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Malaysia Higher School Certificate (STPM) : School Name School Logo
Malaysia Higher School Certificate (STPM) : School Name School Logo
CERTIFICATE
(STPM)
(MATHEMATICAL NOTATION,
DEFINITIONS, AND FORMULAE)
School logo
School name
MATHEMATICAL NOTATION,
DEFINITIONS, AND FORMULAE
Trapezium rule:
b 1
∫a
f ( x ) dx ≈ h y0 + 2 ( y1 + y2 + ... + yn−1 ) + yn
2
b−a
where yr = f ( a + rh ) , h =
n
r=
∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
i i
2 2
∑( x − x) ∑( y − y)
i i
Regression line of y on x:
y = a + bx
Where b =
∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
i i
, a = y − bx
2
∑( x − x) i
Set of numbers
Logarithms
logb x
loga x =
logb a
Series
n
1 n n + 1
∑ 2
r =
r =1
n
2 = 1 n n + 1 2 n + 1
∑ r
6
r =1
n 2
∑ r 3 = 1 n 2 n + 1
r =1 4
n n n
a +b
= a n + a n−1b + a n−2b 2 + ...+ n a n−r b r + ...+ b n ,
r
1
2
where n∈
Coordinate Geometry
ax1 + by1 + c
a2 + b2
1
cosh x = ( e x + e − x )
2
sinh ( x ± y ) = sinh x cos y ± cosh x sinh y
cosh ( x ± y ) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
tanh x ± tanh y
tanh ( x ± y ) =
1 ± tanh x tanh y
cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x = 2cosh 2 x − 1 = 1 + 2sinh 2 x
sinh 3 x = 3sinh x + 4sinh 3 x
cosh 3 x = 4cosh 3 x − 3cosh x
x+ y x− y
sinh x + sinh y = 2sinh cosh
2 2
x+ y x− y
sinh x − sinh y = 2cosh sinh
2 2
x+ y x− y
cosh x + cosh y = 2cosh cosh
2 2
x+ y x− y
cosh x − cosh y = 2sinh sinh
2 2
(
sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 )
cosh −1 x = ln ( x + x −1) , x ≥ 1
2
1 1+ x
tanh −1 x = ln , x < 1
2 1− x
Integration
dv du
∫u dx
dx = uv − ∫ v dx
dx
f '( x )
∫ f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x ) + c
1 1 −1 x
∫ a2 + x2 a
dx = tan +c
a
1 −1 x
∫ a2 − x2 dx = sin +c
a
1 x
∫ x2 + a2
dx = sinh −1 + c
a
1 x
∫ x2 − a2
dx = cosh + c
a
Maclaurin expansions
n n ( n − 1) n ( n − 1) ... ( n − r + 1)
(1 + x ) = 1 + nx + x 2 + ... + x r + ..., x < 1
2! r!
x x2 xr
e = 1 + x + + ... + + ...
2! r!
r
x3 x5 ( −1) x 2 r +1
sin x = x − + − ... + + ...
3! 5! ( 2r + 1)!
r
x2 x4 ( −1) x 2 r
cos x = 1 − + − ... + + ...
2! 4! ( 2r )!
r +1
x 2 x3
ln (1 + x ) = x − + − ... +
( −1) x r
+ ..., −1 < x ≤ 1
2 3 r
Trigonometry