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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Procedure / Drafting FNHA-3-B-072.00
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing: Procedure / Drafting FNHA-3-B-072.00
00
This standard specifies and describes the Index to the various sections can be found on page
principles of geometric dimensioning and two.
tolerancing as applied to engineering drawings.
1.4 REPLACED STANDARDS
1.2 REFERENCES
This standard replaces the following company
The following standards were used as reference to standard:
establish this standard.
Ford New Holland WS 49.06
1.2.1 ANSI Y14.5M
NAME
STD GEO DIM & TOL
ENGINEERING
SPECIFICATION
ALL C TD 111649 980310
ALL B EDF 110394 970723 THE INFORMATION HEREON IS THE CONFIDENTIAL FRAME OF
1 69
REL A EDF 104739 950123 AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF NEW HOLLAND
FRAME NO. REV BY ECN NO. DATE NORTH AMERICA, INC. AND/OR NEW HOLLAND PART NUMBER
APP. DRAWN TD MAR 1998 CANADA, LTD. ANY USE, EXCEPT THAT FOR
KHH JUL 97 CHECKED WHICH IT MAY BE LOANED, IS PROHIBITED. 86508251
PROCEDURE / DRAFTING FNHA-3-B-072.00
INDEX
1. Symbology .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Geometric Characteristics and Symbols ............................................................................. 3
1.2 Other Symbols (Relating to Geometric Tolerancing) ........................................................... 3
1.3 Identifying the Tolerance Zone............................................................................................ 6
1.4 Feature Control Frame & Datum Feature Symbol Placement ............................................. 7
1.5 Use of Notes ....................................................................................................................... 7
2. Datum Referencing ............................................................................................................. 8
2.1 Datum & Datum Feature ..................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Referencing Datums According to Importance.................................................................. 10
2.3 Datum Targets .................................................................................................................. 16
3. Tolerances of Form........................................................................................................... 21
3.1 Straightness Tolerance ..................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Flatness Tolerance ........................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Circularity (Roundness) Tolerance.................................................................................... 25
3.4 Cylindricity Tolerance........................................................................................................ 25
4. Tolerances for Profile Control ........................................................................................... 28
4.1 Profile Tolerance............................................................................................................... 28
5. Tolerances for Orientation Control .................................................................................... 35
5.1 Angularity Tolerance ......................................................................................................... 35
5.2 Parallelism Tolerance ....................................................................................................... 38
5.3 Perpendicularity Tolerance ............................................................................................... 41
6. Tolerances for Runout Control .......................................................................................... 47
6.1 Circular Runout Tolerance ................................................................................................ 47
6.2 Total Runout Tolerance .................................................................................................... 47
7. Tolerances of Location...................................................................................................... 52
7.1 Position Tolerance ............................................................................................................ 52
8. Free State Variation .......................................................................................................... 68
8.1 Specifying Circularity in a Free State with Average Diameter............................................ 68
8.2 Specifying Restraint for Non-rigid Parts ............................................................................ 69
SYMBOLOGY
1. SYMBOLOGY. Wherever possible, the use of internationally accepted symbols is recommended rather than
the use of notes. This eliminates the translation of notes into other languages and also eliminates the possibility of
misinterpretation of the note. This section establishes the symbols for specifying geometric characteristics and other
dimensional requirements on engineering drawings in accordance with ANSI Y14.5M and ISO 1101.
REFER TO
** FOR NEW HOLLAND APPLICATIONS UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: POSITION TOLERANCE AND RELATED
DATUMS APPLY AT MMC. OTHER GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES APPLY RFS. NEW HOLLAND WILL NOT USE THE
SYMBOL ON DRAWINGS SINCE IT IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE ISO STANDARDS.
S
Where the datum target area is a circular area, the area size may be entered
in the upper half. Otherwise, the upper half is left blank.
Where the datum target is a point, the location is indicated by an “x” and
the other half of the datum target symbol is left blank.
1.2.3 Feature control frame. Geometric characteristic symbols, the tolerance value, and datum reference letters, where
applicable, are combined in a feature control frame to express a geometric tolerance.
MIN. 5 MM
GRAPHIC MIN. 8
MM BOARD
Where more than one datum is required, the datum reference letters are
entered into separate compartments in the desired order of precedence.
A composite feature control frame is used where more than one tolerance
is specified for the same geometric characteristic of a feature or features
having different datum requirements.
h
=
T
EXT HEIGHT IN FEATURE
CONTROL FRAME
1.2.4.1 Effect of maximum material condition. Where a geometric tolerance is applied a MMC, the tolerance is limited to
its specified value if the feature is produced at its MMC limit of size. If the actual size of the feature is not its MMC, then
the allowable tolerance will increase equal to the difference between the feature’s actual size and its MMC. This principle
also applies to a datum feature if it is referenced at MMC. The axis or centerplane of the datum feature may deviate from
the axis or center plane of its datum by an amount equal to the difference between its actual size and its MMC.
1.2.4.2 Position tolerance and its related datums will apply at MMC unless otherwise specified. It is not required to
show the symbol M in the feature control frame for this application since this note is specified in the general tolerance
block on all drawings.
1.2.5 Regardless of feature size (RFS). The symbol will not be used on drawings since it is not an accepted
S
worldwide symbol and may be eliminated.
1.2.5.1 Effect of RFS. Where a geometric tolerance is applied on a RFS basis, the tolerance is limited to its specified
value regardless of the actual size of the feature. Likewise, referencing a datum feature on a RFS basis means that a
centering about its axis or center plane is required, regardless of the actual size of the feature.
1.2.5.2 RFS applies to the geometric tolerance, datum reference or both where no material condition is specified unless
otherwise specified in the general tolerance block on the drawing.
1.4 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME AND DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL PLACEMENT. To relate the feature control
frame and datum feature symbol to its associated feature, use one of the following methods.
(a) Add the feature control frame or datum feature symbol below or after a leader-directed callout or dimension
directed to the feature.
(b) Use a leader from the feature control frame or datum feature symbol to the feature.
(c) Locate a side or end of the feature control frame or datum feature symbol on an extension line from the
feature if the feature is a plane surface.
(d) Locate a side or end of the feature control frame or datum feature symbol on an extension line of the
dimension line relating to a feature of size.
1.5 USE OF NOTES. Situations may arise in which the geometric requirement desired cannot be totally defined by
use of symbols. In these situations a note may be used, either separately or to supplement a symbol, to describe the
requirement.
DATUM REFERENCING
2. DATUM REFERENCING. Where the geometric tolerance requirement of a feature is related to another feature or
features, a datum reference is used. This section defines methods of establishing those datums and the interpretation of
them.
2.1.1 Datum feature selection. Datum features are selected to control the relationship between features of a part to
insure proper fit, function, and assembly of parts. Where practical, corresponding features on mating or related parts
should be selected as datum features. A datum feature should be accessible on the part and be of sufficient size for
practical usage.
2.1.2. Datums are used, as applicable, to control profile, orientation, runout, and location. Refer to 1.1.
2.1.4 Compound datum features. Two datum features may be used to established a single datum. To accomplish this,
each datum feature or portion of datum feature is designated with its own datum feature symbol. The datum reference
letters, separated by a dash, are then shown in a single compartment of the feature control frame.
A single datum plane can be established by simultaneously contacting the high points of two surfaces.
A single datum axis for two coaxial diameters can be established by simultaneously contacting the high points of both
surfaces.
2.2 REFERENCING DATUMS ACCORDING TO IMPORTANCE. A feature can be referenced to up to three plane
surfaces simultaneously if required. When this is done, and order of precedence must be defined in the feature control
frame according to the importance of each plane to the toleranced feature. This first datum referenced is the most
important or primary datum. The second datum referenced is the secondary datum and the third datum referenced is the
tertiary datum. Refer to 1.2.3.
2.2.1 Positioning a part on a datum reference frame. A part positioned on a datum reference frame must contact the
primary datum plane at a minimum of three points, the secondary datum plane at a minimum of two points, and the tertiary
datum plane at a minimum of one point.
Shown below is a part with two ∅77..20 holes which must be located within ∅0.2 at MMC to a primary (D), secondary (E)
and tertiary (F) datum. To satisfy this geometric tolerance requirement, the finished part, when dropped over two ∅6.8
(∅7.0 MMC-0.2 total tol.) pins, must contact datum plane D a minimum of three points, datum plane E a minimum of two
points, and datum plane F a minimum of one point.
2.2.2 Positioning parts with a cylindrical datum feature on a reference frame. The datum established by a cylindrical
surface is the axis of a true cylinder as established by inspection equipment. A cylindrical datum feature is always
associated with two theoretical planes intersecting at right angles on a datum axis: therefore, a cylindrical datum feature
uses two of the planes on a datum reference frame.
Shown below is a part with four ∅11 10.8 holes which must be located within ∅0.8 at MMC to a primary (K) and secondary
.2
(M) datum. To satisfy this geometric tolerance requirement, the finished part, when dropped over four ∅10 (∅10.8 MMC-
0.8 total tol.) pins, must contact datum plane K a minimum of three points and must fit within a ∅76.4 (MMC) datum M
boundary.
2.2.3 Angular orientation. Where it is important to establish the angular orientation of a part about the datum axis, a
tertiary datum feature is referenced in the feature control frame.
In the example shown below, angular orientation of the two planes intersecting through datum B is established by the
center plane of slot C, the tertiary datum feature.
The illustration below shows the development of the theoretical datum reference frame for the position tolerance shown
above.
2.2.4 Effect of datum sequence and material condition. Where datums specified in sequence include a feature of size,
the material condition at which the datum feature applies must be determined. The effect of its material condition and
order of precedence should be considered relative to the fit and function of the part. As previously stated, position
tolerances and their related datums will apply at MMC unless otherwise specified. Other geometric tolerances will apply
RFS unless otherwise specified.
The illustration below shows the different effects that changing the material condition of the datum features and the
sequence of the datum references has on the allowable finished part.
2.2.4.1 Datum features designated RFS. Where a datum feature of size is designated as RFS, the datum is determined
by physical contact between the surface or surfaces of the feature and inspection tools.
2.2.4.2 Datum features designated MMC. Where a datum feature of size is designated at MMC, the datum is the
equivalent of the MMC limit of size of the datum feature.
2.3 DATUM TARGETS. Due to distortion caused by welding, forming, casting, etc., the entire surface of some
features cannot be used effectively to establish a datum. Where this condition arises, the important points, lines, or areas
of contact of that feature should be used to define the datum for that feature. These points, lines, or areas are called
datum targets.
In some situations, one datum target area is of sufficient size to be used to determine the datum and is also the only area
of the surface that is important when referenced to a geometric tolerance. In such instances, that target area is shown and
dimensioned on the drawing. The symbol should be used to designate it.
2.3.2 Datum planes created by datum targets. A primary datum plane is established by at least three target points or
areas not on a straight line or by at least three points of contact within a single datum target area. Secondary datum planes
are established by two target points or areas, and tertiary datum planes are established by one target point or area.
The illustration below shows the establishment of a primary datum plane from three datum target areas.
2.3.3 Dimensioning datum targets. Locating dimensions and size dimensions, where required, can be expressed in the
form of either basic dimensions or toleranced dimensions. Where basic dimensions are used, tooling or gaging tolerances
are assumed to apply.
The illustration below shows three perpendicular planes established by three points on the primary datum feature, two
points on the secondary datum feature, and one point of the tertiary datum feature.
2.3.4 Step datums. A datum plane may be established by targets located on stepped surfaces
In the illustration below, a basic (gage) dimension defines the offset between the target points while a toleranced
dimension controls the distance between the surfaces.
2.3.5 Circular target lines and cylindrical target areas. On rotating cylindrical parts, it is sometimes necessary to apply
the geometric tolerance for a feature to only a portion of or circular line on a cylindrical datum surface. In these situations,
a circular target line or cylindrical target area should be designated. An example of this would be the bearing area of a
shaft.
2.3.6 Restraining of parts to a datum plane. Restraining is the application of a force to the free state condition of a part
in order to simulate its actual assembled condition. In some situations, it is important to tolerance a feature of a part to the
part’s restrained condition rather than its free state condition. This is accomplished by adding a note to the feature control
frame.
TOLERANCES OF FORM
3. TOLERANCES OF FORM. This section defines the methods of dimensioning and tolerancing to control the form
of a feature or element of a single feature. Since form tolerances apply only to a single (individual) feature or element of a
single feature, they are not related to datums. The geometric form characteristics are straightness, flatness, roundness
(circularity), and cylindricity. (Refer to 1.1)
3.1 STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE. Straightness is a condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight
line. A straightness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone within which the considered element or axis must lie. The
straightness tolerance is shown in the view where the elements to be controlled appear as a straight line.
Example
In the example to the right, each line element of the surface must lie within
two parallel lines (0.02 apart) where the two lines and the nominal axis
share a common plane. The feature must always be within the specified
limits of size and the boundary of perfect form at MMC. The allowable
deviation from straightness will become less than the specified
straightness tolerance (for example, when the actual size of the feature is
∅19.99, the straightness deviation is 0.01 maximum).
3.1.3 Straightness — unit length and total. In order to prevent an abrupt surface variation over a relatively short length
of a feature, a straightness tolerance may be applied on a unit basis. When using unit control, a maximum straightness
tolerance for the feature should always be specified because of the large variation that could occur if not controlled overall.
3.2 FLATNESS TOLERANCE. A flatness tolerance defines the permitted deviation of a surface from a theoretically
flat plane.
Example
In this example all the surface variation must lie within two parallel
planes separated by the specified flatness tolerance (0.08).
3.2.1 Flatness — unit area and total. In order to prevent an abrupt surface variation in a relatively small area of a
feature, a flatness tolerance may be applied on a unit basis. When using unit control, as flatness tolerance for the entire
feature should also be specified because of the large variation that could occur if not controlled overall.
Example
In the feature control frame to the right, any 30×30 area of the surface it is directed
to would have to lie between two parallel planes. 0.1 apart, and the entire surface
would have to lie between two parallel planes 0.4 apart.
3.3 ROUNDNESS (CIRCULARITY) TOLERANCE. A roundness tolerance defines the permitted deviation of any
circular element of a feature from a theoretically true circle. Any circular element must lie between two concentric circles
whose radius difference is equal to the specified tolerance.
Example
3.4 CYLINDRICITY TOLERANCE. A cylindricity tolerance defines the permitted deviation of any circular element of a
cylindrical feature from a theoretically perfect cylinder. Any circular element of the feature must lie between two concentric
cylinders whose radius difference is equal to the specified tolerance.
Example
4.1 PROFILE TOLERANCE. A profile tolerance defines a tolerance zone controlling the form of line elements or
surfaces of a part outline or portion of a part outline as related to its own perfect counterpart. This control can be applied
to a related datum if applicable.
Dimensions
Basic dimensions are used to dimension the outline or portion of the outline
to which profile tolerances apply. These basic dimensions represent the
true geometric shape to which the profile tolerance is applied. Where there
are many basic dimensions, the note “untoleranced dimensions are basic”
may be used and the boxes around the dimensions may be omitted.
Where profile tolerancing is used only for feature form control, no datum
reference is specified. This indicates that the feature is to be compared to
its perfect counterpart without any positioning to a datum.
Where the tolerance zone is to apply to either one side or the other of the
perfect profile, the zone is indicated by a phantom line adjacent to the side
of the profile that the tolerance zone is to be on and by arrowheads
indicating the zone. The phantom line should be drawn parallel to the
profile and need only be long enough to clearly indicate to which side of the
profile the tolerance must be.
Profile of a surface
Where two or more surfaces have all their elements in one plane, the
flatness of that total plane can be controlled by a surface profile note.
The profile tolerance establishes a tolerance zone (0.1) defined by two
parallel planes within which all elements of the indicated surfaces
must lie.
5.1 ANGULARITY TOLERANCE. Angularity is the condition of a surface or axis at a specified angle (other than 90º)
from a datum plane or axis. The angularity tolerance is the distance between two parallel planes, inclined at the specified
angle to a datum plane or axis, within which the tolerance surface or axis must lie.
Position of these features in relation to the axis of the shaft is controlled by the standard shop practices manual: however,
if a tolerance different from that specified in the standard shop practice manual is required, it must be specified in the form
of an additional positional (!) tolerance.
5.2 PARALLELISM TOLERANCE. A parallelism tolerance defines the permitted deviation from a theoretically exact
parallel condition.
5.3 PERPENDICULARITY TOLERANCE. A perpendicularity tolerance defines the permitted deviation of a surface,
axis, or centerplane from a theoretically exact 90º datum plane or axis. A perpendicularity tolerance specifies:
NOTE: The perpendicularity tolerance does not control the intersection of the
feature axis and the datum axis. If this control is required, a position tolerance
should be used instead. See 7.1.3.
Shown to the right is an inspection gage that would check this part.
6.1 CIRCULAR RUNOUT TOLERANCE. A circular runout tolerance specifies the maximum allowable deviation from
perfect form of a line element of a surface as it rotates 360º about a datum axis.
6.2 TOTAL RUNOUT TOLERANCE. A total runout tolerance specifies the maximum allowable deviation from perfect
form of an entire surface as it rotates 360º about a datum axis.
NOTE: FIM is the term used internationally and should replace total
indicator reading (TIR) which is a United States term.
Circular runout is the FIM on a single location on the surface over one
revolution.
Total runout is the FIM as the indicator traverses the total surface
while maintaining the normal attitude, measuring one continuous
tolerance zone.
Where datum features are required by function to be included in the runout control, runout tolerances must be specified for
these features. This will indicate any misalignment of the individual datum feature axes to each other. In the illustration
shown, the entire surface of each datum feature must lie within 0.02 FIM while the part rotates on datum axis A–B.
TOLERANCES OF LOCATION
7. TOLERANCES OF LOCATION. This section defines methods of tolerancing to control the location of a feature of
size in relationship to another feature. The tolerances of location are position, concentricity, and symmetry; however the
only one used by New Holland will be position.
7.1 POSITION TOLERANCE. A position tolerance defines a zone within which the center, axis, or centerplane of a
feature of size is permitted to vary from its theoretically exact position. Position tolerancing provides a method of location
to ensure assemble-ability and interchangeability at maximum tolerance.
Exact relationship
Material condition
All position tolerance will be applied at MMC for the designated features of
size and their related datums unless otherwise specified. A note is included
in the title block of each drawing stating this. The symbol will not be used
M
with the feature control frame for position tolerance since through use of the
note it is understood to apply.
Tolerance zone
Where the symbol ∅ precedes the tolerance value, the tolerance zone is
cylindrical in shape.
Further illustration
Series of holes
Where a series of holes are located by a position tolerance, the axis of each hole when at MMC must lie within a
cylindrical tolerance zone equivalent to the specified tolerance diameter. Each cylindrical tolerance zone must be
centered on the perfect center distance between holes. As the holes depart in size from MMC toward their LMC, the
diameter of the cylindrical tolerance zone will increase accordingly.
Additionally
A series of holes that are position toleranced to
each other can also be position toleranced to datum
features by the use of a composite feature control
frame. In such situations, the centers of those
zones in relationship to each other must fall within
the cylindrical tolerance zones established in
relationship to the referenced datums. The centers
of the holes must fall simultaneously within both
tolerance zones.
Additionally
Coaxial features
Coaxial features
Additionally
Additionally
Holes in shafts
Where a hole in a shaft is position toleranced to the O.D. of the shaft, the axis of the hole at MMC must lie within a
cylindrical tolerance zone equivalent to the diameter of the specified position tolerance. The cylindrical tolerance zone
must be centered on and perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. As the diameter of the hole departs from MMC toward its
LMC, the diameter of the tolerance zone will increase accordingly. Additionally, the axis of the hole must lie totally within
the locating dimension tolerance.
7.1.4 Calculation of position tolerances. This section defines the method of calculating the maximum position
tolerances that can be applied.
7.1.4.1 Mating parts with floating fasteners (clearance hole in each part)
7.1.4.2 Mating parts with fixed fasteners (clearance hole in one, other pinned or drilled and tapped)
Since the fastener is fixed in one part and only one part has clearance holes, the ∅0.8 is the total allowable sum of the
tolerance zones applied to both parts. The total allowable tolerance need not be divided evenly between the mating parts.
It should be divided in the most useful amounts for manufacturing. The position tolerance for these mating parts could be
∅0.4 and ∅0.4, ∅0.5 and ∅0.3, ∅0.6 and ∅0.2, etc.
8. FREE STATE VARIATION. Free state variation is a term used to describe distortion of a part after removal of
forces applied during manufacture. This distortion is principally due to the weight and flexibility of the part and the release
of internal stresses resulting from fabrication. A part of this kind is referred to as a non-rigid part.
In some cases, it may be required that the part meet its tolerance requirements while in the free state. In such situations,
the maximum allowable free state variation should be specified with an appropriate feature control frame. Where form
control such as circularity is specified for a circular or cylindrical feature, the pertinent diameter is qualified with the
abbreviation AVG. An average diameter is the average of several diametrical measurements (usually not less than four)
across a circular or cylindrical feature. Illustrations (a) and (b) (simplified by showing only two measurements) give the
permissible diameters in the free state for two extreme conditions of maximum average diameter and minimum average
diameter, respectively.
In some cases, it may be necessary to simulate the mating part interface in order to verify individual or related feature
tolerance. This is accomplished by restraining the appropriate features such as the datum features shown in the
illustration below. In this illustration, the runout of the ∅1391
1390 must be checked when the part is restrained to datums A and
B. Additionally in the part’s free state, the ∅1390 must be round within a 2.5 tolerance zone. The ∅1391
1391
1390 AVG would be
checked as described in paragraph 8.1.