THIRD EDITION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

Chapter 16
Blood

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
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About this Chapter

• Composition of Blood
• Plasma make up and roles
• Various cell types, origin and roles
• Red blood cells, hemoglobin & iron metabolism
• How coagulation works

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Blood Components: Plasma Transports Solutes

• Water, ions, trace elements

• Gasses: O2 & CO2
• Organic Molecules
• Glucose
• N–wastes
• Proteins
• Antibodies
• Hormones

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Blood Components: Plasma Transports Solutes

Figure 16-1: Composition of blood

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Blood Components:
"Blood Count" – % of Each Component

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Blood Components: Cells

• Erythrocytes
• Red Blood Cells (RBC)
• O2 & CO2 transport
• White Blood Cells (WBC)
• Immune defense
• Phagocytosis
• Platelets: clotting

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Blood Components: Cells

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Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation

• Mostly in bone marrow from stem cells

• Rate regulated by cytokines & growth factors

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Hematopoiesis: Blood Cell Formation

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Focus on RBCs:

• Loose their nucleus

• Cytoskeleton – shape
• Hemoglobin
• Binds O2 in heme group
• Binds some CO2 on globulin

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Focus on RBCs:

Figure 16-5c: Bone marrow

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Focus on RBCs:

Figure 16-7a, b: Bone marrow

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Iron Metabolism: Key to Hemoglobin O2 Transport

Figure 16-8: Iron metabolism

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Some Diseases of RBCs and O2 Transport

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 16-3: Causes of Anemia
Blood Components: Platelets
• Coagulate, form plug, prevent blood loss
• Formed by fragmentation from megakaryoctyes

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-10c: Megakaryocytes and platelets
Overview of Hemostasis:
Clot Formation & Vessel Repair

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Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug Formation

• Vasoconstriction
• Platelet activation
• Multiple factors
• Positive feedback
• Aggregation
• Loose plug

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Hemostasis: Vasoconstriction & Plug Formation

Figure 16-12: Platelet plug formation

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Hemostasis: Coagulation & Clot Stabilization

• Prothrombin
• Ca++
• Fibrinogen
• Fibrin
• Polymerization

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16-13: The coagulation cascade
Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants

• Bleeding stopped
• Vessel repair
• Plasmin
• Fibrinolysis
• Clot dissolved

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Dissolving the Clot and Anticoagulants

Figure 16-14: Coagulation and fibrinolysis

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Coagulation and Disease
• Hemophilia
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Key problem – clots block undamaged blood
vessels
• Anticoagulants prevent coagulation
• Keep platelets from adhering
• Prevent fibrin coagulation
• "Clot Busters": Prevent further clotting
• Speed fibrinolysis
• Limit tissue damage (heart, brain…)
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Summary

• Blood is about 50% plasma, water solvent &

solutes: ions, elements, gasses, proteins, wastes &
nutrients
• White blood cells function in internal defense
• Iron in hemoglobin is key to RBC transport of O2
• Platelet activation initiates clot formation
• Clotting prevents blood loss but is a problem in
cardiovascular disease

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings