THE BLOOD

It is one of the connective tissues based on its

derivation, from mesenchyme cells, and its
structure, which contains the intercellular
matrix known as the plasma.Blood is pumped
by the heart through blood vessels, which
extends throughout the body.
Blood helps to maintain homeostasis in several
ways:
 Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste
products
 Transport of processed molecules
 Transport of regulatory molecules
 Regulation of pH and osmosis
 Maintenance of body temperature
 Protection against foreign substances
 Clot formation
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME:

4-5 L in females
55% plasma 5-6 L in males

Blood makes up about

45% formed 8% of the total body
elements weight
 PLASMA
-pale yellow fluid that consists of:
 91% water
 7% proteins
 2% other substances such as ions, nutrients,
gasses and waste products
-proteins include:
Albumin, Globulins and Fibrinogen
 FORMED ELEMENTS

-blood cells and their derivatives

-consists of:

 erythrocytes - red blood cells (5 X 106/mm3)

 leukocytes - white blood cells (5-10 X 103/mm3)

 Thrombocytes – platelets (150-200 X 103/mm3)

PRODUCTION OF FORMED ELEMENTS

• In fetus, the hematopoiesis occurs in several tissues

such as thymus gland, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and
red bone marrow.
• After birth, hematopoiesis is confined primarily to
red bone marrow, but some white blood cells are
produced in the lymphatic tissue.
RED BLOOD CELLS

Erythrocytes
Biconcave disk
-Optimizes both
volume
and surface area.
The primary functions of
the red blood cells are:

 to transport oxygen
from the lungs to the
various tissues of the body

 to assist in the
transport of carbon
dioxide from the tissues to
the lungs.
Red Cell Cycle
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Leukocytes
Spherical cells
Neutrophil basophil eosinophil
that lack
hemoglobin.
Larger than RBC,
and each has a
lymphocyte monocyte
nucleus
 Two Functions of White Blood Cells:

1.To protect the body against invading

microorganisms

2. To remove dead cells and debris from

tissues by phagocytosis
Those containing large cytoplasmic granules are
granulocytes and those with very small
granules that cannot be seen with the light
microscope are agranulocytes.

Three Types of Granulocytes

 Neutrophils – most
common type, small
cytoplasmic granule that
stained with both acidic and
basic dye, has 2-4 lobes
Basophils - least common
of all WBC’s, has large
cytoplasmic granules that
stained blue or purple with
basic dyes

Eosinophils - contains
cytoplasmic granules that
stained bright red eosin,
an acidic strain, they often
have 2 lobed nucleus
 Two kinds of agranulocytes

 Lymphocytes - smallest of
the WBC’s, the lymphocytic
cytoplasm consist of only a
thin, sometimes
imperceptible ring around
the nucleus

Monocyte - largest of the

WBC’s cells, phagocytizes
bacteria, dead cells, cell
fragments and other debris
within the tissues
 PLATELETS

Thrombocytes
Are minute fragments
of cell each consisting of
a small amount of
cytoplasm surrounded by
a cell membrane
Functions:
1.formation of platelet
plugs
2.the formation of clots
platelet
Platelet demarcation channel.
BONE MARROW

Constitutes one of the largest organ in the

body
Two types:
Red marrow - consist of mass of supporting
cell surrounding aggregates of hematopoietic
cells and interspaced with sinusoidal
capillaries.
 Yellow marrow - less active in
hematopoiesis.
Functions of bone marrow:
• Maintainace of pluripotent stem cell from
which all blood cell are derived.
• Environment for differentiation and
maturationof blood cell.
• Storage site of large number of neutrophils
and erythrocytes.
• Transformation of undifferentiated
lymphocytes into mature B cells.
• Site of antibody production.