Smart Meter Based Distribution Security Monitoring

Smart Meter Based Distribution Security Monitoring in DSCADA Control
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In today’s competitive world, the power and energy sector of any country plays a
major role in the growth of domestic, industrial, agricultural, telecommunication,
education and public service sectors. The availability of new technologies in the area of
digital electronics, communications and computer technologies open the door to a
multitude of applications that optimize the use and delivery of electric energy to the users.
Smart meters are coming down in price and have increased their life and reliability and
can generate a wealth of information which can be used to improve the utility operation.
Reliable two-way communication and computer technologies, large scale data
warehousing and data base management provide the necessary capabilities that many
years ago were deemed impossible to implement.
Most smart meters have the ability to collect interval data and be synchronized for
the whole network by providing start and stop times control. Typical interval durations
being considered are 15 minutes, half hour and one hour and stored in consecutive
fashion by the meter. These collected data are retrieved using the two-way
communication network to be delivered to a data repository system.
Supervisory control and data acquisition system or SCADA [3] [8] refers to the
combination of telemetry and data acquisition. SCADA includes the collecting of the
information via a RTU (Remote Terminal Unit), PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers)
and IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices), transferring it back to the central site, carrying
out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a number
of operator screens or displays. Three of the most important parts of a SCADA system is
Master Station, Remote Terminal (RTU, PLC, IED) and the communication between
them.
Distribution-Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (D-SCADA) [5] is a set of

technologies for providing remote monitoring and control of equipment located in
distribution substations and out on the distribution feeders themselves. Distribution
SCADA (DSCADA) is a basic building block upon which smart distribution is based.
DSCADA provides the ability to monitor the distribution system components in real-time.
Smart distribution applications use the monitoring and control capabilities provided by
DSCADA to determine steps needed to optimize the performance of the distribution
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 1

system. The main purpose of the D-SCADA system is to continuously monitor the
loading, status, and performance of equipment located on distribution feeders. Under
normal conditions, the system periodically acquires real-time values of current and
voltage at various strategic measurement points and the open/closed status of all
monitored switches.
The theme of this project work revolves a new concept of security in distribution
sector with the help of using smart meters. The distribution network is the terminal stage
of power system and ended by consumers. The problems which may be found in the
distribution network affect both consumers and utilities. The distribution system is the
most visible part of the supply chain, and as such the most exposed to the critical
observation of its users. It is, in many cases, the largest investment, maintenance and
operation expense, and the object of interest to government, financial agencies, and
associations of concerned citizens. About 30 to 40 % of total investments in the electrical
sector go to distribution systems, but nevertheless, they have not received the
technological impact in the same manner as the generation and transmission systems.
Many of the distribution networks work with minimum monitoring systems, mainly with
local and manual control of capacitors, sectionalizing switches and voltage regulators and
without adequate computation support for the system's operators. Nevertheless, there is an
increasing trend to automate distribution systems to improve their reliability, efficiency
and service quality.
Hence, this project work aims to build one such effective and efficient algorithm
which is explaining about the smart meter based security monitoring and D-SCADA
control. With the motivation of improving security in distribution system, the project
work has brought some new and powerful concepts of using smart meters for secured
distribution system monitoring and control.
1.1 Overview of the Project Work

Distribution System is having many security problems, and these can be cleared
by introducing functions of SCADA system. Some functions are listed below are
developed in the project.
 Monitoring the load data by smart meters
 Peak load clipping
 Improve the voltage profile and voltage regulation
 Loss reduction and increase in the power transfer capacity.

 Switching of capacitor banks when ever required in the system.

Hence, in this project work, the main theme is security of distribution system, by
using the above strategies efficiently in proposed algorithm has to solve the security
problems. One such technique is to solve the security problems is prepared and has been
used in this project work to solve the combinatorial problems such as distribution network
monitoring and capacitor placement in distribution network.
1.2 Development in MATLAB SimPowerSystems

SimPowerSystems software and other products of the Physical Modeling product
family work together with Simulink software to model electrical, mechanical, and control
systems. Electrical power systems are combinations of electrical circuits and
electromechanical devices like motors and generators. Engineers working in this
discipline are constantly improving the performance of the systems. SimPowerSystems
software is a modern design tool that allows scientists and engineers to rapidly and easily
build models that simulate power systems. It uses the Simulink environment, allowing
you to build a model using simple click and drag procedures. SimPowerSystems software
belongs to the Physical Modeling product family and uses similar block and connection
line interface.
1.2.1 SimPowerSystems Libraries

SimPowerSystems libraries contain models of typical power equipment such as
transformers, lines, machines, and power electronics. The SimPowerSystems main
library, powerlib, organizes its blocks into libraries according to their behavior. The
powerlib library window displays the block library icons and names. Double-click a
library icon to open the library and access the blocks. The main powerlib library window
also contains the Powergui block that opens a graphical user interface for the steady-state
analysis of electrical circuits as shown in fig.1.1.
Fig. 1.1: Powerlib Library window
1.3 Development in LabVIEW

LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a graphical

programming language that uses icons instead of lines of text to create applications. In
contrast to text-based programming languages, where instructions determine the order of
program execution, LabVIEW uses dataflow programming, where the flow of data
through the nodes on the block diagram determines the execution order of the VIs and
functions. VIs, or virtual instruments, is LabVIEW programs that imitate physical
instruments.
In LabVIEW, you build a user interface by using a set of tools and objects. The
user interface is known as the front panel. You then add code using graphical
representations of functions to control the front panel objects. This graphical source code
is also known as G code or block diagram code. The block diagram contains this code. In
some ways, the block diagram resembles a flowchart.
1.3.1 LabVIEW Help
Use the LabVIEW Help to access information about LabVIEW programming

concepts, step-by-step instructions for using LabVIEW, the reference information about
LabVIEW VIs, functions, palettes, menus, and tools. The LabVIEW Help includes links
to the technical support resources on the National Instruments Web site, such as NI
Developer Zone, the Knowledgebase, and the Product Manuals Library.
Access the LabVIEW Help by selecting Help»Search the LabVIEW Help. You
also can print a help topic or a book of help topics from the LabVIEW Help.
1.3.2 Virtual Instruments
LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments, or VIs, because their

appearance and operation imitate physical instruments, such as oscilloscopes and multi
meters. Every VI uses functions that manipulate input from the user interface or other
sources and display that information or move it to other files or other computers.
A VI contains the following three components:
• Front panel - Serves as the user interface.
• Block diagram - Contains graphical source code that defines the functionality of the VI.

• Icon and connector pane - Identifies the interface to the VI so that you can use the VI
in another VI. A VI within another VI is called a subVI. A subVI corresponds to a
subroutine in text based programming languages.
1.3.3 Front Panel
The front panel is the user interface of the VI. The following figure shows an
example of a front panel and Back panel.
Fig. 1.2(a): LabVIEW Front Panel Fig. 1.2(b): LabVIEW Back Panel
You build the front panel using controls and indicators, which are the interactive
input and output terminals of the VI, respectively. Controls are knobs, push buttons, dials,
and other input mechanisms. Indicators are graphs, LEDs, and other output displays.
Controls simulate instrument input mechanisms and supply data to the block diagram of
the VI. Indicators simulate instrument output mechanisms and display data the block
diagram acquires or generates.
1.3.4 Block Diagram
After you build the front panel, you add code using graphical representations of
functions to control the front panel objects. The block diagram contains this graphical
source code, also known as G code or block diagram code. Front panel objects appear as
terminals on the block diagram.

1.4 Literature Review

Smart meter and D-SCADA security monitoring and control have been developed
by referring the following papers.
Wei Sun, Xiaojing Yuan, Jianping Wang, Dong Han and Chongwei Zhang [1] tells about
Quality of Service Networking for Smart Grid Distribution Monitoring.
Zheng wenzheng. [2] describes the Design and Implementation on Wireless Power Meter
Dong-joo Kang and Rosslin John Robles [3] describes the Protocols in SCADA
Communication.
Zhuhai/Macau, China - Md. Wasi-ur-Rahman, Mohammad Tanvir Rahman, Tareq Hasan
Khan and S.M. Lutful Kabir [4] Designs an intelligent SMS based Remote Metering
System.
B. N. Ha, S. W. Lee, C. H. Shin, S. C. Kwon, S. Y. Park. M. H. Park [5] Develop how the
of intelligent distribution automation system.
Asif Mahmood, Muhammad Aamir, and Muhammad Irfan Anis [6] explain the design
and Implementation of AMR Smart Grid System.
H.G. Rodney Tan, C.H. Lee & V.H. Mok Young [7] shows how Automatic Power Meter
Reading System Using GSM Network.
www.abb.com/networkmanagement [8] gives the functions of SCADA/DMS Distribution
Network Management.
K. Ellithy A. Al-Hinai, A. Moosa [9] determines the practical case study of Optimal
Shunt Capacitors Allocation In Distribution Networks.
Umer A. Khan, J. K. Seong, S. H. Lee, S. H. Lim, and B. W. Lee [10] refer to the
Feasibility Analysis of Smart Grid application using Simulink and SimPower System.
and Yongjin (James) Kwon & Tzu-Liang (Bill) Tseng [11] gives the Remote Monitoring
and Control of Smart Grid Power Network System.
Petri Oksa, Mikael Soini, Lauri Sydänheimo, Markku Kivikoski [12] explains the
Considerations of Using Power Line Communication in the AMR System.
LonWorks - LIN Weijie, WU Qiuxuan, HUANG Yuewen [13] develops the Automatic
Meter Reading System Based on Power Line Communication.
Mr. S G Kerk [14] gives the proceedings of AMR Study in an Indian Utility.
B. S. Koay, S. S. Cheah, Y. H. Sng, P. H. J. Chong, P. Shum, Y. C. Tong, X.Y. Wang,
Y.X. Zuo and H. W. Kuek [15] Design and Implementation of Bluetooth Energy Meter.
Hydro-Québec [16] Guide MATLAB Sim Power Systems.

1.5 Objective of the Project Work

At present the Karnataka Power Transport Corporation Ltd. (KPTCL) is using the
AMR in transmission side for the purpose of e-billing and e-monitoring. The SCADA
security monitoring control system is also implemented in transmission sector through
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) communication. But in the case of distribution in
Karnataka region, automation is not currently used for security monitoring & control.
Hence, it is suggested to install the smart meters at intermediate points of distribution
feeder. By this monitoring and control of distribution system is achieved by means of
interfacing the smart meter data into the D-SCADA system.
A smart meter [4] can measure the active, reactive and apparent powers of
consumer load. It also measures the power factor, rms values of line & phase voltages,
line & phase currents, with their angles respectively.
The smart meter data of the 11KV feeder at different locations can be transmitted
through Global System Mobile (GSM) communication network [2] [7] to the Distribution
control centre. Then, these data can be interfaced with SCADA system [6], which
controls the entire distribution system with reliable and secured operations and it also
keeps away from the abnormal conditions.
1.6 Scope of the Project work

As earlier discussed, the security of the distribution is one of the important
considerations and D-SCADA control can be achieved.
Hence, project work carried out here may become an important tool for adopting
the smart meters and achieving the automation in electrical distribution system with the
help of algorithm mentioned.
1.7 Organization of the Project Report
Chapter 1 has presented the introduction on overview of the project work, introduction to
MATLAB SimPowerSystems and LabVIEW softwares, objectives and scope of the
project work and it also outlines the project work in the report.
Chapter 2 summarizes in detail about the Electrical Power Distribution System and
explains the overview of D-SCADA system and their functions.
Chapter 3 discussion about the introduction to the Smart meters and gives the
information about features, architecture and benefits.

Chapter 4 describes the development of the algorithm, detailed modeling and design of
smart meters, describes the problem definition, proposed algorithm and explains the
solution methodology and computational procedure.
Chapter 5 outlines the case study, numerical results and discussions.
Chapter 6 presents the overall conclusion.
Bibliography gives the details about the researches cited and referred in the project work.
Annexure I gives the details of the input data for case study
Annexure II gives the details of smart meter snapshots.

CHAPTER 2
AN OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

2.1 DistributionSystems
The part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known
as distribution system.
Fig. 2.1 Single Line Diagram of a typical low tension distribution system.
In general, the distribution system is the electrical system between the substation
fed by the transmission system and the consumer’s meters. It generally consists of
feeders, distributors and the service mains. Figure 1.2 shows the single line diagram of a
typical low tension distribution system.
(i) Feeders: A feeder is a conductor, which connects the sub-station (or localized
generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed. Generally, no tapping are
taken from the feeder so that the current in it remains the same throughout. The main
consideration in the design of a feeder is the current carrying capacity.
(ii) Distributor: A distributor is a conductor from which tapping are taken for supply to
the consumers. In Figure2.1, AB, BC, CD, and DA are the distributors. The current
through a distributor is not constant because tapping are taken at various places along its
length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main
consideration since the statutory limit of voltage variations is ± 10% of rated value at the
consumer’s terminals.
(iii) Service mains: A service mains is generally a small cable which connects the
distributor to the consumer terminals.

2.1.1 Objectives of Distribution Systems

 Planning, modernization and automation.
 To provide service connection to various urban, rural and industrial consumer in
the allocated area.
 Maximum security of supply and minimum duration of interruption.
 Safety of consumers.
 To provide electricity of accepted quality in terms of:
 Balanced three phase supply.
 Good power factor.
 Voltage flicker within permissible limits.
 Less voltage dips.
 Minimum interruption in power supply.
2.1.2 Classification of Distribution Systems

A distribution system may be classified according to:
(i) Nature of current: According to nature of current, distribution system may be

classified as (a) D.C. distribution system and (b) A.C. distribution system. Now a day’s
A.C. system is universally adopted for distribution of electric power as it is simpler and
more economical than direct current method.
(ii) Type of construction: According to type of construction, distribution system may be

classified as (a) overhead system and (b) underground system. The overhead system is
generally employed for distribution as it is 5 to 10 times cheaper than the equivalent
underground system. In general, the underground system is used at places where overhead
construction is impracticable or prohibited by the local laws.
(iii) Scheme of connection: According to scheme of connection, the distribution system

may be classified as (a) radial system, (b) ring main system and (c) inter-connected
system. Each scheme has its own advantages and disadvantages.
2.1.3 Connection Scheme of Distribution Systems

All distribution of electrical energy is done by constant voltage system. In
practice, the following distribution circuits are generally used.
(i) Radial System: In this system, separate feeders radiate from a single sub-station and
feed the distributors at one end only. Figure 2.2 (a) shows a single line diagram of a radial

system for DC system. Distribution where a feeder OC supplies a distributor AB at point

A. Obviously, the distributors are fed at one point only i.e. point A in this case. Figure 2.2
(b) shows a single line diagram of radial system for AC distribution. The radial system is
employed only when power is generated at low voltage and the substation is located at the
centre of load. This is the simplest distribution circuit and has the lowest initial cost.
However, it suffers from the following drawbacks:
 The end of the distributor nearest to the feeding point will be heavily loaded.
 The consumers are dependent on a single feeder and single distributor. Therefore,
any fault on the feeder or distributor cuts off supply to the consumers who are on
the side of the fault away from the sub-station.
 The consumers at the distant end of the distributor would be subjected to serious
voltage fluctuations when the load on the distributor changes. Due to these
limitations, this system is used for short distances only.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.2: Single Line Diagram of Radial Systems (a) Distribution for DC Systems
(b) Distribution for AC Systems
(ii) Ring main system: In this system, the primaries of distribution transformers from a
loop. The loop circuit starts from the sub-station bus-bars, makes a loop through the area
to be served, and returns to the sub-station. Figure 2.3 shows the single line diagram of
ring main system for AC. Distribution where sub-station supplies to the closed feeder
LMNOPQRS of the feeder through distribution transformers.
The ring main system has the following advantages:
 There are less voltage fluctuations at consumer’s terminals
 The system is very reliable as each distributor is fed via two feeders.

In the event of fault on any section of the feeder, the continuity of supply is maintained.
For example, suppose that fault occurs at any point F of section SLM of the feeder. Then
section SLM of the feeder can be isolated for repairs and at the same time continuity of
supply is maintained to all the consumers via the feeder SRQPONM.
Fig. 2.3: Ring Main Systems.
(iii) Interconnected system: When the feeder ring is energized by two or more than two
generating stations or sub stations, it is called inter-connected system. Figure 2.4 shows
the single line diagram of interconnected system where the closed feeder ring ABCD is
supplied by two sub-stations S1 and S2 at points D and C respectively. Distributors are
connected to points O, P, Q and R of the feeder ring through distribution transformers.
The interconnected system has the following advantages:
 It increases the service reliability.
 Any area fed from one generating station during peak load hours can be fed from
the other generating station. This reduces reserve power capacity and increases
efficiency of the system.

Fig. 2.4: Interconnected Systems.
2.1.4 Requirements of a Good Distribution System

Some of the requirements of a good distribution system are:
 proper voltage
 availability of power on demand and
 reliability.
(i) Proper Voltage: One important requirement of a distribution system is that voltage
variations at consumers’ terminals should be as low as possible. The changes in voltage
are generally caused due to the variation of load on the system. Low voltage causes loss
of revenue, inefficient lighting and possible burning out of motors. High voltage causes
lamps to burn out permanently and may cause failure of other appliances. Therefore, a
good distribution system should ensure that the voltage variations at consumer’s terminals
are within permissible limits. The statutory limit of voltage variations is +/-10% of the
rated value at the consumer’s terminals. Thus, if the declared voltage is 230 V, then the
highest voltage of the consumer should not exceed 244 V while the lowest voltage of the
consumer should not be less than 216 V.
(ii) Availability of Power Demand: Power must be available to the consumers in any
amount that they may require from time to time. For example, motors may be started or
shut down, lights may be turned on or off, without advance warning to the electric supply
company. As electrical energy cannot be stored, therefore, the distribution system must be
capable of supplying load demands of the consumers. This necessitates that operating

staff must continuously study load patterns to predict in advance those major load
changes that follow the known schedules.
(iii) Reliability: Modern industry is almost dependent on electric power for its operation.
Homes and office buildings are lighted, heated, cooled and ventilated by electric power.
This calls for reliable service. Unfortunately electric power, like everything else that is
man-made, can never be absolutely reliable. However, the reliability can be improved to a
considerable extent by (a) inter-connected system, (b) reliable automatic control system
and (c) providing additional reserve facilities.
2.2 Capacitor Placement
Es Er
C
Fig. 2.5: Capacitor switching

Transfer of electric energy from the source of generation to the customer via the
transmission and distribution networks is accompanied by losses. The majority of these
losses occur on the distribution system. It is widely recognized that placement of shunt
capacitors on the distribution system can lead to a reduction in power losses. Reduction of
I2R loss in distribution systems is very essential to improve the overall efficiency of
power delivery. The I2R loss can be separated into two parts based on the active and
reactive components of branch currents.
Most loads on an electrical distribution system can be placed in one of three
categories: Resistive, Inductive or Capacitive. The most common of these three on
modern systems is the inductive load. Typical examples include transformers, fluorescent
lighting and AC induction motors. All inductive loads require two kinds of power to
function properly:
• Active power (kW) - actually performs the work
• Reactive Power (kVAR) - sustains the electro-magnetic field
As an example with an unloaded AC motor, one might expect the no-load current
to drop near zero. In truth, however, the no-load current will generally show a value
between 25% and 30% of full load current. This is because of the continuous demand for
magnetizing current by any induction load.

In electrical terms, capacitance is also considered as a “reactive power”

component but in fact its characteristic in an electric circuit is to neutralize or compensate
for the inductive reactive power. Thus we have an item of electrical equipment which can
be used to effectively offset a proportion of the reactive power drawn from the supply.
Without capacitors connected the motors draw active and reactive power and the
transformer feeding the installation is fully loaded. With appropriately rated capacitors
connected in parallel with the motors the reactive power drawn from the supply is
neutralized and the transformer only feeds active power. This means that the reactive
power supplied by the Electricity Board is reduced and reactive power charges
eliminated. The power capacitor is however a static device (no moving parts) so
maintenance is minimal. They are also electrically very efficient so their use on a network
makes no significant increase in the active power requirement from the supply authority.
Applying shunt capacitors to primary distribution feeders provides an alternate
source of reactive power to reduce the level of reactive power provided by the supply.
Finally, in today’s world of cutting costs, capacitors are seen as the cheap way to reduce
losses and get more watts out of what’s already there.
The proper application of capacitors serves to reduce the system current and raise
the system voltage. The application of capacitors benefits the entire system and the value
of these benefits for the entire system should be considered when considering how many
capacitors should be installed. It should not be overlooked that kilovars flowing through
the system cause reactive as well as real losses. This means that when a certain quantity
of kilovars is required at the load, more than that will be required at the source of the
KVARs.
Today, optimum placement normally means place to minimize losses at the lowest
cost. Placement Studies are normally performed in one of two ways:
 Place capacitors until optimum power factor is reached (point where the cost of
adding bank exceeds value of losses reduction and equipment utilization benefits).
 Place capacitors until a predetermined power factor is met. This number is
sometimes quite arbitrary.
Optimal placement would be easy if the load didn’t change. The problem with
placement studies is that loads change during the day, week, month and most schemes
have to deal with all these changes as best they can. The var needs change dramatically
over a fairly brief period of time. The challenge to the distribution engineer is to pick the
correct size of the banks to be used, the placement of these banks and minimize the cost.

2.2.1 Benefits of Capacitor Placement

 Voltage profile improvements.
 Reactive power support.
 Line and transformer loss reductions.
 Release of power system capacity.
 Savings due to increased energy loss.
 Reduces loading of thermally limited equipment.
 Reduces system voltage drop
 Improvement of stability.
In general, a distribution system is fed at only one point and the structure of the
network is mainly radial. For such a system all active power demands and losses must be
supplied by the source at the root bus. However, addition of shunt capacitors can generate
the reactive power and therefore it is not necessary to supply all reactive power demands
and losses by the source. Thus, there is a provision to minimize the loss associated with
the reactive power flow through the branches.
As already stated that the use of capacitors in power systems has many other well
known benefits which include improvement of the system power factor, improvement of
the system voltage profile and reduction of losses due to the compensation of the reactive
component of the power flow. If all the nodes have capacitors giving the same reactive
power as the loads at these nodes, it will be expected that almost no reactive power will
flow on the distribution feeders, and the losses due to reactive power will be almost zero.
However, although this type of compensation of the reactive power gives minimum
system losses, it is not practical because the cost of the compensating capacitors may
exceed the benefits gained from reducing the energy losses.

2.3 D-SCADA System

2.3.1 Introduction
Supervisory control and data acquisition system or SCADA [3] [8] refers to the
combination of telemetry and data acquisition. SCADA includes the collecting of the
information via a RTU (Remote Terminal Unit), PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers)
and IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices), transferring it back to the central site, carrying
out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a number
of operator screens or displays.
Three of the most important parts of a SCADA system are Master Station, Remote
Terminal (RTU, PLC, and IED) and the communication between them.
Fig. 2.6: SCADA general system layout
Distribution Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (D-SCADA) [5] is a set of

technologies for providing remote monitoring and control of equipment located in
distribution substations and out on the distribution feeders themselves. Distribution
SCADA (D-SCADA) is a basic building block upon which smart distribution is based.
D-SCADA provides the ability to monitor the distribution system components in real-
time. Smart distribution applications use the monitoring and control capabilities provided
by D-SCADA to determine steps needed to optimize the performance of the distribution
system. The main purpose of the D-SCADA system is to continuously monitor the
loading, status, and performance of equipment located on distribution feeders. Under
normal conditions, the system periodically acquires real-time values of current and

voltage at various strategic measurement points and the open/closed status of all
monitored switches.
2.3.2 D-SCADA Functions

D-SCADA offers the following major functions.
 SCADA, real-time monitoring and control

 Advanced network applications including network modeling
 Outage management including crew & resource management
 Work management.
SCADA, real-time monitoring and control offers full SCADA functionality

including data acquisition, device & sequence control, alarms & events management and
geographic world maps etc.
Advanced network applications provide the major functions such as, network state
estimation (real time load calibration), load flow calculations, short circuit calculations,
optimal feeder reconfiguration, loss minimization (MVAR control), load management,
feeder voltage control, load switching tracing and dynamic line coloring, fault location,
isolation & system restoration and automatic switching plan generation. The outage
management functions are trouble call entry and management, manual or automated call
service, feed back to customers, fault localization/inference engines, restoration
prioritization and follow-up, outage reporting, outage statistics and indices, outage causes
and equipment faults, customer outage notification and history. Crew and resource
management functions include scheduling (time and capabilities), crew tracking (GPS
tracking), dispatching and assignment, optimal route planning, follow-up and reports and
mobile crew data communication.
Work management includes tagging and clearances, insertion of jumpers and

generators, insertion of temporary line cuts and grounding switches, operation step
planning including reversal (back out) function, validation simulation scheduling,
distribution of work orders, execution and follow-up.

2.4 SCADA protocols and security

Supervisory Controls and Data Acquisition (SCADA) protocols are
communications protocols designed for the exchange of control messages on industrial
networks. Over the past three decades, several hundred of these protocols have been
developed for both serial, LAN and WAN based communications in a wide variety of
industries including petrochemical, automotive, transportation and electrical
generation/distribution. Approximately 10 protocols currently dominate the industrial
marketplace and include protocols such as MODBUS, DNP3, EtherNET/IP, PROFIBUS
and Foundation Field bus. The choice of protocol is typically a function of the operating
requirements, industry preference, vendor and the design history of the system. For
example, in an oil refinery an operator workstation might use the MODBUS/TCP
protocol to communicate with a control device such as a Programmable Logic Controller
(PLC).
Alternatively, in power utility’s SCADA system, a master located in a central

facility could use the DNP3 protocol to query and control slave Remote Terminal Units
(RTU) distributed in remote sub-stations. Most SCADA protocols were designed long
before network security perceived to be a problem. The traditional SCADA system was a
closed serial network that contained only trusted devices with little or no connection to
the outside world. As control networks evolved, the use of TCP/IP and Ethernet became
common place and interfacing to business systems became the norm. The result was that
the closed trust model no longer applied and vulnerabilities in these systems began to
appear.
In particular, network security problems from the business network and the world
at large could be passed onto process and SCADA networks, putting industrial
production, environment integrity and human safety at risk. One of the primary
weaknesses exploited in attacks against the Internet and business information systems are
vulnerabilities in the communications protocols \ and their implementations. SCADA
systems are no exception to this rule, but little is known about the specific vulnerabilities
in SCADA protocols. To address this, the Group for Advanced Information Technology
(GAIT) at BCIT and the Cisco Systems’ Critical Infrastructure Assurance Group (CIAG)
chose to investigate possible vulnerabilities in the SCADA protocol MODBUS/TCP. This
protocol was selected as a starting point since it is both one of the simplest and most
widely used of all SCADA protocols in critical infrastructures.
CHAPTER 3
SMART METERS
3.1 Introduction
Traditional meter reading for electricity consumption and billing is done by
human operator from houses to houses and building to building. This requires huge
number of labor operators and long working hour to achieve complete area data reading
and billing. Human operator billing are prone to reading error as some time the houses
power electric power meter is place in a location where it is easily accessible. Labor
billing job is sometime also restricted and slow down by bad weather condition. Printed
billing has the tendency of losing in the mailbox. The increase development of residential
housing and commercial building in the country such as for example, India requires more
human operators and longer working hours to complete the meter reading task. This
increases the energy provider operation costs for meter reading. In order to achieve
efficient meter reading, reduce billing error and operation costs, Smart meter play an
important role to address the above mentioned problems.
Smart meter is an effective mean of data collection that allow substantial saving
through the reduction of meter re-read, greater data accuracy, allow frequent reading,
improved billing and customer service, more timely energy profiles and consumptions
trends updates, and better development of human resource.
With the advent of digital technology, analogue electro-mechanical meter is
continuously replaced by digital electronic meter. Digital energy meter offer greater
convenience to implement and establish automatic meter reading system electronically.
Efficiency and reliability of retrieving meter reading in the AMR system was major
challenge.
Various AMR methods and technologies:
 Power Line Carrier Communications (PLCC)
 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
 Radio Frequency (RF) module
 Internet connection (ASDL)
 Wireless modem (GSM, GPRS)
With the rapid development of Global System Mobile (GSM) infrastructure,
wireless smart meter reading system more reliable and possible than other above mention
methods. Because these methods are either too expensive to implement and operate,
require complex setup of infrastructure.

Short message system (SMS) cell broadcasting feature to request and retrieve
individual houses and building power consumption meter reading back to the energy
provider wirelessly. The store and forwarding features of SMS allow reliable meter
reading delivery when GSM signal is affected by poor weather condition. The stored
SMS is archive in the mobile operator and can be later retrieve for billing verification
purpose.
3.2 Features of Smart meter

The main features of smart meters are as follows;
 Registration of residential energy use and energy generation (multiple registers).

 Local and remote (on-demand) read out.
 Remote limitation of throughput.
 Interconnect to local network / devices.
 Hosting of read out of other utility meters.
 Ability to provide 15 minute interval data.
3.3 Smart meter architecture

The architecture of smart meter is shown in fig.3.1. It consists of three units viz.
primary components, meter interface module and retrofit card.
Fig. 3.1: Smart meter architecture

3.3.1 Primary Components:
 Meter Interface Module

 Communication System
 Central Office Equipment
3.3.2 Meter interface module:
 The AMR system starts at the meter. Some means of translating readings from
rotating meter dials, or cyclometer style meter dials, into digital form is necessary
in order to send digital metering data from the customer site to a central point.
 Electro - optical interface
 Signal Processing Electronics
 RAM and Program Memory.
3.3.3 Retrofit Card:
 Consists of a single PCB, which converts CF pulses of electronic energy meters to

electrical pulses, accumulate them and generate a meter reading with help of
Microprocessor.
 Microprocessor converts this data into power line modulation.
 Existing meter reading, meter constant and meter ID is stored in NV RAM of
Micro controller, before retrofit is made operational.
 One unit is incremented when Retrofit senses the pulses equal to Meter constant.
 The incremented units are stored in the NV RAM of the Micro controller.
3.4 Beneficiaries of Smart meters
3.4.1 Residential Customers
 More accurate bills

 Energy savings through monthly feedback of energy consumption data to
households; hence lower emissions
 Demand-response leads to energy savings
 Easier switch of energy suppliers
 Prepayment option
 Monthly invoice of real consumption
 Display with energy consumption and costs in living room.
3.4.2 Metering Companies

 Easier process “from meter to bill”

 Saves cost of manual meter reading and data processing
 Fewer customer complaints about wrong meter readings: cost savings at call
centers.
3.4.3 Energy Suppliers
 Easier process “from meter to bill”

 Easier alteration in tariff structure
 Saves cost of manual meter reading and data processing
 Fewer customer complaints about wrong meter readings: cost savings at call
centers.
 Commercial value of additional energy services: customer capturing and customer
retention
 Meter reading can be taken directly (in case of removal, switch)
3.4.4 Distributors
 Energy balance (Ein = Eout)

 Measuring power quality
 Easier detection of energy losses (possible fraud) in the network
 Fast detection of disturbances in the energy supply
 Demand-response leads to energy savings and more efficient use of electricity
generating capacity and the electricity grid
 Limit energy use in the event of regional power shortages
 Easier disconnection of defaulters
 Early warning of blackouts.

3.5 Smart meter by L&T
Fig.3.2: Smart meter manufactured by Larsen & Toubro Ltd.
3.5.1 Features
 0.2S / 0.5S / 1.0 Class accuracy

 Multi Tariff Capability with programmable TOD
 3 Programmable Maximum demand (MD) registers
 Tamper / failure detection and record capability
 Communication interface via Optical port conforming to IEC 1107 protocol.
 Configurable Load survey recorders
 Back lit LCD display
 3 Display modes for easy data access
 Support of phasor viewing on MRI
 Battery back-up for Data collection
 Periodic self diagnostic checks

3.5.2 Technical Specifications
Accuracy Class : 1.0 - IEC 1036 / IS 13779

Class : 0.5S / 0.2S - IEC 687 / CBIP 88
Voltage (Vn) : 3Ph 4W - 415 V AC (-40% to +20%)
110 V AC (-40% to +20%)
3Ph 3W - 110 V AC (-40% to +20%)
Current (In) : 5 A or 1 A (to 200%)
Starting current 0.2% In (Class 1.0)
0.1% In (Class 0.5S / 0.2S)
Power factor : 4 quadrant operation
Frequency : 50 Hz ±10%
Load characteristics : < 5 VA in potential circuit
< 0.5 VA in current circuit
Field configurable features : Meter configuration - Uni or Bi-directional
Method of kvah calculation - Lead as lead or Lead as UPF
External CT / PT ratios
MD settings - Max. 3 out of 8 parameters TOD settings
Reset modes - Manual, Auto monthly,
Auto daily, Auto monthly and manual.
Load survey settings - No. of days and parameters.
Real Time Clock setting
3 Display modes Mode 1 / 2 / 3
Electromagnetic : IEC 1036 / IS 13779 (Class 1.0)
Compatibility : IEC 687 / CBIP - 88 (Class 0.5S / 0.2S)
Case material : Plastic molded with transparent cover Protected to -
IP 51 - IEC 1036 / IS 13779 (Class 1.0)
IP 51 - IEC 687 / CBIP - 88 (Class 0.5S / 0.2S)
Insulation properties &
HV insulation resistance : IEC 1036 / IS 13779 (Class 1.0)
IEC 687 / CBIP - 88 (Class 0.5S / 0.2S)
Temperature : -50C to 600C for operation -200C to 700C for storage
Humidity : 95% RH Condensing
Dimension : 320 L x 175 W x 110 H
Weight : < 2.5 Kgs

CHAPTER 4
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALGORITHM
4.1 Smart meter design

The vital use of smart meters is to provide the data of magnitude of phase and line
voltage, phase and line current and their angles in degrees. It also measures the KW,
KVA, KVAR, PF etc. The same data is used for analysis of energy losses in distribution
system. Fig.5.1. shows the Smart meter measurements. It consists of Smart meter model
and output display block. It measures the values of the above mentioned parameters of
Bus 1 to Bus 5 (B1 to B5).
Fig. 4.1: Smart Meter Measurements.
Smart meters are connected to the monitoring and control centre through suitable
communication equipment.
4.1.1 Smart meter modeling

This powerful AMR system is designed to support interfacing to the D-SCADA.
By taking the values of phase to ground (per unit) voltage V abc and current Iabc at
individual busses of three phase 11 KV distribution line, a three phase active & reactive
power (phasor type) measurement block which receives the three phase bus voltages V abc
and currents Iabc and calculate the active power (P) & reactive power (Q) values.
Converting the obtained per unit values of P & Q in to the base values and connecting the

ports to the output terminals 1 & 2. The phase and line voltages can be directly read from
received signals Vabc and Iabc and then convert them into per unit to base values and
calculate line and phase voltages and currents.
The Vabc and Iabc are in complex form, hence it must be converted into polar form
using complex to magnitude/angle conversion block. The obtained angles of respective
voltage and current values are in radians and then converted into degrees. Apparent power
and power factor can be calculated by using obtained values of P & Q.
Fig.4.2. shows the model of smart meter, consisting of five units-each unit
measuring the data of five busses. The output ports of the smart meter are connected to
the output blocks consisting the display blocks and scopes to read the output data.
Fig.4.3 shows the subsystem of the smart meter model consists of Voltage and
current with their angles measurement block. Fig.4.4 shows the design of 3-phase active
& reactive power block (phasor type) and fig.4.5 shows the model of apparent power
measurement block.
The models are designed from these formulae
Active power (P) : √3 VL IL Cos ɸ
Reactive power (Q) : √3 VL IL Sin ɸ
Apparent Power (S) : √3 VL IL or √ (P2 + Q2)
Power factor (pf) : Apparent power (P) / Active power (S)

10
pf
Divide
Vabc_B1 Vabc In1

2/3 100 UY 1
PQ Out1 9
P
Iabc_B1 Iabc In2 Apparant
power
3-Phase apparant
UY 2
Active & Reactive Power power
(Phasor Type)3 Q
Vabc_B2 Vabc
PQ
Iabc_B2 Iabc
-K- 7
3-Phase V line
In1
Active & Reactive Power
(Phasor Type) In2 Out1
-K- 3
In3 V
Vabc_B3 In4
Vabc Out2 4
PQ In5 V angle
Iabc_B3 Iabc Subsystem
3-Phase
(Phasor Type)1
Vabc_B4 Vabc
PQ
Iabc_B4 Iabc
3-Phase
(Phasor Type)4
Vabc_B5 Vabc
PQ
Iabc_B5 Iabc
3-Phase -K- 8
Active & Reactive Power I line
(Phasor Type)2
In1
In2 Out1 5
In3 I
In4
Out2 6
In5 I angle
Subsystem1
Fig. 4.2: Smart meter model.

pu->V4
|u|
1 -K-
u
In1
pu->V3
|u|
2 -K-
u
In2 1
Out1
pu->V2
|u|
3 -K-
u
In3
pu->V1
|u|
4 -K-
u
In4
pu->V
|u|
5 -K-
u
In5 rad-deg2
-K-
rad-deg3
2
-K-
Out2
rad-deg5
-K-
rad-deg4
-K-
rad-deg
-K-
Fig. 4.3: Voltage and current with their angles measurement block.
1 Re
1/2 1
Vabc
Im PQ
2 u
Iabc
Fig. 4.4: 3-Phase active & reactive power block (phasor type)
1 u2
P
Math
Function1 u 1
Out1
Add Sqrt
u2
Q 2
Math
Function2
Fig. 4.5: Apparent power measurement block
4.2 Problem Framework

This project work discusses the monitoring and security control of distribution
system. The peak load and off peak load period problems of distribution systems are
considered and these can be monitored by smart meter and the system can be controlled
by D-SCADA control. The objective is to control the system from security violations
through the proposed algorithm. If the security constraints are exceeding the acceptable
limit, then the algorithm send the information to the operator in control room by giving
alarms and buzzers and also it decides the type of security violations and overcome the
same. In this methodology there are two types of problems are discussed as mentioned
above. They are
1. Peak load period and

2. Off peak load periods.
The above two problems are found by the violation of security constraints, these
security constraints are line voltage and voltage regulation of the distribution system. The
voltage at the far end of the line will be reduced and the voltage regulation is poor during
peak load period.
During off peak load period the capacitor bank connected in the line causes the
increase in the value of voltage above the limits, harming the insulation of the cables,
machines connected into the system.
The computational procedures of the proposed method are mainly composed of

voltage profile and voltage regulation calculations. The computational procedures find a
switching of capacitors bank in the system when needed. This will lead to bring back the
system to the normal condition and secured from the electrical hazards.
4.3 Proposed Algorithm
This section illustrates the development procedure of methodology. The overall

concept has been represented in Figure 4.6. It gives the algorithm for smart meter based
Distribution Security Monitoring and D-SCADA Control.
In this algorithm the focus is on two security violations - one is peak load period
usually from 6 PM to 10 PM and the other is off peak load period during night between
10 PM and 6 in the morning. During peak load period, the voltage at the far end will be
reduced and the voltage regulation is poor. Hence to improve the voltage profile and

voltage regulation at far end, auto switching of the capacitor banks [9] are necessary in
the distribution line.
This will improve the voltage profile, voltage regulation at the far end, minimizing
the losses and balancing the load. And during the period of off peak load the capacitor
bank connected in the line causes the increase in the value of voltage above the limits,
harming the insulation of the cables, machines connected into the system. Hence it is
necessary to switch off the capacitor bank during off peak load period. Then the program
has to realize the system to be under normal condition analyzed from the security
constraints are within the limits.
The flow chart is prepared to analyze the proposed algorithm is shown in the fig
4.6 and is helpful to understand the overall concept of security of D-SCADA control of
the distribution system. This algorithm was tested and simulated in NI LabVIEW 2010
software (prepared by National Instruments) and the obtained results are shown.

Fig. 4.6: Smart meter Based Distribution Security Monitoring and D-SCADA
Control Algorithm
4.3.1 Procedure
The algorithm is as follows,
Step 1: Read the system data and close all the tie switches & perform the power flow.
Step 2: If the system is under normal condition, display the green light, else display red
light and give signal to the alarms & buzzers.
Step 3: If the system has any abnormalities then violation of the security constraints like
V & I, exceeding or limiting values will be determined by the smart meter output
data.
Step 4: List out the number of security violations and send the priority signal.
Step 5: The received priority signal is checked for the type of security violations, and
then calculate the voltage regulation.
Step 6: Condition checking is done for voltage regulation (VR) in acceptable limits. If the
limits are crossed, then security violations are described as two ways. One is peak
load period & another is off peak load period.
Step 7: The capacitor bank has to be Switched ON for peak load and Switched OFF for
off peak load automatically.
Step 8: Run the power flow and repeat the step 5 to 6 until the VR is in acceptable limits.
Then the program has to realize the system to be under normal condition and
it must indicate the green light signal, then the program has to be terminated.

4.4 Snapshots
The algorithm is programmed in NI Lab view and the simulation results are
shown in the Fig 4.2 and Fig 4.3 respectively.
Fig 4.7: Programming diagram of the proposed algorithm in Lab view software
Fig. 4.8: Smart meter output monitoring and control room

CHAPTER 5
CASE STUDY AND SIMULATION RESULTS
The algorithm has been tested on test system of distribution network of Mysore
city, Karnataka and the corresponding results have been shown for below cases.
Case 1: Under Normal condition.

Case 2: Under the Peak load Condition.
Case 3: After Compensation by optimal Capacitor location.
Case 4: Sudden fall in the peak load & with Capacitor connected in the line.
5.1 Case Study

5.1.1 Radial Distribution Network of Mysore City
The infrastructure of power system distribution network of Mysore, Karnataka

was tested for 11 KV distribution network of the Chamundipuram sub division Industrial
feeder 11D6. The case study of the system was simulated in
Matlab/Simulink/SimPowerSystem.
Fig.5.1 shows the single line diagram of the Chamundipuram sub division
Industrial feeder 11D6, distribution network of Mysore city. The total capacity of the
feeder is 6339 KVA and it consists of 34 distribution transformers (11KV/440V) and a
total load of 6.35 MW, it includes 11 HT consumers of 1.78 MW and 34 LT consumers of
4.57 MW of the connected load. This feeder comes under 66/11 KV South Master Unit
Sub Station (MUSS). The feeder consists of different power ratings of distribution
transformers from 63 KVA to 500 KVA. The input data for this system is given in
Annexure I.

Fig. 5.1: Single line diagram of the Chamundipuram sub division Industrial feeder
11D6, distribution network of Mysore city.

Distribution System Network of Mysore City, Karnataka, India.

34.06KW
C
A
B
25.Indavara
1 D625
19.ChamundiMetals 203.91KW 3 6.38KW
Chamundipuram Sub Division Industrial Feeder11d6

20.Telephone 34 Saraswathi
a
b
c
2
a A
n
1 D619 20. 10 KVA.
C
A
B
Apartment -2
C
B14
a A
b B
Exchange
A
B
C
A
b B
A
B
c
C
cap2 1 KV/43 V 29. 10 KVA. 1 D634 2 0 KW
A
B
C
1 D620 30. 10 KVA.
HT 230 31. 63 KVA
Peakload B
19. 250 KVA. c C
C
A
B
1 KV/43 V
C
A
B
C
A
B
1 KV/43 V
1 6.81KW 1 KV/43 V C 3 .90 KW 1 KV/43 V a A
C
A
B
n2
2
a
b
n
c
a
b
c
A
2
a
b
a
b
n
A a b B
c
n
25. 250 KVA. 23. 50 KVA 29.Ambedkar
B bA 1 KV/43 V 1 KV/43 V1 30.MCNagendra 31.Sterling B
c C
L14_0.395KM Theater 1 D629
c
1 D630
b
C cB C
C
A
B
n2
c
23.Hifame
b
a
2 C 1 D631 34. 250 KVA.
MATLAB Simulink Test System Model
C
A
B
4 n2
C
A
B
A
B
1 D623
C
A
B
41.18KW 365.86KW 35KW 1 KV/43 V
C
A
B
B2 B3 B4 B6 B7 B1 B12 B13 B15
A aA aA aA aA aA A a aA aA aA aA
B bB bB bB bB bB B b bB bB bB bB
C cC cC cC cC cC C c cC cC cC cC
Substation L1_1.094KM L2_0.238 KM L3_0.248 KM L5_0.28 KM L7_0.207KM1 L8_0.092KM L10_0.41 KM L1 _0.495KM L12_0.7 8KM L15_1KM
Thre -Phase Breaker
A
B
A
B
C
C
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
SouthMUS HT -56 18. 250 KVA.
C
C
A
B
A
B
1. 10 KVA 2. 50 KVA 3 . 63 KVA 7. 250 KVA. HT -273 9. 250 KVA.
C
3. 250 KVA 8. 10 KVA. 1
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
C
282.49KW 1 KV/43 V
C
A
B
A
B
6 / 1 K V HT - 5 21. 250 KVA. HT 274
C
1 KV/43 V HT -329 1 KV/43 V 1 KV/43 V 1 KV/43 V. 250KW 1 KV/43 V. 2 . 10 KVA. 26. 10 KVA. 27. 10 KVA.
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
HT -39 1 KV/43 V HT 246 32. 250 KVA.
C
1 KV/43 V
b
a
c
18.Saraswthi 28. 250 KVA.
2
1 KV/43 V 19.7 KW
a
b
n
c
A
B
L9_0.167
C
2 5.9 KW 56.50KW 2.R.V. 70.62KW 50.85 KW 1 KV/43 V 1 KV/43 V 1 KV/43 V 1 KV/43 V
2
2
3 .John 7.Basanth
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
n
c
c
1.Ranjani 24. 250 KVA.
2
1 KV/43 V
a
b
a
b
n
c
c
3.Sidvin 9.Choudeswari 1 D618
2
8.Chanukya
a
b
n
c
L4_0.4 6KM T.Manto ran Tiles 1 KV/43 V
2
Chemicals 32.Saraswathi
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
n
c
c
1 D601 21.Silver tone
2
a
b
n
c
1 D603 Kalyanamantapa 1 D609 2 .New Lucas 26.TVS 27.Harishchandra 28.IncomeTax
2
1 D602 1 D63 1 D607 Apartment -1
a
b
n
c
C
A
B
1 D621 24.Srinivas cap
1 D608 1 D62 1 D626 1 D627 1 D628 1 D632
C
A
B
C
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
279.19KW 1 D624
C
A
B
84.10KW 213.63KW 256.15KW 24KW 150.75KW 12 .1 KW
C
A
B
34.86KW
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
297.61KW
C
A
B
B8 5KW 2 .39KW 397.67KW 24 KW
A a
B b
c
139.1KW
C
A
B
C
A a
B b
B5 390.7 KW
c
C
10. 250 KVA

95.24KW 1 KV / 43 V
5. 10 KVA A a
83.62KW 1 KV / 43 V
B bA
A a
A C cB
B b C
C cB n2 1 . 250 KVA .
C 1 KV/43 V 2 2.64KW
Phasors n2 6. 10 KVA .
a A
63.10.KW
5.Kumar 1 KV/43 V A
b B
a A
powergui 1 D605 A 10.MysoreMilers B
c C
b B
B 1 D610 C
n2
c C cap3
C
n2 1 .SuryaBat ery
C
A
B
6. Water Sup ly 1 D61

1 D606
c
b
a
B9
A a
B b
c
3
C
C
A
B
12. 10 KVA
73.15KW 1 KV / 43 V
A a
MONITORING
B bA
AND
C cB
CONTROL CENTRE n2
C
13. 10 KVA .
1 KV/43 V 36.57.KW
a A
A
b B
12.Raj rajeshwari B
c C
1 D612 C
n2
C
A
B
HT 231
140.68KW 13.Symphony
1 D613
MONITORING
A ND 14. 10 KVA
CONTROL CENTRE 46KW 1 KV / 43 V
A a
A
B b
B
C c
C
n2
A
Subsystem 14.ChamundeswariOil B
1 D614 C
HT 238
84.75KW
B10
A a
B b
c
C
HT 275
KW
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
C
15. 63 KVA 16. 10 KVA. 17. 10 KVA.

1 KV/43 V 1 KV/43 V 1 KV/43 V
2
a
b
n
c
2
a
b
a
b
n
c
15.Adichunchanagir 16.Muneshwara
17.Shaneshwara
1 D615 na ga r a
1 D617
1 D616
C
A
B
C
A
B
A
B
12.36KW 90KW 51.96 KW

5.2 Simulation Results

Case 1: Under Normal condition
Total load= 5.346 MW, No load Voltage= 11KV
Line Voltage at end point = 10.54KV, Voltage Regulation = 4.18%
Phase Voltages (V) Phase Voltages Phase Currents (A) Phase Currents Line Voltages (V) Line Voltages
Va Vb Vc angles (Deg) Ia Ib Ic angles (Deg) Vab Vbc Vca angles (Deg)
B1 B2 B3 B1 B2 B3 B1 B2 B3 B1 B2 B3 B1 B2 B3 B1 B2 B3
B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5
Fig. 5.2: Smart meter output data of buses 1 to 5 of case 1.

B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10

B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15
Fig. 5.4 Smart meter output data of buses 10 to 15 of case 1.

Case 2: Under the Peak load Condition

B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5

B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10
Fig. 5.6: Smart meter output values of buses 6 to 10 of case 2.

B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15

Case 3: After Compensation by optimal Capacitor location
Total load= 9.919 MW, No load Voltage= 11KV,

C1 = 400 KVAr, C2 = 200 KVAr & C3= 200 KVAr
B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5

B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10

B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15
Case 4: Sudden fall in the peak load & with Capacitor connected in the line


C1 = 400 KVAr, C2 = 200 KVAr & C3= 200 KVAr ,
B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5 B4 B5

B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10 B9 B10

B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15 B14 B15
5.2.1 Discussions

The simulation result shows the smart meter measurements for different cases on
display.
Case 1: It refers to the system to be under normal load condition, the voltage drop at the
far end due to normal loading within the acceptable limit. Hence the green light is
indicated in the control room according to the algorithm.
Case 2: It refers to the system to be under peak load condition, the voltage drop at the far
end due to peak loading exceeding the acceptable limit. Hence the red light is indicated in
the control room according to the algorithm. And also it sends the signal to the capacitor
bank to switch ON its position helping to improve the voltage profile at the far end.
Case 3: It refers to the system to be under peak load condition with capacitor banks are
connected in the line. The results are shown for the improvement in the voltage profile
from 10.31 KV to 10.51 KV and the voltage regulation is from 6.27% to 4.45%.
Case 4: A sudden fall in peak load, when the capacitor is connected in the line causes and
increase in the value of the voltage above the limits, harming the of insulation of the
cables, machines etc. Hence it is devised to switch OFF the capacitor bank as shown in
algorithm.
These results can be analysed from the following table showing the calculated
values of power consumption of the load, no load voltage V 0, on load voltage VL, voltage
regulation VR, size of capacitor bank in KVAR and power factor.
5.2.2 Summary of results of the case study and result analysis

As per the results obtained and discussions made are expressed in following table
and charts.
TABLE 5.1: Result Analysis and Comparison
Total
Sl. V0 VL C
Condition Load VR P.F Remarks
No [KV] [KV] [KVAR]
[MW]
1 Normal 5.346 11 10.54 4.18% ---- 0.904 OK
Switch ON
the
2 Peak load 9.591 11 10.31 6.27% ---- 0.901
capacitor
bank
Voltage
profile &
3 Peak load 9.191 11 10.51 4.45% 800 0.995
VR is
improved
Switch
Fall in OFF the
4 5.659 11 10.86 1.27 800 1
peak load capacitor
bank
Back to
5 5.346 11 10.54 4.18% ---- 0.904 OK
normal

Bus Voltage [V]
Bus Number
Case1: Normal condition Case3: Capacitor switching in Peak load
Case2: Peak load period Case4: Fall in peak load
Active power [MW]
Fig. 5.14: Voltage profile of all buses of case study at different operational situations.
Normal Peak Fall in Peak Back to

Load load Normal
Fig. 5.15: Load curve at different operational situation.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
This project illustrates an algorithm for Smart meter based distribution security
monitoring and D-SCADA control. This technique is one of the most reliable and easily
applicable in distribution systems. The utilization of smart meters is the advanced
technology for accurate measurements and theft control and is very helpful to achieve the
objective in security operations of the power system.
Computational results show that simultaneously taking into account of different
operational situations of distribution system. From the application results, it was observed
that capacitor placement process not only reduces the power loss but also improve the
voltage profile from 10.31 KV to 10.51 KV and the voltage regulation is 6.27% to 4.45%.
Hence to control can achieve during peak load and off peak load periods..
The algorithm can efficiently give the solution for feeder distribution security
monitoring and control. Further, the study can be beneficial to automation management
control of distribution systems. It provides a good method for the global optimization
problems of the distribution network reconstruction.
This project work has been completed by drawing a test system in MATLAB
Simulink and all Load Flow calculations has been performed using Sim-Power Toolbox
in MATLAB. The simulation was successfully executed on MATLAB 2010a version 7.9
and the proposed algorithm was programmed and simulated in NI-LabVIEW 2010
software effectively.

ANNEXURE I
INPUT DATA OF CASE STUDY
Base MVA = 100; Base KV=11
DISTRIBUTION OF MYSORE CITY TEST SYSTEM
Table 1: Load data details of distribution transformer center Substation
Connected load
Sl Location of DTC Capacity
Total load
No. Transformer code [ KVA] KW HP
[KW]
1 Ranjani 11D601 100 11.38 97.48 84.10
2 R .V. Chemicals 11D602 500 84.09 173.64 213.63
3 Sidwin 11D603 250 27.95 305.92 256.15
4 Chamundi feeds 11D604 250 14.68 65.25 63.35
5 Kumar 11D605 100 12 96 83.62
6 Water Supply 11D606 100 3.42 8 9.388
7 Basanth tiles 11D607 250 32.06 159.11 150.75
Chanukya
8 11D608 100 30.38 6 34.86
Kalyanamantapa
9 Choudeshwari 11D609 250 21.79 134.49 122.11
10 Mysore millers 11D610 250 6.28 119.25 95.24
11 Surya battery 11D611 250 14.47 281.4 222.64
12 Rajrajeshwari 11D612 100 1 96.75 73.15
13 Symphony 11D613 100 3 45 36.57
14 Chamundeshwari 11D614 100 1.24 60 46
15 Adichuncnchanagiri 11D615 63 12.36 0 12.36
16 Muneshwara nagara 11D616 100 76.2 18.5 90
17 Shaneshwara 11D617 250 51.96 0 51.96
18 Saraswathi 11D618 250 61.99 291.95 279.19
19 Chamundi metals 11D619 250 8.58 145.09 116.81
20 Telephone exchange 11D620 100 34.06 0 34.06
21 Silver tone 11D621 250 38.4 346.82 297.61
22 New lucas 11D622 100 5 0 5
23 Hifame 11D623 500 45.75 389.57 336.38
24 Srinivas 11D624 250 341.53 66 390.77
25 Indavara 11D625 250 42.7 216.07 203.89
26 TVS 11D626 100 0 30.02 22.39
27 Harishchandra 11D627 100 175.79 297.41 397.67
28 Income tax 11D628 250 139.1 0 139.10
29 Ambedkar 11D629 100 35 0 35
30 MC Nagendra 11D630 100 41.18 0 41.18
31 Sterling theater 11D631 63 332.24 45 365.86
32 Saraswathi apartment 1 11D632 250 24 0 24
33 John T. Manthooran 11D633 63 16 0 16
34 Saraswathi apartment 2 11D634 250 220 0 220
Total 11D6 6339 1965.58 3494.72 4570.788
Table 2: HT load details of the feeder 11D6

Sl. No. R .R. No KVA KW

1 HT246 90 50.85
2 HT329 100 56.50
3 HT273 250 141.24
4 HT231 249 140.68
5 HT238 150 84.75
6 HT230 60 33.90
7 HT275 1200 677.97
8 HT55 400 225.99
9 HT56 500 282.49
10 HT399 125 70.62
11 HT274 35 19.77
Total 3159.50 1784.76
Table 3: Industrial feeder (11D6) conductors and line length details
Length of overhead line distribution 9.313 KM

Distribution Type of conductor Length [KM] Total length[KM]
3 wire Coyote 2.889 8.667
3 wire Rabbit 6.087 18.261
3 wire Weasel 0.338 1.014
Length of underground cable 0.214 KM
Type of conductor Diameter Length[KM]
UG 3.95 mt 0.241
Length of trunk line in mt 2849
No. of tapping lines 28
Tapping lines in mt 6705
Tapping Length [mt] Tapping Length Tapping Length
[mt] [mt]
1 234 11 34 21 12
2 424 12 14 22 2
3 8 13 338 23 329
4 94 14 3672 24 31
5 21 15 25 25 4
6 190 16 24 26 53
7 87 17 98 27 20
8 384 18 297 28 43
9 22 19 176
10 13 20 58

ANNEXURE II
Smart meter Snapshots


BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]. Quality of Service Networking for Smart Grid Distribution Monitoring. IEE 2010
- Wei Sun, Xiaojing Yuan, Jianping Wang, Dong Han and Chongwei Zhang
[2]. International Conference 2010 on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and
Electronic Engineering (CMCE).Design and Implementation on Wireless Power
Meter - Zheng wenzheng.
[3]. Compartmentalization of Protocols in SCADA Communication - Dong-joo Kang
and Rosslin John Robles. International Journal of Advanced Science and
Technology Volume 8, July, 2009
[4]. Design of an Intelligent SMS based Remote Metering System, Proceedings of the
2009 IEEE International Conference on Information and Automation June 22 -25,
2009, Zhuhai/Macau, China - Md. Wasi-ur-Rahman, Mohammad Tanvir Rahman,
Tareq Hasan Khan and S.M. Lutful Kabir
[5]. Development of intelligent distribution automation system IEEE T&D Asia 2009 -
B. N. Ha, S. W. Lee, C. H. Shin, S. C. Kwon, S. Y. Park. M. H. Park.
[6]. Design and Implementation of AMR Smart Grid System - Asif Mahmood,
Member, IEEE, Muhammad Aamir, Member, IEEE, and Muhammad Irfan Anis.
2008 IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference.
[7]. Automatic Power Meter Reading System Using GSM Network. IEEE Transaction
2007-H.G. Rodney Tan, C.H. Lee & V.H. Mok Young.
[8]. Network Manager SCADA/DMS Distribution Network Management.
www.abb.com/networkmanagement
[9]. Optimal Shunt Capacitors Allocation In Distribution Networks Using Genetic
Algorithm- Practical Case Study- K. Ellithy A. Al-Hinai, A. Moosa
[10]. Feasibility Analysis of the Positioning of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters
for the Smart Grid Application Using Simulink and SimPowerSystem - Umer A.
Khan, J. K. Seong, S. H. Lee, S. H. Lim, and B. W. Lee, Member, IEEE.
[11]. Remote Monitoring and Control of Smart Grid Power Network System- Yongjin
(James) Kwon & Tzu-Liang (Bill) Tseng.
[12]. Considerations of Using Power Line Communication in the AMR System-Petri
Oksa, Mikael Soini, Lauri Sydänheimo, Markku Kivikoski.
[13]. Automatic Meter Reading System Based on Power Line Communication of
LonWorks - LIN Weijie, WU Qiuxuan, HUANG Yuewen.
[14]. An AMR Study in an Indian Utility IEE- Mr. S G Kerk, Member, IEEE

[15]. Design and Implementation of Bluetooth Energy Meter - B. S. Koay, S. S. Cheah,

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Kuek
[16]. SimPowerSystems TransÉnergie Technologies, User Guide MATLAB - Hydro-
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*************

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Smart Meter Based Distribution Security Monitoring in DSCADA Control

Distribution-Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (D-SCADA) [5] is a set of

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 1

1.1 Overview of the Project Work

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 2

 Switching of capacitor banks when ever required in the system.

1.2 Development in MATLAB SimPowerSystems

1.2.1 SimPowerSystems Libraries

Fig. 1.1: Powerlib Library window

1.3 Development in LabVIEW

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 3

LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a graphical

1.3.1 LabVIEW Help

Use the LabVIEW Help to access information about LabVIEW programming

1.3.2 Virtual Instruments

LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments, or VIs, because their

A VI contains the following three components:

• Front panel - Serves as the user interface.

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 4

1.3.3 Front Panel

1.3.4 Block Diagram

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 5

1.4 Literature Review

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 6

1.5 Objective of the Project Work

1.6 Scope of the Project work

1.7 Organization of the Project Report

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 7

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 8

AN OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 9

2.1.1 Objectives of Distribution Systems

2.1.2 Classification of Distribution Systems

(i) Nature of current: According to nature of current, distribution system may be

(ii) Type of construction: According to type of construction, distribution system may be

(iii) Scheme of connection: According to scheme of connection, the distribution system

2.1.3 Connection Scheme of Distribution Systems

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 10

system for DC system. Distribution where a feeder OC supplies a distributor AB at point

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 11

Fig. 2.3: Ring Main Systems.

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 12

Fig. 2.4: Interconnected Systems.

2.1.4 Requirements of a Good Distribution System

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 13

2.2 Capacitor Placement

Fig. 2.5: Capacitor switching

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 14

In electrical terms, capacitance is also considered as a “reactive power”

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 15

2.2.1 Benefits of Capacitor Placement

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 16

2.3 D-SCADA System

Fig. 2.6: SCADA general system layout

Distribution Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (D-SCADA) [5] is a set of

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 17

2.3.2 D-SCADA Functions

 SCADA, real-time monitoring and control

SCADA, real-time monitoring and control offers full SCADA functionality

Work management includes tagging and clearances, insertion of jumpers and

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics, NIE, Mysore-08 18

2.4 SCADA protocols and security