INSTRUCT,ONSLABO

LUX

These instructions are a guide for the correct assembly and operation of the LABORLUX~ microscope. Although "<1 general knowledge of microscopy is assumed, important optical relations are explained n the Interest of a better understandIng of the special design fea:ures of this microscope.

'l = Registued Trademark

I

ER N S r LEI T z G M B H WET Z LA R

I 511-22c/Engl.l

Fig. 1: LA80RLUX Microscope with ~nde~·s;r NO- 601a·nd binocul~r-tube S

Eyepiece tubes adjustable for d ifferences in eyesight.

2 Lever for setting the interpupillary dis-

tance.

3 Microscope tube changing mount. 4 Filter slide.

S Threads of the revolvinq nosepiece with objectives in position. The threads are numbered. The magnification Table supplied with the microscope inaicates the threads for wnich the individual objectives are actusted. The revolving nosepiece IS .nterchangeable.

'3 'he mounts of the medium ~ and high power objectives are sonng-Ioaded to ,JrOleer front iel1ses and specimens from damage.

7 Objee: guides. adjustable for obiect Slides or any size up :0 100mm (4") :n enqth: ~'1e oaject guioes mav be removed :0 orovice an unoostructeo surface :or examining large specimens. -he reao:1g8 of +e two scales of the mechanical staqe rre tncependent of :~e aojustrnent ~,f :!;e r:biec: qulce.

3 Condenser s ernri Ilg sc rews.

J Concenser aperture diapnraqrn.

.:) ,'<nOD 'a r :ne vertic J I ao i usrment at ·h e conaen ser 'not \,1 si b lei n :~e .H ustralions).

: 1 Coaxial cr:ves "or the ~echanicai rtaqe adjustments .

. 2 :Ju stqlass.

: 3 Bil ateral 3111g ie-kn ob coarse ano fine aojusrment of the rmcroscoo.cat mage.

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.,.., Shipment and unpacking of the microscope.

The microscope is despatched with the microscope tubes and objectives removed from the stand. All separate parts are housed-in the m!croscope cabinet.

The packing material should be- carefully examined for small parts. and the consignment immediately checked against the packing slip. Place ,he various parts on a clean table ready for assembly. All optical and mechanical parts are carefully cleaned before despatch, and should not be exposed to dirt or dust Glass surfaces, especially those of objectives and eyepieces, must never be touched, and any fingermarks caused by accident should at once be removed with a soft piece of chamois leather or of wellwashed lint. Even minute traces of finger perspiratiorr may attack the surface of high-grade qlass, very quickly.

The workroom must fulfil some- basic conditions such as the greatest possible- freedom from dust. and from oil and chemical fumes which may adversely affect the optical and mechanical parts of the microscope. Marked temperature changes are undesirable.

An electric supply point should be available near the work place for connecting the light source. The usual S amp. mains fuse is sufficient,

Assembling th-e microscope~

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Place the microscope stand carefully on the table: remove the piece of wood wedged below the object stage carrier to protect the rmcrorneter fine adjustment from damage during transport,

2 Remove the objectives from their containers held in a sliding rack in the cabinet. and screw them into the threads 5 of ;ne nosepiece, according to the magnification table accompanying the .nstrurnent (slightly lower the object stage With the singleknob con rol 13). 'his procedure ensures that the oojectives are perfectly matched. After any removai of an objective care should be taken to replace .t in the thread indicated by the maqrufication table.

S The microscope tube is attached ~y opening the locking :ugs With the lever on he right, iowering it into the mount and releasinq the 'ever, The tube can De rotated through 3600

4 The condenser will be found ready for use in the substage dovetail guide.

S The low-voltage lamp is removed from its transport mount in the wooden frame of the microscope cabinet and pushed into the opening in the rear of the microscope foot as far as possible. Tighten clamping screw (17). Connect the lamp with the transformer.

Technical details.

The individual components of the LABORLUX® are described in detail in our list 51-8_ Points of importance for the operation of the instrument are emphasized below.

Tubes_

The ~i_nocular tu!>e ~ or FS will generally be' preferred for work with :he LABORLUX, These tubes can be adjusted for the interpupillary distance of the user by moving a lever, If the interpupillary distance is not known, the lever .s adjusted during binocular observation until a singie. circular field of view appears. In addition, the eyepiece tube on the left has a separate focusmq mount in order to compensate any differences in the acuity PT :l1e ayes. The specimen .s focused crit.cally With the right eye (eyepiece on the right), The ieft eye .ooks through tne eyepiece on the left. and the knurled ring of the eyepiece tube is turned until the image appears sharp also to the left eye.

The FSA tube With automatic ~ocusmg compensation for any interouotllary c.stance has a SWing-out oearn splitting prism either split,: g the ',gilt beam at a 8:2 ratio ~80% oasstng through the ohototuoe: :;:0"/, through the ooservauon eyepiece tubes) or rnakrnq ~he entire I:ght beam available ;or observation. A PERIPLAN® :0 x MF iOCUSln9 eyeoiece is used '::Jr focusmq, It has a qr aticule outlining :he picture area or the LEICA~ 'orma!. Two concenmc circles in the centre :acilitate the cntical focusing of the eyelens. Workers who are unable to focus on the fine. nner Circle should use the outer crrc:e.

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Revolving nosepiece.

The revolving nosepiece has threads for four objectives which should be screwed in in numerical sequence (see magnification table). A slot to accommodate a slide for u.v.-absorbing (fluorescence) or polarizing filters wll[ be found in the stand above the nosepiece.

BrlghHleld condensers 'or transmitted light.

Three condensers are available for examinations in transmitted light. The Berek two-diaphragm condenser No 78 N.A. 0.95 has a field diaphragm and an aperture diaphragm. An image of the field diaphragm can be formed in the plane of the object; this allows its accurate adjustment for the field of the objective used. eliminating glare and needless exposure of the specimen to heat. The aperture diaphragm controls resolution and contrast. The twc-dieohraqm condenser is suitable also for work with oil immersion objectives.

The aspherical condenser No 60 I, N.A. 0.90 consists of the bottom part No 600 with aperture diaphragm and a swinq-out condenser top No 001'. This condenser is suitable for all brightfield examinations. including oil-immersion work unless the fu[1 aperture of the immersion objective has to be illuminated. It can also be used in fluores-

cence microscopy. _

The condenser No 72r, N.A. 1.40 with its large aperture has been designed mainly for fluorescence microscopy but it IS also useful for illurninatmq apertures larger than 1.00 (011 immersion objectives). The condenser No 72r, too has an aperture diaphragm.

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Fig. 2; Filler slot

Fig. 3, Changing the condenser

Fig. 4: Various Objectives

fro m I e it to righI' Achromat 10, 1. Ach rornat 40: 1, FI uo rite system 70, 1. Flu orrte 0 i I im rnerslon 95: 1, Aocch ro mat oj I i mmers I on 90: 1

Objectives~

In addition to our firm's emblem and the serial number, various items of information are engraved on the mounts of our microscope objectives, These are briefly explained below:

170 indicates the mechanical tube length for Which the objective has been computed; it is measured in millimetres from the shoulder of the objective on the nosepiece to the rim of the microscope tube. This distance varies with some- of our tubes, nevertheless, this does not affect the performance of our objectives as the tube lens projects the image into the new intermediate image plane without interfering with the image quality. This increases the magnification by a factor of 1 ~25, which is engraved on the tube. It must be considered when the total magnification is calculated.

0_17 states the thickness of the coverglass to be used for the specimen. The majority or LEITZ objectives are computed for this thickness, Those- fer-use- also without coverglass have- a dash- instead of the figure- 0.17, those- whim must be- used without a coverglass: have aD.

Dry objectives of large aperture (0.95) have a correction mount which- can be set for coverglass thicknesses between 0.12 and O~22mm by turning a knurled ring.

4U is a simplified way of expressing the reproduction scale (40: 1) of the objective. In the table- of objectives "reproduction scale" has been replaced by "magnification".

0.65 is the numerical aperture of the objective.

The state of correction of the objective is indicated in the case of Fluonte systems. Apochromats, and Plano objectives. These symbols are also included in the table. Oil immersion objectives are distingui shed by the word "'01" and a black nnq, Objectives with I ri s diaphragm display the word "I ris". Achromats are not speci ally marked.

Focal Free Coverglass o~
DeSIgnation 01 Objectives length Working Correc- <><t>
Distance tion'] a.a.
».,
magnification/aperture mm mm l 1-,.,
.,
2.5/0~07 'S7 14 DO P
3~2J0~ 12 40 35 DO H
3.5/0.10 32 23 DO H
Achromatic 6/0.18 23 18 DO H
dry systems 10/0.25 16 5.7 DO H
25/0.50 7.1 0.92. D P
40/0.65 4.5 067 0 P
63/0.85 2.9 O~29 01 P
lrrs 63/0.85 2.9 029 D P
Achromatic 0'1 + W 2210.85 8.1 0.32 DO P
rmmersrons W 90/1.20 2..1 0.09 D P
0N = water- 0'1 100/1.30 1.9 0.1:1 0') P
Immersions) Iris 0'1 100/1.30-1.10 1.9 0.13 0 P
,
Fluortte- Fl40/0.8S 4.3 0~38' 01 P
dry systems F170/0.90 2.6 0~26 01 P
FI 01 54/0.95 3.4 0~22 DO P
Fluorite Fl 01 70/1.30 2.5 O~20 D P
oil immers ions FI 0195/1.32 2.0 0.15 D') P
Iris FI 01 95/1.32·1,10 2.0 0.15- D P
, I
Apo 12~5!Q~3O I 13 2.5 DO P
Apochromattc Apo 25/0~65 7.3 086 D P
dry systems Ape 40/0.95 4.5 0.12 01') p
Apo 63/0.95 3.0 0.12 o I') p
APOCnrOrIlatiC..T- Apo 01 901 .32 2~O O~12 J D I P
011 immersions Apo 0'1 90/1 AO 2.0 0.06 D P
PI 4/0.10 42 I 15 DO I p
Plano PI 10/0.25 7.6 I 7.5 DO P
objectives PI 25/0.50 18 0.90 0 I P
PI 4010~65 4.6 0.53 0 P
PI Apo 01 100/1.32 2.4 0.27 , D.t) P ') 0: use coverglass 0 = 0.17 (coverqlass tnickness shOuld be observed accurately to wit in ~O.05mm)~

0: Nltnoul coverqlass, DO; can be used WIth or WIthout coverglass.

::l ':covetglass thickness shoutd be ccserved accurately to wIthin:: O.Olmm, or snoulc be accurately Set With tne correction mount.

') "hese objectives have a correction mcunt. Its adjustment has hardly any effect on .rnaqe snarnness ldeal method ~,iocuslng when the thickness of the cover;;lass I s unknown.

') H ~ use Muygens eyep, ace, P ~ use PERI PLAN or widefiel d (GF) eyepieces.

') These 0 liimmers I on objectives 'nay also be used for uncovered subjects ~smear preparations WIthout coverg I ass) with qune negl iglble reduction of ,mage quality.

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A contrasty specimen is mounted on the stage by means of the object holder or stage clips. A low - to medium-power objective is turned in. preferably a 10/0.25 (lOx magnification. numerical aperture 0.25) and used with a wi defield GF lOx or PERI PLAN 8x eyepiece.

The lamp is switched on.

The specimen is. moved a little closer to the objective than its free working distance. The condenser is. raised as far as possible with the rack-and-pinion movement 1/12. The' aperture and field diaphragms are opened (the latter in condenser No. 78 only). The specimen is focused with the single-knob- adjustment:

When the knob is rotated the mechanism functions as coarse adjustment; the fine adjustment is automatically engaged as soon as the rotation is reversed.

Compensate faulty eyesight where necessary (see Chapter - Micro-

* This transformer is supplied on request only. The transformer of scope tubas"). This should be carefully repeated after the condenser

the standard outfit is identical except that it has no ammeter.----has been adjusted. and checked from time to time.

illuminating device.

The normal maximum load of the 6v 15W low-voltage lamp is 2.5 amp. It emits a very intense light of special, favourable spectral composition. The low-voltage lamp must not be connected to the mains except hrough its transformer (a.c.). Type of current and voltage indicated on the transformer must be the same as that of the mains supply.

The transformer REROW, SUitable for a.c. only, can be adjusted for mains voltages from 11()'-24Ov after removal of the housing. Unless otherwise stated by the client, the transformer will be adjusted for 220v in the factory. The daylight filter is inserted in the light beam for visual observation in daylight conditions.

On the regulating transformer RETAV* the current is switched on and off with the regulating knob of the ammeter. A colour temperature-of 2850° K is obtained at the: full load or about 2.5 amp (marked

on the ammeter by a red line); at" aIT excess load or about 10% (2.7~2.8 amp) and with a little-used bulb it can be increased to 3200° K, which is the correct colour temperature for artificial-light colour film. However, this can also be obtained by means of conversion filters (see also para. - Photomicrography').

Over-running the lamp as described above shortens its life by more than 50%.

SBSlb -512

Fig. 5: 6v 15 W microscope lamp, built into the foot of the stand. 17 Lamp mount clamping screw

18 Lamp centring screw

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Operation of the microscope

Focusing an the speclmen~

Adiu5tment a. the lamp attachment ..

Before observations are begun it is advisable to check the adjustment of the 6v 15W lamp. The clamping screw (17) is loosened and the lamp mount pushed in as far as possible. By slowly pulling the lamp out tne smallest possible light patch is formed on :he dustglass (12) or on a groundglass disc placed on top or it. After loosening the f,xing screw (18) this patch can be centred on the dustglass by a SIdeways adjustment of the mount with the knurled screw. Tighten fixing screw.

Perfect illumination of the object plane depends on the field aperture and the desirad magnification. The dimensions of the bulbs vary, so that optimum illumination is not necessanly obtained when the moun: is pushed in to the limit. Perfect illumination is obtained by adjusting the whole lamp mount. constantly observing the object through the eyepiece while doing so. The clamping screw (17) is tightened as soon as the optimum position has been found.

Fig. 6: Centring the field diaphragm in condenser No 78 Fig. 7: Image of the aperture

a) Field diaphragm b) Field diaphragm c) Field diaphragm d) Field diaphragm diaphragm in the objective

out of focus after focusing centred open (eyepiece removed).

When centring. condensers Nos 601 or 72r the condenser aperture must be focused; otherwise the procedure is identical.

Adll&S.ting, tbe condense ....

It is advisable to use' th& 1 0/0.25 objective for the correct adjustment of the condenser.

a) with two.diaphragnrc.ondenser No. 70. turn in medium-power objective 10/0.25 swing in condenser top

open aperture - and field diaphragms fully. focus the specimen critically.

close the fieid diaphram completely and focus it by adjusting the condenser vertically.

Move the image of- the field diaphragm into the centre of the field of view with the two centring screws of the condenser (centratron), Open the field diaphragm.

The field diaphragm limits the heat reaching the soecimen and prevents glare. It should therefore be opened only far enough 0 clear the field of view in the microscope.

In most cases the aperture diaphragm is now closed so that it fills about 1,t, of the full objective aperture with light (check by looking through the observation eyepiece tube Without the eyepiece. see Fig. 7). Only with objects of very high contrast is it advisable a open he aperture diaphragm until it compietely fills the aperture of the objective With light. If all visible details have been sufficiently revealed at ttus diaphragm aperture. the aiaphragm is gradually dosed until the less differentiated structural elements become Visible.

The table on the right explains the operation of the condenser during changes in the maqruflcauon.

Objective SWing-out Vertical alignment Remarks
aperture lens of of condenser
condenser
larger ramarns as for 10/0.25 ReEenrre condenser
than 0.25 In the obj&Cllve if necessary
beam path
~b' I
smaller as for 10/0.25 objective Field diaphragm
than 0.25 _ _ wunq-cut change until opt: mum becomes aperture
illumination has been diaphragm. The real
reached aperture etaphraqrn
I now has no function.
II should be ccenec
I fully. Fig. 8: Two-diaphragm condenser No 78 8 Centring screws 9 Aperture diaphragm

14 Bottom part of
condenser. A filter
mount for a polarizer
can be pushed on
this cylindrical part
5 Field diaphragm ring
i6 Knurlea knob for
swinging out the 16
condenser top
1S
14 7

b) with swing-out condenser No. 601

As thrs condenser has no field diaphragm, the condenser top must be used for centring.

Close the aperture diaphragm (9). The aperture of the condenser top now forms a bright circular image.

Focus the rim of the condenser top by slightly lowering the condenser.

Move the- swing-out lens into the centre of the field of view by means of the two condenser centring screws (centration).

Raise the condenser as far as possible.

The table below expiams the operation of the condenser during changes in magnification.

Objective aperture

vertrcai adjustmentof condenser

Remarks

larger than 0.25

rernalns

in the beam path

smaller than 0.25

lower condenser untH ocnrnurn rllurnrnatl on is obtained

recentre if necessary. SWI ng in condenser top

to be swunq-out

c) with condenser No. 72r.

As this condenser has no swing-out lens, it is adjusted With the 3.5/0.10 objective.

The specimen is fccuseo,

Lower the condenser until the aperture of its front lens is focused sharply in the fieid or view. Move the front lens into the centre or t e 'ield of view with the two centring screws (centration). he condenser is now accurately centred also for higher powers. When the 3.5/0.10 objective is used. raise the condenser until the optimum "rumination is obtamed, With all lenses of higher powers raise the condenser to its top position. The aperture diaphragm is used exactly as descnbed under condenser No. 78.

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Fig. 9:

SWing-out condenser No 601

8 Centring screws

9 Aperture diaphragm 16 Button for swing ing

8 out the condenser top

Fig. 10:

Condenser No 72r

8 Centring screws

9 Aperture diaphragm

116~O,,-S13

Change 01 magnification_

All LE!TZ objectives from 3.5/0.10 onwards are made parfocal on the revolving nosepiece. Therefore. only slight refocusing with the fine adjustment is necessary after a change of magnification. Plano objectives should be used on a separate nosepiece, since their adjustment :ength* exceeds :hat of the standard objectives. For details please consult the tables on page 3.

.) If plano objectives are to be used together WIth standard obi eetes on :he same nosepiece an adapter ring PLEZV 's requrred for each standard objective.

The use 0" 011 IrnlTlersion

Oil immersion objectives have the word 01 and a black ring engraved on the lower edge of the mount.

I mmersion oil has approximately the same refractive index n = I. 515 as the coverglass and the front lens or the objective, so that the spherical surface of the front lens is the first refracti ng surface after the object. The focal length and therefore the working distance of most oil immersion objectives being very small. Such objectives should be used with great care. The coarse adjustment should be operated only until the objective- is immersed in oil. which can be observed by looking at it along the surface of the object slide. The specimen is now focused carefully, at last with the fine adjustment under constant microscopical control. Further operating details will be found under a), b), cj. The immersion oil should be free from air bubbles. and only LEITZ immersion Oil. and for fluorescence observation only LEITZ non-fiuorescinq immersion oil should be used. Depending on th€' condenser used the- procedure is as follows:

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al Two.diaphragtrrconde.nser No_ 78._

This is. fitted with" arr immersion cap, whicl1 is screwed into the place of the normal- condenser top, The stag€' is lowered slightly, and a drop of oil placed. on the specimen. The object stage- is now slowly raj sed, the movement being observed by looking along the stage surface, until the objective makes contact with the oil. Watching the movement through the eyepiece the single-knob adjustment is carefully turned further until the image is approximately sharp. Constantly observing the image. the stage is now lowered again, until the image is critically in focus. The condenser is now lowered as far as possible, and a drop of immersion oil placed on its immersion cap. The condenser is reused again as far as possible. when the oil will make contact with the object slide from below. The condenser may now be lowered slightly if this improves the image quality, but generally the best image- will be. obtained with the condenser in the topmost position. Unless it is essential to fill the entire objective aperture with light, the procedure described under b) should be adopted,

b) The swing-out condenser No. 601, too. can be used for oil immersion work. but it should be borne in mind that with its nurnencai aperture of 0.90 it will fill only about 2/3 the aperture or a powerful objectlve. However. this will generally be sufficient as the full aperture of an immersion objective can be utilized only rarely because or poor contrast rendering. Hence, with this condenser a drop of immersion 0'; is alaced between the coverglass and the objective front lens only. The stage is lowered sufficiently for a drop of oil to be placed on the specimen, and raised again until the objective has made con-

tact with the oil. The image is observed through the eyepiece, andthe stage lowered until sharp focus is obtained. The position of the condenser remains unchanged.

c) The fluorescence condenser No. 72r is best suited for oil irnrnersion (with its large aperture of 1.40 it can ill um inate the apertures of the most powerful objectives).

The object stage is lowered and a drop of immersion oil placed on the coverglass of the specimen. The stage is now raised. and the specimen observed along its surface. As soon as the objective makes contact with the oil and almost touches, the coverqlass, the image is observed through the eyepiece, and the single-knob adjustment operated until the image appears sharp. Now the condenser is lowered and, after a drop of oil has been placed on its front lens. raised again to its highest position. The image is observed in the microscope. The optimum quality is usually obtained in this position, but sometimes may be further improved by slightly lowering the condenser,

It utilization otthe full objective aperture is not essential, the, prooedure described under b) should be- adopted', After the- end of theexaminatiorr all optical surfaces' irr contact" with" Irrrmsrslorr oil must be carefully cleaned with a soft rag soaked irr xylene, and- polished with a dry rag. Alcohol (spiril) musl never be- used for cleaning objectives and condensers. Pressure should be avoided during cleaning, to prevent dislocation of- the lenses from their mounts. Usually this would damage not only the front lens of the objective; but also the one immediately behind.

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Photomicrography.

For photorrucroqrachy, three tubes can be used on the LABORLUX in combination with the various cameras: The binocular phototube FS, the binocular phototube FSA with automatic focusing compensation, and the straight phototube 0,

light sources are a 6v 15W low-voltage lamp, or the SOW highpressure xenon burner which can be used in connection with the lamp housinq 250 only, The colour temperature of the halfwatt lamp is balanced for the sensitivity of artifici ai-light colour films; the practically continuous spectrum of the xenon burner, at a colour temperature of 6000° K allows the use of daylight colour films, without any filters,

Filters see page 10. By regulating the current, the halfwatt lamp can be adjusted to the colour temperature of the artificial-light colour film In the camera (see graph, Fig. 11). However, care should be taken not to run the lamp at more than 2.5 amp, Should the colour temperature of the film require overrunning, the period of excess amperage should be kept to a minimum to avoid undue shortening of the life of the lamp. Where colour films are used frequently it is advisable never to increase the current load beyond 2,5 amp; conversion filters should be inserted instead for the various colour temperatures of artificial-light colour ftlms.

T,[1<]

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5961 51) ~----~I~~--~'~~-----,~.,--~~~------~~----,~ .• ----A~~

are specially recommended owing to their excellent flatness of field; they require the use of the PERI PLAN wide field eyepieces.

The LABORLUX microscope can be used With the follOWing photographiC outfits:

LABORLUX with Aristophot and 9 x 2cm bellows camera

or bellows camera with 4 x 5" international back (requrrad lor the Polaroid Process) or the LEICA

LABORLUX with camera attachment. up to 9 x 1 2cm LABORLUX with micro-attachment and LEICA

Further details will be found in our Lists 54-8, 54-3. 54-20.

Filters ..

The combination or the dayl ight filter CB 12 with the groundglass disc which also forms part of the outfit produces a balanced.Bayltphtlike illumination in brightfield. For black-and-white photography a yellow-green filter is recommended, especially when achromats in • conjunction with the 6v 15W filament lamp are used.

The condenser No. 72r has a swing-out filter mount. _With other condensers. the filter must be placed all-tM~lass i? the foot of the stand.

A slot for a filter slide has been let into he stand above the noseoiece carrier, into which special filters. e.g. for fluorescence microscopy. can be inserted.

Investigations in darkt~eld and in phase contrast illumination.

Fig. 11: Relationship berween the colour temperature of the 61/ 15W

filament lamp and the current lntenstty, The orightfield condenser IS replacea ::ly tne darkfield condenser: ,n the case of phase contrast examinations the phase contrast conden-

Basically all objectives are SUitable for photomicrography. although ser after Heine is fitted and the objectives interchanged with :he par-

rluonta systems and apocnromars are preferable. Plano objectives focal phase contrast objectives unless ;hese are mounted on a

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second nosepiece. Care should be taken to screw them into the numbered nosepiece threads indicated on the magnification chart Our Ust Micro 51 -31 contains detailed instructions for the darkfield adjustment of the microscope.

The use of the LEITZ phase contrast equipment is described in detail in our List 51-21.

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Examinations in polarized ligh!'.

The polarizer is placed in the swing-out filter holder of the condenser No. 72r, or, with' condensers No. 78 and 601. on the dustglass in the foot of the, stand. The- lower part of the two-diaphragm condenser (see illustration) is cylindrical; the polarizer can be attached to it with the aid of a sleeve mount. This sleeve mount includes a slide with whim the polanzer can- be: removed' from the- beam path'. A slot is provided- for-- compensatcrs,

The-analyser is supplied irr a::ftIter slide, which Is inserted in the filter slot 4; by withdrawing: it': the analyser can be removed from the beampath.

I n earlier stands. the- tube- must be removed. and the analyser pushed over the sleeve with locating pin visible in the head of the top part of the stand. Extinction is obtained by rotating the polarizer. Further details of polarizing equipment are described in Llst (51 ·60J.

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Care and lTIaintenance of the microscope.

The microscope should always be protected after use by its flexible dustcover. The stand is cleaned from time to time with a piece of lint or chamois leather. Spirit should never be used for this purpose since it attacks the varnish. Petrol. on the other hand. is eminently for cleaning varnished parts.

Light patcnes on the object stage caused by petrol can be removed by rubbing With llcuid paraffin or non-acid vaseline. Examinations :nvolvmg acids (particularly acetic acid) or other corrosive substan-

ces call for special care. Direct contact of optics and stand with such chemicals should be strictly avoided. All parts should be carefully cleaned after use.

The optical components of the microscope should be kept meticulously dean. Dust is removed from glass surfaces with a soft, dry sable brush. whose strokes should be accompanied by gently blowing across the surface. If the dirt persists washed lint or a piece. of soft chamois leather moistened with a little distilled water should beused. Should the dirt resist even this treatment, petro! or xylene. but orr no account spirit should be used.

Objectives must never be dismantled for cleaning. Should any internal damage occur, the objectives should be returned to the- factory for overhaul.

Particular care is. indicated during the cleaning of the antireflex coating. The coats of the external surfaces of the eyepieces and of the front lens of the- objective are of approximately the same hardness as glass. They are cleaned as carefully as uncoated glass surfaces. However, very soft coats are applied to some of the Internal surfaces of objectives and- eYe-:'ieces; these must be treated very gently with a hair brush and blowing across their surface; they must nevec be wiped. FoiC the- same- reason, internal surfaces of eyepieces should never be. cleaned.

011 immersion- objectives" must be cleaned lmrnediately after use' by wiping the front lens clean with a soft piece of chamois leather. Cleaning is completed with petrol or xylene. but on no. account withalcohol [spirit),

Careful maintenance ensures the performance of the- Leitz microscopes for many yearn. However. should an examination or the repair of a damaged instrument become necessary. please- contact one of our agents or our main factory.

We reserve the right to alter construction and design of our instruments.

Design subject to alteration without notice.

1t