A

PRESENTATION
ON

X-RAY

BY
  X-Rays

Electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths

Wavelengths less than for ultraviolet
Wavelengths are typically about 0.1 nm
X-rays have the ability to penetrate most materials with relative
ease
Discovered and named by Roentgen in 1895
X-rays are produced when high-speed electrons are suddenly slowed down
Can be caused by the electron striking a metal target

A current in the filament causes electrons to be emitted

These freed electrons are accelerated toward a dense metal target
The target is held at a higher potential than the filament
 Production of X-rays

An electron passes near a
target nucleus


The electron is deflected from
its path by its attraction to the
nucleus

This produces an
acceleration


It will emit electromagnetic
radiation when it is
accelerated
The maximum x-ray energy, and minimum wavelength results
when the electron loses all its energy in a single collision, such that

eV = hfmax = hc/min or therefore

hc
min 
eV 4
 27.5 Diffraction of X-rays by
Crystals

For diffraction to
occur, the spacing
between the
grooves must be
approximately
equal to the
wavelength of the
radiation to be
measured


For X-rays, the
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regular array of
atoms in a crystal
 Schematic for X-ray Diffraction

A continuous beam of X-rays
is incident on the crystal


The diffracted radiation is very
intense in certain directions

These directions correspond
to constructive interference
from waves reflected from
the layers of the crystal


The diffraction pattern is
detected by photographic film

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 Photo of X-ray Diffraction
Pattern

The array of spots is called a
Laue pattern

The crystal structure is
determined by analyzing the
positions and intensities of the
various spots

This is for NaCl

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