Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2. DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
RECOMMENDATION
Act 1
Act 2
Act 3
Act 4
Act 5
2. Scheduling the work of others
Who? What ? Where ? When ? Which?
How?
3. Discussing the action plan
Should be drafted and discussed with the client
Date Day Activity (T1) (T2) (T3)
01/07 I Walk around
02/07 S Action plan Set up focus group
03/07 R Draft QS
04/07 K Approved survey Focus meeting
05/07 S Revise, print QS Set up content analysis
07/07 A Hand out QS Plan interviews Cont. Anl.
08/08 l Interviews Cont. Anl.
09/08 S Network ana. Data Entry QS
10/07 R Deadline for QS` Plan Network ana.
11/07 K Analyze NWA
12/07 S Analyze Data Report writing
13/07 A Writing Report
Dates Days Action (A1) (A2) (A3)
14/7 MON Present Interim
report
15/7 SUN Revise,complete and
design graphs for
final report
16/7 WED Write,edit report
17/7 TUE Edit and Proofread
report
18/7 FRI Check,copy,collate,
bind, make OHP
19/7 SUN Rehearse Presentation
B Action Plan
D Focus Group
E Interviews
F Network Analysis
G Data Gathering
H Data analyses
I Report Writing
Pemerihalan dapatan :
DIBUAT BERDASARKAN TOPIK ATAU
TEMA PERBINCANGAN YANG TELAH
DIGARISKAN OLEH MODERATOR ATAU
PEMUDAHCARA.
CONTOH:
1. PROFAIL PESERTA ATAU AHLI YANG
TERLIBAT
2. TAHAP PENGETAHUAN, KESEDARAN DAN
PERSEPSI TERHADAP TEMA ATAU SUBJECT-
MATTER.
3. ASPEK-ASPEK POSITIF DAN NEGATIF
4. SUMBER MAKLUMAT
5. MINAT ATAU KEMAMPUAN
6. FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MENDORONG
TERHADAP PENGAMALAN
7. KESIMPULAN ATAU RUMUSAN
1. Mengenalpasti tema/isu perbincangan
7. Membuat rumusan
SURVEYS (TINJAUAN)
Benefits
1. RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE
2. LESS TIME CONSUMING THAN INTERVIEWS
3. ANONYMOUS
4. UNIVERSAL AND STANDARDIZED
5. COMPUTER –PROCESSABLE
6. OVERALL COVERAGE
7. EASY TO DUPLICATE.
Five principles
1. CLARITY : should be pre tested to ensure they
are not ambiguous
2. APPROVAL: kelulusan daripada CEO bagi tujuan
mendapat kerjasama ahli organisasi.
3. UNIVERSALITY: equal opportunity to everyone.
4. CONFIDENTIALITY: Processed and evaluated
responsibly and objectively.
5. LUCIDITY : respondent should know:-
- survey response sheets will be destroyed
- manage and make necessary statistical
operations (tidak menggambarkan pendapat
individu ttp. lebih pada pendapat menyeluruh
Pemilihan Instrumen
1. Item-item dalam soal selidik adalah daripada set yang telah
diuji kesahihan dan kebolehpercayaan.
cth. Kepuasan Komunikasi – ICA /Down
Hazen/ Clampitt / Rosli
2. Boleh di bentuk oleh auditor ttp. hendaklah terlebih dahulu
di uji kesahihan, di fahami serta bersesuaian dengan
persekitaran budaya.
3. Gabungan antara kaedah 1 dan 2.
4. Dapat mengukur atau menyatakan sesuatu tahap
e.g Tinggi – rendah, Positif - Negatif
Skala yang digunakan
Contoh persoalan:
• How people get information
• How they give it
• By what channels they give and get it;
• How they prefer to give and get it;
• Some measures of quality of information;
• Some indications of the information content;
• Some assessment of job satisfaction, or commitment
• Demographic data.
Rekabentuk Fizikal soal selidik
1. Easy to read, answer and putting score
2. Simple guide to the QSR form.
- explaining how to record the answer
- provide examples
- Clear instructions.
Kaedah analisis/ pemerihalan
1. Statistik deskriptif
- frekuensi dan min
2. Di gambarkan dalam bentuk graf, jadual, carta
dan lain-lain.
3. Manually or using computer generated
programming e.g SPSS.
L 1. Mengenalpasti permasalahan
a
n
g 2. Mengenalpasti instrumen bersesuaian / dan kelulusan
k
a
h 3. Memilih responden ( persampelan)
–
l
a 4. Membuat tinjauan
n
g
k 5. Menganalisis soal seldik ( deskriptif)
a
h
6. Membuat rumusan dapatan
Survey
There are two major types
of surveys:
i. Descriptive survey
ii. Analytical survey
Descriptive Survey
- Attempts to describe or
document current
conditions or attitudes
- To explain what exists at
the moment
Analytical Survey
- Attempts to describe and
explain why situations exist
- Two or more variables are
usually examined to
investigate research
questions or test research
hypotheses.
Survey Advantages
1. Investigate problems in
realistic settings.
2. The cost of surveys is
reasonable
3. Large amount of data
can be collected
Survey Advantages
4. Not constrained by
geographic boundaries
5. Data already exist
Survey
Disadvantages
1. Variables cannot be manipulated
2. Questions within a questionnaire
can be bias results.
3. Wrong respondents
4. Becoming difficult to conduct
Constructing
Questions
Five basic rules:
1. Understand the goals of the project so that
only relevant questions are included
2. Questions should be clear and ambiguous
3. Questions must accurately communicate what
is required from the respondents
Constructing
Questions
Five basic rules:
4. Don’t assume respondents
understand the questions they
are asked
5. Follow Occam’s Razor in
question development and order
General Guidelines
1. Make questions clear
2. Keep questions short
3. Remember the purpose of
research
4. Do not asked double-barreled
questions (asks two or more
questions in the same sentence)
General Guidelines
5. Avoid biased words or terms
6. Avoid leading questions (suggests a
certain response)
7. Do not use questions that ask for highly
detailed information
8. Avoid potentially embarrasing questions
unless they are absolutely necessary
Questionnaire Design
1. Introduction
- Prepare a persuasive
introduction to the survey
The purpose of the survey to be
explained in detail to
respondents
Questionnaire Design
2. Instructions
- All instructions necessary
to complete the questionnaire
should be clearly stated for
respondents
Questionnaire Design
3. Question Order
- All survey flow better when
the early questions are simpled
and easy to answer
Questionnaire Design
4. Layout
- The physical design of the
questionnaire is important
factor in survey research
Questionnaire Design
5. Questionnaire Length
- Questionnaire length is an
important conern in any survey
because it directly relates to
the completion rate
Communication
Audit Tools
Instruments to measure overall
organizational communication were
developed during 1970s
U.S. organizations in general
communication
Finland to improve communication climate
aspects of management-labor relations
Communication Audit
Tools
4 instruments of communication audit were
developed:
Organizational Communication Questionnaire
Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire
Communication Audit Survey Questionnaire (ICA
Communication Audit)
LLT Communication Audit Questionnaire
Communication
Audit Tools
These instruments are concerned primarily:
information flow
communication climate
message characteristics
communication structure
competency
style
Organizational
Communication
Questionnaire (OCQ)
Roberts and O’Reilly (1973 and 1974)
OCQ was designed to compare
communication across organizations
13 communication variables and 3
communication related variables
Organizational Communication
Questionnaire (OCQ)
Contacts
EXIT
EXIT
Involvement
EXIT
Intimacy
EXIT
Deterioration
Dissolution EXIT
RELATIONSHIP VARY IN BREADTH AND DEPTH
Topik
perbincangan A
B Peringkat
komunikasi
H C
G D
KENALAN F E
BREADTH : Topik perbincangan semasa interaksi serta
darjah keakraban interaksi.
DEPTH : Darjah keakraban dalam semasa interaksi
berdasarkan personaliti dalaman (inner personality) The
degree of personalness to which the topics are pursued
H C
G D
F E RAKAN
RELATIONSHIP VARY IN BREADTH AND DEPTH
A
B
H C
G D
F E Sahabat intim
PEMBANGUNAN JALINAN HUBUNGAN
3 2 1
3
IMPORTANT
1
Langkah Ketiga: MELAKSANAKAN PENGURUSAN
TEKNOLOGI
5. You have taught a two hour class on the SPSS, without the SPSS
program.
6. You forget your system password and the only person with the
authority to look it up is on vacation.
LAPORAN AUDIT
FORMAT LAPORAN AUDIT
RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIF
Kandungan ( Jadual kandungan, jadual dan rajah)
Penghargaan
Abstrak atau sinopsis
PENGENALAN
laporan penemuan dalam proses audit
- mengikut kaedah
RUMUSAN DAN CADANGAN
ANALISIS SWOT
Rujukan / Bibliografi
Lampiran
PENGENALAN
1. Latarbelakang organisasi.
2. Permasalahan di kenalpasti
3. Matlamat dan Kepentingan audit
4. Pelantindakan atau audit Dairy
5. metodologi
PENULISAN LAPORAN AUDIT
Kepentingan:
Laporan yang di laporkan dalam bentuk bertulis-cetak
untuk rujukan pembaca.
- memerihalkan dapatan
- perkongsian pengetahuan serta dapatan kajian
kepada pihak yang terlibat, dan serta cadangan
penambahbaikan.
Membantu dapat proses membuat keputusan yang lebih
strategik, terutama dalam aspek penyelesaian masalah .
Penambaikan sistem komunikasi dalaman dan luaran yang
diamalkan dalam keadaan semasa serta peluang-peluang yang
dikenalpasti bagi tujuan mencapai keberkesanan.
Untuk siapa:
Deraf laporan audit hendaklah dibentangkan kepada ketua atau
penyeleras organisasi ( yang bertanggungjawab serta
mempunyai kata putus) bagi tujuan mendapat kelulusan.
KEPUTUSANDARIPADA
KEPUTUSAN DARIPADAPROSES
PROSESAUDIT
AUDIT
Lampiran
Senarai lampiran adalah aspek penting yang tidak termasuk
dalam laporan seperti Soalselidik, output analisis dll
RUJUKAN / BIBLIOGRAFI ( GAYA : APA)
KAEDAH TINJAUAN
(SURVEI)
Dalam penyelidikan komunikasi yang
berorientasikan kuantitatif, pengkaji
mengoperasikan pemboleh ubah melalui melalui
menanyakan soalan berstruktur kepada responden.
Kaedah survei ini melibatkan tiga tahap iaitu (1)
pembentukkan soal selidik, (2) pemilihan sampel
atau responden yang bersesuaian, dan (3)
pengendalian soal selidik melalui beberapa kaedah,
termasuklah dikenadalikan sendiri oleh penyelidik,
temu bual bersemuka, temu bual melalui telefon
dan pengunaan teknologi baru.
CIRI-CIRI TINJAUAN
Melakukan tinjauan melibatkan
mengemukakan soalan kepada responden dan
merekodkan jawapan mereka untuk dianalisis.