Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 12-13
Blood &
The Cardiovascular
System
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.2
Functions of Blood
• Transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones and
wastes
• Promotes homeostasis
• Maintain homeostasis of interstitial fluid
• Distributes heat
Blood
Figure 10.1
Composed of approximately 90
percent water
Includes many dissolved
substances
Nutrients, Salts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins, Waste products
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.3
Plasma Proteins
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.4
Formed Elements
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 10.8
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained
Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils Figure 10.4
Agranulocytes
Lack visible
cytoplasmic
granules
Include
lymphocytes and
monocytes
Figure 10.4
Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Eosinophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic
worms
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Granulocytes
Basophils
Have histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation
Lymphocytes
Nucleus fills most of the cell
Play an important role in the immune
response
Monocytes
Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Figure 7.11
ABO Blood Groups
Figure 11.1
Slide 11.4
External Heart Anatomy
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2a Slide 11.5
The Heart: Chambers
Right and left side act as separate pumps (double pump; rt &
lf sides)
Four chambers
Atria
Receiving chambers- (superior)
Right atrium (receive from the body)
Left atrium (receives from the lungs)
Ventricles
Discharging chambers (inferior)
Right ventricle (send blood to lungs)
Left ventricle (sends blood to the body)
Figure 11.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.7
The Heart: Valves
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Four valves
Atrioventricular valves (AV)– between atria
and ventricles
Bicuspid valve (left) – (aka mitral valve)
Tricuspid valve (right)
Semilunar valves between ventricle and
artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.8
The Heart: Valves
Valves open as blood is pumped
through
Held in place by chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
Close to prevent backflow
Murmur – abnormal or unusual heart
sounds
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 11.9
Sounds of the Heart
• Lubb-dubb
• Lubb – AV valves closing; ventricular
contraction
• Dubb – semilunar valves closing; ventricles
relax
Operation of Heart Valves
Figure 11.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2a Slide 11.5
The Heart: Conduction System
Intrinsic conduction system
(nodal system)
Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way
Cardiac muscle cells in different areas of the
heart have different rhythms
Ex. Atrial cells @ 60X per min
Ventricular cells @ 20-40X per min
Figure 11.5
Figure 8.15B, C
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System
Figure 11.8b
Figure 11.9
Capillary beds
consist of two
types of vessels
Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.10 Slide
Capillary Beds
True capillaries –
exchange vessels
Oxygen and
nutrients cross to
cells
Carbon dioxide
and metabolic
waste products
cross into blood
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.10 Slide
Diffusion at Capillary Beds
Figure 11.20
Figure 11.6
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.3
Vital Signs
• Arterial pulse
• Blood pressure
• Respiratory Rate
• Body Temperature
• All indicate the efficiency of the system
Pulse
Pulse – pressure
wave of blood;
expansion & recoil
of artery
Monitored at
“pressure points”
where pulse is
easily palpated
Points can also be
used to stop
hemorrhaging if
compressed
Blood Pressure
Measurements by health professionals
are made on the pressure in large
arteries
Systolic – pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction
Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
the distance away from the heart
increases
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.18