SPECTRALLY SELECTIVE SOLAR ABSORBERS: IN DIFFERENT NON-BEACK COLOURS Z. Crnjak Ore!!, M. Klanjsek Gunde’, M. G. Hutchins” ' National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia ° Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 OBP, UK ABSTRACT SSicon paints were prepared from nor-black pigments like yellow, ochre, dark ochre, green and blue. The sear absosptance (a,) of all paints did not reach satisfactorily high vakie and even for very thick samples was sery Jow (less than 0.6). To improve the solar absorptance the black paint in different ratio was admixed into soa-black paints. For all prepared paints optical properties were expressed in terms of Kubelka-Munk zsorption (K) and scattering (S) coefficients that were calculated over the 400 — 17000 nm spectral region. Oetained results for S did not show differences in all spectral region while K follows the spectral teracteristics of colour in the visible spectral region. In the infrared (IR) spectral region two absorptions ere observed around 9000 nm and above 12000 nm. The calculated thermal emittances of all paints show ‘eat they are only a function of applied thickness and the valucs arc the best at very low thicknesses. Due to ‘te opposite effect that with increased thickness @, increases but unfortunately also (¢s) increases, we uantified all paints colorimetrically in order to obiain the acceptable colour boundaries of the coating for the Sectrally selective surface. For this purpose, we calculated metric chroma (C) and lightness (L) in the CIELAB colour space for vide-angle observer in average daylight conditions. Obtained results show that sectrally selective samples in non-black colours with a. > 0.8 and corresponding er < 0.3 can be prepared sh < 45 and C < 10. INTRODUCTION Production of efficient and inexpensive coatings (paints on highly reflective substrates) for solar absorbers represents one important research program in our group [1-3]. The operating efficiency of solar collectors strongly depends on spectral selectivity of solr absorbers. Usual colour of spectrally selective solar absorbers that are currently on the market is black. This colour might be acceptable for solar collectors in certain systems for photothermal solar energy conversion but not in all cases [4]. In the past we were reporting about preparations of this type of coating. By coil-coating industrial application process more than million m’ of spectrally selective coating have been produced on aluminium and copper substrates, The sniluence of all constituent, optimal thickness and optimal solar absorptance gradient for that paints was determined [5-7]. Characterization has been done in detailed for different pigments applying Kubcika-Munk (K-M) theory [5-9]. Effective optical coefficient of the pigment used with scattering and absorption cross sections were derived [8,9] By partial replacing of black pigment in paint, it was possible to prepare spectrally selective paints m Gdferent shade (10]. The formulation of these non-black coatings was similar as describe in our previous publications. This type of a coating represents new perspective for future architecture design. With -Renenable Energy Congress VI(WREC 2072) Copy 2002 Elsevier SclnceLAd. Allis reserved Eaton AAM SayghJeesestion of solar thermal system in roof or facade elements wihons disturbing aesthetical view of te houses will offer a new opportunity to overcome the monotony of black collestors vec paper we present results oblained for five differently coloured eontnes that will be possible t0 se as Reece or solar thermal systems. Any non-black he of solar absorbers ‘obviously influences on seers the solar absorplance (o,) ftom the value tht could be obtained for the black. If the thermal Sere ic: remains tml, the conting might be spectrally selective (large oes) and therefore useful for Frstrnel conversion system. In those cases solar absorbers in non-neviral colours ni bbe prepared by es wsing appropriate pigments) having desired colour attributes, The epmnections among and colour am were discussed. ‘EXPERIMENTAL Dents were prepared with standad industrial or lnboratory equipment (hish speed dispersers, pear! mill) and eae veriak, which are currently available on the world market (polysiloxane rest binder, black, yellow, ware, dark ochre, green and blue high teraperature stable spinel type Pigments and rheological additives). The primary pigment panicle size of black pigment is 0400 wm. For other pigments like yellow, ochre, dark wctre, areen and biue the primary particle size are |. 140.9. 14, and 1.6 His respectively. This allowed zposition of the paint in very thin layer (~ 2 um). Masstone paints and mixtures with black (1 part of biack Sind pars of messtone, 5 paris of black with 5 parts of masstone, and 9 Pins of black with | part of cree) were prepared. Paints were applied on. Al foil by spray deposition techniqut All paints dry in only Se munutes, bat high curing temperature (200-250°C) is required 10 attain adequate thermal, weathering and echanical resistance of the coating. The total near-normal hemispherical reflectance, R, for the wavelength range 2.5 = 14 jun, was measured sng a Bruker IFS-25 Fourier transform infrared spectrophowomelet fitted with a 0.125 m diameter JShhere dice pold-coated integrating sphere attachment. A Lebsphere diffuse gold specimen was used as ‘S valtwation reference. Hemispherical thermal emittance values (er ~ L-R) were determined using 2 20- rcted-ordinates catcuiation method for 300 K. blackbody spectral distribution fhnction. Hemispherical ‘ectral reflectance for the wavelength range 400 — 2500 nm as measured using a dual-beam Beckman ipo apectrophowometer ited with a 0.15 m diameter integrating sphere: The simpie and reference beams aoe acme ats? to the suriace normal of the test specimens. The sphere wall was coated ‘with barium, Riphate (B280,), Solar absorbance values were calculated fom the spectral reflectance data using a 20- 0.8 and er < 0.3. From Figures 3 and 4 it can be seen that this statement was reached for all colour shades with L<45 (Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b) and C=10 (Fig, 4a and Fig. 4b). All masstone samples as well as samples with addition of one part of the black paint to 9 parts of the ‘ev Ranewatlo Erorgy Congress VI(WREC 2062) Cepyiaht 2002Elsevier Science Ld right reserved, Elie ARI Sayightone paint have higher C and L values. Therefore these samples are not selective enough for the separation of efficient solar absorbers. Our research shows that moderate spectrally selective samples (by mixing 9 parts of black with one part of msstone or half of each paint) could be prepared also in non-black colours. These surfaces have intermediate sehtness and well-above-zero metric chroma, fa) exdo0¥ 3 & 60 ~% oo® 40. tb) Figure 3: Lightness (Z) of the paint samples at thickness that gives best spectral selective surface in dependence of their (2): solar absosplance (a,); and (b): tbermal emittance (e). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The Ministry of Education, Science and Sports of the Republic of Slovenia (P1-0512), Slovenian Academy ‘of Science and Arts, and the Royal Society, London supported this work. The authors wish to express gratitude to laboratory staff in Helios Dombale, Sloveria for their help in preparation of samples. Renewable Energy Congress VI(WREC 2002) Copytght 2002Esever Sconce LU. Allights reserved ite: AM. Soyichfa) (b) Figure 4: Metric chrom (C) of the paint samples at thickness that gives best spectral selective surface in dependence of their (a): solar absorptance (a.), and (b): thermal emittance (er). REFERENCES Crjak Orel, Z., KlanjSck Gunde, M. (2001) Solar Energy Mat. & Solar Cells 68, 337-353. Cmjak Orel, Z. (1999) Solar Enerey Mat. & Solar Cells $7, 291-301. Cenjak Orel, Z., KlanjSck Gunde, M., Lenéek, A. and Benz, N. (2000) Solar Energy 69, 131-135. Tripananostopoulos. Y... Souliotis M. and Nousia, Th. (2000) Solar Energy 68, 343-356. KlanjSek Gunde, M. and Crnjak Orel, Z. (2000) Applied Optics 39, 622-628. ‘Crmjak Orel, Z., KlanjSek Gunde, M., Orel, B. (1997) Progress in Org. Chem. 30, 59-66. : KlanjSck Gunde, M., Kozar Logar, J., Crnjak Orel, Z., Orel, B. (1996) Thin Solid Films 277, 185-191 Tesfamichoel, T., Hoel, A., Wackelgird, E., Niklasson, G.A., KlanjSek Gunde, M. and Cmjak Orel, 7. (2000) Solar Energy 69, 35-43 Testamichvel, T., Hoel, A., Niklasson, G.A. Waickelgdrd, E.. KlanjSek Gunde, M. and Cmjak Orel, Z. (2001) Applied Optics 40, 1672-1681. 10. Crnjak Orel, Z.. KlanjSek Gunde, M. (2000) Solar Energy Mat. & Solar Cells 61, 445-450. 11. Colorimetry, CE Publication (1986) N° 15.2, 2™ ed... ‘ex Ronowatlo Energy Gongs ViI(WREC 2002) Copytight 2002 Elsevier Science Lid. A rigs reserved Eater AM. Sangh