensity = and enter 0.
7. Click create.
8. Click return.
3. Click the input collector switch after drag: and select nodes.
4. Select the six nodes (in order from 1–6) created previously along line L1.
5. Click line list to the right of along: and pick line L2 in the graphics area as the guide line along
which to drag the entities.
6. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf.
9. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge
of the new surface.
- To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse
button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it.
10. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface.
- If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel
without saving the surface that you created.
- If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel.
11. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following
mesh and surface options in step 6:
- surface only
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the solidmap.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
solidmap.hm file.
7. Click retrieve.
3. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps as the type of collector you want to
create.
6. Select Color 5.
7. Click create.
8. Click return.
The input collector displays surf list. This specifies the “along” surface.
8. Pick the three surfaces between the source and end surfaces in the graphics area.
Hold the left mouse button and move the cursor in the graphics area to highlight the surfaces.
Release the left mouse button to select the highlighted surface.
10. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu.
This specifies which elements to drag. The plate elements on surface A are displayed.
11. Click density = and enter 10 to indicate the number of rows of elements you want to create
between source surface A and end surface B.
The header bar gives status messages as the elements are generated.
When finished, the model contains ten rows of elements that begin at surface A and end at
surface B. The new solid elements follow the contour of the specified “along” surfaces. The
hole in the center of the original shell element mesh is propagated through the solid element
mesh.
1. Press the function key F1 to access the hidden line menu, or select the hidden line panel on the
Post page.
3. Click return.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the bumper.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
bumper.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
To change the performance graphics mode and view the model in hidden line mode:
6. Click all.
4. Click comps again and select comp 1 and comp 2 as the component collectors.
6. Click size = and enter 10 for the size of the normal vectors to be displayed.
9. From the graphics area, pick any element in the cyan colored collector comp1.
The normals of the elements in the green collector, comp2, are the same as the elements in
cyan collector, comp1.
1. Select the elem offset panel on the 3-D page of the main menu.
2. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu.
5. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu.
This selection method can be used to select elements of more than one type in a model.
1. Click density = and enter 3 for the number of rows of elements you want to create.
2. Click thickness = and enter 5 for the total thickness of the elements you want to create.
4. Click z on the permanent menu and use the left mouse button to draw a circle around the right
side of the bumper.
NOTE The solid elements that have been created are extruded from the faces of the
original shell elements. In some cases, the shell elements may have been
modeled at the mid-plane of the solid elements you want to create.
6. Click offset = and enter –2.5 as the starting position for the solid elements.
Drag Panel
In this tutorial, use the drag panel to create solid elements with a linear bias by extruding an existing
mesh of 2-D elements.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the drag.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select N1, N2, N3.
5. Click N1.
This defines a plane and normal vector from which HyperMesh creates the solid elements.
8. Click distance = and enter 100 for the total thickness of elements you want to create.
9. Click on drag = and enter 20 for the number of rows of solid elements you want to create.
1. Press the function key F1 to access the hidden line menu, or select the hidden line panel on the
Post page.
3. Click z on the permanent menu and use the left mouse button to draw a circle around the right
side of the bumper.
NOTE Each row of elements gets progressively thicker due to the linear bias.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the linedrag.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
linedrag.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
6. Click all.
3. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu.
This selects the shell elements that define the section of the solid mesh you want to create.
5. Pick the two lines that define the helical spring from the graphics area.
Hold the left mouse button and move the cursor in the graphics area to highlight each line.
Release the left mouse button to select each highlighted line.
6. Click on drag = and enter 200 for the number of rows of solid elements you want to create.
The header bar displays status messages as the elements are created.
9. Practice by clicking the use default vector toggle and selecting specify vector. Also, define a
bias style: and a value for bias intensity =
NOTE If you select specify vector, use the plane and vector collector to select
the orientation vector.
For more information on the biasing options, refer to the Element Biasing
section in the Automatic Mesh Generation chapter of the User’s Manual.
10. Click drag to create a new solid mesh based on the changes made.
11. Click return to accept the new solid mesh and access the main menu.
The following functions allow you create a solid model of tetrahedral elements from an enclosed
volume tria surface mesh:
floatable Matches the node locations of the tetras with the trias, but
the connectivity of those tetras may be modified to produce
a better mesh. Normally, this results in some tetra faces
going across tria diagonals.
fixed Matches the node locations of the tetras with the trias. It
guarantees the connectivity of the tetras with the trias. Use
this option whenever you need to match other components
to the resulting tetra mesh.
prism trias Selects the tria elements that define the surface from which
the layers of high aspect ratio are used when creating a
CFD mesh.
normal trias Selects the tria elements that do not need high aspect ratio
tetra layers. This performs the same function as the
normal trias option in the standard tetramesh panel.
boundary layer prisms Specifies the layer thickness parameters as appropriate for
the Reynold’s number for the fluid being studied.
init growth rate: growth rate for high aspect ratio tetra
layers
structured isotropic prisms Uses the local element size for the initial thickness and a
value of 1.0 for the growth rate and acceleration. You can
use structured isotropic prism layers in any situation where
ordered layers of tetras are required near the surface. The
mesher uses as many layers as possible of isotropic
elements until the elements in the next layer are of
unacceptable quality, and then it switches to the normal
meshing algorithm.
generate mesh normally Applies in most applications, and uses the standard tetra-
meshing algorithm as in previous versions of HyperMesh.
This option is available in each tetramesh subpanel.
optimize meshing quality Directs the tetramesher to spend more time trying to
generate the best shaped elements. It employs the
volumetric ratio, or CFD skew, measurement for rating
potential tetras. Use this option if your solver is sensitive to
element quality. This option is available in each tetramesh
subpanel.
growth rate The growth rate for normal trias and after prism elements
are complete.
initial layers The number of initial layers for normal trias after prism
elements are complete.
• Tetramesh a Volume
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
You can specify trias as fixed and floatable. Under most circumstances, select only those trias that
must match up to another pre-existing mesh as fixed. You can also specify various growth options in
order to control the tradeoff between the number of tetras generated and the average and minimum
element qualities. Higher, more aggressive growth rates produce fewer elements, but they may be of
poor quality.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the tetmesh.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
tetmesh.hm file.
5. Click retrieve.
3. Click the switch below floatable trias: and select comps from the pop-up menu.
or
Click the upper comps and select trias, then click return.
5. Click the switch below growth option: and select standard from the pop-up menu.
6. Click the lower right switch and select generate mesh normally from the pop-up menu.
7. Click tetmesh.
NOTE The header bar displays status messages as the elements are created. The
right mouse button allows you to cancel the tetramesh operation.
NOTE Elements that cause the tetramesher to fail are highlighted and placed into a
buffer for later retrieval. See The Tetra Remesh Panel for a description on
retrieving and isolating these elements for inspection.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the tetremesh.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
tetremesh.hm file.
5. Click retrieve.
NOTE The header bar relays the message that the minimum tetra collapse is 0.00,
a tetra element that does not occupy a volume. The save failed operation
places the bad elements that show a tetra collapse value less than what is
specified in a buffer, allowing the elements to be retrieved later.
3. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
4. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu.
6. Click mask .
3. Click the upper switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
4. Click the lower switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
6. Click find.
3. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click remesh.
CFD Mesh
The accuracy with which a solution is resolved is directly related to the number of elements in regions
of high solution gradient. In most CFD applications, this is near the surface of the flow and is called
boundary layer behavior. Consequently, the mesh is generated so that it clusters many elements
near the surface. The CFD mesh subpanel utilizes floatable trias which allow you to pack many
layers of high aspect ratio tetras against a surface in order to resolve boundary layer behavior in the
solution.
Using the normal algorithm, if you pack many elements against the surface, many of the elements will
have some very obtuse face angles, which often cause problems for solvers. For the prism layer
algorithm, the tetra elements are generated in prism-shaped groups of three or more in such a way to
prevent large angles from appearing. Arbitrarily, many of these high aspect ratio tetras can be
layered against the surface as needed in order to resolve the boundary layer behavior. They are
generated with very thin initial layers, growing in thickness with an accelerating growth rate until the
layer thickness is the same as the width of the prism, at which point the tetramesher switches to its
normal algorithm to efficiently fill the remaining volume.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the sphere.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
sphere.hm file.
5. Click retrieve.
6. Click the hidden line with mesh lines icon, , the third icon from the left below the all button.
7. Click all.
8. Click mesh color and select Color 0 from the pop-up menu.
4. Click color and select a color for the new collector from the pop-up window.
5. Click create.
NOTE For this exercise we have created a component collector that does not
reference a solver template. For more information on how to associate a
solver to a collector, see the HyperMesh on-line Help.
3. Click the switch below prism trias: and select comps from the pop-up menu.
or
Click the upper comps and select trias, then click return.
6. Click the lower right switch and select generate mesh normally from the pop-up menu.
8. Scroll through the other options using the TAB key and assign the following values:
acceleration = 1.100
9. Click tetmesh.
To use the mask panel to view the interior of the tetramesh model:
2. Select top.
5. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
7. Click interior.
8. Using the left mouse button to define the corners of your window, select elements from the right
half of the model.
12. Click the hidden line with mesh lines icon, , the third icon from the left below the all button.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
The split sub-panel allows you to split an arbitrary number of shell elements by drawing a split line
over them. The splitting algorithm used depends on how the split line crosses the element.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the el_edit_split.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
el_edit_split.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
4. Click split.
5. Use the mouse to build a line in the graphics area that intersects the elements A - E.
- Draw the line from element A to element B and release the left mouse button.
7. You can use the split panel to split elements in the following ways:
In this tutorial, an element is split when the split line crosses two of its
edges. This feature is useful if you have several ‘layers’ of duplicated shell
elements that need to be split.
If you select elements before drawing the split line, only the selected
elements are split. If you do not select elements before drawing the split
line, the splitting algorithm operates on all elements displayed.
If you split elements on a surface that has been automeshed, new nodes
created by the split are automatically projected to the surface.
Maintain proper connectivity (without internal free edges) after splitting the
elements.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names
are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the split.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the split.hm
file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Pick elements A - E.
divide quads - divides all the quad element s into trias and allows you to fix
quads with severe warpage
When you split elements whose nodes are associated to a surface, the new
nodes created are also on the surface. To associate a node to a surface, use
the node edit panel.
Maintain proper connectivity (without any internal free edges) after combining
elements.
The combine subpanel on the edit element panel allows you to combine an arbitrary number of shell
elements simultaneously or a set number of shell elements automatically. Both methods are
controlled by the tolerance = and angle = functions. When elements are being combined,
HyperMesh requires the nodes attached to the elements to be planar within a user-specified
tolerance. The tolerance may be changed with the menu item tolerance =.
When elements are being combined, HyperMesh performs node condensation on mid-side nodes.
Nodes are considered to be mid-side nodes if the angle between any three nodes in the set of nodes
being condensed is greater than a user-specified angle. The angle may be changed with the menu
item angle =.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names
are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the el_edit_comb.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
el_edit_comb.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
7. Click combine.
8. HyperMesh displays the following error message: The elements selected are not planar for the
given tolerance.
NOTE Setting tolerance = too high may create warped elements, and/or the deviation from the
geometry may increase.
Maintain proper connectivity (without any internal free edges) after combining elements.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with the first exercise and
continue doing the exercises in the following order:
• Replacing Nodes
• Aligning Nodes
• Placing Nodes
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the node_editing.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
node_editing.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
The total distance between the nodes is displayed as 39.500 in the distance = field.
NOTE The total distance is further broken down into the components’ distances
and displayed in x dist =, y dist =, and z dist =. These distances are
updated when the total distance is changed. You can also edit these
distances individually, upon which the total distance and other
component distances change.
5. Click the data entry field after distance = and enter 27.0.
Undo
• Click reject.
Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorial, Changing the Distance Between
Nodes:
To replace a node:
3. Click z on the permanent menu and draw a circle around nodes A, B, C, and D.
4. Click the upper node list and pick node A on the model.
5. Click the lower node list and pick node B on the model.
7. Click the upper node list and pick node C on the model.
8. Click the lower node list and pick node D on the model.
Undo
• Click the right mouse button immediately after the nodes have been replaced, or click reject.
NOTE The nodes are equivalenced if you select equivalence. You may move
nodes only if equivalence is not selected.
You can select the second node at any location on a line or along a
surface. In this case, select the node on the line or surface by first
highlighting the line or surface, then selecting the preferred location on
the line or surface.
Aligning Nodes
The align node panel allows you to project nodes to an imaginary line passing through two nodes.
Nodes being projected do not have to lie between the two nodes selected to form the line. The nodes
are projected to the imaginary line along its normal. This function is mostly used on planar meshes
where straightened mesh lines improve mesh quality.
Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorials, Changing the Distance Between
Nodes and Replacing Nodes.
To align a node:
2. Select b on the permanent menu to go back to the previous view of the model.
3. Click the upper node list and pick node 3 on the model.
4. Click the lower node list and pick node 4 on the model.
Nodes 3 and 4 define the vector along which other nodes selected are aligned.
Each node moves to a position along the vector defined by the nodes 3 and 4.
Undo
Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorials, Changing the Distance Between
Nodes, Replacing Nodes, and Aligning Nodes.
To place a node:
3. Click z on the permanent menu and draw a circle around E and X in the graphics area.
4. While destination surf is highlighted, pick the surface to which to associate the node by
selecting on or near one of the surface lines.
NOTE You can check elements while using the place node on the node edit
panel. To do this, press the F10 key, check the element(s) in question,
and click return to access the node edit panel.
Warpage The amount by which an element or element face (in the case of solid
elements) deviates from being planar. Warpage of up to five degrees is
generally acceptable.
Aspect Ratio The ratio of the element's longest edge to its shortest edge. Aspect ratios
should be less than 5:1 in most cases.
Skew The angle between the lines that join opposite midsides.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the modelchk_final.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
6. Click retrieve.
To change the performance graphics mode and view the model in hidden line mode:
6. Click all.
2. Select the 3-D subpanel to indicate the type of element you want to check.
3. Click the data entry field after warpage > and enter 5.0 to specify the maximum allowable
warpage.
4. Click warpage.
The elements that have a warpage value higher than the value specified are highlighted. These
elements are also defined as failed elements.
5. The number of failed elements and the maximum warpage value are displayed in the header bar.
6. Pick any of the highlighted elements from the graphics area to check the warpage of the
individual elements
Isolate the failed elements with the save failed option. The save failed option allows you to place
entities that are not written to the deck on the user mark. This situation occurs if there is no definition
for the entity’s configuration and type in the specified template.
2. Click return.
4. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu.
5. Click elems and select reverse from the extended entity selection menu.
6. Click mask .
Only the failed elements are displayed. This function may be necessary when you are working
with a large number of elements.
7. Click return.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the modelchk_final.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
modelchk_final.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
2. Select the 3-D subpanel to indicate the type of element you want to check.
3. Click the data entry field after aspect > and enter 5.0 to specify the maximum allowable aspect
ratio.
4. Click aspect.
The elements that have an aspect ratio value higher than the value specified are highlighted.
These elements are defined as failed elements.
5. The number of elements failed and the maximum aspect ratio are displayed in the header bar.
6. Pick any of the highlighted elements from the graphics area to check the aspect ratio of the
elements individually.
Isolate the failed elements with the save failed option. The save failed option allows you to place
entities that are not written to the deck on the user mark. This situation occurs if there is no definition
for the entity’s configuration and type in the specified template.
2. Click return.
4. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu.
5. Click elems and select reverse from the extended entity selection menu.
6. Click mask .
Only the failed elements are displayed. This function may be necessary when you are working
with a large number of elements.
7. Click return.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the modelchk_final.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
modelchk_final.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu.
6. Select equivalence.
8. Click return.
NOTE Duplicate nodes are within the specified tolerance and have the same
location as the other nodes; however, they have not been equivalenced.
3. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu.
5. Click return.
The edges created are 1-D elements. To view them alone, turn off the display of the other elements.
4. Click none.
5. Click ^edges.
6. Click return.
To validate the free edges, analyze them with respect to the geometry of the model. If there are
invalid free edges, it means there are duplicate nodes that need to be equivalenced. The model
in the graphics area contains an invalid free edge:
8. Click all.
9. Click return.
7. Click equivalence.
8. Click return.
3. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu.
5. Click return.
2. Click none.
3. Click ^edges.
4. Click return.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with the first exercise and
continue doing the exercises in the following order:
• Running OptiStruct/FEA
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
Running OptiStruct/FEA
To retrieve the file for this tutorial:
3. Double-click file =.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directories are
followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the plate.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm.
5. Click retrieve.
Write your OptiStruct/FEA input deck (usually specified with the .fem extension) before running
OptiStruct/FEA.
3. Click template = and type in optistruct/optistruct. Or, click template = a second time
and select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory.
5. Click write.
To run OptiStruct/FEA:
HyperMesh loads the path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. You do not need to
edit this field.
3. Click input file = and enter plate.fem, the OptiStruct/FEA input deck. Or, click input file =
again and browse your directory structure for the file plate.fem.
4. Click memory in Mb = and enter 10 for the RAM required in MB. RAM is directly dependent
upon the number of grids in your model. As a starting point, use 8MB/1000/grids/nodes. You can
perform a test that allows OptiStruct/FEA to calculate a recommended amount of RAM for your
model.
5. Click solve.
This launches the OptiStruct/FEA job. If the job is successful, results files are created and
stored in the directory from which HyperMesh is launched. The plate.out file contains error
messages that can help you debug your input deck if necessary.
6. Click return.
For UNIX:
• $ALTAIR_HOME/scripts/optistruct -version
To perform a test run to validate your input deck and determine how much RAM and disk
space is necessary for the run, type:
For MS-DOS:
• $ALTAIR_HOME\optistruct\3.4\bin\opti plate.fem 10
• $ALTAIR_HOME\optistruct\3.4\bin\opti -version
To perform a test run to validate your input deck and to determine how much RAM and disk
space is necessary for the run, add the check parameter to your input deck and run OptiStruct
from the MS-DOS prompt:
• $ALTAIR_HOME\optistruct\3.4\bin\opti plate.fem 10
3. Double-click file =.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directories are
followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the plate_hole.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm.
5. Click retrieve.
3. Select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory. Selecting the OptiStruct
template allows you to define OptiStruct-specific attributes in your HyperMesh session.
Create the material collectors before creating the component collectors; components must reference
a material collector.
6. Click create/edit.
NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title
toggles between the two options when you click it. It is not necessary to
define a density value since only a static analysis is required. Density
values are required, however, for normal modes analysis.
9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.3.
11. Select the switch after collector type: and select comps.
This loads the PSHELL card image for the new component, shells. It also assigns color 8 to
the elements that are organized into this component, and assigns the material steel to this
component.
18. Click the data entry field under T and enter 10.
Use the card image subpanel to edit the card images for these collectors.
Use the update subpanel to define a different material for the components.
The automeshing module allows you to mesh interactively on surfaces. It also includes some tools
for manipulating surface edges and meshing fixed points (locations where the mesher is required to
place a node). The elements generated are organized into the current component, shells.
2. Select the surface displayed in the graphics area and click mesh.
5. Click mesh.
In this section, the model is constrained such that two of the four edges cannot move. A total lateral
load of 1000N is applied at the edge of the hole so that all forces point in the positive z-direction.
To create collectors:
6. Click create.
9. Click create.
To create constraints:
3. Click return.
5. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu.
7. Create a window around the left and right edges of the model. Do this by picking points on the
screen with your mouse.
The nodes along the left and right edges of the model are selected (see the figure below).
3. Click return.
6. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu.
8. Create a window around the hole of the model. Do this by picking points on the screen with your
mouse.
10. Click nodes and select save from the extended entity selection menu.
The nodes are counted automatically so that a calculation can be made to create a total force of
1000N.
14. Click nodes and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu.
16. Click selected to count the number of nodes around the hole.
21. Click the vector definition switch below magnitude = and select z-axis.
4. Click select.
5. Click create.
6. Click return.
Write your OptiStruct/FEA input deck (usually specified with the .fem extension) before running
OptiStruct/FEA.
3. Click template = and type in optistruct/optistruct. Or, click template = a second time
and select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory.
5. Click write.
6. Click return.
To run OptiStruct/FEA:
HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. You do not
need to edit this field.
3. Click input file = and enter plate_hole.fem, the OptiStruct/FEA input deck. Or, click input
file = again and browse your directory structure for the file plate_hole.fem.
4. Click memory in Mb = and enter 10 for the RAM required in MB. RAM is directly dependent
upon the number of grids in your model. As a starting point, use 8MB/1000 grids or nodes. You
5. Click solve.
6. This launches the OptiStruct/FEA job. If the job is successful, results files are created in the
directory from which you select the file plate_hole.fem. The plate_hole.out file contains
error messages that can help you debug your input deck if necessary.
3. Click results = and enter plate_hole.res. Or, click results = a second time and browse your
directory structure for the file.
4. Click return.
2. Click simulation =.
There are two simulations: DENSITY - ITER 0 and SUBCASE1 - ITERATION 0. If you are
running a linear static analysis only, you can ignore the DENSITY simulation. Simulations
tagged with SUBCASE contain the results from your analysis.
If you had created two load steps, three simulations would exist: DENSITY - ITER 0,
SUBCASE1 - ITERATION 0, and SUBCASE2 - ITERATION 0. The subcase IDs reflect your
HyperMesh load step IDs.
5. Click deform to view a deformed plot of your model overlaid on the original, undeformed mesh
(refer to the figure below).
6. Select the view panel on the permanent menu and select iso 1.
Isometric view of deformed plot overlaid on original, undeformed mesh. Model units are set to 250.
8. Select the view panel on the permanent menu and select top.
3. Click return.
There are three data types available: displacements, von Mises stress and density. The
7. Click contour.
9. Click assign.
10. Click contour and compare your model to the figure below.
von Mises stress plot using discrete contours (performance graphics selected)
Before importing the model for this tutorial, delete the current model from HyperMesh.
Deleting the current model clears the current HyperMesh database. Information saved in .hm
files is not affected.
3. Double-click translator =.
4. Select the optistruct.exe input translator. The OptiStruct input translator allows you to retrieve
model information stored in an OptiStruct ASCII .fem file.
5. Double-click filename = and select the file coffee_lid.fem, located in the HyperWorks
installation directory under /tutorials/hm/.
6. Click import.
By default, HyperMesh sizes the icons that represent the temperature loads to 100% of the
temperature magnitude. These icons may be too large with respect to the model size. To change the
size, follow these steps:
4. Click f to maximize the view of the displayed collectors in the graphics area.
5. Click return.
4. Select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory. Selecting the OptiStruct
template allows you to define OptiStruct-specific attributes in your HyperMesh session.
5. Click return.
The model you imported has two component collectors without any materials. In this step, create a
material collector and assign it to your component collectors.
6. Click create/edit.
This loads the MAT1 card image for the material plastic.
NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title
toggles between the two options when you click it. It is not necessary to
define a density value since only a static analysis is required. Density
values are required, however, for normal modes analysis.
9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.26.
10. Click A, click the data entry field under A, and enter 81E-6mm/mm/C.
12. Select the switch after collector type: and select comps.
16. Make sure the value of T is 2.5. If it is not, click T, click the data entry field under T, and enter
2.5.
19. Click T, click the data entry field under T, and enter 2.5.
OptiStruct stores information regarding shell thickness on the PSHELL card in the T block.
5. Click select.
8. Click update.
At this point, check your component collector PSHELL cards again to ensure that the MIDs are now
set to 1.
3. Click edit.
4. Click return.
6. Click edit.
In this section, the model is constrained opposite the spout to simulate two hinges. Two constraints
are applied at the corners of the spout so that the nodes do not move vertically.
6. Click create.
3. Click return.
6. Select the two nodes at the corners of the spout, as shown in the figure below.
7. Click return.
The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create an OptiStruct subcase (a load
step in HyperMesh).
3. Click loadcols and select constraints and THERMAL_LOADING from the collector list.
4. Click select.
5. Click create.
6. Click return.
3. Click template = and enter optistruct/optistruct. Or, click template = again and select
the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory.
5. Click write.
6. Click return.
To run OptiStruct:
HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. You do not
need to edit this field.
3. Click input file = and enter the OptiStruct input deck lid_complete.fem. Or, click input file =
4. Click memory in Mb = and enter 50 for the RAM required in MB. RAM is directly dependent
upon the number of grids in your model. As a starting point, use 8MB/1000 grids or nodes. You
can perform a test that allows OptiStruct/FEA to calculate a recommended amount of RAM for
your model.
5. Click solve.
This launches the OptiStruct/FEA job. If the job is successful, new results files are created in the
directory from which HyperMesh is run. The lid_complete.out file contains error messages
that can help you debug your input deck if necessary.
6. Click return.
3. Click results = and enter lid_complete.res. Or, click results = a second time and browse
your directory structure for the file.
4. Click return.
2. Click simulation =.
There are two simulations: DENSITY - ITER 0 and SUBCASE 1 - ITERATION 0. If you are
running only a linear static analysis, the DENSITY simulation can be ignored. Simulations
tagged with SUBCASE contain the results from your analysis.
If you had created two load steps three simulations would exist: DENSITY - ITER 0, SUBCASE
1 - ITERATION 0, and SUBCASE 2 - ITERATION 0. The subcase IDs reflect your HyperMesh
load step IDs.
5. Click deform to view a deformed plot of your model overlaid on the original undeformed mesh
(refer to the figure below).
6. Click return.
There are three data types available: displacements, von Mises stress, and density. The
density data type is used only with topology optimization results and is not used in this
procedure.
4. Click contour.
6. Click assign.
7. Click return.
Before importing the model for this tutorial, you must delete the current model from HyperMesh.
Deleting the current model clears the current HyperMesh database. Information stored in .hm
files on your disk is not affected.
4. Click return.
3. Double-click translator =.
4. Select the optistruct.exe input translator. The OptiStruct input translator allows you to retrieve
model information stored in an OptiStruct ASCII .fem file.
6. Click import.
3. Select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory. The OptiStruct template
allows you to define OptiStruct specific attributes in your HyperMesh session.
4. Click return.
The model contains two rigid spiders where the shield is bolted down. This represents the interaction
between the bolts and the shield. It is assumed that the bolts are significantly more rigid than the
shield.
The dependent nodes of the rigid elements have six degrees of freedom constrained. Each spider
connects the nodes of the shell mesh together so that they do not move with respect to each other.
2. Click review.
HyperMesh labels the independent node, the dependent node, and the IDs of the two nodes
and the rigid element. HyperMesh also shows the constrained degrees of freedom in the rigids
panel for the rigid element you selected. All rigid elements in this model should have dof1 - dof6
constrained.
4. Click return.
The model has two component collectors without any materials. In this step, create a material
collector and assign it to your component collectors. The rigid elements do not need to be assigned
to a material.
6. Click create/edit.
This loads the MAT1 card image for the material steel.
NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title
toggles between the two options when you click it. It is not necessary to
define a density value since only a static analysis is requried. Density
values are required, however, for normal modes analysis.
9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.3.
10. Click RHO, click the data entry field under RHO, and enter 7.85E-9Mg/mm^3.
For this tutorial, it is necessary to define a density value since you will be running a normal
modes solution.
3. Double-click name = and select shell, the component containing your shell elements.
4. Click edit.
5. Click T, click the data entry field below T, and enter 0.25 as the thickness of your component.
6. Click return.
2. Click the switch after the collector type: and select comps.
4. Click select.
6. Click create.
In the previous tutorials, multiple load collectors were created and grouped together in the load
steps panel to form an OptiStruct subcase. For example, the constraints load collector and a
forces load collector. Both of these boundary conditions were used together in one load step.
In this tutorial, constrain the model using SPC’s at the bolt locations. Those constrains are
organized into the load collector constraints. Designate the analysis as normal modes. To
designate the subcase, put a load collector with the EIGRL card image into the subcase (or load
step).
2. Click V2, click the data entry field under V2, and enter 200.
3. Click ND, click the data entry field under ND, and enter 6 for the number of roots.
4. Click return.
3. Click return.
6. Select the view panel on the permanent menu and click top.
9. Click return.
4. Click select.
5. Click create.
6. Click return.
3. Click template = and enter optistruct/optistruct. Or, click template = again and select
the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory.
5. Click write.
6. Click return.
To run OptiStruct:
HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. You do not
need to edit this field at this time.
3. Click input file = and enter the OptiStruct input deck sshield_complete.fem. Or, click input
file = again and browse your directory structure for the file.
4. Click memory in Mb = and enter 20 for the RAM required in MB. RAM is directly dependent
upon the number of grids in your model. As a starting point, use 8MB/1000 grids. You can
perform a test that allows OptiStruct/FEA to calculate a recommended amount of RAM for your
model.
This starts the OptiStruct/FEA job. If the job is successful, new results files are created in the
directory from which HyperMesh is run. The sshield_complete.out file contains error
messages that can help you debug your input deck if necessary.
6. Click return.
The average time between starting the analysis and completing the job is 30 seconds. Performance
depends upon your processor, available RAM, and the time required for system communications.
3. Click results file= and enter sshield_complete.res. Or, click results = a second time and
browse your directory structure for the file.
2. Click simulation =.
DENSITY - ITER 0
MODE 1-F#.##E+##-ITER 0
MODE 2-F#.##E+##-ITER 0
MODE 3-F#.##E+##-ITER 0
MODE 4-F#.##E+##-ITER 0
MODE 5-F#.##E+##-ITER 0
MODE 6-F#.##E+##-ITER 0
If you are running a normal modes analysis only, the DENSITY simulation can be ignored.
Simulations containing the word “MODE” and numbers contain the results from your analysis.
The frequency values for the six roots that OptiStruct extracted are:
MODE 1 = Hz.
MODE 2 = Hz.
MODE 3 = Hz.
MODE 4 = Hz.
MODE 5 = Hz.
MODE 6 = Hz.
5. Click modal to view an animation of the mode shape at the first frequency.
For modal solutions, make sure that the nodes that are constrained are not moving.
6. View the rest of your mode shapes using the same model units.
When you select MODE 5, how does your model compare with the figure below?
Analysis Review
• In this analysis, it was assumed that the bolts were significantly stiffer than the shield. If the
bolts needed to be made of aluminum and the shield was still made of steel, would you need to
modify your model and run the analysis again?
• It is necessary to push the natural frequencies of the splash shield above 50Hz. With the
current model, you should have one mode that violates this constraint: MODE 1, 43Hz. Design
specifications allow the inner disjointed circular rib to be modified such that no significant mass
is added to the part. The available package space for this new rib is shown as the solid region
in the figure below. The thickness of the solid region is equal to the depth of the original rib. Is
there a better configuration for this rib within the above stated constraints that will push the first
mode above 50Hz? (see the OptiStruct tutorial OS-3001 to redesign this part)
Yellow, solid region represents the available package space for redesigning the inner disjointed circular rib
contour panel Allows you to create contour and assigned plots of your model. Use
this function to see your results graphically, in either a contour or
assigned plot mode.
deformed panel The deformed panel plots displacement analysis results. Use this
function to see the motion of your structure after analysis.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the bumper.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
bumper.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
4. Click return.
To create and display a contour plot using the analysis results file:
4. Click title = and enter This is the title for the contour plot.
The contoured plot is displayed. The legend, which identifies the values associated with the
color bars, is displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area. The title of the plot is also
displayed.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values:
2. Click contour.
For contour plots, the titles are attached to nodes in the graphics area.
2. Click contour.
A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes features of the
displayed results.
2. Click contour.
The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed.
2. Click contour.
By default, the total displacement (total disp) of the node is used as the value in the contour, if
displacements are being used to calculate contours.
2. Click contour.
The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model
units or scale factor.
1. Click the lower left switch next to undeformed and select scale factor.
3. Click contour.
2. Click contour.
The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the
model changes as well.
By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis
value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of
these values by the number of colors used in the plot.
1. Click the lower left toggle next to find minimum and select minimum =.
3. Click contour.
1. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =.
3. Click contour.
2. Click the toggle next to mode and switch between hidden line and wireframe.
3. Click the toggle next to color and switch between by element and contour.
4. Click the toggle next to lights and switch between smooth, flat, and off.
5. Click the toggle next to mesh and switch between mesh, features, and none.
7. Click translate +.
The cutting plane is moved 10.000 positive units forward in the direction normal to the plane
defined by the three nodes that you selected.
8. Select translate -.
The cutting plane is moved 10.000 negative units in the direction normal to the plane defined by
the three nodes you selected.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the bumper.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
bumper.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
4. Click return.
4. Click title = and enter This is the title for the assign plot.
5. Click assign.
The assigned plot is displayed. The legend, which identifies the values associated with the
color bars, is displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area. The title of the plot is also
displayed.
The assign function assigns a color to each element in the model, based on the values in the
results file. The elements are then displayed in the solid color assigned to them.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values:
2. Click assign.
2. Click assign.
A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes some features of
the displayed results.
2. Click assign.
The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed.
2. Click assign.
By default, the total displacement (total disp) of the node is used as the value in the
assignment, if displacements are being used to calculate assignments.
2. Click assign.
The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model
units or scale factor.
1. Click the lower left switch next to undeformed and select scale factor.
3. Click assign.
2. Click assign.
The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the
model changes as well.
By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis
value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of
these values by the number of colors used in the plot.
1. Click the lower left toggle next to find minimum and select minimum =.
3. Click assign.
1. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =.
3. Click assign.
2. Click the toggle next to mode and switch between hidden line and wireframe.
3. Click the toggle next to color and switch between by element and contour.
4. Click the toggle next to lights and switch between smooth, flat, and off.
5. Click the toggle next to mesh and switch between mesh, features, and none.
7. Click translate +.
The cutting plane is moved 10.000 positive units forward in the direction normal to the plane
defined by the three nodes that you selected.
8. Click translate -.
The cutting plane is moved 10.000 negative units in the direction normal to the plane defined by
the three nodes that you selected.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
bumper.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
4. Click return.
4. Click return.
3. Click all.
4. Click return.
The performance graphics engine treats each HyperMesh component as an independent unit. This
feature allows you to assign a set of display attributes to each component of your model that
determine how each component is displayed. For more information on the display attributes that you
can assign to each component, see the topic Component Display in Performance Graphics in the
HyperMesh User’s Guide.
5. Click title = and enter This is the performance graphics contour plot.
7. Click contour.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values:
2. Click contour.
For contour plots, the titles are attached to nodes in the graphics area.
2. Click contour.
A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes some features of
the displayed results.
2. Click contour.
The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed.
3. Click contour.
By default, the total displacement (magnitude) of the node is used as the value in the contour if
displacements are being used to calculate contours.
2. Click contour.
The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model
units or scale factor.
1. Click the lower center switch next to undeformed and select scale factor.
3. Click contour.
2. Click contour.
The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the
model changes as well.
By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis
value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of
these values by the number of colors used in the plot.
4. Click contour.
2. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =.
4. Click contour.
3. Click the upper right toggle next to single and select double.
In the performance graphics engine, the cutting plane function allows three planes to be active
simultaneously. A cutting plane can be moved through the model by selecting the active plane with
the mouse and then dragging it across the model.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the bumper.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
bumper.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
4. Click return.
3. Click the toggle next to engine: and select standard, if not already displayed.
To create and display a deformed plot using the analysis results file:
4. Click title = and enter This is the title for the deformed plot.
The node(s) with the maximum displacement in the model is displayed as if it had the value
entered in the model units = field. For example, if the maximum displacement was .001 units,
the node would be displaced as if its displacement were 45.0 units. All other displacements
would be interpolated from that point.
8. Click undef color and select a color from the pop-up window.
The as selected option allows you to select a constant color for all the elements in the
structure.
The use elem color option colors the elements in the structure the same color as the element.
The use background option colors the structure the same color as your background..
9. Click the switch next to deform color and select use elem color.
The deformed and undeformed shapes are displayed in the wireframe mode.
11. Click visual options to change the display mode of the model.
NOTE Any change made to the visual options causes the undeformed shape to be
removed from the display.
2. Click deform.
2. Click deform.
The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed.
3. Click linear.
HyperMesh calculates the animation frames and displays them. Each frame is a linear
interpolation of the maximum displacement for each node.
During animation, the visual controls in the permanent menu can be used to manipulate the
view. The visual options can be used to manipulate the display.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the rotor.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the rotor.hm
file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Select the rotor.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
4. Click return.
4. Click modal.
Modal animations are calculated and displayed in HyperMesh such that the shape is shown in
its positive and negative form. All the visual options, as well as view manipulation, can be used
during animation.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the treb.hm30 file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
treb.hm30 file.
6. Click retrieve.
4. Select the treb.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
1. Click the toggle after result color type: and select discrete contours.
Discrete contours produces discrete color bands on contour plots with distinct boundaries
between contour levels.
3. Select Time step 0, t = 0.000e+00 to be used as the starting point for calculating the deformed
shape of the structure.
9. Click maximum = and enter 2000 as the maximum data type value on the contour plot.
In the header bar, the message “Some element results not found (ignored)” is displayed. This
message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh
does not support results for these entities.
12. Click the toggle after mode and select hidden line.
2. Click return to exit the animation panel and return to the transient panel.
1. Click the legend in graphics area to activate the legend edit panel.
4. Click transient.
In the header bar, the message “Some element results not found (ignored)” is displayed. This
message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh
doesn’t support results for these entities.
HyperMesh returns to the animation panel, the bitmap frames are built, and the animation
begins.
5. Click transient.
In the header bar, the message “Some element results not found (ignored)” is displayed. This
message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh
doesn’t support results for these entities.
The file is generated and saved in your specified user directory with a file extension of .AVI.
The file is the size specified under AVI Options in the options panel. File names are
automatically incremented when you create multiple AVI files. You can insert AVI files into
Microsoft Word or PowerPoint files.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with the first exercise and
continue doing the exercises in the following order:
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
The along nodes and position subpanels allow you to create a contour plot of the model. Then, the
panels allow you to select nodes along a path or select nodes that are then used in the order in which
they occur along a specified axis.
In this tutorial, create plots with curves using the data from a HyperMesh binary results file and the
results, along nodes, position, and along cut subpanels.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the raildemo.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
raildemo.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the raildemo.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that results = now displays the location of the
raildemo.res file.
6. Click return.
10. Pick three nodes on the model in the graphics area. Pick a node near each end and one node in
the center of the model.
Three displacements vs. time curves are created on a standard plot. The plot is located in the
upper left corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot, untitled1, is displayed in the
create new plot data entry field.
5. Click contour.
6. Pick 14 nodes on the model so that the nodes define a path. Pick the nodes across the different
contour colors where the model curves.
NOTE The order in which the nodes are picked determines the connectivity of
the data points on the curve being created.
A Displacements vs. Distance Along Node Path curve is created on a standard plot named
untitled2. HyperMesh names the curve curve8. The plot is located in the lower right
corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot is displayed in the create new plot data entry
field.
5. Click contour.
6. Pick 14 nodes on the model so that the nodes define a path. Pick the nodes across the different
contour colors where the model curves.
A Displacements vs. Distance Along X Axis curve is created on a standard plot named
untitled3. HyperMesh names the curve curve9. The plot is located in the lower right
corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot is displayed in the create new plot data entry
field.
NOTE Complex data can also be plotted for shell elements using the results,
along nodes, and position subpanels on the results curve panel. For
more information, see the HyperMesh 3.0 Update Training document.
2. Click move.
3. Hold down the mouse button and drag the plot containing curve 9 to the upper right corner of the
graphics area.
5. Click move.
6. Hold down the mouse button and drag the plot containing curve 8 to the upper middle section of
the graphics area.
7. Click p.
8. Click return.
NOTE If the along cut subpanel is not visible, switch from the performance to
standard graphics mode. If it is visible, go to step 4.
- Click return.
- Click return.
5. Click contour.
6. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select N1 N2 N3.
7. Click edit.
In the Node Vector Edit panel, x =, y =, z = data entry fields are displayed under N1, N2, N3,
and base.
A purple circle in the graphics area indicates the base node location.
A Displacements vs. Distance Along Cut curve is created for the nodes that are on the cut
plane. HyperMesh names the curve curve10. curve10 is located on the standard plot in the
lower right corner of the graphics area. The name of the standard plot, untitled4, is
displayed in the create new plot data entry field.
To rename a plot:
5. Click rename.
6. Click return.
To display a plot:
3. Click none.
5. Right-click railstrs.
7. Click return.
A standard plot is created and is located in the upper left corner of the graphics area on top of
the plot raildisp.
A plot is created with the same attributes as the plot raildisp. The new plot is displayed in the
upper left corner of the graphics area on top of the plots myplot2 and raildisp.
2. Click none.
4. Click return.
- Click push.
- In the header bar, the message “Select a window to push to the background” is displayed.
- Click return.
6. Double-click plot =.
7. Select myplot1.
9. Select curve 3.
Curves 2, 3, 6, and 7 are selected. Curves, 2, 6, and 7 are displayed on the plot myplot1.
curve3 is added to the plot myplot1. There are now four curves on the plot myplot1.
2. Click expand.
4. Click return.
3. Click curve =.
curve = displays curve3. The data entry field following points = displays 40, indicating that
there are 40 XY data points on curve3. The data entry field following title = displays node
705. Curve3 plots the time step results data for node 705 in the model.
A white circle is displayed on the curve. The x-axis and y-axis coordinates for this point are
displayed in their respective data entry fields.
The coordinates listed in the data entry fields for x = and y = change as you select a new point.
7. Click return.
2. Click plot =.
The color of curve 6 changes. The legend on myplot1 reflects the change as well.
A triangle is displayed at every XY data point on curve6. The legend on myplot1 also displays
this triangle.
9. Click title =.
10. Enter node 625 Disp (total disp) VS time in the data entry field after title =.
In the plot legend, the title description for curve6 reflects this change.
On the plot myplot1, grid lines are placed at every increment of .0005 along the x-axis.
4. Click return.
NOTE When yaxis title = is selected, the x-axis title Time is displayed in the graphics area.
NOTE When color is selected, the axis title Displacements is displayed in the graphics
area.
7. Click return.
To change the grid lines of a plot to have the grid attributes of an existing plot:
5. Click select.
6. Click update.
8. Click update.
The plot myplot1 is updated to have the same grid attributes as the plot raildisp. The plot
raildisp is moved to the background; and only the plot myplot1 is visible in the graphics area.
9. Click return.
5. Click return.
NOTE Changes made to the border of the plot, such as editing the color and line thickness,
are also reflected in the border of the plot legend. Turning off the border of the plot
also turns off the plot legend’s border.
The borders of the plot and the legend are outlined with color 13.
The margin between the border of the plot and the plot reflects this change.
5. Click return.
6. Try changing the subtitle and label of the plot, and their color and font size.
7. Click return.
5. Click filter = and enter the path name of the copy command for your operating system.
6. If you are using the UNIX version of HyperMesh, enter /bin/cp in the filter = data entry field.
9. Click execute.
NOTE If you are using HyperMesh for the PC, a DOS window may appear with
the following message: “Does curve3_data.ascii specify a file name
or directory name on the target <F = file, D = directory)?”
- For the UNIX version of HyperMesh, go to the directory from which HyperMesh is run.
- For the PC version of HyperMesh, open the file with a text editor.
2. Click delete.
5. Click select.
6. Click delete.
12. In the header bar, the message “4 entities were deleted” is displayed.
6. Click myplot3.
9. Click return.
16. The xy data in the curve3_data.ascii file is plotted on the plot myplot3. In the header bar,
the message “Finished reading in curve data” is displayed.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, start with the first exercise and continue the
exercises in the following order:
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
4. Click x =.
7. Select the rcforc.ascii file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
Note that x = displays the location of the rcforc.ascii file as well as Time. type = displays
Time.
11. Select the rcforc.ascii file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
17. Select Z.
The plot and curve are created. The plot is named untitled, and the curve is named curve1, by
default. plot = displays untitled.
2. Click expand.
4. Click return.
To edit a curve:
2. Click curve =.
3. Select curve1.
4. Click comp =.
5. Select Y.
6. Click modify.
7. Click comp =.
8. Select Z.
9. Click modify.
4. Click return.
To create plots:
A standard plot is created, located in the upper left corner of the screen. This plot is on top of
the plot untitled.
5. Repeat steps 2 - 4 to create four standard plots named test3, test4, test5, and test6.
6. In the graphics area, the four plots are stacked on top of the plot test2. It appears that there are
only two plots displayed in the graphics area (untitled and test2).
7. Click return.
2. Click unstack.
3. Click return.
To edit curves:
7. Click create.
Given c1, a curve is created which is the indefinite integral of c1. The curve is named curve2
and is located on the plot test2.
Using Filters
Curves can be passed through an SAE filter. In this tutorial, filter a curve using the edit curves
panel.
To filter a curve:
2. Select untitled.
x = displays c1.x.
4. Click create.
NOTE For a description of the SAE class filter saefilter and other math functions and
operators, see the topic List of Functions and Operators in the Math Reference chapter.
2. Select test3.
5. Click create.
Given c1, a curve is created which is the amplitude spectrum of the FFT of c1. The curve is
named curve4 and is located on the plot test3.
6. Click return.
The y-axis scale on the plot test3 changes from linear to logarithmic.
2. Click plot =.
3. Select test4.
Given c1, curve 5 is created which is an eighth order polynomial fit of curve c1. Curve 5 is
located on the plot test4.
2. Select test5.
5. Click create.
Given c1, curve6 is created which is a portion of the original curve, with .01 ≤ X ≤ .04. Curve
6 is located on the plot test5.
6. Click return.
2. Click plot =.
5. Click the data entry field after to: x and enter 0.05.
6. Click integrate.
In the graphics area, the area under curve1 is shaded. area = displays 5.219e+08, and avg
height = displays 1.044e+10.
2. Click the switch and select sub from the pop-up menu.
6. Click execute.
A curve is created that illustrates the difference between curve1 and curve3. The curve is
named curve7 (displayed in the target = field) and is located on plot test6.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with the first exercise and
continue doing the exercises in the following order:
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the plate_hole.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
plate_hole.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
6. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that template file = now displays the location of the
general template.
Create your material collectors before creating your component collectors; components must
reference a material collector.
6. Click create/edit.
NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title
toggles between the two options when you click it.
8. Click the data entry field under E and enter 2E5.
9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.30.
11. Click the switch after collector type : and select comps.
HyperMesh goes to the card image panel for the new component, shells. HyperMesh assigns
color 8 to the elements that are organized into this component, and assigns the material steel to
this component.
17. Click T, click the data entry field under T, and enter 10.0.
A component is created named shells. Any elements created and organized into this
component have the thickness attributes defined by the PSHELL card. The elements have
material attributes defined on the MAT1 card by the material collector steel, since the shells
component references this material collector.
Use the card image subpanel to modify the card images for these collectors.
Use the update subpanel to define a different material for the components.
The automeshing module allows you to mesh interactively on surfaces. It also includes tools for
manipulating surface edges and meshing fixed points (locations where the mesher is required to
place a node). The elements generated are organized into the current component, shells.
2. Select the surface displayed in the graphics area and click mesh.
5. Click mesh.
In this section, the model is constrained such that two of the four edges cannot move. A total lateral
load of 1000N is applied at the edge of the hole so that all forces point in the positive z-direction.
To create collectors:
6. Click create.
9. Click create.
3. Click return.
6. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu.
8. Create a window around the left and right edges of the model. Do this by picking points on the
screen with your mouse.
The nodes along the left and right edges of the model are selected (see the figure below).
3. Click return.
6. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu.
7. Click interior.
8. Create a window around the hole of the model. Do this by picking points on the screen with your
mouse.
The nodes around the hole of the model are selected (see the figure below).
10. Click nodes and select save from the extended entity selection menu.
The nodes are counted automatically so that a calculation can be made to create a total force of
1000N.
15. Click selected to count the number of nodes around the hole.
18. Click nodes and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu.
20. Click the plane and vector definition switch below magnitude = and select z-axis.
The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create a NASTRAN subcase (a load
step in HyperMesh).
4. Click select.
5. Click create.
6. Click return.
2. Click SOL.
3. Click the switch and select either Statics (SOL 101) or Statics & Lin. Heat Transfer (SOL 24)
from the pop-up menu.
4. Click return.
5. Click PARAM.
6. Click AUTOSPC.
3. If the nastran/general template is not specified in the template = field, click template = and
select the general template file from the nastran directory.
5. Click write.
4. Click save.
DISPLACEMENT(PUNCH)=ALL
STRESS(PUNCH)=ALL
4. Exit the text editor and submit the job to NASTRAN for analysis.
To run hmnast, attach the results file and set visual options:
3. Retrieve the input deck that was used to run the NASTRAN job:
- Double click translator = and select nastran.exe, located in the feinput directory.
- Click EXTERNAL.
- Click import.
- Double click file = and choose nastut1.cmf, located in the HyperMesh installation directory under
/tutorials/hm.
- Click execute.
2. Click simulation =.
SUBCASE-1 is the only simulation. If you had created two load steps, two simulations would
exist: SUBCASE-1 and SUBCASE-2. The subcase IDs reflect your HyperMesh load step IDs.
3. Click Subcase-1.
5. Click deform to view a deformed plot of your model overlaid on the original, undeformed mesh
(refer to the figure below).
Isometric view of deformed plot overlaid on original undeformed mesh. Model units are set to 250.
6. Click contour.
8. Click assign.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator for assistance.
4. Click retrieve.
2. Double-click template file = and choose abaqus/standard.3d from the templates directory.
3. Click execute.
- Click the switch under creation method: and select card image.
- Click create/edit.
3. Edit the card image to add the appropriate material model cards:
- By default, the selected type is ISOTROPIC. If it is not set to ISOTROPIC, click the switch and select
it.
- In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath E and enter 2.1E5.
- In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath NU and enter 0.3
5. Double-click comps and select INDENTOR and BEAM from the list.
9. Click update.
5. Click load.
3. Click comps and select INDENTOR from the list of component collectors.
6. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select left from the pop-up menu.
3. Click the input collector switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
5. Pick points on the screen to create a window like the one shown in the picture below.
7. Click mask .
8. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select iso 1 from the pop-up menu.
4. Click the switch under creation method: and click card image.
8. Click create.
5. Click elems to the right of slave and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu.
6. Click add to the right of slave: to add these faces to the *SURFACE DEFINITION.
When elements are added to a group, HyperMesh creates ghost element images that are
placed into the group. The original element that was selected is not modified.
7. Click return to exit the panel.
7. Click update on the same line as master: to add the set to the *SURFACE DEFINITION.
4. Click edit.
5. Click the field under SLAVE in the *CONTACT PAIR card image and enter SLAVE1.
6. Click the field under MASTER in the *CONTACT PAIR card image and enter MASTER1.
Notice that the parameter SMALL SLIDING now appears in the card image.
1. Click MasterSurfaceDefinition.
Note that a *SURFACE DEFINITION card now appears in the card image.
There are two ways to define the surface from a set:
- If you want to define the surface by explicitly specifying a face:
Click the selection box under MSLabel(1) and choose S1 from the pop-up menu.
Using this method requires all of the elements in the set to be aligned properly and also requires
you to know which face is involved in the contact. Also note that ABAQUS does not allow the
TRIM option to be used simultaneously with a face identifier. In order to use the TRIM option
(discussed next), you must have the MSLabel(1) switch set to NoLabel.
- If you want to define the surface using the ABAQUS TRIM functionality:
Click the switch under TRIM and select YES from the list.
Using this method allows ABAQUS to automatically define the master surface based on the
rules found in the ABAQUS User’s Manual. Also note that ABAQUS does not allow the TRIM
option to be used simultaneously with a face identifier. In order to use the TRIM option, you
must have the MSLabel(1) switch set to NoLabel.
3. Click SlaveSurfaceDefinition.
No modification of the slave *SURFACE DEFINITION card is necessary since the surface is
defined using element faces. When you export the deck to ABAQUS, a list of the element faces
is written after the *SURFACE DEFINITION card.
4. Click SurfaceInteraction.
6. Click the field beneath FrictionCoeff in the card image and enter 0.05
6. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select iso 1 from the pop-up menu.
- Click the switch under creation method: and select card image.
- Click create/edit.
- Click the field beneath SETNAME in the card image and enter GROUNDED
- Click the field beneath dof1 in the card image and enter 3.
- The dof2 field in the *SPRING card is ignored by ABAQUS for SPRING1 elements.
- Click the field beneath Stiffness in the card image and enter 1.0E-5
4. Click the switch under creation method: and click no card image.
The name of this component must be the same as the name in the SETNAME field in the
*SPRING property card or the elements are not tied properly to the property card.
6. Click color and select Color10.
7. Click create.
In HyperMesh, grounded elements are created and stored as mass elements since they only
have one node in the element connectivity.
3. Click return to exit the panel.
5. Click component = and select GROUNDED from the list of component collectors.
As the spring elements are created, they are placed in this component. This component is then
tied to the *SPRING card through the name: GROUNDED.
6. Click return to exit the panel.
- Click property = and select SPRING from the list of property collectors.
- This shorthand selects all of the nodes from 451 to 460 in increments of 3.
- Click create.
5. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image.
8. Click create.
4. Double-click name = and select STEP1 from the list of load collectors.
5. Click edit.
- Select Increment and Nlgeom from below StepParameters in the options list.
- Click the field beneath INCREMENT in the card image and enter 100.
You may have to use the scroll bar on the left side of the screen in the options list to find the Static
option.
- Click the Ini_T_Inc field in the card image to change from the default value.
- Click the switch under FILEFORMAT and select ASCII from the list.
4. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select left from the pop-up menu.
6. Click points on the screen to create the pick window shown in the picture below.
8. Click create.
5. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu.
7. Click select.
8. Click create.
5. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu.
6. Select LOADED.
7. Click select.
8. Click create.
3. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Select LOADED.
5. Click select.
5. Select TEMPLATE.
7. Click write.
4. Click save.
After you quit HyperMesh you can run the ABAQUS solver using the job1.inp file that was written
from HyperMesh.
If you ran ABAQUS and created your own .fil file, run the hmabaqus results translator to create the
results file. If you did not run the solver, you can use the abaqus3_0tutorial.res file supplied in
the Tutorial directory.
To run hmabaqus:
To import the hm file, attach the results file, and set visual options:
3. Read the input deck that was used to run the ABAQUS job or the input deck supplied in the
tutorials directory:
- Double-click filename = and choose job1.inp, if you ran your own solver program and
abaqus3_0tutorial.inp, if you want to use the supplied file.
- Select EXTERNAL.
- Click import.
- Click execute.
- If you are using the x version of HyperMesh, an error message may be displayed. Select continue in
the pop-up menu.
- Double-click results file = and choose job1.hmres if you ran your own solver program and
abaqus3_0tutorial.res if you want to use the supplied file.
4. Click the leftmost switch and select model units from the pop-up menu.
6. Click contour.
9. Click assign.
The default location for ABAQUS to output stress values is at the Integration Points. The
hmabaqus program takes these values and averages them to the centroid of each element.
Therefore, the most accurate representation of the stress values as they were reported from
ABAQUS can be found with an assigned plot.
10. Click return to exit the panel.
HyperMesh calculates seven frames of animation showing the displacement and von Mises
stress for each increment. In a non-linear analysis, this type of animation is necessary to view
the history of the stress development.
7. Once the animation begins, click the leftmost toggle to visual options.
HyperMesh calculates seven frames of animation showing the displacement and von Mises
stress for each increment. In a non-linear analysis, this type of animation is necessary to view
the history of the stress development.
13. Click exit to exit the animation.
4. Click none.
6. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select iso 1 from the pop-up menu.
The elements displayed on the screen are the slave elements that are involved in the contact. To
view the contact results, the underlying element faces must be visible. The following steps show
all of the elements connected to these slave element faces.
10. Click the switch under attached to: and select elems.
11. Click elems under attached to: and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click the second switch down, which should be set to model units, and choose undeformed
from the pop-up menu.
5. Click contour.
At this point, an error message is displayed in the message bar that states:
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with the first exercise and
continue doing the exercises in the following order:
• Updating Elements
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash, /.
4. Select the hm-ansys.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the hm-
ansys.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
4. Click return.
To update elements:
7. Click elems and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
8. Click update.
4. Click select.
6. Click edit.
7. Select kopt3_FLAG.
9. Click return.
6. Click load/edit.
7. Select kopt3_FLAG.
14. Click the data entry field under kopt1 and enter 0.
16. Click the data entry field under kopt2 and enter 1.
18. Click the data entry field under kopt4 and enter 0.
5. Click card image = and select ETR1D21 from the pop-up menu.
9. Click the data entry field under R and enter 100 for the mass of the MASS elements.
6. Click create/edit.
8. Click the data entry field under R and enter 0. Use the TAB key to enter the following values in
the remaining data entry fields: 2 E 05, 0, and 0.
9. Click return.
8. Click the data entry field under R and enter 10 for the cross sectional area of the link elements.
9. Click return.
After creating property collectors, assign them to their respective element types.
3. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click config = and select mass from the extended entity selection menu.
7. Click update.
8. Select property.
9. Click update.
3. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click config = and select gap from the extended entity selection menu.
8. Select property.
9. Click update.
3. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click config = and select rod from the extended entity selection menu.
7. Click update.
8. Click return.
3. Click loads and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click update.
5. Click return.
4. Click write.
5. Click return.
You must edit the hm-ansys.prp file since HyperMesh does not translate the application of angular
velocity to ANSYS.
1. Open the hm-ansys.prp file in a text editor.
OMEGA,,,10
You can now submit the hm-ansys.prp file to ANSYS for analysis.
../hm/results/hmansys/hmansys.exe –u.
3. To specify the HyperMesh results file, click results file = on the global panel and select hm-
ansys.hmres.
• Creating joints.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
The penetration panel supports all of the solver interfaces that contain card images and interface
elements. Before you use the penetration panel, element thicknesses and contact interfaces must
be defined for the current template loaded in the global panel. For more information on defining
thickness on collector cards, refer to the collectors panel in the Panels section of the on-line help.
For more information about creating contact interfaces, see the interfaces panel in the on-line help.
Ta/2 + Tb/2 - d = P
Where Ta and Tb are element and/or nodal thicknesses, d is the distance between the element
midplanes, and P is the amount of penetration. HyperMesh computes the penetration check on a
node by node basis, which allows the penetration, P, to vary throughout the model. Nodes with
negative penetration values are marked as non-penetrating nodes.
Contact directions (interface element normals) are not considered when determining if nodes are
penetrating the opposing contact face. Nodes are marked as failed regardless of the direction normal
to the contact elements. However, the calculated penetration does consider the normal direction.
This is discussed in more detail in the Fixing Penetrations section.
• Nodes that penetrate far enough through the thickness of the opposing surface so that the
thicknesses do not overlap at the nodal location (left diagram in above figure).
• Nodes that lie exactly normal to nodes on the opposing contact surface (right diagram in above
figure). Some of the nodes in the right diagram will be detected, however some of nodes will
not be detected.
5. Click retrieve.
6. Click return.
5. Click return.
3. Click select.
The minimum distance between the two surfaces of elements in this group is 3.00 and the
thickness of each component is 9.00.
4. Click check.
All of the nodes that fail the penetration check are marked as temporary nodes and the
penetration adjustment panel is displayed.
Fixing Penetrations
After a penetration check is completed, the penetration check adjustment subpanel is displayed.
NOTE The penetration check adjustment panel can only be accessed after completing a
penetration check in the penetration panel.
The thickness value you enter in the penetration check adjustment subpanel specifies the element
thickness adjustment required to eliminate the penetration. The value in the thickness number field
can be set to scale or reduction. When you click recheck, it recalculates the penetration by either
scaling or by reducing the element thickness by the specified value. The amount of penetration
calculated when you use the recheck function is based on the following formulas:
for scale:
for reduction:
The display mode can be set to temp nodes, vectors, or contour. The temp nodes mode displays
yellow temporary nodes at all node locations that failed the penetration check. The vectors mode
displays vectors in the direction and magnitude required to fix each penetrating node. You can
alternate the vector display between uniform size or magnitude %. The contour mode displays a
contour plot from zero to the maximum penetration.
The save penetrated option allows you to save the location of the penetration areas as well as the
magnitude and direction of the vectors required to fix the penetration areas. The saved entities can
The adjust function allows you to quickly fix penetrations by moving only the nodes that failed the
penetration check. When you click adjust, the penetrated nodes move in the direction and
magnitude of the vectors in the vectors display mode. Additional use of the adjust function
continues to translate the nodes in the same direction and magnitude. You must use this function
with discretion because the adjust function deforms the original model at the points of penetration
(shown in the next exercise).
• Use reject to undo any modifications and remain in the penetration check adjustment panel
• Use abort to undo any modifications and return to the penetration panel
• Use return to accept the modifications and return to the penetration panel
The penetration checking calculation does not take into account the direction of the contact normals.
Nodes are marked as failed regardless of the direction the contact normals are pointing. However,
the computed direction and magnitude of the penetration does take into account the direction of the
contact normals. When the segment orientation option is on, the penetration check takes into
consideration the directions of contact normals when it calculates the amount of penetration (first
illustration below). The returned values represent the actual nodal penetration. When the segment
orientation option is off (second figure below), the penetration check does not take into account the
directions of element normals. Instead, the check calculates the amount of penetration as the
shortest distance required to move nodes so they do not lie within the region defined as the element
thicknesses. The returned values are the mathematical absolute amount of nodal penetration. It is
recommended that you leave the segment orientation option active unless all the vectors in the
vector display mode are pointing in the opposite direction needed to fix the penetration.
Once the amount of penetration is determined, the value is used to calculate the vector directions and
magnitudes required to fix the penetrating nodes. Surface to Surface and Single Surface contacts
create vector magnitudes equal to P/2 (the total penetration divided by 2). Node to Surface contacts
define vector magnitudes equal to P because only slave nodes are adjusted.
One method you can use to fix penetration areas is to use the translate panel to move the elements
the distance necessary to correct the penentration.
4. Click uniform size = and enter 50.000 to make the vectors easier to view.
The vectors show the direction and magnitude required to fix the penetrations. The calculated
value for P is 6.00, so moving each surface in this surface to surface contact by P/2=3.00, will
fix the penetration problem.
5. Click the switch under save penetrated and select nodes & vect.
7. Click return.
- Click select.
10. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select vector.
11. Pick one of the vectors that point in the positive x direction.
15. Select all of the elements in the fl2, light blue component.
- Click select.
3. Click vectorcols.
4. Select ^vector.
5. Click select.
6. Click delete.
2. Click groups.
4. Click select.
5. Click check.
8. Pick one element on the screen to see the nodal penetration values associated to that element.
9. Click the left mouse button to turn off the penetration value display.
10. Click the switch under displayed mode and select vectors.
Notice that the lengths of the vectors are dependent on the amount of penetration and are
pointing in the wrong direction.
Creating Joints
Joint definitions are created in the joints panel on the 1D page. HyperMesh 3.0 supports the
following standard joint types: Spherical, Revolute, Cylindrical, Planar, Universal, Translational, and
Locking. All of these types are stored as joint elements in the HyperMesh database. HyperMesh
also supports LS-DYNA3D’s *CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION (Card 38) property to
define friction, damping, stop angles, etc. The LS-DYNA3D solver interface supports the creation of
joints in the joints panel. The PAMCRASH solver interface currently supports the creation of joints
as rod elements (see the PAMCRASH tutorial).
NOTE A spherical joint consists of two coincident nodes. During analysis, the two
coincident nodes are forced to remain coincident but the bodies attached to
each coincident node are allowed to rotate freely about the joint location.
5. Click retrieve.
6. Click return.
5. Click return.
2. Select the blue torus, orange torus, and New Joint collectors.
4. Click return.
4. Left click once on a node in the center of both tori to bring up the coincident node picking window
(see figure below).
There are two nodes in the window, node 598 and node 1.
5. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the cursor over the node labeled 598.
7. Repeat the last three steps, but select node 1 from the coincident node picking window instead
NOTE A revolute joint consists of four nodes, two sets of two coincident nodes.
During analysis, all four of the revolute joint ’s nodes remain at the same
location with respect to each other. The bodies attached to the nodes are
free to rotate about the axis that lies along the length of the revolute joint.
2. Select the bearing, shaft, bearing rigids, shaft rigids, and New Joint collectors.
4. Click return.
3. Left click once on a node at the center of one of the rigid link elements to bring up the coincident
node picking window (see figure below).
If you depress the left mouse button while your cursor is over a node in the coincident node
picking window, the element attached to that node is highlighted.
5. Click at the same node location again and select the node attached to the orange rigid link
element.
6. Repeat the previous three steps on the opposing pair of blue and orange rigid link elements (see
figure below).
7. Click create.
5. Click retrieve.
6. Click return.
5. Click return.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with the first exercise and
continue doing the exercises in the following order:
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
4. Click retrieve.
5. Click return.
3. Click return.
NOTE The settings of the control cards influence the default values for defining
materials.
2. Click Title Card and enter the title string, “This is my first LS-DYNA example.”
3. Click return.
1. Click Termination.
2. Click the data entry field under endtim and enter 10.
3. Click return.
4. Click TAURUS.
5. Click the data entry field under the output intervall, PLTC, and enter 1.
6. Click return.
- Click the data entry field that appears under the text.
- Enter .1
This sets the output intervall for cross-section-, rigid-wall, nodal time history-, global statistic-
and material output.
9. Click return.
Define Materials
NOTE The material collector is used in the LS-DYNA3D interface. In contrast to
5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
The template provides different material dictionaries. It supplies not only materials for shells and
bricks, but also materials for discrete elements like springs. To switch the material type, use the
card previewer.
7. Click create/edit.
8. Click the data entry field under RHO and enter 7.85e-6.
9. Click the data entry field under Comment and enter This is the side material.
10. Click the data entry field under E and enter 210 (in kN/mm2).
11. Click the data entry field under NU and enter 0.3.
If necessary, use the arrow buttons on the left side to scroll the screen.
12. Click SIGY, click the data entry field, and enter 0.37 to define the yield stress .
14. Type the following pairs for strain (in EPS(i)) and stress (in ES(i)) : (0.0; 0.37), (0.02; 0.39), (0.04;
0.45).
To define a second steel Material Type 24 using loadcurves for the nonlinear behavior:
It is necessary to define the loadcurve first. After it is defined, it is possible to choose this loadcurve in
the material definition instead of using the method described in the first section.
6. Click return.
To create a curve:
4. Click x= and enter {0.0, 0.02, 0.04} (including the brackets) as the value for the plastic strain.
5. Click y= and enter {0.37, 0.39, 0.45} (including the brackets) as the value for the effective stress.
6. Click create.
7. Click return.
8. Click exit.
NOTE Once a loadcurve is defined, it can be used for the stress-strain behavior of a
material, as a load vs. time function, force-deflection function, or others.
4. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
7. Click create/edit.
8. Click Rho, click the data entry field, and enter 7.85e-6.
9. Click the data entry box under Comments and enter “This is the second definition.”
11. Click the data entry field under NU and enter 0.3.
If necessary, use the arrow buttons on the left side to scroll the screen.
12. Click the data entry field under SIGY and enter 0.37 to define the yield stress .
5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
8. Click create/edit.
9. Enter a comment for that property; for example, “Property of side elements.”
10. Select NIP, click the data entry field, and enter 3. (This is the number of integration points
through the thickness.)
11. Click the data entry field under T1 and enter 1 (shell thickness).
7. Click create/edit.
8. Click the data entry field under comment and enter Property of elements on the top
and bottom of the rail.
9. Click NIP, click the data entry field, and enter 3 for the number of integration points through the
thickness.
10. Click the data entry field below T1 and enter 2.5 (shell thickness).
8. Click create/edit.
10. Click the data entry field under Comment and enter Elements on top and bottom of the
rail.
The number below ELFORM should be the same as in the ShellSectionProperty definition,
which is depicted below the comment. If it is not, change the value.
In the next steps, combine the elements with material and cross section data.
4. Select by comps.
6. Click select.
8. Click move.
9. Click return.
6. Click load/edit.
8. Click in the area below Comment and enter Elements on the side of the rail.
9. Note that the value below ELFORM is the same as the value for ELFORM in the Shell section
property (in this case in the property component side).
5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
8. Click create/edit.
4. Click select.
5. Click return.
6. Click update.
7. Click return.
6. Click create/edit.
8. Click return.
8. Click return.
5. Click return.
5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image.
This controls only the size of the displayed Rigid Wall on the screen.
9. Click create/edit.
1. Click in the data entry field under FRIC and enter 0.3 for the friction coefficient.
2. Click return.
6. Click base node, and then pick the node you just created in the graphics area.
You may need to click f in the permanent menu to see the node.
5. Delete the previous selection and enter node 1012 as input and press the ENTER key on the
keyboard.
6. Click add.
5. Click update.
2. Click edit.
4. Make sure that the IMSWF is switched off; then the velocity is defined as initial velocity and you
are able to specify the mass of the stonewall.
5. Click return.
6. Click return.
NOTE The card previewer of the rigid wall changed accordingly to the definitions been
made. If the IMSWF is switched on in HyperMesh you can define the stonewall
movement with a loadcurve.
6. Click create.
7. Click return.
All constraints that are now created will be displacement boundary conditions.
3. Click return.
- Click none.
- Click return.
7. Click create.
8. Click return.
- Click none.
4. Make sure that nodes is the entity type, if not, use the toggle button to switch.
6. Click create.
4. Click create.
1. Click review.
2. Select elemth.
The entities associated with this time history are now highlighted.
4. Click select.
5. Click edit.
6. Click return.
7. Click return.
2. Make sure that elems is depicted in the yellow area, if not use the toggle button to switch.
5. Click return.
6. Click create.
8. Use the toggle button below master: to select the selection type sets.
13. Make sure that the selection type for the slaves is entity.
14. Click nodes and select the nodes with the mouse which describe the section.
3. Make sure that the template = field still shows the dyna.lrg file.
4. Click filename = once, and enter the name of the LS-DYNA3D file you will create: rail.bdf
5. Click write.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with
the first exercise and continue doing the exercises in the following order:
• Creating a Function
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the rail.hm
file.
5. Click retrieve.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
3. Select the general template, located in the HyperMesh installation directory under
/pamcrash/general/.
HyperMesh returns to the global panel. Note that template file = now displays the location of
the general template.
NOTE The settings of the control cards influence the default values for defining
materials. No PAM-CRASH deck can be executed without error if the control
card CTRL is undefined.
3. Click return.
1. Click Control.
5. Click the box below MORE and select 1 from the pop-up menu.
6. Click return.
3. Click return.
1. Click next.
3. Click the switch below Shell Criteria and select LARGE from the pop-up menu.
4. Click the switch below Thickness Term and select BEND from the pop-up menu.
3. Click elems and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click update.
2. Click the upper left switch and select elems from the extended entity selection menu.
The SHELL card now appears in the card previewer. The number of integration points through
the thickness NINT and the optional thickness T are defined here. If no thickness is entered,
the thickness of the material defined in the component is used.
NOTE The material collector is not used in the PAM-CRASH interface. PAM-
CRASH does not differentiate between material data and cross section data
as other solvers do. Consequently, elements have no reference to materials,
which only belong to a component. The material definition for the elements is
included with this component.
Elements are located in a component (beam, bar, joint, shell). The template takes the component ID
as material ID. The card image type of the collector defines the material as 1-D material, 2-D
material, or 3-D material.
3. Click the switch and select comps from the pop-up window.
5. Click card image = and select MAT_2D from the pop-up menu.
6. Click load/edit.
7. Click the switch below Material Type and select Type 102 from the pop-up menu.
NOTE Only the materials of the current dictionary (1-D, 2-D, 3-D) can be selected.
The ID of the material is given by HyperMesh with the component ID.
NOTE You can use the TAB or SHIFT TAB key on the keyboard to go to the next or
previous edit field.
3. Click the switch below creation method: and select same as from the pop-up menu.
6. Click create/edit.
All attributes of the card image from the side material are automatically copied into the current
component.
9. Select LARGE_FMT.
NOTE The card previewer of the components allows you to change between the
MAT and the large material format MATER.
NOTE The created component topbottom now is empty. We will now move the
elements of the component tmp into the component topbottom.
2. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
3. Click elems and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Select tmp.
5. Click select.
7. Click move.
All elements of the component tmp are moved to the component topbottom. Note that the
color of the elements has changed from orange to green.
8. Click return.
2. Click the switch and select comps from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click return.
5. Click delete.
The procedure below explains how to define a type 26 self contacting sliding interface.
NOTE It is possible to define various types of sliding interfaces. All of them, except
the SLIN42, are written as a SLINT / card. The SLINT42 type is written as
the PAM 98 SLINT2/ card.
6. Click create/edit.
8. Select Comment.
3. Click the switch below slave: and select comps from the pop-up menu.
5. Click return.
6. Click update.
If update is not clicked, no changes to the previous definition are made. No changes are made
to the graphics window, because the master and slave component list is not displayed.
The procedure below explains how to define a type 34 master slave (element - node) contact.
6. Click create/edit.
8. Click return.
NOTE The add subpanel now appears with different options. The template specifies
what group type is available with the different interfaces, such as SLINT26 or
with SLINT34. Possibilities are: (1) master and slave elements, (2) master
elements and slave nodes, (3) slave elements, and (4) slave nodes.
2. Click the switch below master: and select entity from the pop-up menu.
3. Click the switch below slave: and select entity from the pop-up menu.
4. After master:, click elems to highlight the box with the blue input cursor.
7. After slave:, click nodes to highlight the box with the blue input cursor.
You should now see the master elements (elements with x) and the slave nodes (S) displayed
on the model.
NOTE You can switch between the PAM 97 RIGWA and the PAM 98 RWALL card
by choosing different types: RIGWA or RWALL.
7. Click create.
3. Click the switch after shape = and select plane from the pop-up menu.
5. Click the switch below normal vector: and select x-axis from the pop-up menu.
6. Click base node to highlight the box with the blue input cursor.
You may need to click f on the permanent menu to see the node.
8. Click update.
2. Click the switch below slaves: and choose nodes from the pop-up menu.
3. Click nodes twice and select by id from the extended entity selection menu.
Note that 21 nodes at the interface of the rail and the rigid wall are highlighted. Also note that
one of the nodes was not selected.
or
6. Click add.
2. Click the switch below name = and select components from the pop-up menu.
4. Click the switch below type of motion: and select velocity from the pop-up menu.
5. Click update.
2. Click the switch and select groups from the extended entity selection menu.
4. Click return.
5. Click edit.
6. Click the switch below Friction Coefficient and select no sliding from the pop-up menu.
7. Click the switch below Rigid Wall Descriptor – Plane Type and select Type 4 from the pop-up
menu.
NOTE The card previewer of the rigid wall changed according to the definitions
made. Now it is possible to define the mass and the initial velocity for moving
rigid wall with finite mass.
3. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols from the pop-up menu.
5. Click the switch below creation method: and select card image from the pop-up menu.
7. Click create.
All constraints that are now created will be displacement boundary conditions.
2. Click the upper right switch and select groups from the pop-up menu.
3. Click none.
2. Click the upper right switch and select loadcols from the pop-up menu.
3. Click none.
4. Click return.
7. Click the switch and select nodes from the pop-up menu.
9. Click create.
2. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
4. Click create.
1. Click review.
2. Select elem_thp.
2. Click the switch and select outputblocks from the pop-up menu.
3. Click outputblocks.
5. Click return.
6. Click edit.
Create a Function
This section describes how to generate curves, which corresponds to the function cards FUNCT and
LOCUR in PAM-CRASH. This curve should serve as a function for a logical sensor switching on and
off. At time=0, the sensor is on, at time=0.01 the sensor is switched off.
To create a curve:
2. Click plots.
5. Click return.
9. Select math.
3. Click the switch after collector type: and select props from the pop-up menu.
5. Click the switch below creation method: and select card image from the pop-up menu.
6. Click card image = and select SENSOR from the pop-up menu.
7. Click create/edit.
NOTE The sensor ids cannot be automatically handled by HyperMesh itself. Type in
the ids as integer labels and refer to them from other entities with this integer.
These values are not updated automatically by renumbering entities.
9. Select COMMENT.
11. Click the switch below Sensor type and select logical function switch from the pop-up menu.
4. Click write.
HM writes the deck. A message in the header bar will indicate when the process is completed.
Since each procedure builds on the preceding section, you should start with
the first exercise and continue doing the exercises in the following order:
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory
under /tutorials/hm/.
If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems
administrator.
A prepared model with elements and nodes is included in the /tutorials/hm/ directory. The file
name of the example is rail_crash.hm. This is the basic example on which the tutorial is based.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the rail_crash.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
rail_crash.hm file.
rail_crash.hm.
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
3. Select the radioss31.fix template, located in the HyperMesh installation directory under
/radioss/radioss31.fix/.
HyperMesh returns to the global panel. Note that template file = now displays the location of
the radioss31.fix template.
3. Click the switch after collector type: and select mats from the pop-up menu.
5. Click card image = and select MLAW2 from the pop-up menu.
6. Click load/edit.
2. Click the switch after collector type: and select props from the pop-up menu.
4. Click the switch below creation method: and select card image from the pop-up menu.
5. Click card image = and select SectSHEL from the pop-up menu.
NOTE It is not necessary to specify material in this panel when using the RADIOSS
template.
6. Click create/edit.
To define components:
2. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps from the pop-up menu.
4. Click card image = and select Part from the pop-up menu.
5. Click load/edit.
NOTE Although not a RADIOSS card, this allows you to control which property is
associated with a component. RADIOSS does not have a component concept
such as HyperMesh, so this “card” was created to bridge the gap. This card will
not be output, but element data associated with this component will reflect the
MATNUM (material ID) and IPID (property ID) shown here.
This selects the property that was created and defined earlier.
5. Click interface color and select Color 9 from the pop-up menu.
6. Click create/edit.
7. Click the box below Itype and select 7 from the pop-up menu.
This defines RADIOSS interface type 7. You may also enter in other values pertaining to this
interface, but this example uses the default values.
NOTE HyperMesh currently only allows surface input types 1 or 5 for RADIOSS.
11. Click the switch below master and select entity from the pop-up menu.
12. Click the upper elems box and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
You can also select elements individually or with any other option on the extended entity
selection menu.
14. Click the switch below slave and select entity from the pop-up menu.
15. Click the lower elems box twice and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
NOTE Slave and master elements are added to all structure elements in order to define
the model for self contact.
5. Click rgdwall color and select Color 13 from the pop-up menu.
This controls the size of the displayed rigid wall on the screen when it is created.
7. Click create.
10. Click the upper right switch and select plane from the pop-up menu.
12. Click the switch below normal vector: and select x-axis from the pop-up menu.
16. Click base node to highlight the box with the blue input cursor.
You may need to click f on the permanent menu to see the node.
20. Click the switch below slaves and select nodes from the pop-up menu.
NOTE Only nodes, sets, or all are supported for the RADIOSS template.
21. Click the yellow nodes box twice and select all from the extended entity selection menu.
These are the coordinates of the base point that was used to create the rigid wall.
3. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols from the pop-up menu.
6. Click create.
NOTE There are no card images associated with loadcols for the RADIOSS template.
2. Click the upper right switch and select groups from the pop-up menu.
3. Click none.
8. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu.
9. Use the mouse to draw a window around the nodes on the far left end of the rail.
12. Click the lower left switch and select x-axis from the pop-up menu.
2. Click the upper right switch and select loadcols from the pop-up menu.
3. Click none.
8. Click create.
2. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
4. Click create.
1. Click review.
2. Select elemth.
The entities associated with this time history are now highlighted.
2. Click the switch and select outputblocks from the pop-up menu.
3. Click outputblocks.
4. Select elemth.
5. Click select.
6. Click edit.
The time history card is now displayed as it will look in the output.
2. Click HeaderCard.
4. Click return.
Repeat this procedure for any other cards you wish to update.
1. Click disable.
1. Click enable.
1. Click TimeHistory_1.
4. Click filename = and enter the name of the RADIOSS file you want to create.
5. Click write.
• Using the fatigue panel to export data and write an nSOFT input deck
HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory
names are followed by a slash.
4. Select the keyhole.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the
keyhole.hm file.
6. Click retrieve.
3. Select the keyhole.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
/tutorials/hm/.
4. Click return.
NOTE Select the transient dynamic option if a dynamic finite element analysis was
used to obtain the stress/strain results for the model.
NOTE Select the binary option if the fatigue solver allows a binary input file.
For more information on fatigue solvers and acceptable input file formats,
please see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line Help.
4. Click output file = and enter a name for the output file.
This file becomes the input file for the fatigue solver.
5. Click data group = and select any of the data groups that you want to write to the output file.
The data groups are organized based on whether nodal or elemental results are available in the
results file.
NOTE For more information on how HyperMesh organizes the analysis results
available in the results file, please see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line
Help.
This specifies the data in the results file that is written to the output file. In this case, selecting
all writes the stress/strain data for the selected nodes or elements for all loadcases represented
in keyhole.res.
NOTE For a linear static analysis, you can write out stress/strain information from one
or all of the simulations.
For a transient dynamic analysis, you can write out stress/strain information
for one or all of the time steps, or you can choose a range from the starting time
step to the ending time step.
For more information, see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line Help.
The next step is to select the entities for which the finite element analysis results file is written.
8. Click elems and select by window from the extended entity selection menu.
You can read this file into the appropriate fatigue solver to complete the fatigue analysis.