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1protection of Transmission Lines Using Gps Full Report
1protection of Transmission Lines Using Gps Full Report
1. INTRODUCTION
protection since it was first introduced in the early part of the century. it
has many advantages over the power line protection techniques and can
be adopted for fault location and back up protection. however , like other
due to power system frequency wave form , fault path resistance , line
speed of the relay cannot meet the reqirements when very high speed
been changed and are still playing a dominant role today. the
in the history of power system protection .since the concept was first
raised in the late 60’s relay technology has gone through rapid
been quickly developed and have included various digital and numeric
for fast fault clearance to improve system stability and the need for
to increase the speed of relay response .in the late 70’s this led to the
traveling waves and super imposed components these relays offered the
based on there detection.. this led to the new concept of “transient based
frequency transient signals and determine the actual portion of the fault
associated high frequency signals. With this approach not only the close
in faults can be detected , but also the problem of low fault inception
angle , voltage zero faults is effectively overcome since the faults arc
determine the instant when it detects the fault generated high frequency
network , relay is able to identify where the fault is on the system and
pin point its location . the system can also respond to the high frequency
offer a very fast relay response and high accuracy in fault location. It has
contain extensive information about the fault and are spread through out
the spectrum ranging from Dc to may kilohertz and even mega hertz.
ultra high speed protection ” schemes are generally limited by the band
type, location , its directions and duration . the use of these high
current signal are directly extracted from the CT out puts . although
conventional iron cored CT’s alternate the high frequency signals, their
relaying measurement and several researches are studying there use for
processing algorithms are then applied to the measured signals for fault
identification.
CURRENT SIGNALS.
documented.
transients
and current signals propagate away from the fault point along the power
transmission line and some of the signals is reflected back towards the
factors including , the fault position on the line , fault path resistance
in their frequency range will also reflect a current wave of the opposite
polarity.
current detector fed from the primary CTs . This extracts are high
circuit.
which extracts the band of fault generated transient current signal from
the line. as a result , the response of the scheme is not affected by the
to their respective aerial modes. The signal mixing circuit receive the
signal from the 3 phase CTs and continue these to form mode2 and
mode3 signals. There are filters to remove any spurious noise. The
outputs of the analog circuit are then passed to the digital circuit.
voltages and current signals over a wide frequency range. These signals
propagate away from the fault point in both directions along the
transmission system with velocity close to the speed of light. It has been
line if the transient signals could time tagged at key points on the power
area, provides an ideal tool for performing this time tagging of the
Relays are installed at the bus bars P,Q,R and S and are responsible for
the protection of the network . for this paper , the study has been
generated at the fault point and travel outward from that point along the
network conductors. In time they will reach the monitored bus bar and
be detected by the relays connected to them. each relay record the arrival
The relays then code this time information with details of their
sent by different devices along the same line. following an event , the
relays compare the fault transient arrival time recorded at its sight with
those send by other relays .from this they determine whether the fault is
send to the relevant local circuit breakers. The actual location where the
method.
transient detector uni5t is connected to the line using three phase CVTs .
these are able to detect the fault generated high frequency voltage
circuits , also uses the CVTs together with a hybrid unit to separate the
generated fast transient signals and recording the time tag obtained from
instant when the transient is captured, to the receivers of the other relays
detect the high frequency signals generated by the fault and had shown
that the accuracy of fault location was a function of the sampling rate
used to digitalize the measured signal. the accuracy was directly related
to the sampling rate and higher the sampling rate , the more accurate the
in fig. Used power line carrier techniques. Although this has several
protection scheme , where each relay associates with one circuit breaker
on that line section, the proposed relaying scheme will be responsible for
For eg as shown in fig the relay at bus bar “R” responsible for the
the transmission line system together with the relays in the scheme using
rejection and fault clearing which are done to help determine the
charecterestics.
studies is shown in the fig. The line lengths , source capacities and fault
position studies are shown 9in fig. CB-PQ, CB-PR,CB-RQ are circuit
Fig 3(a) shows the primary system voltage at the bus bars
experienced during “a” earth fault at the point F1 in the fig.as expected ,
connecting the busbar and the fault point. It is evident that the high
captured by the relays at P,Q and R. it can be seen that the magnitude of
the relay and the fault point. Upon detecting the arrival of the transient
signal , each relay time tag the signal and details of the time are send to
system has been modeled. the time taken for the communication is the
detected at the relaying points through out the network .each relay
compares the time instant of the first wave to arrive at the location with
those recorded at the other location. .a time difference smaller than the
time taken to travel through the corresponding line length indicates that
the fault is with in the corresponding section .the actual fault location
line.
The relation ship between the tag times and determining which
From the response shown in fig indicates that the fault occurs
on the line section PQ. Since this a TEED feeder , the trip decision will
in fig 5(b). for this fault , the relays at P and R are able to discriminate
between the TEED feeder PQR and line PQR and line PR by
line section between bus bar P and Q. the time tag data and the measured
fault location are given in the table1. The tripping signals shown assume
ground fault occurring at the point F2 in fig. In this case , the time
Tp - Tr = Lpr/V
The relay installed at bus bar ‘S’ will detect the time tag the
fault generated transient wave together with the time tag data received
from the relay at bus bar ‘P’ section is SP and trip the corresponding
breaker. The relay located on the bus bar P will respond in a similar
manner.
Fig 5 shows the relay response for a ‘b’ phase to ground fault
shown in fig 3 & 4 , relays able to make correct decision based on the
feeder PQR . the high frequency transients are readily detected at the
time difference between the time tags will correspond to the transient
time along the feeders and the protection will diagnose that the
communication system.
assumes that the transients travel at the speed of light in vacuum, where
covers, faults on any part of the transmission line system, the technique
6. CONCLUSION
extract the fault generated high frequency voltage transient signal and
GPS system to time tag these signals. The traveling time of the transient
high frequency signal from the point of fault to the adjacent substation is
plain and TEED feeders. Results show that the proposed scheme is able
trip command to the circuit breaker associated with the faulted section.
of plant.
7. REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
connected to the power line through the high voltage coupling capacitors
transient signals and record the time instant corresponding to when the
initial traveling wave generated by the fault arrives at the busbar. The
digital signals of the local information to and from the associated relays
in the system. At each substation , the relay determine the location of the
fault by comparing the GPS time stay measured locally with those
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
wholehearted cooperation without which this seminar would not have seen the
light of day.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction 1
6 Conclusion 23
7 References 24