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Ven.Phramaha Surasak Ven.Phramaha Amphol
b%feHywf 645 201 2330 Faculty Social Science & Faculty of Education &
Political Science Bachelor of Arts in Teaching English
b%f r d O f S aem0f S uoD u G O f S xJ k i f . / Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University

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rd O f . vG , f S aom@SxG L e0f S Ven.Phramaha Surasak - Phone: 08 7542 9219
Wat Dusitaram, Pinklao Rd. Arun Amarin. Bangkoknoi. Bangkok. 10700 Thailand.
v0f ; [G K d e f S ,if ; aAG . pif S xsSaAG . -o// Khun Thomas - Pa-O Magazine Phone: 08 1087 1535
E-mail: paomagazine@gmail.com
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