SQL supports the following categories of commands to communicate with the database:-

Commands
Data Definition Language Create, Alter, Drop, Rename & Truncate

Data Manipulation Language Insert, Delete, Update

Data Control Language Grant, Revoke

Transaction Control Language Commit, Rollback, Save point

Syntax

CREATE – Create the table

a. simple creation
CREATE TABLE < tablename> (
<column name1 > < datatype>,
<column name 2> < datatype>,
<column name 3> < datatype>
);
e.g CREATE TABLE emp_demo1
( employee_id NUMBER(6)
, first_name VARCHAR2(20)
, last_name VARCHAR2(25)
, email VARCHAR2(25)
, phone_number VARCHAR2(20)
, job_id VARCHAR2(10)
, salary NUMBER(8,2)
, deptid NUMBER(4)
);

CONSTRAINT DESCRIPTION

NOT NULL Specifies that a column must have some value.

UNIQUE Specifies that columns must have unique values.

PRIMARY KEY Specifies a column or a set of columns that uniquely identifies as

row. It does not allow null values.
FOREIGN KEY Foreign key is a column(s) that references a column(s) of a table.

CHECK Specifies a condition that must be satisfied by all the rows in a

table.
b. Without constraint name
CREATE TABLE < tablename> (
<column name 1> < datatype>,
<column name 2> < datatype> UNIQUE ,
<column name 3> < datatype> ,
PRIMARY KEY ( <column name2>)
);
e.g CREATE TABLE emp_demo2
( employee_id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY
, first_name VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL
, last_name VARCHAR2(25) NOT NULL
, email VARCHAR2(25) UNIQUE
, phone_number VARCHAR2(20) UNIQUE
, job_id VARCHAR2(10)
, salary NUMBER(8,2) CHECK(SALARY>0)
, deptid NUMBER(4)
);
c. With constraint name
CREATE TABLE < tablename1> (
<column name 1> < datatype> CONSTRAINT <constraint name1> UNIQUE,
<column name 2> < datatype> CONSTRAINT <constraint name2> NOT NULL,
constraint < constraint name3 > PRIMARY KEY ( <column name1>),
constraint <constraint name4> FOREIGN KEY (<column name2>)
REFERENCES <tablename2> (<column name1>)
);
e.g CREATE TABLE emp_demo3
( employee_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT emp_eid PRIMARY KEY
, first_name VARCHAR2(20)
, last_name VARCHAR2(25) CONSTRAINT emp_last_name_nn NOT NULL
, email VARCHAR2(25) CONSTRAINT emp_email_nn NOT NULL
, phone_number VARCHAR2(20)
, job_id VARCHAR2(10) CONSTRAINT emp_job_nn NOT NULL
, salary NUMBER(8,2) CONSTRAINT emp_salary_nn NOT NULL
, deptid NUMBER(4), CONSTRAINT emp_dept FOREIGN KEY(deptid)
REFERENCES department(deptid)
, CONSTRAINT emp_salary_min CHECK (salary > 0)
, CONSTRAINT emp_email_uk UNIQUE (email)
);
d. With check constraint
CREATE TABLE < tablename> (
<column name1 > < datatype> ,
<column name 2> < datatype>,
CHECK ( < column name 1 > in ( values) )
CHECK ( < column name 2 > between <val1> and <val2> )
e.g CREATE TABLE emp_demo4
( emp_id NUMBER(6),
emp_name VARCHAR2(15),
salary NUMBER(10)CHECK (salary between 1000 and 10000)
);

ALTER – Alter the table

1. INSERT
a. ADD –to add new columns
ALTER TABLE <tablename> ADD ( <column name > < datatype>);
Eg: ALTER TABLE emp_demo4 ADD(emp_name varchar2(20));

Adding Constriants
ALTER TABLE <tablename> ADD CONSTRAINT <constraint_name> constriant_type
(<column name>);
ALTER TABLE emp_demo4 ADD CONSTRAINT con_pk1 PRIMARY KEY(emp_id);
ALTER TABLE emp_demo4 ADD CONSTRAINT con_emp_uk UNIQUE(phoneno);
ALTER TABLE emp_demo4 ADD CONSTRAINT con_empfk FOREIGN KEY(DNO)
REFERENCES department(dno);
ALTER TABLE emp_demo4 ADD CONSTRAINT con_emp_ck CHECK ( salary >0 );

ALTER TABLE emp_demo4 MODIFY (<Column name> <datatype> CONSTRAINT

constraint_name NOT NULL);

b. MODIFY - Modify the datatype or increase / decrease the column width

ALTER TABLE <tablename> MODIFY ( <column name > < newdatatype>);
Eg: ALTER TABLE emp_demo4 MODIFY(emp_id varchar2(20));

c. DROP –delete column or remove constraint

ALTER TABLE <tablename> DROP COLUMN < column name>;
Eg: ALTER TABLE emp_demo4 DROP COLUMN salary;

ALTER TABLE <tablename> DROP CONSTRAINT < constraint name >;

The CASCADE clause drops any foreign keys that reference the primary key.

e.g ALTER TABLE departments DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE;

If you know that the name of the PRIMARY KEY constraint is pk_dept, then you could also
drop it with the following statement:

e.g ALTER TABLE departments DROP CONSTRAINT pk_dept CASCADE;

Drop the unique key on the email column of the employees table:
e.g ALTER TABLE employees DROP UNIQUE (email);

d. Rename – Rename table

RENAME <oldtablename> TO <newtablename>;
e.g. RENAME employees TO emp_det;
ALTER TABLE <tablename> RENAME COLUMN <oldcolumnname>
TO <newcolumn name>

DML
a. Inserting values from user
INSERT INTO <tablename> VALUES( val1,val2 …);
e.g INSERT INTO emp_demo4 VALUES(3,’anitha’,5000);
b. Inserting interactively
INSERT INTO <tablename> VALUES( &<column name1> , & <column name2> …);
e.g INSERT INTO emp_demo4 VALUES(&emp_id,’&emp_name’,&salary);
c. Inserting null values
INSERT INTO <tablename> VALUES( val1,’ ‘,’ ‘,val4);
e.g INSERT INTO emp_demo4 VALUES(4,NULL, ‘’);

2. SELECT

a. Simple select
SELECT * FROM < tablename>;
SELECT <col1>, <col2> FROM < tab1>;
e.g SELECT emp_id, emp_name FROM emp_demo4;
b. Alias name
SELECT <col1> <alias name 1> , <col2> < alias name 2>FROM < tab1>;
e.g SELECT emp_id “employee id”, emp_name as employee name,
salary*12 salary FROM emp_demo4;
 c. With distinct clause
SELECT DISTINCT <col2> FROM < tab1>;
e.g SELECT DISTINCT emp_name FROM emp_demo4;

d. With where clause

SELECT <col1>, <col2> FROM < tab1> WHERE <conditions>;

3. UPDATE
Updating a column value
UPDATE < tablename> SET <col> = < new value>;
Updating a column value with where clause
UPDATE < tablename> SET <col1> = < new value> , <col2> = < new value>
WHERE <conditions>;

4.DELETE
Deleting all rows
DELETE FROM <tablename>;
Deleting specific rows
DELETE FROM <tablename> WHERE <condition>;