ROPE WORK

•SLT (X)
 TOPIC 1-MAKING OF ROPE I
• LAYING OF STRANDS IS ALWAYS CARRIED OUT IN A
DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THE TWISTING OF YARNS.

• 1. THE STRANDS ARE TWISTED UP TOGETHER TO

FORM A ROPE.
• 2. THE STRANDS ARE ROTATED INDIVIDUALY IN THE
DIRECTION OF THEIR ORIGINAL TWIST.
• WHERE THIS IS NOT DONE , LAYING OF STRANDS
TOGETHER WOULD TEND TO UNTWIST THE YARNS IN
EACH STRANDS.

– IN A NORMAL RIGHT HANDED ROPE THE FIBRES ARE SPUN

RIGHT HANDED TO FORM YARNS, THE YARNS ARE TWISTED
LEFT HANDED INTO STRANDS, AND THE STRANDS ARE LAID UP
RIGHT HANDED INTO ROPE
 NATURAL FIBRE CORDAGE ROPE II
• MANILA ROPE THIS NATURAL FIBRE CORDAGE IS MADE FROM
THE LEAF OF ABACA PLANT. ABACA IS GROWN IN PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS AND SHIPPED FROM PORT OF MANILLA. ALSO GROWN IN
SUMATRA. IT IS DEEP BROWN IN COLOUR . MANILA ROPE IS
FLEXIBLE , DURABLE, STRONG AND STANDS UP WELL TO WEAR AND
WEATHER CONDITIONS. IT IS SUITABLE FOR LIGHT JACK STAYS,
BOAT ROPES,AMMUNI TION WHIPS AND SLINGS.

• SISAL ROPE IT IS MADE FROM THE LEAVES OF

SISILANA PLANT GROWN IN BRAZIL, MALAGASY, KENYA, TANZANIA,
HAITIAND JAVA. THIS NATURAL FIBRE ROPE IS PALE STRAW IN
COLOUR AND IT’S SURFACE IS HAIRY. IT IS AS STRONG AS MANILA
BUT NOT FLEXIBLE ,DURABLE OR RESISTANT TO WEAR AND
WEATHER CONDITION. THIS ROPE IS NO USED WHERE PARTING OF
ROPE MAY ENDANGER LIFE.
 NATURAL FIBRE CORDAGE ROPE III
• HEMP ROPE THIS NFC ROPE IS MADE FROM
THE FIBRE
• OF STEM OF HEMP PLANT WHICH IS GROWN IN
ITALY ,RUSIA, CHINA AND INDIA. ITALIAN HEMP IS
BETTER . HEMP IS SOFTER THAN OTHER FIBRES.
IT IS GREY IN COLOUR AND FLEXIBLE.

• COIR RPE THIS NFC ROPE IS MADE

FROM THE FIBRE OF COCONUT HUSK.IT IS
WEAKEST OF ALL NFC ROPES. DUE TO IT’S
LIGHT WEIGHT IT FLOATS IN WATER. FLEXIBLE
AND SPRINGY. ROTS IF STOWED AWAY IN WET
AND DOES NOT STAND TO CHAF AND WEATHER.
 SPECIAL KINDS OF ROPES IV

• BOLT ROPEMADE FROM PCPL TREATED SISAL, HEMP OR MAN MADE

FIBRE, USED FOR EDGING AWNING AND SAILS.

• HAMMOCK LASHING MADE FROM SISAL LAID UP LEFT HANDED

AND IS USED FOR HAMMOCK LASHING.

• STAGE LASHING MADE FROM PCPL TREATED SISAL. USED FOR

SECURING STAGING WHICH WAS ALREADY BEEN SLUNG BY OTHER
MEANS.

• BRAIDED AND PLAITED CORDAGE MADE UP OF A NUMBER OF

FIBRE YARNS PLAITED TOGETHER. IT IS VERY FLEXIBLE AND WILL
NOT KINK OR UNTWIST. IT IS USED FOR LOG LINES.
 NATURAL FIBRE CORDAGE ROPE V

• HAND LEAD LINE IT IS ALSO MADE UP OF PCPL COATED AND IS SOFT

LAID SO THAT IT WILL STRETCH VERY LITTLE.

• JUNK AND ROUNDING JUNK CONSISTS OF CONDEMNED CORDAGE

OF 32 MM AND ABOVE AND ROUNDING IS UNDER 32 MM SIZE. THESE ARE
SUPPLIED FOR LASHING AND SECURING WHERE USE OF GOOD ROPE IS
NOT NECESSARY.

• OAKUM IT IS MADE FROM NEW OR CONDEMNED CORDAGE PICKED TO

PIECES. USED FOR CAULKING SEAMS IN WOODEN DECKS AND SIDES OF
WOODEN VESSELS AND BOATS.
 MAN- MADE FIBRE CORDAGE VI
• POLYAMIDE : TWO AND HALF TIMES AS STRONG AS MANILA OF EQUIVALENT SIZE. IT
STRETCHES BY ALMOST HALF IT’S LENGTH BEFORE PARTING AND HAS EXCELLENT
RECOVERY. STRONGEST MAN MADE FIBRE IN COMMON USE. HAS HIGH RESISTANCE
TO ALKALIS BUT LOW RESISTANCE TO CERTAIN ACIDS. USED FOR TOWING
HAWSERS.
• POLYESTER : TWICE AS STRONG AS MANILA OF EQUAL SIZE. STRETCHES 36 %
BEFORE PARTING. HAS EXCELLENT RECOVERY ,HIGH RESISTANCE TO ACIDS BUT
NOT TO ALKALIS. USED FOR BERTHING HAWSERS, SAFETY NETS, SIGNAL HALYARDS
AND PICKING UP ROPES.
• POLYPROPELINE TWICE AS STRONG AS MANILA OF EQUAL SIZE.
STRETCHES 44% BEFORE PARTING. IT IS LIGHT AND THUS FLOATS IN
WATER. HIGH RESISTANCE TO ACIDS AND ALKALIS. USED AS MESSENGERS
WITH TOWING HAWSERS.
• POLYTHELENE ONE AND HALF TIMES AS STRONG AS MANILA OF
EQUAL SIZE. STRETCHES 33% BEFORE PARTING. SOFT AND NOT
RECOMMENDED FOR LOAD BEARING APPLICATION. LIGHT AND USED AS
FLOATING LINE IN SHIPS DIVING OPERATIONS.
 ELASTICITY AND STRENGTH

• WIRE ROPE MANILA ROPE POLYAMIDE

• (B) ELASTICITY
• FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSE WHEN USED WITH IN SWL WHEN USED WITH IN
• IT IS NOT ELASTIC. APPROXIMATELY 15 SWL 25 % OF IT’S LENGTH
• PERCENT OF IT’S LENGTH AND BEFORE PARTING
NEARLY 50% OF IT’S
LENGTH.
• (C) LOSS OF STRENGTH
• WHEN WET
• NON BUT PROLONGED APPROXIMATELY 4-5 % 5-10% WHEN SATURATED

• IMMERSION WILL CORRODE WHEN SATURATED ROPE

• THE WIRE RAPIDLY WITH IS UNAFFECTED.
• A CORRESPONDING
• REDUCTION IN STRENGTH
 TOPIC-2 NATURAL FIBRE ROPE –CARE AND
MAINTENANCE I
• 1. DO NOT PUT HEAVY STRAIN ON ROPE WHICH HAS BEEN WELL OR ON
ROPE WHICH HAS ONCE BEEN LOADED TO NEAR BREAKING STRENGTH
POINT.
• 2. ROPES CONTRACT WHEN WET AND BELAYED ROPE SLACKED BEFORE
IT IS DANGEROUSLY STRAINED.NEVER STOW ROPE WHEN WET.
• 3. BEFORE USING ANY ROPE EXAMINE FOR DAMAGE, ROT AND FATIGUE.
SERIOUS DAMAGE CAN BE SEEN WHEN STRANDS ARE DISTORTED OR
ROPE BECOMES OPENED.
• 4. CHAFFING WILL REDUCE STRENGTH OF ROPE.
• 5. ROT CAN BE DETECTED BY SMELL OF ROPE AND EXAMINING INNER
SURFACE OF ROPE.
• 6. FATIGUE IS REDUCTION OF DIAMETER OF ROPE BELOW IT’S SPECIFIED
SIZE WHEN IT IS STRETCHED UNDER HEAVY LOAD.
• 7. IF ROPE SHOWS NO SIGNS OF DAMAGE , ROT OR FATIGUE SOME
CONSIDERATION MUST BE GIVEN TO IT’S AGE. AVOID EXTREMES OF HEAT
AND DAMP, FRICTION ROUND THE BOLLARD AND UNSUITABLE SHEAVE.
 MAN MADE FIBRE ROPE –CARE AND
MAINTENANCE II
• 1. AVOID UNNECESSARY EXPOSURE TO SUN LIGHT.
• 2. PREVENT CONTAMINATION BY CHEMICALS AND FUMES.
• 3. PRESENCE OF FIBRE NAP OR WHISKERING FUZZ DISTRIBUTED
UNIFORMALLY ON STANDARD SURFACE IS INDICATION OF WEAR.
OUTER FACES OF WORN OUT STRSNDS ARE FLATTENED AND
YARNS SERVED.
• 4. FUSION IS THE PRESENCE OF HARD LAYER OF FUSED FIBRES
ON SURFACE OF ROPE IS CAUSED DUE TO FRICTION GENERATING
HEAT NEAR TO OR ABOVE THE MELTING POINT OF FIBRE WHEN
SURGED UNDER HEAVY LOAD.
• 5. PROTRUSION OF YARNS ALONG THE LINE OF CUT IS KNOWN AS
CUTTING. SECTION OF ROPE CUT OUT AND ROPE JOINED WITH
SHORT SPLICE.
• 6. LOCALISED DISTORTION OF STRAND BY BACK TWIST IS CALLED
CROWSFOTING CAUSED DUE TO SUDDEN RELEASE OF TENSION IN
AHAWSER LAID ROPE.
 MAN MADE FIBRE ROPE –CARE AND
MAINTENANCE III

• 7. CHAFFING APPEARS AS LONDITUDINAL LINE OF HEAVY WEAR ALONG

SURFACE OF ROPE.
• 8. TEMPORARY ELLOGATION MAY OCCUR WHEN SUBJECTED TO
REPEATED LOADING WHEN ROPE IS STRETCHED UNDER HEAVY LOAD WILL
TAKE UP TO 06 HOURS TO RECOVER.
• 9. STAINS OF RUST TO BE REMOVED WITH SOAP WATER.
• 10. MUST NOT BE STOWED WHERE THERE IS HEAT.
• 11. WHEN ROPE IS ICED IT MUST BE THAWED AT MODERATE
TEMPERATURE BEFORE STOWING.
• 12. OIL AND GREASE CAN BE REMOVED BY SCRUBBING WITH MILD
SOLUTION SOAP AND WATER FOLLOWED BY RINSING IN COLD WATER.
 BREAKING STRENGTH IV
• BREAKING STRENGTH OF NFC IS D2
CARE AND MAINTAINANCE OF ROPES

• CAUSES OF DAMAGE/ REDUCTION OF

LIFE OF ROPES
• a) CONSTANT STRETCHING UNDER HEAVY
LOAD.
• b) STOWING AWAY WET.
• c) SUBJECTION TO EXTREMES OF HEAT
ANND DAMP.
• d) EXTERNAL FRICTION ROUND
BOLLARDS /FAIRLEADS.
• e) INTERNAL FRICTION DUE TO BENDING
ROUND UNSUITABLE SHEAVES /BLOCKS
 TOPIC-3 STEEL WIRE ROPE-DESCRIPTION OF A
WIRE ROPE I
• THE FULL DESCRIPTIPN OF STEEL WIRE ROPE STATES
THE DIAMETER AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROPE
FOLLOWED BY THE CONSTRUSTION OF EACH STRAND ,
IN BRACKET,eg 24 MM 6 24 (15/9 FIBRE) FIBRE CORE STEL
WIRE ROPE. THIS INDICATES A DIAMETER OF 24 MM, A
CONSTRUCTION OF 6 STRANDS ARROUND A CENTRAL
FIBRE MAIN CORE, EACH CORE LAID UP ARROUND 9
WHICH IN URN ARE LAID UP ARROUND A FIBRE CORE.

• IN PRACTICE STEEL WIRE ROPE IS IDENTIFIED SIMPLY BY

QUOTING THE SIZE AND ROPE CONSTRUCTION ONLY
OMMITING THE STRAND CONSTRUCTION ,eg 24 MM 6 24
MM SWR.
 WIRE ROPES II
• A WIRE ROPE CAN BE MADE FLEXIBLE IN ONE OF THE TWO WAYS.
• 1. BY REPLACING THE CENRE WIRESOF EACH STRAND WITH
ALARGE CORE OF JUTE OR HEMP, IN WHICH CASE STRENGTH IS
SACRIFICED FOR FLEXIBILITY.
• 2. BY MAKING UP EACH STRAND WITH A LARGE NUMBER OF
SMALL GAUGE WIRES ROUND A WIRE CORE, IN WHICH CASE THE
FULL STRENGTH IS RETAINED.
• THE HEMP OR JUTE MAIN CORE OF A WIRE ROPE HAS TWO
FUNCTIOS:
• 1. IT ACTS AS A CUSHION INTO WHICH THE STRANDS BED,
ALLOWING TO TAKE UP THEIR NATURAL POSITION AS THE ROPE IS
BENT OR SUBJECTED TO STRAIN.
• 2. IT ABSORBS THE LEENSEED OIL OR OTHER LUBRICANT WITH
WHICH THE ROPE SH0ULD PERIODICALLY BE DRESSED, SO THAT AS
THE ROPE IS STRECHED OR FLEXED THE OIL IS SQUEEZED
BETWEEN THE WIRES. THUS LUBRICATING THEM AND REDUCING
THE FRICTION BETWEEN THEM.
 BREAKING STRENGTH
• THE BREAKING STRENGTH OF WIRE ROPE DIFFERS IN EACH TYPE
.THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS APPROXIMATE BREAKING
STRENGTH FOR DIFFERENT SIZES AND CONSTRUCTIONS:
• CONSTRUCTION OF RANGE OF SIZES OF BREAKING STRENGTH

ROPE MM ASPPROX TONNES

6*36 14-28 d2/17 17
6*41 32-52 d2.34 34
6*12 8-16 d2/34 34
6*24 12-36 d2/25 25
7*7 5-7 d2/15 15
7*7 12-28 d2/18 18
7*19 32 ONLY d2/19
D= DIAMETER IN MILLIMETERS
THE SAFE WORKING LOAD OF WIRE ROPE IS 1/6 OF IT’S BREAKING
STRENGTH FOR STNDING RIGGING, CRANES,HAWSERS AND GENERAL
PURPOSE WIRES, 1/8 FOR RUNNING RIGGING AND SLINGS AND 1/12 FOR
LIFTS AND HOISTS.
 COMPARISION BETWEEN ROPES
• WIRE ROPE MANILA ROPE POLYAMIDE
• (a) STRENGTH AND WEIGHT ABOUT SAME AS SISAL ABOUT 3 TIMES AS STRONG
• FROM 4TO 7 TIMES OF EQUAL SIZE AND IS AS MANILA OF EQUAL
• AS STRONG AS MANILA 5 TIMES STRONGER THAN SIZE. LIGHTER IN WEIGHT
• OF EQUAL SIZE AND AND TWICE HE WEIGHT OF THAN MANILA AND SISAL
• 1 ½ TO 2 TIMES THE COIR OF EQUAL AND ABOUT ½ THE WEIGHT
• STRENGTH OF EQUAL OF EQUAL SIZE.(POLYESTER
• WEIGHT HAS APPROXIMATELY 65
PERCENT THE STRENGTH
OF POLYAMIDE.)
FACTERS AFFECTING LIFE OF WIRE ROPES IT’S
CARE AND MAINTAINNCE

THE WIRE ROPES ARE GENERALLY AFFECTED BU CORROSION,

KINKING AND CRIPLLINGETC. CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN WHILE
HANDLING WIRE ROPE TO AVOID CRIPPLING KINKING AND BAD NIP
ETC. WIRE ROPE SHOULD NOT BE SUBJECTED TO PROLONGED
IMERSION IN WATER AS IT WILL CORRODETHE WIRE. WIRE ROPE
SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY LUBRICATED WITH SUITABLE LUBRICANT.
WHEN NOT IN USE IT SHOULD BE STOWED ON REELS AT VERY LOW
TEMPERATURE AS IN TROPICS THE ROPE IS NOT RECOMMENDED TO
BE USED AS IT BECOMES BRITTLE IN NATURE.
 KINKING AND CRIPPLING
• BECAUSE OF IT’SCONSTRUCTION AND
COMPARITIVELY LACK OF FLEXIBILITY, WIRE
ROPE REQUIRES MORE CARE IN HANDLING
THAN CORDAGE. IF CARELESSLY HANDELLED IT
MAY SUFFER SERIOUS DAMAGE THRUOGH
KINKING AND CRIPPLING.

• KINKING
• ANY LOOP OR TURN IN AWIRE ROPE CAN EASILY
BE PULLED INTO A KINK WHICH PERMANENTLY
DAMAGES IT. IF A KINK IS SEEN TO BE ABOUT TO
DEVELOP IT SHOULD BE REMOVED AS
INDICATED IN FIG. AND NO ATTEMPT SHOULD BE
MADE TO PULL IT OUT IN THE MANNER SHOWNIN
FIG.
KINKING AND CRIPLING
 COMPARISION BETWEEN ROPES
• WIRE ROPE MANILA ROPE POLYAMIDE
• (B) ELASTICITY
• FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSE WHEN USED WITH IN SWL WHEN USED
WITH IN
• IT IS NOT ELASTIC. APPROXIMATELY 15 SWL 25 % OF IT’S
LENGTH
• PERCENT OF IT’S LENGTH AND BEFORE PARTING
• NEARLY 50% OF IT’S
LENGTH.
• (C) LOSS OF STRENGTH
• WHEN WET
• NON BUT PROLONGED APPROXIMATELY 4-5 % 5-10% WHEN SATURATED

• IMMERSION WILL CORRODE WHEN SATURATED ROPE

• THE WIRE RAPIDLY WITH IS UNAFFECTED.
• A CORRESPONDING
• REDUCTION IN STRENGTH
 ANTICIPATED LIFE
• WIRE ROPE MANILA ROPE POLYAMIDE
• (F) RESISTANCE TO ROT
• VERY GOOD WHEN POOR COMPLETE.
• PROPERLY MAINTAINED
• AND LUBRICATED.

• (G) ANTICIPATED LIFE

• LONG IF USED WITH MANILA IS 3/10 AND LONGER LIVED
THAN
• CARE AND PROPERLY SISAL IS 1/4 THAN THAT WIRE AND
MUCH
• MAINTAINED BUT LESS OF POLYAMIDE. LONGER
THAN NFC
• THAN THAT OF ROPE IF PROPERLY
• MAN-MADE FIBRES. HANDELED.
(POLYESTER
• HAS ALIFE 9/10
THAT OF
POLYAMIDE.
CARE AND MAINTAINANCE OF ROPES

• CAUSES OF DAMAGE/ REDUCTION OF LIFE

OF ROPES
• a) CONSTANT STRETCHING UNDER HEAVY
LOAD.
• b) STOWING AWAY WET.
• c) SUBJECTION TO EXTREMES OF HEAT ANND
DAMP.
• d) EXTERNAL FRICTION ROUND BOLLARDS
/FAIRLEADS.
• e) INTERNAL FRICTION DUE TO BENDING
ROUND UNSUITABLE SHEAVES /BLOCKS.
 TOPIC- 4 HAWSERS I

• NATURAL AND MANMADE FIBRE HAWSERS

• STOWED ON SIMPLE REELS, FITTED ON BULK
HEAD/DECK HEAD. REELS ARE OF SKELETON
CONSTRUCTION TO ALLOW CIRCULATION OF AIR TO
KEEP THE HAWSER DRY.

• WIRE HAWSERS
• STOWED ON HEAVY REELS BOLTED TO DECK. REELS
ARE FITTED WITH HAND BAND BRAKE AND HAND
CRANKS.
HURICANE AND SPRING HAWSER II
HEAD ROPE,ASTERN ROPE AND BREAST
ROPE III

BERTHING HAWSERS ARE USED TO SECURE A SHIP

ALONG SIDE JETTY.

TYPES OF BERTHING HAWSERS:

HEAD ROPE No. 1
BREAST ROPES No. 2 AND 5
SPRINGS (FORWARD & AFT)No. 3 AND 4
STERN ROPE No. 6
HEAD ROPE,ASTERN ROPE AND
BREAST ROPE
 CARE AND MAINTAINANCE OF WIRE
HAWSERS IV
• SURFACE OF WIRE HAWSER S TO BE
WASHED WITH FRESH WATER, TO FREE IT
OF SALT, DRIED WITH CLOTHS AND APPLY
LEENSEED OIL/ PETROLEUM JELLY.
BROKEN WIRE SHOULD BE BROKEN OFF
AS CLOSE TO THE STRANDS, FLATTEND
PORTION OF THE WIRE IS TO BE
ROUNDED UP BY TAPPING WITH A
HAMMER. WIRE HAWSER WHICH IS RUSTY
IS TO BE SCRUBBED WITH WIRE BRUSH
AND LUBRICATED
 TOPIC 5- SAFETY RULES FOR ALL TYPES
OF HAWSERS I
• 1. LOOK AT THE LEAD OF THE ROPEOR HAWSER AND DETERMINE
WHICH IS THE RUNNING END, STANDING PART, THE HAULING PART
AND WHICH PART FORMS A BITE OR COIL.
• 2. NEVER STAND WITHIN A BITE OR COIL.
• 3. A WIRE WHICH IS BEEING SURGED FROM BOLLARDS THROUGH
A FAIRLEAD IS LIABLE TO PART AT THE FAIRLEAD. IF THIS HAPPENS
THE FAIR LEADS AND BOLLARDS MAY BE HURT.
• 4. NEVER STAND UNDERNEATH A WEIGHT BEEING HOISTED.
• 5. THINK OUT IN ADVANCE WHERE AROPE WILL LEAD WHEN IT
TAKES THE STRAIN. IF LIKELY TO CHAFF ANYWHERE . EITHER SHIFT
IT OR USE LEADING BLOCKS TO TAKE IT CLEAR.
• 6. ALWAYS LOOK OUT FOR CHAFE ANYWHERE AND TAKE STEPS
TO PREVENT IT, AS IT IS A FREQUENT CAUSE OF ACIDENT.
 SAFETY RULES FOR ALL TYPES OF
HAWSERS II
• 7. NEVER STAND DIRECTLY IN LINE OF RECOIL OF A MANMADE
FIBRE ROPE OR HAWSER IN TENSION.
• 8. REMEMBER THAT MMFC ROPES AND HAWSERS MAY SURGE
ROUND CAPSTAN OR BOLLARDS WITH OUT WARNING WHEN IN
TENSION.
• 9. IT IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS TO SLIP A TOWING WIRE BY
RELEASING THE SLIP WHILE IT IS UNDER TENSION AND IT SHOULD
NEVER BE DONE EXCEPT IN EMERGENCY.
• 10. REMEMBER THAT A NFC ROPE WHICH HAS BEEN BENT UP TAUT
WHILE DRY WILL SHRINK WHEN SUBJECTED TO RAIN OR DEW.
UNLESS THE EXTRA STRAIN CAUSED BY THE RESULTING
SHRINKAGE IS RELIEVED ATONCE IT WILL PULL THE ROPE OUT OF
SHAPE AND IF THUS REPEATEDLY NEGLECTED THE ROPE WILL
EVENTUALLY PART.
 TERMS USED IN HANDLING HAWSER III
• 1. A HEAVE 16. LOWER AWAY
• 2. TO HEAVE 17. AVAST LOWERING
• 3. HEAVE 18. TO VEER
• 4. TWO SIX , HEAVE 19. CHECK AWAY
• 5. A HAUL 20. TO SNUB
• 6. TO HAUL 21. TO SURGE
• 7. HAUL TAUT 22. TO RENDER
• 8. HAUL AWAY 23. WELL OR ENOUGH
• 9. AVAST HAULING 24 TO BACK UP
• 10. HOLD FAST 25 LIGHT TO
• 11. A HOIST 26. WALKBACK
• 12. TO HOIST 27. HANDSOMELY
• 13. HOIST AWAY 28. ROUNDLY
• 14. HIGH ENOUGH
• 15. MARRY
 STOPPERS IV
1. MANMADE FIBRE CORDAGE STOPPER
2. CHAIN STOPPER
3. CHAIN CHECK STOPPER
4. CORDAGE CHECK STOPPER
5. CARPENTER STOPPER
TOPIC6 VARIOUS RIGGING FITTINGS I
ACCOMODATION LADDER ii
BOOM iii
MAST DERRICK IV
 TOPIC 7 BLOCKS I
• A BLOCK IS APORTABLE PULLEY MADE OF METAL, METAL AND
SYNTHETIC RESIN BOND FIBRE(SRBF) OR IN SOME CASEA OF WOOD
AND METAL. WOODEN BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR SIZE,
WHICH IS THEIR LENGTH FROM CROWN TO TAIL MEASURED IN
MILLIMETERS ROUND THE SHELL AND WILL TAKE A ROPE 1/10 OF
THEIR SIZE. METAL BLOCKS AND SRBF BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED BY
THE SIZE OF ROPE FOR WHICH EACH IS DESIGNED.

• TYPES OF BLOCKS
• 1. SRBF BLOCK
• 2. METAL BLOCKS
• 3. INTERNAL BOUND BLOCK
• 4. SNATCH BLOCK
• 5. COMMON BLOCKS
• 6. CLUMP BLOCK
• 7. FIDDLE BLOCK
TOPIC 7-BLOCKS II
BLOCKS III
 TOPIC 8- PURCHASE AND TACKLE II

• A PURCHASE IS A MECHANICAL DEVICE BY MEANS OF

WHICH AN APPLIED FORCE IS INCREASED. IT MAY BE
ASYSTEM OF LEVERS, A SYSTEM OF REVOLVING DRUMS
OR WHEELS GEARED TO ONE ANOTHER, OR A
COMBINATION OF BLOCKS OR PULLEYS ROVE WITH
ROPE OR CHAIN.

• A TACKLE IS APURCHASE CONSISTING OF A ROPE ROVE

THROUGH TWO OR MORE BLOCKS IN SUCH A WAY THAT
THE FORCE OF ANY PULL APPLIED TO ITS HAULING PART
IS INCREASED BY AN AMOUNT DEPENDING UPON THE
NUMBER OF SHEAVES IN THE BLOCKS AND THE MANNER
IN WHICH THE ROPE IS ROVED THROUGH THEM.
 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE II
• MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE: THE AMOUNT BY WHICH THE PULL
ON THE HAULING PART IS MULTIPLIED BY THE TACKLE IS CALLED
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE (MA) AND IF FRICTION IS DISREGARDED,
THIS IS EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF PARTS OF FALL AT THE MOVING
BLOCK.
• VELOCITY RATIO: THE RATIO BETWEEN THE DISTANCE MOVED BY
THE HAULING PART AND THAT MOVED BY THE MOVING BLOCK IS
KNOWN AS THE VELOCITY RATIO (VR0 AND IS ALWAYS EQUAL TO
THE NUMBER OF PARTS OF THE FALL AT THE MOVING BLOCK.
• A TACLE IS SAID TO BE ROVED TO ADVANTAGE IF THE HAULING
PART COMES OUT OF THE MOVING BLOCK. CONVERSLY ATACKLE IS
SAID TO BE ROVED TO DISADVANTAGE IF THE HAULING PART OF
FALL COMES OUT OF STANDING BLOCK.
 PARTS OF TACKLE III

• PARTS OF TACKLE
TACKLE ROVE TO ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGE IV
• EX OF TACKLE
TOPIC 9-MASTS/DOCUMENTS I
 TYPES OF MASTS
• TRIPOD MAST
• LATTICE MAST
• CONVENTIONAL MAST
POLE MAST

USES OF MASTS
1. IN MERCHANT SHIPS SUPPORTS ARE NEEDED FOR THE
DERRICKS.
2. MASTS USED ON WARSHIPS ARE MAINLY FOR SIGNALLING
PURPOSES, BOTH AT DAY AND NIGHTS.
3. ALSO FOR HOUSEING RADARS,ARIALS,ECM EQUIPMENTSAND
GUN CONTROLS.
 RIGGING WARRANT III
• RIGGING WARRANT GIVES DETAILS OF ALL THE IEMSOF STANDING
AND RUNNIG RIGGING WITH WHICH THE SHIP IS FITTED AND THE
MATERIALS OF WHICH EACH ITEMS IS MADE, SO THAT ANY ITEM
CAN REPLACED OR REFITTED BY HE SHIPS STAFF PROVIDED THE
WORK IS WITH IN THEIR CAPABILITIESAND MATERIALS AND
FITTINGS ARE AVAILABLE. THE WARRANT INCLUDES THE THE
RIGGING GEARS MASTS, YWRDS, GAFF’S, DERRICKS, CRANES
,DAVITS, BOATS, AMMUNITION,TORPEDO AND GENERAL PURPOSE
DAVITS,LIFTS, BOAT BOOMS, ANCHOR WORK, TOWING
,AWNINGS,LADDERS,FEANDERS AND STAGES AND MISCLLANEOUS
GEARS SUCH AS BERTHING HAWSERS
TACKLE,HALYARD,WHIPS,BOLLARDSSTROPS,NET AND GUARD
RAILS.
• THE OFFICER BORNE FOR THE DUTIES OF BOATSWAIN KEEPS THE
RIGGING WARRANT AND RECORDS ANY ADDITIONS AND
ALTERATIONMADE DURING THE COMMISION.
 SEAMANSHIP DATA BOOK IV
• THIS DOCUMENT IS MADE AND MAINTAINED BY THE EXECUTIVE
OFFICER ON COMMISIONING OF SHIP.THIS DOCUMENT IS UPDATED
REGULARLY. IT CONTAINS SIX SECTIONS DETAILS OF THE
SECTIONS ARE GIVEN BELOW.
• SECTION 1: DETAILS OF SEAMANSHIP EQUIPMENTS.
• SECTION 2: LAYING OUT OF GEARS.
• SECTION 3 :RECORD OF MAJOR SEAMANSHIP EVOLUTIONS
• SECTION 4 :DETAILS OF SHIP’S HUSBANDRY INCLUDING PAINTS.
• SECTION 5 :RECORD ODF ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS EFFECTING
SEAMANSHIP ACTIVITIES.
• SECTION 6 :LIST OF AS FITTED DRAWINGS.
 GUARD RAILS V
• THESE WERE MADE FROM FSWR,BUT ARE NOW REPLACED BY
BLACK PVC COATED ALLUMINIUM ALLOY WIRE,WICH ARE LIGHTER ,
MORE CORROSION RESSISTANT,AND MORE PLEASING IN
APPEARANCE.EACH WIRE IS FITTED AT THE ENDS WITH A SPECIAL
END LINK. SMALL ENOUGH TO REEVE THROUGH THE HOLE IN THE
GUARDRAIL STANCHION.ONE END IS SHACKLED TO GUARD
STANCHION AND THE OTHER END ROVE THROUGH THE
INTERVENING STANCHIN AND CONNECTEDTO THE END STANCHION
BY A SCREW AND SLIP AND THE IT IS TAUNTED BY THE SCREW.IT IS
PROOFED TO A LOAD OF ¾ TONS.
 TOPIC 10-AWNING AND CANVAS I
• AWNINGS ARE FITTED OVER EXPOSED DECKS AND BRIDGES TO
GIVE PROTECTION FROM SUN. THEY ARE CAREFULLY MEASURED
AND CUT BY SAILMAKERS TO FIT IN POSITION FOR WHICH THEY ARE
MADE.
• TYPES OF AWNING :
• 1. MAJOR AWNING: FOXLE AND QD AWNING.
• 2. MINOR AWNING: WAIST AND BRIDGE AWNING.
• 3. DOUBLE AWNING: FOR HOT CLIMATIC CONDITION RIGGED
ONE ABOVE THE OTHER TO KEEP A FREE SURFACE FOR COOLING.
• 4. CEREMONIAL THESE ARE COLOURFUL AWNING
AWNING: STITCHED FROM DIFFERENT COLOUR
CLOTHS USED FOR CEREMONIAL
PURPOSES.
5. AWNING CURTAIN:
AND GABLE ENDS
 TOPIC 11- REPLENISHMENT AT SEA
• INTRODUCTION : RAS PERMITS RESTOCKING OF SHIPS WITH MEN,
AMMUNITION INCLUDING MISSILES,PROVISION,FUEL AND WATER
WHILE UNDERWAY.

TYPES AND METHODS OF RAS

- ABEAM TRANSFER OF SOLIDS
- VERTICAL REPLENISHMENT (VERTREP)
- ABEAM TRANSFER OF LIQUIDS
- ASTERN TRANSFER OF LIQUIDS
- LIGHT STORES AND PERSONNEL
 REPLENISHMENT UNIT II
• A. CONTROL SHIP. THE SHIP CONTROLLING THE RAS
OPERATION OF THE UNIT.
• B. UNIT GUIDE: THE REPLENISHMENT UNIT GUIDE.
• C. DELIVERING SHIP. THE SHIP DELIVERING THE RIG.
• D. RECEIVING SHIP. THE SHIP RECEIVING THE RIG.
• E. APPROACH SHIP. THE SHIP MAKING APPROACH/THE SHIP
WHICH HAS MADE APPROACH.
• F. SUPPLY SHIP. THE SHIP THAT SUPPLIES THE ITEMS TO
BE TRANSFERRED.
• G. CUSTOMER SHIP. THE SHIP THAT RECEIVES THE
TRANSFERRED ITEMS.
REPLENISHMENT AT SEA
 TYPES OF RAS POINTS III
• A. DECK ATTACHMENT POINTS.
• B. SCREEN ATTACHMENT POINTS.
• C. PORTABLE STUMP MAST.
• D. RETRACTABLE STUMP MAST OR KINGPOST.
• E. RECEIVING ARM- HYDRAULICALLY OPERATED.
• F. UNIVERSAL DROP REEL SYSTEM.
• G. OVABLE RECEPTION HIGHPOINT.
 LIGHT JACKSTAY IV
• GEARS REQUIRED
JACKSTAYROPE 32MM MANILA GRADE I 146 meter./SUPER LINE
OUT HAUL 16 MM MANILA GRADE I 130 MTS.
INHAUL 16 MM MANILA GRADE I 90 MTR.
TRAVELLER BLOCK 01
WOODEN BLOCK 02
LEADING BLOCK 01
DISTANCE LINE 12 MM 102 MTRS.
TEST WEIGHT 135 KG
DUMPING MAT 01
RAS BAG 01
STIRRUP 01
MARKER FLAG 01
MARKER BOX(NIGHT) 01
SIGNAL DISC 02
• SIGNALLING WANDS (NIGHT) 02
• TEMPORARY GUARD RAIL 01
• COSTON GUNLINE 02
•
LIGHT JACKSTAY VI
LIGHT JACKSTAY VII
LIGHT JACKSTAY VIII