Labview Based Three Phase Induction Motor Speed Control: 1 Literature Survey

LABVIEW BASED THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 1
Every engineered component has some function. A function can be

described as a transformation of inputs to outputs. For example it could be an
amplifier that accepts a signal from a sensor and amplifies it. Or, consider a
mechanical gear box with an input and output shaft. A manual transmission has an
input shaft from the motor and from the shifter. When analyzing systems we will
often use transfer functions that describe a system as a ratio of output to input.
Feedback control system block diagram figure 1 shows basic elements of a

feedback control system as represented by a block diagram. The functional
relationships between these elements are easily seen. An important factor to
remember is that the block diagram represents flow paths of control signals, but
does not represent flow of energy through the system or process. [2]
Fig no.1.1: Block diagram of feedback control
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
A Virtual instrumentation system is Computer software that a user would

employ to develop a Computerized Test and Measurement system.

Fig no.1.2: Block diagram of virtual instrumentation system.
The Introduction of computer in the field of instrumentation began as a

way to couple an individual instrument to computer and thus the evolution of
virtual instrumentation.[4]
DESCRIPTION:-
Signal is applied to Instrument and from instrument hardware it is connected to

computer via Bus structure.
There are mainly THREE types of buses:-
1.PC Bus.
2.VXI Bus.
3.IEEE Bus.
The computer and display are the heart of virtual instrument system. It
displays the measured reading on computer.
The Software is the Brain of the virtual instrumentation system. Software

defines the functionality of the system.[1]
1.3 What is a virtual instrument and how is it different from a

traditional instrument?

Virtual instruments are defined by the user while traditional instruments have
fixed vendor-defined functionality.
Fig 1.3 Traditional instruments (left) and software based virtual instruments
(right) largely share the same architectural components, but radically different
philosophies
Every virtual instrument consists of two parts – software and hardware. A virtual
instrument typically has a sticker price comparable to and many times less than a
similar traditional instrument for the current measurement task. However, the
savings compound over time, because virtual instruments are much more flexible
when changing measurement tasks.
By not using vendor-defined, prepackaged software and hardware, engineers and

scientists get maximum user-defined flexibility. A traditional instrument provides
them with all software and measurement circuitry packaged into a product with a
finite list of fixed-functionality using the instrument front panel. A virtual
instrument provides all the software and hardware needed to accomplish the
measurement or control task. In addition, with a virtual instrument, engineers and
scientists can customize the acquisition, analysis, storage, sharing, and
presentation functionality using productive, powerful software.[1]

Here are some examples of this flexibility in practice:
1. One Application Different Devices

For this particular example, an engineer is developing an application using
LabVIEW and an M Series DAQ board on a desktop computer PCI bus in his lab
to create a DC voltage and temperature measurement application. After
completing the system, he needs to deploy the application to a PXI system on the
manufacturing floor to perform the test on new product. Alternatively, he may
need the application to be portable, and so he selects NI USB DAQ products for
the task. In this example, regardless of the choice, he can use virtual
instrumentation in a single program in all three cases with no code change needed.
Fig1.4 Upgrading hardware is easy when using the same application for many
devices.
2. Many Applications, One Device

Consider another engineer, who has just completed a project using her new M
Series DAQ device and quadrature encoders to measure motor position. Her next
project is to monitor and log the power drawn by the same motor. She can reuse
the same M Series DAQ device even though the task is significantly different. All
she has to do is develop the new application using virtual instrumentation

software. Additionally, both projects could be combined into a single application

and run on a single M Series DAQ device, if needed.[1]
Fig 1.5 Reduce costs by reusing hardware for many applications.
How do virtual instrumentation hardware capabilities compare

to traditional instrumentation?
An important concept of virtual instrumentation is the strategy that powers the

actual virtual instrumentation software and hardware device acceleration.
National Instruments focuses on adapting or using high-investment
technologies of companies such as Microsoft, Intel, Analog Devices, Xilinx,
and others. With software, National Instruments uses the tremendous
Microsoft investment in OSs and development tools. For hardware,
National Instruments builds on the Analog Devices investment in A/D
converters.
Fundamentally, because virtual instrumentation is software-based, if you

can digitize it, you can measure it. Therefore, measurement hardware can be
viewed on two axes, resolutions (bits) and frequency. Refer to the figure
below to see how measurement capabilities of virtual instrumentation
hardware compare to traditional instrumentation. The goal for National

Instruments is to push the curve out in frequency and resolution and to
innovate within the curve.[1]
Fig 1.6 Compare virtual instrumentation hardware over time to traditional

instrumentation.
Are virtual instruments and traditional instruments compatible?
Many engineers and scientists have a combination of both virtual and traditional
instruments in their labs. In addition, some traditional instruments provide a
specialized measurement which the engineer or scientist would prefer to have the
vendor define rather than actually defining it themselves. This begs the question,
“Are virtual instruments and traditional instruments compatible?”
Virtual instruments are compatible with traditional instruments almost without

exception. Virtual instrumentation software typically provides libraries for
interfacing with common ordinary instrument buses such as GPIB, serial, or
Ethernet.
In addition to providing libraries, more than 200 instrument vendors have

contributed more than 4,000 instrument drivers to National Instruments
Instrument Driver Library. Instrument drivers provide a set of high-level, human-

readable functions for interfacing with instruments. Each instrument driver is
specifically tailored to a particular model of instrument to provide an interface to
its unique capabilities.
How are virtual instruments and synthetic instruments different?
A fundamental trend in the automated test industry is a heavy shift toward

software-based test systems. For example, the United States Department of
Defense (DoD) is one of the world’s largest customers of automated test
equipment (ATE). In order to reduce the cost of ownership of test systems and
increase reuse, the DoD, through the Navy’s NxTest program, has specified that
future ATE use an architecture built on modular hardware and reconfigurable
software called synthetic instrumentation. The adoption of synthetic
instrumentation represents a significant development in the specification of future
Military ATE systems, and reflects a fundamental shift as reconfigurable software
takes center-stage in future systems. Successful implementation of software-based
test systems, such as synthetic instrumentation, requires an understanding of the
hardware platforms and software tools in the market, as well as an understanding
of the distinction between system-level architectures and instrument-level
architectures.
The Synthetic Instrument Working Group defines synthetic instruments as “a

reconfigurable system that links a series of elemental hardware and software
components with standardized interfaces to generate signals or make
measurements using numeric processing techniques”. This shares many properties
with virtual instrumentation, which is “a software-defined system, where software
based on user requirements defines the functionality of generic measurement
hardware”. Both definitions share the common properties of software-defined
instrumentation running on commercial hardware. By moving the measurement
functionality into user-accessible reconfigurable hardware, those adopting such

architectures benefit by achieving greater flexibility and reconfigurability of

systems, which in turn increases performance capabilities while reducing cost.
1.4 PC based instrumentation:-
Fig 1.7 Virtual instrumentation turns the PC into a data acquisition system
Years ago, this was feverishly setting up his first ever computer-controlled
measurement system. The machine at the heart of the instrumentation set up was
the mother of all mini computers — Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-8 —
and one of the first desktop computers to come to India. Having linked a
Tektronix oscilloscope and a Hewlett Packard data logger, to some specially
fabricated temperature and pressure sensors, one had to mate this system to the
computer and then laboriously programme it in 8-bit machine code to analyze and
interpret the data.
Today, undergraduate students who need to make measurements for a project, use
a few sensors and transducers, a couple of multiplexing modules and rig a PC-
based instrumentation system in a couple of hours. What makes every lay user a
measurement geek, is Virtual Instrumentation (VI) — one of the most exciting
and cost effective spin offs of the personal computer. [5]

Till the 1990s, programming custom-built measurement systems was strictly for
trained professionals who worked in Basic, C++ or Pascal. Typical set ups ran
into hundreds of lines of coding and the biggest hassle was that the scientist or
expert who wanted to set up the instrumentation, needed constant hand holding by
a computer expert.
The last decade has seen the emergence of Virtual Instrument systems which
place the PC at the epicenter of the task and exploit graphical programming aids,
so that even a relative dummy can drag and drop ready-made instrument panels
which can look like the real multimeter, spectrum analyzer or waveform
generator.
Simple logic
Indeed, Nation Instruments (NI), has made LabView a synonym for the virtual
creation of measurement systems ranging from the simple digital voltage-current
meter to the most complex, multi-sensor data acquisition system.
The logic of LabView is simple: why buy 10 instruments which individually use
displays, pre-amplifiers and data converters? Why not use one such system and let
the PC do the computing? NI now supplies dozens of external measurement
modules, which can be latched to the PC. And so popular has the VI concept
become that hundreds of third-party vendors now offer modular add-ons that are
compatible with LabView's programming environment.
Other creative directions
Other companies like Data Translation and Real Time Innovations (RTI) have
taken the VI concept in other equally creative directions for the more specialist
user. RTI's Scope Tools for example, is angled at the embedded systems
developer.

Adapting VI for the Indian environment is something a few institutions in the

country are attempting. The Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, set up the
first Virtual Instrumentation Laboratory in the country in 1999. By 2000 it was
instrumental in publishing a model syllabus in VI for colleges all over India. In a
separate initiative, the Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (CDIT), a
Kerala Government enterprise, has collaborated with a private IT company,
Trinity Infoway, to create a CD-based Virtual Electrical Engineering Laboratory,
where 10 standard and classical experiments on DC machines and transformers
can be virtually performed on the PC, complete with variable running speed,
stunningly realistic meters and controls.
Virtual dissection
The concept has been taken even further to benefit millions of school and college
students albeit in a different direction.
Dissection of animals like frogs and rats at school level is no longer practiced in
India and even at college level; many institutions allow those who have a
conscientious objection to dissection, to go the virtual way. Amazingly realistic
software to virtually dissect a number of animals - even study human anatomy -
has been placed in the public domain.
A Google search will bring up dozens of downloadable resources like NetFrog,

Froguts, and the University of Iowa's awesomely detailed Virtual Hospital.
The message is clear: why waste time and expense on the real thing if the virtual
way goes even half way there? And that applies as much to the child learning
about the insides of an animal body, as to an engineer rigging up a complex chain
of measurement and control.[5]


CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM:

Fig 2.1Block diagram of system
The above shown is the Block Diagram of our system. The first element is the
computer. In Computer we have NI LabVIEW software. We have to design a
program for control of speed of motor (controller used Internal PID) .This
program is Called as VI i.e virtual instrument. The control signal from PC goes to
NI USB 6009.It is data acquisition device by national instruments. Then
according to control signal i.e (voltage) frequency of VFD i.e variable frequency
drive changes. This in turn changes the speed of motor. The feedback is taken
from VFD by sensing motor parameters and this is again applied to Input of DAQ
device and thus our feedback system is completed.
2.2 Specifications of Components Used:
 AC MOTORS:

PHASE: Three phase and single phase.
VOLT: 440V.
FREQUENCY: 50 HZ.
HP: 0.5 HP
KW: 0.323
FULL LOAD CURRENT: 1A
NO LOAD CURRENT: 0.3A
POLE: 4 POLE
TORQUE: 2.08 KGM
 VFD:
TYPE:VSA23-03
INPUT: AC 1 Phase200-240V,5.4A,48-63Hz
OUTPUT:AC 3 Phase 0-240V,0-200Hz,3.1A
MOTOR RATINGS:0.37kW/0.5HP
MODE: V/F mode
ENCLOSURE:IP 20/UL Open type.
 TRANSFORMER:
VOLT: 12V
CURRENT: 1A
TYPE: STEP DOWN

 2.3 NI USB 6009:

ANALOG INPUTS: 8 analog inputs (14-bit, 48 kS/s) .
ANALOG OUTPUTS: 2 analog outputs (12-bit, 150 S/s); 12 digital

I/O; 32-bit counter.
POWER SOURCE: Bus-powered for high mobility; built-in signal

connectivity. [3]
Device Pinout:
NI USB-6009
Fig no.. 2.2
Analog Input:
Absolute accuracy, single-ended
Range Typical at 25 °C (mV) Maximum (0 to 55 °C) (mV)
±10 14.7 138
Absolute accuracy at full scale, differential

Range Typical at 25 °C (mV) Maximum (0 to 55 °C) (mV)
±20 14.7 138
±10 7.73 84.8
±5 4.28 58.4
±4 3.59 53.1
±2.5 2.56 45.1
±2 2.21 42.5
±1.25 1.70 38.9
±1 1.53 37.5
Number of channels............................ 8 single-ended/4 differential
Type of ADC ........................................ Successive approximation
ADC resolution (bits)
Module Differential Single-Ended
USB-6008 12 11
USB-6009 14 13
Analog Output:
Absolute accuracy (no load) ............... 7 mV typical, 36.4 mV maximum
at full scale
Number of channels............................ 2
Type of DAC ........................................ Successive approximation
DAC resolution.................................... 12 bits
Maximum update rate ........................ 150 Hz, software-timed

Output range ....................................... 0 to +5 V
Output impedance............................... 50 Ω
Output current drive............................ 5 mA
Power-on state.................................... 0 V
Slew rate............................................. 1 V/μs
Short-circuit current............................ 50 Ma
2.4TEST PANEL:
Digital I/O:
Number of channels............................ 12 total: 8 (P0.<0..7>), 4 (P1.<0..3>)
Direction control ................................. Each channel individually programmable

as input or output
Output driver type
USB-6008........................................ Open-drain
USB-6009........................................ Each channel individually programmable
as push-pull or open-drain
Compatibility ....................................... CMOS, TTL, LVTTL
Internal pull-up resistor ...................... 4.7 kΩ to +5 V
Power-on state.................................... Input (high impedance)
Absolute maximum voltage range...... -0.5 to +5.8 V
Digital logic levels
Level Min Max Units
Input low voltage -0.3 0.8 V
Input high voltage 2.0 5.8 V[3]

CHAPTER 3
PID CONTROLLER
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control is the most common control

algorithm used in industry and has been universally accepted in industrial control.
The popularity of PID controllers can be attributed partly to their robust
performance in a wide range of operating conditions and partly to their functional
simplicity, which allows engineers to operate them in a simple, straightforward
manner.
As the name suggests, PID algorithm consists of three basic coefficients;

proportional, integral and derivative which are varied to get optimal response.
Closed loop systems, the theory of classical PID and the effects of tuning a closed
loop control system are discussed in this paper. The PID toolset in LabVIEW and
the ease of use of these VIs is also discussed.[5]
3.1Control System:
The basic idea behind a PID controller is to read a sensor, then compute the
desired actuator output by calculating proportional, integral, and derivative
responses and summing those three components to compute the output. Before we
start to define the parameters of a PID controller, we shall see what a closed loop
system is and some of the terminologies associated with it.
Fig3.1: Block diagram of a typical closed loop system.
3.2. Definition of Terminologies:-
The control design process begins by defining the performance requirements.

Control system performance is often measured by applying a step function as the
set point command variable, and then measuring the response of the process
variable. Commonly, the response is quantified by measuring defined waveform
characteristics. Rise Time is the amount of time the system takes to go from 10%

to 90% of the steady-state, or final, value. Percent Overshoot is the amount that
the process variable overshoots the final value, expressed as a percentage of the
final value. Settling time is the time required for the process variable to settle to
within a certain percentage (commonly 5%) of the final value. Steady-State Error
is the final difference between the process variable and set point. Note that the
exact definition of these quantities will vary in industry and academia.
Fig 3.2: Response of a typical PID closed loop system.
After using one or all of these quantities to define the performance requirements
for a control system, it is useful to define the worst case conditions in which the
control system will be expected to meet these design requirements. Often times,
there is a disturbance in the system that affects the process variable or the
measurement of the process variable. It is important to design a control system
that performs satisfactorily during worst case conditions. The measure of how
well the control system is able to overcome the effects of disturbances is referred
to as the disturbance rejection of the control system.
In some cases, the response of the system to a given control output may change
over time or in relation to some variable. A nonlinear system is a system in which
the control parameters that produce a desired response at one operating point
might not produce a satisfactory response at another operating point. For instance,
a chamber partially filled with fluid will exhibit a much faster response to heater

output when nearly empty than it will when nearly full of fluid. The measure of
how well the control system will tolerate disturbances and nonlinearities is
referred to as the robustness of the control system.
Some systems exhibit an undesirable behavior called deadtime. Deadtime is a

delay between when a process variable changes, and when that change can be
observed. For instance, if a temperature sensor is placed far away from a cold
water fluid inlet valve, it will not measure a change in temperature immediately if
the valve is opened or closed. Dead time can also be caused by a system or output
actuator that is slow to respond to the control command, for instance, a valve that
is slow to open or close. A common source of dead time in chemical plants is the
delay caused by the flow of fluid through pipes.
Loop cycle is also an important parameter of a closed loop system. The interval of
time between calls to a control algorithm is the loop cycle time. Systems that
change quickly or have complex behavior require faster control loop rates.
Fig 3.3: Response of a closed loop system with deadtime.
Once the performance requirements have been specified, it is time to examine the

system and select an appropriate control scheme. In the vast majority of

applications, a PID control will provide the required results.[5]
3.3 PID Responses:

1. Proportional Response
The proportional component depends only on the difference between the set
point and the process variable. This difference is referred to as the Error term.
The proportional gain (Kc) determines the ratio of output response to the error
signal. For instance, if the error term has a magnitude of 10, a proportional
gain of 5 would produce a proportional response of 50. In general, increasing
the proportional gain will increase the speed of the control system response.
However, if the proportional gain is too large, the process variable will begin
to oscillate. If Kc is increased further, the oscillations will become larger and
the system will become unstable and may even oscillate out of control.
Fig 3.4: Block diagram of a basic PID control algorithm.
2. Integral Response
The integral component sums the error term over time. The result is that even a
small error term will cause the integral component to increase slowly. The

integral response will continually increase over time unless the error is zero, so
the effect is to drive the Steady-State error to zero. Steady-State error is the final
difference between the process variable and set point. A phenomenon called
integral windup results when integral action saturates a controller without the
controller driving the error signal toward zero.
3. Derivative Response
The derivative component causes the output to decrease if the process variable is
increasing rapidly. The derivative response is proportional to the rate of change of
the process variable. Increasing the derivative time (Td) parameter will cause the
control system to react more strongly to changes in the error term and will
increase the speed of the overall control system response. Most practical control
systems use very small derivative time (Td), because the Derivative Response is
highly sensitive to noise in the process variable signal. If the sensor feedback
signal is noisy or if the control loop rate is too slow, the derivative response can
make the control system unstable
3.4TUNNING:-
The process of setting the optimal gains for P, I and D to get an ideal response
from a control system is called tuning. There are different methods of tuning of
which the “guess and check” method and the Ziegler Nichols method will be
discussed.
The gains of a PID controller can be obtained by trial and error method. Once an
engineer understands the significance of each gain parameter, this method
becomes relatively easy. In this method, the I and D terms are set to zero first and
the proportional gain is increased until the output of the loop oscillates. As one
increases the proportional gain, the system becomes faster, but care must be taken
not make the system unstable. Once P has been set to obtain a desired fast

response, the integral term is increased to stop the oscillations. The integral term
reduces the steady state error, but increases overshoot. Some amount of overshoot
is always necessary for a fast system so that it could respond to changes
immediately. The integral term is tweaked to achieve a minimal steady state error.
Once the P and I have been set to get the desired fast control system with minimal
steady state error, the derivative term is increased until the loop is acceptably
quick to its set point. Increasing derivative term decreases overshoot and yields
higher gain with stability but would cause the system to be highly sensitive to
noise. Often times, engineers need to tradeoff one characteristic of a control
system for another to better meet their requirements.
The Ziegler-Nichols method is another popular method of tuning a PID

controller. It is very similar to the trial and error method wherein I and D are set
to zero and P is increased until the loop starts to oscillate. Once oscillation starts,
the critical gain Kc and the period of oscillations Pc are noted. The P, I and D are
then adjusted as per the tabular column shown below.
Control P Ti Td
P 0.5Kc - -
PI 0.45Kc Pc/1.2 -
PID 0.60Kc 0.5Pc Pc/8
Table 3.5:- Ziegler-Nichols tuning, using the oscillation method.
3.5 NI LABVIEW AND PID:

LabVIEW PID toolset features a wide array of VIs that greatly help in the design
of a PID based control system. Control output range limiting, integrator anti-
windup and bumpless controller output for PID gain changes are some of the
salient features of the PID VI. The PID Advanced VI includes all the features of
the PID VI along with non-linear integral action, two degree of freedom control
and error-squared control.

Fig 3.6.1: VIs from the PID controls palette of LabVIEW
PID palette also features some advanced VIs like the PID Autotuning VI and the
PID Gain Schedule VI. The PID Autotuning VI helps in refining the PID
parameters of a control system. Once an educated guess about the values of P, I
and D have been made, the PID Autotuning VI helps in refining the PID
parameters to obtain better response from the control system.[3]
Fig 3.6.2: Advanced VIs from the PID controls palette of LabVIEW
The reliability of the controls system is greatly improved by using the LabVIEW
Real Time module running on a real time target. National Instruments provides
the new M Series Data Acquisition boards which provide higher accuracy and
better performance than an average control system.
3.6 Variable Frequency Drive:
what is a VFD?
You can divide the world of electronic motor drives into two categories: AC and
DC. A motor drive controls the speed, torque, direction and resulting horsepower
of a motor. A DC drive typically controls a shunt wound DC motor, which has

separate armature and field circuits. AC drives control AC induction motors, and-
like their DC counterparts-control speed, torque, and horsepower.
Application as an Example:
Let's take a brief look at a drive application. In Fig. 1, you can see a simple
application with a fixed speed fan using a motor starter. You could replace the 3-
phase motor starter with Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to operate the fan at
variable speed. Since you can operate the fan at any speed below its maximum,
you can vary airflow by controlling the motor speed instead of the air outlet
damper.[5]
Fig3.7, Fixed Speed Fan Application
A drive can control two main elements of a 3-phase induction motor: speed and
torque. To understand how a drive controls these two elements, we will take a
short review of AC induction motors. Fig. 2 shows the construction of an
induction motor. The two basic parts of the motor, the rotor and stator, work
through magnetic interaction. A motor contains pole pairs. These are iron pieces
in the stator, wound in a specific pattern to provide a north to south magnetic
field.[5]

Figure 3.8, Basic Induction Motor Construction
Fig 3.9 Operating Principles of Induction Motor
With one pole pair isolated in a motor, the rotor (shaft) rotates at a specific speed:
the base speed. The number of poles and the frequency applied determine this
speed (Fig. 4). This formula includes an effect called "slip." Slip is the difference
between the rotor speed and the rotating magnetic field in the stator. When a
magnetic field passes through the conductors of the rotor, the rotor takes on
magnetic fields of its own. These rotor magnetic fields will try to catch up to the

rotating fields of the stator. However, it never does -- this difference is slip. Think
of slip as the distance between the greyhounds and the hare they are chasing
around the track. As long as they don't catch up to the hare, they will continue to
revolve around the track. Slip is what allows a motor to turn.[5]
Motor Slip:
120 X F
Shaft Speed = - Slip
P
Slip for NEMA B Motor = 3 to 5% of Base Speed which is
1800 RPM at Full Load
F = Frequency applied to the motor
P = Number of motor poles
Example:
120 X60Hz
Shaft Speed = - Slip
4
Induction Motor Slip Calculation
We can conveniently adjust the speed of a motor by changing the frequency

applied to the motor. You could adjust motor speed by adjusting the number of
poles, but this is a physical change to the motor. It would require rewinding, and
result in a step change to the speed. So, for convenience, cost-efficiency, and
precision, we change the frequency. Fig. 5 shows the torque-developing
characteristic of every motor: the Volts per Hertz ratio (V/Hz). We change this
ratio to change motor torque. An induction motor connected to a 460V, 60 Hz
source has a ratio of 7.67. As long as this ratio stays in proportion, the motor will
develop rated torque. A drive provides many different frequency outputs. At any
given frequency output of the drive, you get a new torque curve.

3.7 How Drive Changes Motor Speed:
Just how does a drive provide the frequency and voltage output necessary to
change the speed of a motor? That's what we'll look at next. All PWM drives
contain these main parts, with subtle differences in hardware and software
components. Although some drives accept single-phase input power, we'll focus
on the 3-phase drive. But to simplify illustrations, the waveforms in the following
drive figures show only one phase of input and output.
The input section of the drive is the converter. It contains six diodes, arranged in
an electrical bridge. These diodes convert AC power to DC power. The next
section-the DC bus section-sees a fixed DC voltage.
The DC Bus section filters and smoothens out the waveform. The diodes actually
reconstruct the negative halves of the waveform onto the positive half. In a 460V
unit, you'd measure an average DC bus voltage of about 650V to 680V. You can
calculate this as line voltage times 1.414. The inductor (L) and the capacitor (C)
works together to filter out any AC component of the DC waveform. The
smoother the DC waveform, the cleaner the output waveform from the drive.
The DC bus feeds the final section of the drive: the inverter. As the name implies,
this section inverts the DC voltage back to AC. But, it does so in a variable
voltage and frequency output. How does it do this? That depends on what kind of
power devices your drive uses. If you have many SCR (Silicon Controlled
Rectifier)-based drives in your facility, see the Sidebar. Bipolar Transistor
technology began superceding SCRs in drives in the mid-1970s. In the early
1990s, those gave way to using Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
technology, which will form the basis for our discussion.
Switching Bus With IGBTs

Today's inverters use Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) to switch the
DC bus on and off at specific intervals. In doing so, the inverter actually creates a
variable AC voltage and frequency output. As shown in Fig. 7, the output of the
drive doesn't provide an exact replica of the AC input sine waveform. Instead, it
provides voltage pulses that are at a constant magnitude.
Fig 3.9.1 Drive Output Waveform
The drive's control board signals the power device's control circuits to turn "on"
the waveform positive half or negative half of the power device. This alternating
of positive and negative switches recreates the 3 phase output. The longer the
power device remains on, the higher the output voltage. The less time the power
device is on, the lower the output voltage (shown in Fig.8). Conversely, the longer
the power device is off, the lower the output frequency.

Fig 3.9.2 Drive Output Waveform Components
The speed at which power devices switch on and off is the carrier frequency, also
known as the switch frequency. The higher the switch frequency, the more
resolution each PWM pulse contains. Typical switch frequencies are 3,000 to
4,000 times per second (3 KHz to 4 KHz). (With an older, SCR-based drive,
switch frequencies are 250 to 500 times per second). As you can imagine, the
higher the switch frequency, the smoother the output waveform and the higher the
resolution. However, higher switch frequencies decrease the efficiency of the
drive because of increased heat in the power devices.[5]

CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE DETAILS OF

SYSTEM

(PART A HARDWARE)
4.1 COMPONENTS USED:
1. Personal Computer
2. Optocoupler(MCT2E)
3. ULN 2803
4. Electro-mechanical Relay
5. Transformer(12V,1A)
6. Voltage Regulator 7805
7. Diode(IN4007), Resistors, capacitors
8. Heat Sink.
4.2 POWER SUPPLY:
REGULATOR IC (7805)
It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC current

into regulated DC current.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve

full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual
diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge
is wired internally.[5]
Fig no.4.1: Connection diagram of system
4.3 OPTOCOUPLER:
There are many situations where signals and data need to be transferred from one
subsystem to another within a piece of electronics equipment, or from one piece
of equipment to another, without making a direct ohmic contact electrical
connection. Often this is because the source and destination are (or may be at
times) at very different voltage levels, like a microprocessor which is operating
from 5V DC but being used to control a triac which is switching 240V AC. In
such situations the link between the two must be an isolated one, to protect the
microprocessor from over-voltage damage.[5]

Fig no .4.2 Optocoupler
4.4 HIGH VOLTAGE HIGH CURRENT DARLINGTON

TRANSISTOR ARRAY (ULN2803):
The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are
ideally suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as
TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage requirements of
lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of
computer, industrial, and consumer applications. All devices feature open–
collector outputs and free wheeling clamp diodes for transient suppression.
The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families while the
ULN2804 is optimized for 6 to 15 volt high level CMOS or PMOS

Fig.4.3 ULN 2803
4.5 RELAY:
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet
to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in
1835. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the
input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical
amplifier.[5]

Fig no 4.4 Relay
Here relay is used for the isolation of various heavy appliances to the PC. Since
the PC operates on very low current, but the current in various appliances is in
Amperes therefore isolation is necessary and relay is required. Here we have used
single pole dual through relay for the purpose. [5]

(PART B SOFTWARE)
4.6 INTRODUCTION TO LABVIEW:-
 Labview is basically a computer software to develope the Virtual

Instrumentation systems.
 Labview(Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engg Workbench) is a graphical
programming Language that uses icons instead of lines of text to create
application.
 Labview programs are called virtual instruments because their appearance
and operation imitate physical instruments.[3]
LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments, or VIs, because their

appearance and operation imitate physical instruments, such as oscilloscopes and
multimeters. LabVIEW contains a comprehensive set of tools for acquiring,
analyzing, displaying, and storing data, as well as tools to help you troubleshoot
code you write.
In LabVIEW, you build a user interface, or front panel, with controls and indicators.
Controls are knobs, push buttons, dials, and other input mechanisms. Indicators are
graphs, LEDs, and other output displays. After you build the user interface, you add
code using VIs and structures to control the front panel objects. The block diagram
contains this code.[3]
You can use LabVIEW to communicate with hardware such as data acquisition,

vision, and motion control devices, as well as GPIB, PXI, VXI, RS232, and RS485
instruments.[2]
Fig no.4.5 Front Panel of VI system
LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench)

is a platform and development environment for a visual programming language
from National Instruments. The graphical language is named "G". Originally
released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, LabVIEW is commonly used for data
acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of
platforms including Microsoft Windows, various flavors of UNIX, Linux, and
Mac OS. The latest version of LabVIEW is version 8.6.1, released in February of
2009.[3]
4.7 Dataflow programming

The programming language used in LabVIEW, also referred to as G, is a dataflow

programming language. Execution is determined by the structure of a graphical
block diagram (the LV-source code) on which the programmer connects different
function-nodes by drawing wires. These wires propagate variables and any node
can execute as soon as all its input data become available. Since this might be the
case for multiple nodes simultaneously, G is inherently capable of parallel
execution. Multi-processing and multi-threading hardware is automatically
exploited by the built-in scheduler, which multiplexes multiple OS threads over
the nodes ready for execution.[3]
4.8 Graphical programming
LabVIEW ties the creation of user interfaces (called front panels) into the
development cycle. LabVIEW programs/subroutines are called virtual instruments
(VIs). Each VI has three components: a block diagram, a front panel, and a
connector panel. The last is used to represent the VI in the block diagrams of
other, calling VIs. Controls and indicators on the front panel allow an operator to
input data into or extract data from a running virtual instrument. However, the
front panel can also serve as a programmatic interface. Thus a virtual instrument
can either be run as a program, with the front panel serving as a user interface, or,
when dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the front panel defines the inputs
and outputs for the given node through the connector pane. This implies each VI
can be easily tested before being embedded as a subroutine into a larger program.
The graphical approach also allows non-programmers to build programs simply

by dragging and dropping virtual representations of lab equipment with which
they are already familiar. The LabVIEW programming environment, with the
included examples and the documentation, makes it simple to create small
applications. This is a benefit on one side, but there is also a certain danger of
underestimating the expertise needed for good quality "G" programming. For
complex algorithms or large-scale code, it is important that the programmer
possesses an extensive knowledge of the special LabVIEW syntax and the
topology of its memory management. The most advanced LabVIEW development

systems offer the possibility of building stand-alone applications. Furthermore, it
is possible to create distributed applications, which communicate by a
client/server scheme, and are therefore easier to implement due to the inherently
parallel nature of G-code.[3]
4.9 Benefits
One benefit of LabVIEW over other development environments is the extensive

support for accessing instrumentation hardware. Drivers and abstraction layers for
many different types of instruments and buses are included or are available for
inclusion. These present themselves as graphical nodes. The abstraction layers
offer standard software interfaces to communicate with hardware devices. The
provided driver interfaces save program development time. The sales pitch of
National Instruments is, therefore, that even people with limited coding
experience can write programs and deploy test solutions in a reduced time frame
when compared to more conventional or competing systems. A new hardware
driver topology (DAQmxBase), which consists mainly of G-coded components
with only a few register calls through NI Measurement Hardware DDK (Driver
Development Kit) functions, provides platform independent hardware access to
numerous data acquisition and instrumentation devices. The DAQmxBase driver
is available for LabVIEW on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux platforms.
In terms of performance, LabVIEW includes a compiler that produces native code

for the CPU platform. The graphical code is translated into executable machine
code by interpreting the syntax and by compilation. The LabVIEW syntax is
strictly enforced during the editing process and compiled into the executable
machine code when requested to run or upon saving. In the latter case, the
executable and the source code are merged into a single file. The executable runs
with the help of the LabVIEW run-time engine, which contains some precompiled
code to perform common tasks that are defined by the G language. The run-time
engine reduces compile time and also provides a consistent interface to various
operating systems, graphic systems, hardware components, etc. The run-time

environment makes the code portable across platforms. Generally, LV code can
be slower than equivalent compiled C code, although the differences often lie
more with program optimization than inherent execution speed.
Many libraries with a large number of functions for data acquisition, signal
generation, mathematics, statistics, signal conditioning, analysis, etc., along with
numerous graphical interface elements are provided in several LabVIEW package
options. The number of advanced mathematic blocks for functions such as
integration, filters, and other specialized capabilities usually associated with data
capture from hardware sensors is immense. In addition, LabVIEW includes a text-
based programming component called MathScript with additional functionality
for signal processing, analysis and mathematics. MathScript can be integrated
with graphical programming using "script nodes" and uses .m file script syntax
that is generally compatible with Matlab.
The fully object-oriented character of LabVIEW code allows code reuse without
modifications: as long as the data types of input and output are consistent, two sub
VIs are interchangeable.
The LabVIEW Professional Development System allows creating stand-alone

executables and the resultant executable can be distributed an unlimited number
of times. The run-time engine and its libraries can be provided freely along with
the executable.
A benefit of the LabVIEW environment is the platform independent nature of the

G code, which is (with the exception of a few platform-specific functions)
portable between the different LabVIEW systems for different operating systems
(Windows, Mac OS X and Linux). National Instruments is increasingly focusing
on the capability of deploying LabVIEW code onto an increasing number of
targets including devices like Phar Lap OS based LabVIEW real-time controllers,
PocketPCs, PDAs, FieldPoint modules and into FPGAs on special boards.

There is a low cost LabVIEW Student Edition aimed at educational institutions

for learning purposes. There is also an active community of LabVIEW users who
communicate through several e-mail groups and Internet forums.
Criticism
LabVIEW is a proprietary product of National Instruments. Unlike common

programming languages such as C or FORTRAN, LabVIEW is not managed or
specified by a third party standards committee such as ANSI.
In addition, as of version 8, all LabVIEW installations on Windows computers

require customers to contact National Instruments by Internet or phone to
"activate" the product. Macintosh users are not subject to this requirement. The
increasing dependence on the vendor suggests a possible threat to privacy and
data security. For example, although National Instruments claims the process is
"secure and anonymous" the immediate implication is that a legal but privately
installed instance of LabVIEW seems no longer possible.
Building a stand-alone application with LabVIEW requires the Application

Builder component which is included with the Professional Development System
but requires a separate purchase if using the Base Package or Full Development
System. Compiled executables produced by the Application Builder are not truly
standalone in that they also require that the LabVIEW run-time engine be
installed on any target computer on which users run the application. [3] The use of
standard controls requires a runtime library for any language and all major
operating system suppliers supply the required libraries for common languages
such as 'C'. However, the runtime required for LabVIEW is not supplied with any
operating system and is required to be specifically installed by the administrator
or user. This requirement can cause problems if an application is distributed to a
user who may be prepared to run the application but does not have the inclination
or permission to install additional files on the host system prior to running the
executable.

There is some debate as to whether LabVIEW is really a general purpose

programming language (or in some cases whether it is really a programming
language at all) as opposed to an application-specific development environment
for measurement and automation.[4] Critics point to a lack of features, common in
most other programming languages, such as native recursion and, until version
8.20, object oriented features.
Also, for a environment heavily targeted for test, LabVIEW includes no built-in
functions for formally testing limits, reading a limits file, and conveniently
tracking the passing or failing results. Companies tend to build their own
proprietary functions for this basic feature if they choose not to use TestStand.
Simplifying the development process:-
Virtual instrumentation has led to a simpler way of looking at measurement

systems. Instead of using several stand-alone instruments for multiple
measurement types and performing rudimentary analysis by hand, engineers now
can quickly and cost-effectively create a system equipped with analysis software
and a single measurement device that has the capabilities of a multitude of
instruments.
Powerful off-the-shelf software, such as our own company's LabVIEW,

automates the entire process, delivering an easy way to acquire, analyse, and
present data from a personal computer without sacrificing performance or
functionality. The software integrates tightly with hardware, making it easy to
automate measurements and control, while taking advantage of the personal
computer for processing, display, and networking capabilities.
The expectations of performance and flexibility in measurement and control

applications continue to rise in the industry, growing the importance of software
design. By investing in intuitive engineering software tools that run at best

possible performance, companies can dramatically reduce development time and

increase individual productivity, giving themselves a powerful weapon to wield in
competitive situations.
Preparing investments for the future

Measurement systems have historically been 'islands of automation', in which you
design a system to meet the needs of a specific application. With virtual
instrumentation, modular hardware components and open engineering software
make it easy to adapt a single system to a variety of measurement requirements.
To meet the changing needs of your testing system, open platforms such as PXI
(PCI extensions for Instrumentation) make it simple to integrate measurement
devices from different vendors into a single system that is easy to modify or
expand, as new technologies emerge or your application needs change. With a
PXI system, you can quickly integrate common measurements such as machine
vision, motion control, and data acquisition to create multifunction systems
without spending valuable engineering hours making the hardware work together.
The open PXI platform combines industry-standard technologies, such as
CompactPCI and Windows operating systems, with built-in triggering to provide
a rugged, more deterministic system than desktop PCs.
BeyondPC
The internet has ushered in a new age of data sharing, and has spurred new
networking and remote computing capabilities of virtual instrumentation that was
simply not possible with their stand-alone propriety counterparts. Virtual
instrumentation takes advantage of the internet, so you can easily publish data to
the web direct from the measurement control device, and read data on a handheld
personal digital assistant, or even on a cellular phone.
This level of connectivity will progress even further, bringing a new meaning to
modularity. With advances in internet and wireless technologies, engineers will be
able to reuse modular components, and also more easily share their knowledge

and experiences across global enterprises - consolidating engineering efforts

across every stage of development.
The wave of commercial technology advances will continue. The performance

advances will be easier to implement, saving valuable development time and
integration time while reducing costs over traditional instrumentation solutions.
No one can predict exactly where the future will take virtual instrumentation,
but one thing is clear - the PC and its related technologies will be at the centre,
and you will be more successful as a result.[3]
4.9.1 FEATURES:-
Productive Software (Real Time)
National Instruments increases the productivity of engineers

and scientists in developing test, control, and design systems by providing
software products for a wide range of functionality. NI LabVIEW is the graphical
development environment for creating flexible and scalable test, measurement,
and control applications rapidly and at minimal cost. With LabVIEW, engineers
and scientists interface with real-world signals, analyze data for meaningful
information, and share results and applications. Intuitive block diagrams in NI
LabVIEW make it easy to develop custom applications while taking advantage of
the PC for processing, display, and device connectivity.
Modular Hardware
By integrating commercially available silicon and bus technologies with

innovative designs, NI data acquisition (DAQ) products continue to improve
measurement speed and accuracy while reducing costs for engineers and

scientists. NI multifunction DAQ devices are available on the most widely used
buses, including PCI, PCI Express, PXI, IEEE 1394 (FireWire), and USB, and
work with the industry's most popular operating systems such as Windows, Linux,
and Mac OS X.
For measurements that require higher performance, resolution, or speeds,

engineers use NI modular instruments, which combine stand-alone instrument
quality and measurement capabilities with the flexibility and scalability of NI data
acquisition products, to offer integrated timing and synchronization resources, as
well as the latest commercial technologies such as ADCs, DACs, FPGAs, and PC
buses. Using NI modular instruments with powerful NI LabVIEW software, test
and design engineers can create user-defined measurement systems that deliver
greater flexibility, accuracy, throughput, and synchronization .[3]
4.9.2 IMPLEMENTING VI SYSTEMS USING LABVIEW:
FRONT PANEL:-
Fig no. 4.6: Front panel of VI system

Adding a Control to the Front Panel:-
1.Controls on the front panel simulate the input mechanisms on a physical

instrument and supply data to the block diagram of the VI. Many physical
instruments have knobs you can turn to change an input value
Fig no. 4.7: Control palette of VI system
2. If you are a new LabVIEW user, the Controls palette opens with the Express
subpalette visible by default. If you do not see the Express subpalette, click
Express on the Controls palette to display the Express subpalette.
3. Move the cursor over the icons on the Express subpalette to locate the Numeric
Controls palette.
When you move the cursor over icons on the Controls palette, the name of the
subpalette, control, or indicator appears in a tip strip below the icon.[5]

Fig no.4.8 Function palette of VI system
4. Click the Numeric Controls icon to display the Numeric Controls palette.
5. Click the knob control on the Numeric Controls palette to attach the control to the
cursor, then place the knob on the front panel to the left of the waveform graph.[2]
Wiring Objects on the Block Diagram:-
1. On the block diagram, move the cursor over the Knob terminal, shown at left.
The cursor becomes an arrow, or the Positioning tool, shown at left. Use the
Positioning tool to select, position, and resize objects.
2. Use the Positioning tool to select the Knob terminal and make sure it is to the left
of the Simulate Signal Express VI and inside the gray loop, shown at left.
The terminals inside the loop are representations of front panel controls and
indicators. Terminals are entry and exit ports that exchange information between
the front panel and block diagram.
3. Deselect the Knob terminal by clicking a blank space on the block diagram. If
you want to use a different tool with an object, you must deselect the object to
switch the tool.
4. Move the cursor over the arrow on the Knob terminal, shown at left. The cursor

becomes a wire spool, or the Wiring tool, shown at left. Use the Wiring tool to wire
objects together on the block diagram. [5]
Fig no 4.9 Block diagram VI system
5. When the Wiring tool appears, click the arrow on the Knob terminal and then
click the arrow on the Amplitude input of the Simulate Signal Express VI, shown at
left, to wire the two objects together.
A wire appears and connects the two objects. Data flows along this wire from the
Knob terminal to the Express VI.
6. Select File»Save to save the VI. [2]
Changing a Signal Type:-
The block diagram has a blue icon labeled Simulate Signal. This icon represents the
Simulate Signal Express VI. The Simulate Signal Express VI simulates a sine wave
by default.
1. Display the block diagram by pressing the <Ctrl-E> keys or by clicking the block
diagram. Locate the Simulate Signal Express VI, shown at left. An Express VI is a
component of the block diagram that you can configure to perform common

measurement tasks. The Simulate Signal Express VI simulates a signal based on the
configuration that you specify.
2. Right-click the Simulate Signal Express VI and select Properties from the
shortcut menu to display the Configure Simulate Signal dialog box. (Mac OS) Press
<Command>-click to perform the same action as right-click.
You also can double-click the Express VI to display the Configure Simulate Signal
dialog box. If you wire data to an Express VI and run it, the Express VI displays
real data in the configuration dialog box. If you close and reopen the Express VI,
the VI displays sample data in the configuration dialog box until you run the VI
again[2].
3. Select Sawtooth from the Signal type pull-down menu. The waveform on the
graph in the Result Preview section changes to a sawtooth wave.
Types of Graphs :-
LabVIEW includes the following types of graphs and charts: Waveform Graphs
and Charts—Display data typically acquired at a constant rate. XY Graphs—
Display data acquired at a non-constant rate and data for multivalued functions.
Intensity Graphs and Charts—Display 3D data on a 2D plot by using color to
display the values of the third dimension. Digital Waveform Graphs—Display data
as pulses or groups of digital lines. (Windows) 3D Graphs—Display 3D data on a
3D plot in an ActiveX .[2]
3D Graphs:-
A Surface plot uses x,y and z data to plot points on graph. The surface plot then

connects these points, forming a three dimensional surface view of data. For
example you could use a surface plot for terrain mapping. The following figure
shows 3D surface graph and 3D parametric surface graph.
Fig no. 4.10: 3D graph
The 3D graphs use ActiveX technology and VIs that handle 3D representation.
When you select a 3D graph LabVIEW places an ActiveX container on the front
panel that contains a 3D graph control. LabVIEW also places a reference to the
3D graph control on the block diagram. LabVIEW wires this reference to one of
the three 3D Graph VIs.[3]

CHAPTER 5
OPERATIONAL DETAILS
5.1PROCEDURE:-
1. Switch ON the computer.
2. Open the LabVIEW 8.6 software.
3. Then go to File menu and open the VI i.e. virtual instrument for speed
control.
4. Connect the DAQ NI USB 6009 to PC.
5. Switch ON the power supply for VFD.
6. Do the connection between VFD and NI USB 6009.
7. Do the connection between VFD and Three phase induction motor.
8. Then Run the VI.
9. After that motor shaft will start rotating irregularly.

10. Then Tune the internal PID in LabVIEW.
11. Give the desired set point.
12. Now, the motor speed is controlled to desired set point.
13. See the graph for PID response.
14. See the result in which process variable is achieving set point.
15. Now stop the VI.
16. Disconnect DAQ card from VFD.
17. Disconnect connection between VFD and motor.
18. Switch off the supply of VFD.
19. Then turn off the computer.
20. Switch off computer supply.
EXPLORING THE APPLICATIONS
1. Data Acquisition.
2. Instrument control.
3. Automation Test.
4. Signal processing & Analysis.
5. Embedded Design.
6. Process control.
7. Dynamic simulation.[5]
5.2 REAL TIME APPLICATION AREAS:-

Test and Validation:-
1. Integrated test and control
2. Destructive testing
3. Endurance testing
4. Autonomous operation
5.3 Industrial Control
1. Process Control
2. Environmental control
3. Predictive maintenance
4. Industrial inspection
5.4 Control Design
1. Rapid control prototyping
2. Hardware in the loop testing
3. Model based design.
5.5 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:
1. Stable Control of Water Supply.
2. In Steel Plant For Controlling the speed of conveyor to keep the good
quality of steel.[5]

CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND ANALYSIS


Fig no.6.1 Front Panel of VI

Fig no.6.2 Block Diagram of VI for Closed loop Control.

Fig no.6.3 Block Diagram of VI for Manual Control.

Fig no.6.4 Result with PID Response.

CONCLUSION
We Used LABVIEW for Controlling Parameters like Speed and Direction of

motor Using Inbuilt PID, DAQ, VFD and other Mathematical modules.
The greatest learning experience in this project comes from the design and
construction of LabVIEW based Graphical Programming and the real
implementation of embedded system, Electro-mechanical relays and Opto-couper,
ULN 2803.
During the development of our project we studied and analyzed many real world
applications of Electronics and Software Engineering. Some of the theoretical
knowledge that was inculcated in us within our engineering program, which we
have applied practically.
We developed LABVIEW based Experimental trainer for controlling the speed of

Three Phase Induction Motor successfully.
BILLS OF MATERIAL

SR NO. EQUIPMENT QTN Approx. cost
1 Three Phase Induction Motor. 1 1,000/-
2 Single Phase Induction Motor 1 5,00/-
3 VFD 1 9,000/-
4 Driver Circuit For VFD 1 1,500/-
5 Fabrication Work 1 500/-
TOTAL 12,500/-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Darren kwock and Coombs ,Electronic Instrumentation

Handbook , 1999,3rd edition, McGraw-Hill.

[2] Bela G Liptak ,Process Control ,volume 2,3rd edition,

Chilton Book company.
[3] Lab view 8.6 Manuals,NI publications.

[4] Shenvi,Electronic Instrument and Product
Design,4thedition,ctc publications.
[5] Internet, www.ni.com,www.wikipedia.com.

Appendix

Labview Based Three Phase Induction Motor Speed Control: 1 Literature Survey

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LABVIEW BASED THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

Every engineered component has some function. A function can be

Feedback control system block diagram figure 1 shows basic elements of a

Fig no.1.1: Block diagram of feedback control

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION

A Virtual instrumentation system is Computer software that a user would

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 2

Fig no.1.2: Block diagram of virtual instrumentation system.

The Introduction of computer in the field of instrumentation began as a

Signal is applied to Instrument and from instrument hardware it is connected to

There are mainly THREE types of buses:-

The Software is the Brain of the virtual instrumentation system. Software

1.3 What is a virtual instrument and how is it different from a

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 3

By not using vendor-defined, prepackaged software and hardware, engineers and

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 4

Here are some examples of this flexibility in practice:

1. One Application Different Devices

2. Many Applications, One Device

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 5

software. Additionally, both projects could be combined into a single application

Fig 1.5 Reduce costs by reusing hardware for many applications.

How do virtual instrumentation hardware capabilities compare

An important concept of virtual instrumentation is the strategy that powers the

Fundamentally, because virtual instrumentation is software-based, if you

hardware compare to traditional instrumentation. The goal for National

Fig 1.6 Compare virtual instrumentation hardware over time to traditional

Are virtual instruments and traditional instruments compatible?

Virtual instruments are compatible with traditional instruments almost without

In addition to providing libraries, more than 200 instrument vendors have

Instrument Driver Library. Instrument drivers provide a set of high-level, human-

How are virtual instruments and synthetic instruments different?

A fundamental trend in the automated test industry is a heavy shift toward

The Synthetic Instrument Working Group defines synthetic instruments as “a

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 8

architectures benefit by achieving greater flexibility and reconfigurability of

1.4 PC based instrumentation:-

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 9

Other creative directions

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 10

Adapting VI for the Indian environment is something a few institutions in the

A Google search will bring up dozens of downloadable resources like NetFrog,

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 11

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 12

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM:

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 13

Fig 2.1Block diagram of system

2.2 Specifications of Components Used:

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 14

PHASE: Three phase and single phase.

FULL LOAD CURRENT: 1A

NO LOAD CURRENT: 0.3A

TORQUE: 2.08 KGM

OUTPUT:AC 3 Phase 0-240V,0-200Hz,3.1A

MODE: V/F mode

ENCLOSURE:IP 20/UL Open type.

TYPE: STEP DOWN

Dept. Of Instrumentation (DYPIET) Page 15

 2.3 NI USB 6009:

ANALOG OUTPUTS: 2 analog outputs (12-bit, 150 S/s); 12 digital

POWER SOURCE: Bus-powered for high mobility; built-in signal