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CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
AND
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

DIFFERENCE FROM A NORMAL TRANSFORMER

CLASSIFICATION
ERRORS
BURDEN IN A CT
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
CALCULATION OF KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTORS
EFFECT OF SATURATION
EFFECT OF DC COMPONENT
EFFECT OF RESIDUAL FLUX
CONNECTION METHODS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POWER TRANSFORMER
AND AN INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

EFIICIENCY TRANSFORMATION RATIO

LOSSES LINIARITY
REGULATION SATURATION
FUNCTIONAL RANGE
CLASSIFICATION OF CTs

MEASURING SUITABLE FOR

METERS - ACCURATE UPTO
200% OF RATING.

PROTECTION SUITABLE FOR REALYS

ACCURATE UPTO 2000% OF
RATING

SPECIAL (CLASS PS) FOR SPECIAL PROTECTIONS

(DIFFERENTIAL / REF)
EQUIPMENT/ FEEDER SPECIFIC
HOW CTs ARE SPECIFIED

FOR NORMAL PROTECTIONS:

5P10, 15 VA SUITABLE FOR BURDENS UPTO 15VA

5% ACCURACY CLASS ,
10 TIMES RATED CURRENT

5P20, 5 VA SUITABLE FOR BURDENS UPTO 5VA

5% ACCURACY CLASS ,
20 TIMES RATED CURRENT

FOR SPECIAL PROTECTIONS (DIFF / REF)

PS CLASS VA
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE
MAGNTISING CURRENT
Rct
ERRORS IN A CT

RATIO ERROR
PHASE ANGLE ERROR
COMPOSITE ERROR
OPERATING RANGE
CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS FOR ERRORS IN A CT

- CORE QUALITY
- CORE CROSS SECTION

BOTH ABOVE INFLUENCE THE EXCITATION CURRENT &

THE LINARITY OF THE TRANSFORMER
 RATIO ERROR IN A CT

CTR * I2 - I1
e= * 100
I1
e = RATIO ERROR %
I1 = PRIMARY CURRENT
I2 = SECONDARY CURRENT
CTR = TRANSFORMATION RATIO

NORMAL RATIO ERRORS = ?

 PHASE ANGLE ERROR IN A CT

- IS CAUSED BY THE QUADRATURE COMPONENT

OF THE MAGNETISING CURRENT

- INFLUENCED BY THE CORE MATERIAL

- ORDER OF ERROR MIN

PHASE ANGLE ERROR IN A CT

Ir Iq


Ie
 COMPOSITE ERROR A CT

DEFINED AS THE RMS VALUE OF THE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE IDEAL SECONDARY CURRENT AND
ACTAL SECONDARY CURRENT

(THIS INCLUDES THE RATIO & PHASE ANGLE ERRORS

PLUS THE HARMONICS IN EXCITATION CURRENT)

USUALLY EXPRESSED AS THE % OF PRIMARY CURRENT

ERRORS IN CTs

RATIO ERROR IS CONSIDERED POSITIVE WHEN

ACTUAL SECONDARY CURRENT IS HIGHER THAN THE
CALCULATED SECONDARY CURRENT
OPERATING RANGE OF A CT

MEASUREMENT PROTECTION

20 TO 200% 50 TO 1000%
OR
50 TO 2000%
BURDENS IN A CT

- LOAD ON THE SECONDARY SIDE OF CT

- EXPRESSED IN VA
- MAJOR INFLUENCE ON THE PERFORMANCE
OF THE PROTECTION SCHEME
- SUM TOTAL OF THE INTERNAL IMPEDANCE,
IMPEDANCE OF CONNECTED RELAYS AND
THE CONNECTING LEADS
- ALL ERRORS ARE AT A SPECIFIED BURDEN
WITHIN THE SPECIFIED BURDEN RATING,
LOWER THE BURDEN - HIGHER THE ACCURACY.
- LOADING THE CT BEYOND THE RATED BURDEN,
WILL RESULT IN SATURATION OF THE CT AND
HENCE HIGHER ERRORS.
- SIZE AND COST OF CT ARE
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO BURDEN RATING
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE IN A CT

- RELATES TO THE VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS

CT SECONDARY UNDER MAX FAULT CONDITIONS

- DEFINED AS THAT POINT IN THE EXCITATION

CURVE OF CT, WHEN A 10% VOLTAGE INCREASE
NEEDS 50% INCREASE IN EXCITATION CURRENT

- FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES

KPV IS TAKEN AS 2 X Vs, WHERE Vs IS THE CT
SECONDARY VOLTAGE DURING A FAULT
KNEE POINT VOLTAGE

- PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN DIFFERENTIAL &

REF PROTECTIONS

- KPV SHOULD BE SPECIFIED WHEN ORDERING

PS CLASS CTs FOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

- KPV SHOULD BE KNOWN, TO CALCULATE

STABILISING RESISTOR IN REF PROTECTION
EFFECT OF SATURATION IN CTs

- IF A CT SATURATES , IT WILL NOT DEVELOP

ADEQUATE VOLTAGE AT THE SECONDARY SIDE
TO OPERATE A CONNECTED RELAY.

- IT IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE THAT CT DOES NOT

SATURATE AT MAX FAULT CURRENTS
(BY CHOOSING PROPER CORE MATERIAL &
ADEQUATE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA)

- CTs CAN SATURATE IF THE BURDEN OFFERED

BY THE RELAY IS HIGHER THAN THE RATED
BURDEN OF CT
(USE LOW BURDEN RELAYS)
EFFECT OF DC COMPONENT IN CTs

-
EFFECT OF DC COMPONENT IN CTs

- RESULTS DUE TO INDUCTIVE NATURE

OF CTs

- WILL CAUSE SATURATION IN CTs

DURING FIRST FEW CYCLES OF FAULT

- RATIO ERROR WILL INCREASE IN

FIRST FEW CYCLES
Instrument Transformers - Current Transformers
EFFECT OF DC COMPONENTS
P rim a ry c u rre n t

F lu x

P rim a ry c u rre n t

S e c o n d a ry
c u rre n t
EFFECT OF REMNANT FLUX IN CTs

- RESULTS DUE TO INDUCTIVE NATURE

OF CTs

- WILL CAUSE SATURATION IN CTs

DURING FIRST FEW CYCLES OF FAULT
Instrument Transformers - Current Transformers

R em anent
F lu x = 0 %

R em anent
F lu x = 5 0 %

R em anent
F lu x = 7 5 %
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

BUS PTs STAR / STAR

USED FOR :
U/V OR O/V
U/F OR O/F
SYNCHRONISING
POLARISING

OPEN DELTA PTs STAR (Py) / OPEN DELTA(Sy)

USED FOR :
NUETRAL DISPLACEMENT

CVTs HT FEEDERS
HOW PTs ARE SPECIFIED

- Py / Sy VOLTAGE
- BURDEN
- ACCURACY CLASS