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Male tajne Male tajne

Male tajne
100 KULINARSKIH DELICIJA

100 KULINARSKIH DELICIJA


»arolija jedne žlice Vegete veÊ je pola stoljeÊa pri
ruci poËetnicima i iskusnima. Nakon što je odgojila
generacije, stvarala modu i pružala najbolju moguÊu
korisniËku podršku, Vegetina kuhinja nastavlja
nadahnjivati maštovitim i iskušanim receptima. Nova
Vegetina kuharica ponovno otkriva radosti kuhanja i
druženja za stolom. Mazite svoje ukuÊane, prijatelje,

100 KULINARSKIH DELICIJA


najavljene i nenadane goste biranim, svježim i
modernim jelima, a neodoljivi recepti Malih tajni neka
oËaraju svako veselo društvo za vašim stolom.

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