GROUP 4

COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

METHOD

PRESENTED BY:

GLENNSON BALACANAO RENDEL BERSAMIRA

VINCENT UY ROLAND JAYE ESTABILLO
INTRODUCTION:
Composite construction is a generic term
to describe any building construction
involving multiple dissimilar materials.
Composite construction is often used in
building aircraft, watercraft, and building
construction. There are several reasons to
use composite materials including
increased strength, aesthetics, and
environmental sustainability.
INTRODUCTION:
In structural engineering, composite
construction exists when two different
materials are bound together so strongly
that they act together as a single unit from a
structural point of view. When this occurs,
it is called composite action. One common
example involves steel beams supporting
concrete floor slabs. If the beam is not
connected firmly to the slab, then the slab
transfers all of its weight to the beam and
the slab contributes nothing to the load
carrying capability of the beam.
 ADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

1 IT IS TYPICAL

6 2 TO HAVE A
REDUCED
5 3
4 STRUCTURAL STEEL
FRAME COST.
 ADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

WEIGHT
1
6 2 OF THE STRUCTURAL
FRAME MAY BE
5 3 DECREASED WHICH
4 MAY REDUCE
FOUNDATION COSTS.
 ADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

1 REDUCED
6 2
LIVE LOAD
5 3
4 DEFLECTIONS.
 ADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

1
SHALLOWER BEAMS

6 2 MAY BE USED
WHICH MAY
5 3
4 REDUCE BUILDING
HEIGHT.
 ADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

1 INCREASED

6 2
SPAN
5 3 LENGTHS ARE
4
POSSIBLE
 ADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

1
6 2
STIFFER FLOORS

5 3
4
 DISADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

THE ADDITIONAL

SUBCONTRACTOR
1
NEEDED FOR SHEAR 2
CONNECTOR
INSTALLATION WILL
3
INCREASE FIELD COSTS.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

INSTALLATION

OF SHEAR
1
CONNECTORS IS 2
ANOTHER OPERATION
TO BE INCLUDED IN
3
THE SCHEDULE.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

CONCRETE

FLATWORK CONTRACTOR
1
WHO HAS EXPERIENCE 2
WITH ELEVATED
COMPOSITE SLABS SHOULD
3
BE SECURED FOR THE JOB.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD:

LIGHT FRAME

Reported by: Glennson Balacanao

LIGHT-FRAME

CONSTRUCTION

Light-frame
construction is made
up of dimensional
lumber and
engineered wood that
is regularly spaced
and fastened together
with nails to create
floor, wall, stair and
roof assemblies. As
they are fastened
together the wood
components form the
structure of a building,
much like a skeleton.
LIGHT GAUGE

STEEL FRAMING

Light Gauge Framing System

(LGFS) or Light gauge Steel
framing (LGSF) is a construction
technology using cold-formed
steel as the construction material.
It can be used for roof systems,
floor systems, wall systems, roof
panels, decks, or the entire
buildings. They can also be used
as individual framing members
such as studs, joists, headers, and
truss members.
 ADVANTAGES
WOOD LIGHT FRAME
Wood Light framing takes less
time.
Nails take much less time to
install in wood
Number of nails are less in
wood light frame
Walls need not to be flipped
over before they are sheathed
Accessories like web stiffeners
are not necessary.
LIGHT GAUGE FRAME
It is versatile and flexible
Requires inexpensive tools and
have high thermal insulation
Has a higher degree of resisting
fire.
Significantly lighter in weight
These can span longer than
wood.
Price of steel commodities are
stable
 DISADVANTAGES
WOOD LIGHT FRAME
It is not versatile, t is brittle.
Requires expensive tools and
have low thermal insulation.
Has a higher risk of catching
fire.
Significantly heavier in weight.
These has shorter span.
Price of wood commodities is
variable depending upon
forestation.
LIGHT GAUGE FRAME
Light-gauge frame takes long
time
Screws take longer time to install.
Number of screws is greater in
light-gauge frame.
Walls need to be flipped over
before they are sheathed.
Web stiffeners must be installed
in joists beneath each bearing
wall.
 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD:

COMPOSITE DECK/SLAB

Reported by: Vincent Uy

COMPOSITE

SLABS

Composite slabs
comprise reinforced
concrete cast on
top of profiled steel
decking, which acts
as formwork during
construction and
external
reinforcement at
the final stage. The
decking may be
either re-entrant or
trapezoidal.
Re-entrant decking
uses more concrete
than trapezoidal
decking, but has
increase fire resistance
for a given slab depth.
Trapezoidal decking
generally spans further
than re-entrant
decking, but the shear
stud resistance is less
with trapezoidal
decking than with re-
entrant decking. The
profiles are usually
between 0.5 to 1.2 mm
thick.
Mesh reinforcement is
provided at the top of the
slab to help reduce
cracking, spread localised
loads, enhance fire
resistance, and act as
shear reinforcement
around the shear
connectors. The decking
is normally designed to
support the wet weight of
the concrete and
construction loading as a
continuous member over
at least two spans, but the
composite slab is
normally designed as
simply supported
between beams.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Shallower beams than non- More columns needed than with

composite floors. long span systems.
More economical. Deeper overall floor zone than
Light Weight. shallow floor systems.
Generally, beam requires fire
protection
COMPOSITE

METAL DECKING

Decking with
deformed ribs
(or embossed
decking), as
shown, is
commonly used.
The
deformations on
the ribs allow for
stronger bond
between the
concrete and the
decking.
Less common
styles of
composite
decking include: Metal decking is placed on
the structural steel at
decking with predetermined points in
the ribs formed the earthquake sequence.
in a dovetail or Metal decking may be
fluted pattern. installed by the steel
decking with erection contractor or a
welded wire separate decking
fabric welded contractor.
to ribs. As an alternative to
decking with welding, powder actuated
steel rods tools may be used to attach
welded across metal decking to structural
the ribs. steel.
 DISADVANTAGES

1. Construction
Powder actuated tools use teams need
the expanding gases from a experience.
powder load, or booster, to
drive a fastener. 2. Needs import for
A nail-like fastener is driven some country,
through the metal deck only available for
into the steel beam. some area.
The powder actuated tool,
3. Construction
powder load, and fastener
must be matched to the schedule
thickness of the structural difference.
beam flanges. 4. Higher initial cost.
 ADVANTAGES
1. Light weight and doesn’t require any form work or support props
for slab cast.
2. Reduces the reinforcing steel by 20% as deck profile itself
contributes largely to the tensile reinforcing property.
3. Acts as composite member and as permanent shuttering.
4. No major reinforce needed unless the design parameters demand.
5. Decreases in slab thickness, provide lighter slabs, reduced
foundation loads resulting less material.
6. Consumption & thus less lowering the cost.
7. Deck can be used as working surface while constructing.
8. Reduce the time spend for the construction, thus reduce the cost.
9. Metal decks can also be used in roofing and cladding sheets in
cement.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD:

COMPOSITE COLUMN

Reported by: Rendel Bersamira

 COMPOSITE COLUMN

Composite columns may take

a range of forms, as shown in
the figure below. As with all
composite elements they are
attractive because they play
to the relative strengths of
both steel and concrete. This
can result in a high
resistance for a relatively
small cross sectional area,
thereby maximizing useable
floor space. They also exhibit
particularly good
performance in fire
conditions.
Composite columns
with concrete
encased sections.
Composite columns
with concrete filled
steel hollow
sections.
Composite column
with partially
encased sections.
COMPOSITE COLUMN CROSS SECTIONS
 Today's composite columns are made of
structural steel, concrete and reinforcing steel.
Three basic types of composite columns can be
distinguished, completely encased composite
columns, Figure la, partially encased composite
columns, Figure lb, and filled composite
columns, Figures Id and le. Although
composite columns were rarely used from the
end of World War Il until the early 1970' s
(Viest et al. 1997, 1.13), research had started a
long time before, at the beginning of the 20th
century. Combining of these material s had a
number of motivations, steel columns were
often encased in concrete lo protect them from
fire, while concrete columns were combined
with structural steel as a reinforcement.
 One predecessor of the completely encased
column type was the so called Emperger-
Column. It consisted of a cast-iron section
embedded in spiral-reinforced concrete and had
been used frequently in the construction of high-
rise buildings in the United States. The article
describes Emperger's activities in the field of
composite columns and proves his influence on
the construction, which can still be felt today.
Another type of today's composite columns, the
column with a solid steel core, reminds us of the
Emperger-Column and can be considered as
successor. It will be proved that Emperger was
not only a pioneer in concrete construction, but
also a pioneer in composite construction, who
tried to link both steel and concrete construction
techniques.
In the winter of 1901/1902 Emperger started
research on concrete columns mostly
reinforced with structural steel. For several
reasons he had to wait until 1908 to have the
specimens tested in Stuttgart with Bach.
Although Emperger didn't give explicit
evidence for the problems, it can be
supposed that there had been internal rivalry
with his colleagues in Vienna (Emperger
1908b, Foreword). In 1907, Emperger tested
three steel columns to determine their
buckling loads (Emperger 1907a). After
testing, one of those specimens, Figure 3,
was bent back to its original shape by
Emperger himself and filled with concrete
(Emperger 1907b, 172).
 Emperger wanted to give evidence for the importance of concrete filling for
steel columns. He estimated that the design formula

of Prussia's Building Regulations was unsuitable to

calculate the ultimate load of a concrete-filled steel
column. The number 15 defined the relation between
Development of composite columns. Emperger's effort 789 the modulus of
elasticity of steel and concrete. Emperger found out that the ultimate load of a
concrete-filled steel column didn't depend on that number.

 ADVANTAGES
1. High load-bearing capacity
2. High fire resistance
3. Simple installation
4. Availability of any geometry
5. It is assumed to Resist a small axial load
6. To reduce the effective slenderness of the steel
member, which increases its resistance to axial
load.
 DISADVANTAGES
1. These columns are widely used in high rise
building constructions. Main disadvantage of
these columns are the construction difficulties.
Since reinforcement bars and steel sections are
encased, the concrete pouring becomes more
difficult. Solution for these problems are the use
of welding couplers or providing holes in steel
flanges and web.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD:

SHEAR CONNECTIONS

Reported by: Roland Jaye Estabilllo

SHEAR CONNECTIONS

A shear connection is a joint that allows the

transfer of shear forces between two members. It
is a connection with pure normal force load
(tension joint), pure shear loading, or
combination of normal and shear force. Shear
connections are generally the most commonly
used connections. They are typically used to
connect beams with other beams or columns.
Such connections transfer shear, with minimum
rotational restraint, as opposed to moment
connections. This can help reduce the reliance
on moment connections, which are often more
complex and costly.
INSTALLATION OF SHEAR CONNECTORS

The electrical arc process is commonly used for

stud welding:

An arc is drawn between the stud and the

base metal
An arc is drawn between the stud and the
base metal
The stud is plunged into the molten steel
which is contained by the ceramic ferrule
The metal solidifies and the weld is complete
The ferrules are removed before the concrete
is poured.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION METHOD:

CAMBERING

Reported by: Roland Jaye Estabilllo

CAMBERING

Camber in a beam can be

designed to compensate for
either: a certain percentage
of the dead load deflection;
full dead load deflection or
full dead load deflection as
well as percentage of the
live load deflection.

Camber is usually designed

to compensate for
deflections caused by pre-
composite dead loads.
WHEN TO CAMBER WHEN NO TO CAMBER

Girder Beams Cantilevered Beams

Filler Beams Crane Beams
Members with uniform Moment Connected Beams
cross section Braced Beams
Composite Floor Beams Spandrel Beams
Beams with moment
connections
Beams with non-
symmetrical loading
Beams under 20 feet in
length
Beams with end plate
connections
THANK
YOU!