septum

blood flows through heart twice, for one (complete) circuit / to get backto the
same point

 Prevents oxygenated blood and deoxynated blood from mixing

 Allows high metabolic rates

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 Left ventricle C

Pulmonary Vein K

aorta
P

Renal vein M

blood enters heart at right atrium from the vena cana then atrium contracts then
blood is taken to right ventricle then ventricle contracts then blood is taken to the
pulmonary artery to the lungs

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  Less smoking
 Exercise more

Small mesh tube is inserted in the artery which opens the artery then balloon is inserted in
the artery to widen it then the blood vessels in the artery are replaced.

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 Retina

Optic nerve

They are refracted.

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  To detect light
 To send impulse to optic nerve

gravity

Away from gravity, tropism

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  More light is absorbed for photosynthesis
 Flowers will be better grown attracting more pollinators and insect leading
to increasing dispersion

Auxins made in the tip are then spread which are collected in the lower side of the
stem which now stimulates elonguated growth of thaliana

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3

yeast

respiration

Flooding

earthquakes

The increasing amounts of pollutions

Limited farming processes and land for farming

The demand for food is increasing

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Species could lose their habitats which could lead to outbreaks of speices and extinction

Food chains will broken increasing hunger and decreasing number of animals

That much done on soil will decrease the fertility and amount of soil water

Reduced volume of soil

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4

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

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  as wavelength increases, rate (of photosynthesis) decreases and increases
 maximum rate = 0.9cm3
 highest rates in blue violent and red

Rate of photosynthesis= V/5/(time taken)

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 To keep the light intensity the same

To provide carbon dioxide

To make starch

Used in the cell wall

To make amino acids

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5

 They are very small

 Cant be treated with antibiotics

 It is injected into the body, lymphocytes make antibodies which increase the time to
respond is exposed to the same pathogen, memory cells remember the antigen and
pathogen.

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(b)

antibiotics

Stomach acid

(c)

Active immunity is obtained by exposue to the pathogen while passive immunity is gotten at birth
from eg breast milk

Passive immunity is acquired from another individual

Passive immunity is long term while active immunity is short term

Passive immunity response is slower than active immunity

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6

meiosis

Sperm cell contains only one sex chromosone

zygote

Sperm cell that fertilizes it must be carrying an X

ovary

oviduct

womb

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 Protects fetus from physical damage

Produces amniotic fluid

(e)

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