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2011 Freshman Application Instructions

Important Information for Cornell Applicants


The Cornell application consists of:
• the Common Application, which Cornell uses exclusively (includes pages AP-1 to AP-5, the Secondary School Report,
Teacher Evaluations, the Midyear Report, and the Final Report);
• a $70 application fee or fee waiver;
• official secondary school transcript of grades;
• the Cornell University Freshman Supplement to the Common Application, required of all applicants as it includes
important Cornell-specific information and required essays;
• college-specific requirements that all applicants must complete (see the freshman admission requirements grid
on the previous page); and
• For applicants planning to apply for financial aid, instructions can be found at finaid.cornell.edu.

Freshman Admission Requirements How to Apply: Online vs. Paper


Each of the seven undergraduate colleges/schools have specific requirements We strongly recommend that you apply online to expedite the processing of
that you will need to meet in order to be considered for admission, includ- your application and so that we can serve you more efficiently. The follow-
ing high school coursework, standardized testing, and other college-specific ing application materials can be completed and submitted online at www.
requirements. Please review the admission requirements grid at the begin- commonapp.org:
ning of this booklet to ensure that you are meeting the applications require- • Common Application and Application Fee
ments of the college/school to which you are interested in applying.
• Cornell Supplement to the Common Application
Application Deadlines • Secondary School Report Form
Applications must be submitted online (or postmarked if mailing) • Teacher Evaluation Form
by November 1 for early decision, or January 3 for regular decision.
Applicants are strongly encouraged to file their applications in advance • Midyear Report Form
of the deadlines and during the appropriate filing periods: September 1– • Final Report Form
November 1 for early decision and September 1–January 3 for regular
decision. Additionally, many secondary schools can submit official school transcripts
online. If this is the case with your school, please encourage your school to
How We Communicate With You About Your Application send your official transcript to us online as well.
Email is our primary method for communicating with you regarding your If you submit the Common Application online, please do not also submit a
application. We will utilize email to request missing application materials, paper copy of your application. If you need to submit application materials
to verify information, and to give you special instructions. Please provide in paper copy because you cannot do so online, please feel free to down-
us with a current email address that you check frequently and use the same load and print this booklet. Paper copy materials should be mailed to the
email address on all documents. Please carefully type or print your email Undergraduate Admissions Office as follows:
address on the Common Application and Cornell Supplement. Also, be Common Application, Application Fee (or Application Fee Waiver
sure to include cornell.edu in your email address book and/or remove any Request) to:
spam blockers that might prevent our email from reaching you. Undergraduate Admissions Office
Cornell University
Tracking the Status of Your Application P.O. Box 516
When we receive your Common Application and application fee Ithaca, NY 14851-0516
(or fee-waiver request), we will email you with the information you need
to establish an online application status account on Cornell’s web site. Cornell Supplement and Interest Essay, Secondary School Report,
Receiving your ApplicantID and PIN via email is your confirmation that Transcripts, Teacher Evaluations, Midyear Report, Final Report, and all
we have received you application. Using this secure site, you will be able to other materials to:
track your application materials and update your email address as necessary. Undergraduate Admissions Office
Application Processing Center
Completing Your Application East Hill Plaza
Please note that it is your responsibility to ensure that all required appli- 349 Pine Tree Road
cation materials are submitted to and received by the Undergraduate Ithaca, NY 14850-2899
Admissions Office. Plan on tracking your application materials on your Note to early decision applicants: when mailing materials to Cornell,
online application status account. We will also email students during the please write “early decision” on the mailing envelope.
application process to request missing materials. Applications that are not
completed will be withdrawn from admission consideration.
2011 Freshman Application Instructions continued

Application Fee and Fee Waiver Requests schools are on trimesters may not submit this form or have any new grade
Cornell’s application fee is $70, and you are required to submit it with your information to report at the time of submission.
Common Application. Please note that Cornell cannot process your appli-
cation without the application fee or a fee waiver. Remember that if you Standardized Testing Requirements
apply online, you must submit the application fee online. If you submit the All applicants should submit either the SAT Reasoning Test or the ACT
paper copy application, you must submit the application fee in the form of a with Writing. In addition, each undergraduate college/school has specific
check, draft, or international money order (payable to Cornell University) requirements for the SAT Subject Tests (see requirements below). It is your
with your full name and date of birth written on your fee payment. responsibility to make sure that you have taken the appropriate Subject
Tests and have the scores officially reported to Cornell from the testing
To apply for a fee waiver, please send us one of the following documents:
agency by the application deadline.
• a letter from your guidance counselor/college advisor, or representative
Please note that Cornell requires students to submit all scores from SAT
from a social service or community agency, stating that the fee would
tests taken and does not participate in the College Board’s Score Choice.
cause financial hardship
• the NACAC fee waiver request form completed by your guidance coun- SAT Subject Test Requirements by College
selor/college advisor (online submission available at www.commonapp. • Agriculture and Life Sciences: a science and mathematics (any level)
org) are recommended, but not required
•the College Board Request for Waiver of College Application Fee form • Architecture, Art, and Planning: mathematics (any level), architecture
(obtainable from your guidance counselor/college advisor if you used SAT only
Reasoning Test or Subject Test fee waivers)
• Arts and Sciences: two subjects of your choice
If you cannot apply for a waiver by one of these methods, please contact the
• Engineering: mathematics (any level) and a science
Undergraduate Admissions Office at 607 255-5241. If you are submitting
your application on paper, your fee waiver request should be sent attached • Hotel Administration: mathematics (any level)
to page AP-1 of the Common Application (pages AP-1 to AP-5). If you are • Human Ecology: mathematics (any level) and one subject of your choice
applying online, check the fee waiver box on the Common Application and
mail your fee waiver request to: Undergraduate Admissions Office, Cornell • Industrial and Labor Relations: mathematics (any level); ACT test
University, P.O. Box 516, Ithaca, NY 14851-0516. takers exempt from Subject Test requirement

The Cornell University Supplement Required Admission Interviews


This required form provides us with essential information about your aca- Formal admission interviews are required for applicants to:
demic interests. Admissions staff members at Cornell carefully read and • The School of Hotel Administration: see www.hotelschool.cornell.edu
evaluate your response to the college interest essay. The information you or call 607 255-6376 to schedule an interview.
provide helps us determine how good a match exists between your intel-
• The architecture program in the College of Architecture, Art, and
lectual goals and the Cornell college(s) or school(s) to which you are apply-
Planning. Applicants to the art department are encouraged, though
ing. If you are planning to utilize the primary/alternate option, you must
not required, to have an interview. Visit www.app.cornell.edu/admis-
complete a college interest essay for both your primary and alternate choice
sions or call 607 255-4376 to schedule an interview.
colleges.
Though Cornell offers applicants the opportunity to meet with Cornell
Supporting Application Materials alumni, formal interviews are not required, nor offered, for any other
In addition to the Common Application and the Cornell Supplement, undergraduate programs.
you will be required to submit the following forms: the Secondary School
Report form (including your official secondary school transcript), two Portfolios and Design Indexes
Teacher Evaluation forms, and the Midyear Report form. These forms, and Portfolios and/or design indexes are required as follows:
in some cases your official secondary school transcript, can be submitted College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
online. Please encourage your guidance counselor and teachers to submit
these forms online where and when possible at www.commonapp.org. • Landscape architecture: portfolio required.
• Send to Landscape Architecture Department, Cornell University, 440
Secondary School Report Kennedy Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Your counselor or designated school official should submit this form or
Architecture, Art, and Planning
your school’s own report form on your behalf. Your secondary school
transcript should accompany the Secondary School Report or it can be • Architecture: file portfolio (photographs, photocopies in notebook)
sent separately. We cannot review your application without both the required.
Secondary School Report and your official transcript. • Art: file portfolio (slides and/or CD) required.
Teacher Evaluations • Send to Architecture, Art, and Planning Admission Office, Cornell
Applicants to Cornell are required to submit two teacher recommen- University, B1 West Sibley Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-4901.
dations. Please be sure to remind individuals writing letters for you to Human Ecology
include your name and date of birth on all pages if they are sending them
• Design and environmental analysis: portfolio and design index required
by mail. You are encouraged to limit your letters of recommendation to
for interior design option.
the two that are required.
• Fiber science and apparel design: design index required for apparel
Midyear Report design, and apparel and textile management options; portfolio required
The Midyear Report should be submitted as soon after January 3 as possi- for apparel design, and highly recommended for apparel and textile
ble. Cornell strongly encourages guidance counselors to utilize the online management.
submission of Midyear Report forms that is offered by the Common • For guidelines and index: human.cornell.edu/admissions.
Application. Sending your forms via the web will allow us to electroni-
cally load midyear grades into application files without opening mail or • Send all portfolios and design indexes to: Portfolio Review Committee,
scanning documents into our imaging system. This allows the reports to Office of Admissions, Student and Career Development, College of
reach the students' application file as many as three or four weeks sooner Human Ecology, 170 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-
than if they were submitted by mail. We understand that students whose 4401.
2011 Freshman Application Instructions continued

Supplemental Submissions and Forms Freshman Application Checklist for All Applicants
Other Common Application Supplemental Forms
There are a number of supplemental forms that accompany the online ❍ Common Application (pages AP-1 to AP-5)
Common Application, including an Early Decision Agreement, an Arts
Supplement, an Athletic Supplement, and a Supplement for International ❍ $70 application fee or fee waiver request
Students. These forms are not accepted by Cornell University, and we
do not recommend that you submit these additional forms with your ❍ Cornell University Supplement (including Cornell-specific essays)
Cornell materials. ❍ Secondary School Report, including official transcript (pages SR-1 and
SR-2)
Supplemental Music Submissions
Information for labeling and mailing supplemental music tapes and ❍ Teacher Evaluation 1 (pages TE-1 and TE-2)
CDs for evaluation by Cornell’s music department can be found at
http://music.cornell.edu/undergraduate/admissions/submit-recordings. ❍ Teacher Evaluation 2 (pages TE-1 and TE-2)
Deadlines for submitted supplemental music submissions are November
1 for early decision and January 3 for regular decision applicants. Cornell ❍ Midyear Report, sent as soon as possible after January 3 (pages MR-1
will not accept supplemental materials after February 15. and MR-2)

❍ Required Standardized Test Scores (NOTE: only official reports sent


English Proficiency Requirement directly to us from testing agencies are accepted; we will not accept
If you are an international applicant, and English isn’t your first language scores appearing on high school transcripts; please submit scores
(even if you have attended an English medium school), you will need from all tests taken.)
to demonstrate your English language competency by having your score
on the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or International Note to International Applicants: International applicants must complete
English Language Testing System (IELTS) exam sent to Cornell, as well as and submit all required application documents and components. See the
by sending an English teacher recommendation. application checklist above and the college-specific requirements detailed
in the Freshman Admission Requirements grid. In addition, international
TOEFL/IELTS Requirement applicants may need to submit scores from the TOEFL or IELTS exam and
*International freshman applicants for whom English is not the first lan- may need to satisfy an English Proficiency Requirement. Before completing
guage must submit a TOEFL or IELTS score. and submitting the Common Application, the Cornell University Supplement,
and other required forms, international applicants should review the
The recommended minimum TOEFL and IELTS scores are as follows: Cornell Admissions web site as it contains information for international
• TOEFL: 100 (Internet-based exam) and 600 (paper exam) applicants as well as the International Financial Aid Application.
• IELTS: 7 Application instructions can be found here: admissions.cornell.edu/apply/
applications.cfm.
Policy Exemptions
• We will waive the TOEFL and/or IELTS requirement for international
students who have achieved a score of at least 670 on the Critical
Reading section of the SAT exam. Helpful Application Tips
• We also will waive the TOEFL and/or IELTS requirement for interna • Give yourself enough time before the application deadline to complete
tional students who have studied for at least four years in the United both the Common Application and the Cornell Supplement.
States and other nations where English is an official language. • Be sure to carefully review the literature and online information
*Cornell defines international applicants as those who are not U.S. citizens regarding the college or school you are applying to. An understand-
or U.S. permanent residents. ing of the program to which you are applying will be helpful as you
approach the college interest essay on the Cornell Supplement.
The Common Application Final Report Form • Provide your guidance counselor and teachers with advance notice of
If you are admitted to Cornell and make the decision to enroll, you will be your intention to apply to Cornell—at least one month.
required to submit the Final Report Form from the Common Application • If mailing materials, pages can get separated, so include your full name
and also have your school send us your final high school transcript. and date of birth on each page mailed.
Cornell Alumni Admission Ambassador Network (CAAAN) • For groupings of multiple pages, please use paper clips (do not staple).
Applicant Contact Meetings • If applying early decision, please write “early decision” on your
Once we receive your Common Application and fee (or fee waiver mailing envelopes.
request), we will forward your name to the Cornell Alumni Admissions • After completing your application and supplement, make copies
Ambassadors Network (CAAAN) committee in your area, if one exists. for yourself.
A member of that committee may then contact you to schedule a time to
meet or speak on the phone. This meeting is not an admission interview, • Set up your online application status account by following the
nor is it a requirement for admission; rather, it is an opportunity for you to instructions you will receive via email after submitting the Common
speak with a Cornell graduate and learn more about the university—and Application and application fee (or fee waiver).
for us to learn more about you.
Will my essays for both my primary and alternate choice colleges be read
Primary/Alternate College Admission by both colleges? It is possible that both colleges will review your pri-
mary and alternate choice college essays.
Cornell University offers applicants for undergraduate admission the option
of applying to both a primary and an alternate choice college, recogniz- Which admission requirements must I satisfy if I apply to both a primary
ing that Cornell’s undergraduate colleges and schools offer a multitude of and an alternate choice college? You must satisfy requirements for both
distinctive academic programs, and that many applicants have diverse intel- colleges.
lectual interests that may be satisfied by more than one college or school. Can I list the same college as my primary and alternate choice? No. If
Only exceptional candidates with a serious intellectual passion satisfied by you apply to an alternate choice college, this college must be different
the alternate choice college or school will be considered. The decision to from the college you selected as your primary choice.
consider an alternate choice application is at the discretion of the admis-
sion committee in the alternate choice college. If I apply to a primary and an alternate choice college, will I receive
decisions from both colleges? Applicants will receive only one deci-
sion from Cornell University. Once a decision is rendered by Cornell
Primary/Alternate Admission Overview University, requests to be considered by additional colleges and schools
at Cornell will not be honored.
Applicants for undergraduate admission will complete the Common
Application and the Cornell Supplement to the Common Application. If I am admitted to my alternate choice college, will I have the opportu-
Both early and regular decision applicants are required to select a primary nity to change colleges upon enrolling at Cornell? Transferring between
college for admission and have the option of selecting an alternate choice colleges is a possibility, but is not guaranteed. If you are admitted to your
college. Applicants who choose this option will be required to write essays alternate choice college and enroll at Cornell, you are making a commit-
and satisfy admission requirements for both the primary and alternate ment to study in that college or school.
choice college.
• It is the responsibility of the applicant to make arrangements to complete admis- Questions from Early-Decision Applicants
sion requirements, including any special requirements such as interviews and If I am denied admission during early decision, can I reapply to an alter-
portfolios. nate choice college during regular decision? No.
• Applicants are not permitted to change the college(s) to which they have applied If I apply early decision and my decision is postponed until regular deci-
after they have submitted the application. Requests to change colleges will not be sion, will I have the opportunity to change my choice of colleges? No.
honored. Applicants are not permitted to change the college(s) to which they
have applied after they have submitted the application. Requests to
• Applicants who wish to apply to the same program in both a primary and alternate change colleges will not be honored.
choice college are required to submit admission essays for both colleges. In cases
If I am admitted to my alternate choice college during early decision, is
where a program is offered in more than one college, we encourage applicants to
it a binding commitment? Yes. The early decision binding commitment
review the graduation requirements and programs available in each college to bet-
applies to both the primary and alternate choice colleges you have des-
ter understand where their intellectual interests will be best served.
ignated.
• Applications that include a primary and alternate choice college will be considered
sequentially; first by the primary college and then by the alternate choice college. Questions from Transfer Applicants
If an applicant is admitted by the primary college, the application will not be eli-
Is primary/alternate admission available for transfer applicants? A varia-
gible for review by the alternate choice college.
tion of primary/alternate admission is in place for transfer applicants.
• Only exceptional candidates with a serious intellectual passion satisfied by the
alternate choice college or school will be considered for admission by the alter- Questions about Tuition and Financial Aid
nate choice college. The decision to consider an alternate choice application is at
Will I need to complete two financial aid applications? No. A single
the discretion of the admission committee in the alternate choice college.
application covers all colleges. You will be accepted to only one college,
• Applicants will receive only one decision from Cornell University. Once a decision and will receive only one financial aid decision based on the costs asso-
is rendered by Cornell University, requests to be considered by additional colleges ciated with that college.
and schools at Cornell will not be honored. How will my financial aid eligibility be determined if the tuition fees at
my primary and alternate choice colleges differ? Cornell awards aid on
the basis of demonstrated need. The determination of need is based on
Questions? the cost of your college (tuition, fees, etc., and residency status) less your
Should you have questions, please contact the admissions office at family contribution (income, assets, family size, number of children in
607 255-5241 or send e-mail to admissions@cornell.edu. college). Your family contribution remains constant regardless of the cost
of the college. If one college costs more than the other, then financial
Frequently Asked Questions About Primary/Alternate Admission need will increase. Cornell works to meet need with various financial-aid
resources such as loans, work, and grants.
General Questions
Am I required to designate a primary and alternate choice college? All
applicants are required to designate a primary college, and have the
option of designating an alternate choice college. Applicants are not
required to designate an alternate choice college.
Will applying to both a primary and an alternate choice college increase
my chances of being admitted to Cornell University? Admission to
Cornell University is competitive and highly selective. With more
than 30,000 applicants, admission will remain competitive regardless of
whether or not an applicant applies to an alternate choice college.
Will my primary college seriously consider my application if I apply
to an alternate choice college? Absolutely. We understand that some
intellectual interests can be satisfied by more than one undergraduate
program at Cornell.
is encouraged (but not required) to notify all other institutions, and to with-
Joint Statement for Candidates on Common Ivy draw all other applications, as promptly as possible.
Group Admissions Procedure c. A coach may both inquire about a candidate's level of commitment to an
The Ivy Group is an association of eight institutions of higher education, established Ivy institution, or interest in attending that Ivy institution, and encourage
in1954 primarily for the purpose of fostering amateurism in athletics. Relations that interest. However, a candidate may not be required to make a matricu-
between the member institutions have grown over the years, and representatives of lation commitment, to withdraw other applications, or to refrain from visit-
these institutions now meet regularly at a variety of levels to discuss topics which ing another institution, as a condition for receiving a "likely" letter, or an
range from the purely academic to the purely athletic and from fundamental educa- estimate of financial aid eligibility, or a coach’s support in the admissions
tional philosophy to procedures in admissions. process. In addition, coaches may not request that candidates not share esti-
mates of financial aid eligibility with other schools.
Each member institution has its own identity and character and protects its right
to pursue its own educational objectives. Thus, although the Ivy Group institutions d. An institution ordinarily may send a “likely” probabilistic communica-
are similar in many respects, each member institution will continue to make its own tion letter to a candidate (whether or not the applicant is a recruited ath-
independent admission decisions according to its own particular admissions policy. lete) only if the applicant has submitted all of the materials which the insti-
In recent years, however, it has become clear that the transition between secondary tution requires in order to make an admissions decision. Infrequently and
school and institutions of higher education has become increasingly complex and for compelling reasons, an institution may send such a “likely” communica-
that greater efforts should be made to simplify the process through more uniform tion that does not have “all” of those materials, as provided below, but only
admissions procedures. It is our hope that by outlining carefully the procedures if: (i) the other materials in the applicant’s file at that time provide the
under which we are operating and by clearly specifying the obligations of both the institution with a clear basis for making a binding positive admissions deci-
applicant and the institution, we can help students pursue their college interests free sion about the applicant, consistent with the institution’s general standards
of unnecessary confusion and pressure. for making such decisions; and (ii) the material in question is submitted
before a final letter of admission is issued. In these circumstances, a “likely”
I. General Procedures communication may be based on a file that includes an official application,
All contacts with students by representatives of Ivy institutions are an official transcript, the SAT-I or ACT examination, one essay, and at
intended to provide assistance and information and should be free of any least one recommendation from the student’s school (either teacher recom-
activity that applies undue pressure on the candidate. No information mendation or administrator recommendation).
referring to the admission or financial-aid status of an applicant to any Ivy e. An Ivy school may respond at any time beginning October 1 should a
institution may be considered official unless it is received directly from that non-Ivy school offer admission to a recruited student-athlete with a reply
institution’s admission or financial aid office. date prior to the common Ivy notification date.
Ivy institutions mail admission decision letters twice annually, in mid- IV. Common Notification Date
December and early April. Those who wish a decision in December must
apply by mid-November and complete their applications with supporting On a common date, usually in early April, applicants to the Ivy institutions will
materials shortly thereafter. A student may not file more than one Early be notified of admission decisions and financial aid awards, unless they have been
Decision application within the Ivy Group. Candidates in violation of this notified earlier under Early Decision Plan or Early Action Plan procedures*.
principle will not be considered until the spring. V. Financial Aid
II. December Notification All the Ivy institutions follow the common policy that any financial aid for
Under December Notification, an applicant may be notified that he or student-athletes will be awarded and renewed on the sole basis of economic
she has been granted or denied admission or that a final decision has been need with no differentiation in amount or in kind (e.g. packaging) based
deferred until the early April notification date. Two plans are offered on athletic ability or participation, provided that each school shall apply
according to individual institutional policy: its own standard of economic need. The official award of aid may only be
made at or subsequent to the time of admission.
a. The College Board-approved Early Decision Plan, which is offered by Brown,
Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth and the University of Pennsylvania, requires a Only the Office of Financial Aid has the authority to award financial aid
prior commitment to matriculate. Financial aid awards for those qualifying for on behalf of the institution, and applicants should rely only on formal
financial assistance will normally be announced in full detail at the same time communications from these offices. No suggestion that financial aid may
as the admission decisions. An applicant receiving admission and an adequate be available that comes from anyone else associated with the institution is
financial award under the Early Decision Plan will be required to accept that binding on the institution. No applicant should consider or accept an offer
offer of admission and withdraw all applications to other colleges or universities. of financial help from an alumnus, and any such offer should be reported
All Ivy institutions will honor any required commitment to matriculate which immediately to the Office of Financial Aid.
has been made to another college under this plan. VI. Common Reply Date
b. An Early Action Plan is offered by Yale. This plan does not require a Except for those applicants admitted under the College Board-approved
commitment to matriculate, and students may apply to other colleges at Early Decision Plan, which requires a prior commitment to matriculate,
any time under those colleges’ regular admission programs (spring notifica- no candidate admitted to any of the Ivy institutions will be required to
tion of final admission decision) or Early Action (but not Early Decision) announce his or her decision to accept or decline an offer of admission
programs. Those admitted candidates will also be able to secure an early until the Common Reply Date of May 1. All such candidates may delay
evaluation of eligibility prior to the announcement of financial aid awards their commitment to attend until May 1 without prejudice. By that date all
in mid-April. Students are urged to consult the admission literature avail- admitted candidates must affirm in writing their single choice.
able at each Ivy institution for details concerning its particular December The preceding paragraph does not preclude students from remaining on
Notification Plan. active waiting lists and withdrawing promptly from their original college
III. Early Evaluation Procedure choice upon receiving subsequent waiting list acceptance to another insti-
a. As determined by each institution, admissions offices may choose to tution. However, the Ivy institutions reserve their right to rescind accep-
advise applicants of the probability of admission (e.g., likely, possible, tance decisions from candidates who make commitments to and who hold
unlikely). Institutions may issue such probabilistic communications only in confirmed places at more than one institution concurrently. Students who
writing, from the office of admission. Such letters will have the effect of let- choose to remain on an active waiting list after May 1 will receive a final
ters of admission, to be confirmed on the common notification date, subject response no later than July 1.
to revocation only on the same terms as letters of admission. VII. Participating Institutions
b. Within each institution’s overall admissions process, from October 1 through Brown University, Harvard University, Columbia College, University
March 15 an admissions office may issue probabilistic communications, in writ- of Pennsylvania, Cornell University, Princeton University, Dartmouth
ing, to applicants who are recruited student-athletes. (Such communications College, Yale University
given by coaches, whether orally or in writing, do not constitute binding insti- *Letters are mailed beginning February 15 for Cornell’s College of Agriculture and
tutional commitments.) An applicant who receives one or more such written Life Sciences, School of Hotel Administration, and School of Industrial and Labor
communications and who has made a decision to matriculate at one institution Relations, and beginning in February for the School of Nursing at Penn.

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