Wood frame
Provision of proper means to
Wood frame construction is
one of the most widely used
methods to build residential,
commercial and industrial
buildings. Wood frames are
not only very economical to
build but are also resistant to
extreme climatic variations,
and offer residents a high
degree of comfort. Added to
that, wood frames are
sustainable and absorb carbon
and offset greenhouse gasses.
Foundation for Wood
Frames
Based on the type of soil and
wood frame loads, a suitable
foundation is specified for
construction. Footings should
be deep enough to avoid frost
action in winter. The ground
needs to be sufficiently
compacted if the structure is
constructed in an area where
root trees have been removed
or filled materials are placed.
Types of Fastenings for
Wood Frame
1. Nails or Combination of
Nails, Anchor and Additives
Nails or combination of nails,
metal framing anchor, and
construction additives are
used to fasten framing lumber
and sheathing panels.
2. Ring or Shank Nails
Ring or shank nails are used
when high loads are to be
supported
3. Nailed Joints
Nailed joints are used when
loads act at right angles to
nails, but it should be avoided
if loads act parallel to the
nail.
Wood Protection Measures
Its advantages include:
protect wood is an indicator
of good construction practice.
Wood frame elements,
specifically all the foundation
members, shall be protected
against decay and termites.
CONCRETE FRAME
STRUCTURES
Concrete frame structures are
a very common - or perhaps
the most common- type of
modern building
internationally.
The whole construction that
is beams and columns are
monolithic construction, i.e.
the whole construction is cast
in a single operation.
Concrete frames are mainly
two types, those are-
 Cast in situ
 Precast
Reinforced
concrete includes different
types of building
component, those are-
 Slabs
 Beams
 Column
 Foundation
 Wall
 Frame
Steel frame construction
Steel frame construction is
commonly used in high-
rise, industrial, warehouse, re
sidential buildings and so on.
 High strength.
 Relatively low weight.
 Ability to span large
distances.
 Ease of installation.
 Off site fabrication,
allowing high quality.
 Mass production of
repeating units.
 Availability of a wide
range of ready-
made structural sections.
 Ability to resist
dynamic forces such
as wind and earthquakes.
 Adaptability to any kind of
shape.
 Ability to be clad with a
wide variety of materials.
 Suitability to a wide range
of joining methods.
Types of
steel frame construction inclu
de:
 Conventional steel fabricat
ion: Steel components are f
abricated off-site, cut to
the correct lengths and
welded together.
 Bolted steel:
Steel components are fabri
cated off-site and bolted
in place on site.
 Light gauge steel: Similar
to timber
frame construction,
with light gauge steel mem
bers instead
of timber studs.