PRESENTATION

ON
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

MADE BY:-
PRAVEEN
BHATT
 WHAT
IS
COMPUTER NETWORKS?
vComputer Networks
•A computer network is a system for communicating between
two or more computers and associated devices. It is an
interconnection of computers for the purposes of sharing
information and resources.
•A popular example of a computer network is the internet,
which allows millions of users to share information.

Sharing of information, sharing of

resources(both hardware/software),and sharing of
processing load are some of the major objectives
of a computer network.

3
 An example of a network

Router
Hub
Bridge Segment Node

Hub

Internet

4
 The Uses of a Network
• Simultaneous access to data
– Data files are shared
• Access can be limited
– Shared files stored on a server
– Software can be shared
• Site licenses
• Network versions
• Application servers

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 The Uses of a Network
• Shared peripheral device
– Printers and faxes are common shares
– Reduces the cost per user
– Devices can be connected to the
network
– Print servers control network printing
• Manage the print queue

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Sharing Data

File server contains documents

used by other computers.

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 The Uses of a Network
• Personal communication
– Email
• Instantaneous communication
– Conferencing
• Tele conferencing
• Videoconferencing
• Audio-conferencing
• Data-conferencing
– Voice over IP
• Phone communication over network
wires
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•
• Computer networks can be classified according to their size:
– Personal area network (PAN)
– Local area network (LAN)
– Metropolitan area network (MAN)
– Wide area network (WAN)
– Campus area network (CAN)

•
•
 Common Network Types
• A LAN connects network devices over a
relatively short distance. A networked
office building, school, or home usually
contains a single LAN, though sometimes
one building will contain a few small LANs
(perhaps one per room), and occasionally
a LAN will span a group of nearby
buildings.
• Local Area Network (LAN)
– Contains printers, servers and computers
– Systems are close to each other
– Contained in one office or building
– Organizations often have several LANS 10
 Common Network Types
• A WAN spans a large physical distance. The
Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the
Earth.
• A WAN is a geographically-dispersed
collection of LANs. A network device
called a router connects LANs to a WAN.


• Wide Area Networks (WAN)

– Two or more LANs connected
– Over a large geographic area
– Typically use public or leased lines
• Satellite
– The Internet is a WAN
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 Hybrid Network Types
• A Campus Area Network (CAN) is a
computer network that interconnects local
area networks throughout a limited
geographical area, such as a university
campus, a corporate campus, or a military
base. It could be considered a
metropolitan area network that is specific
to a campus setting.


• Campus Area Networks (CAN)

– A LAN in one large geographic area
– Resources related to the same organization
– Each department shares the LAN 12
 Hybrid Network Types
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large
computer network that spans a
metropolitan area or campus. Its
geographic scope falls between a WAN
and LAN. MANs provide Internet
connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan
region, and connect them to wider area
networks like the Internet.
•
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Large network that connects different
organizations
– Shares regional resources 13
 Hybrid Network Types
• A personal area network (PAN) is a
computer network used for
communication among computer devices
(including telephones and personal digital
assistants) close to one's person. The
devices may or may not belong to the
person in question. The reach of a PAN is
typically a few meters.
•
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
– Very small scale network
– Range is less than 2 meters
– Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players 14
 Some Key characteristics
between LAN AND WAN
• Geographic distribution
• Data Rate
• Error Rate
• Communication links
• Communication cost.
 Network Topologies
• Topology-It refers to the way in which
the nodes of a network are linked
together.


– Choice affects :
• Network performance
• Network size
• Network collision detection

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 Network Topologies
• Star topology:
– All nodes connect to a hub
• Packets sent to hub
• Hub sends packet to destination
– Advantages
• Easy to setup
• Needs n-1 lines to connect n nodes.
• One cable can not crash network
– Disadvantages
• It depends on the central node.
– Most common topology

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Star Topology

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 RING NETWORKING
• A computer network, in which each
computer has communicating
subordinating, but there is no
master computer for controlling
other computers. A node receives
data from one of its two adjacent
nodes.
•
• Advantages
 1)It works well where there is no
central-site computer system.
• 2)It is more reliable than Star
networking.
• Disadvantages
• 1)In a ring network, communication
delay is directly proportional to the
number of nodes in the network.

 Network Topologies
• Bus topology
– Also called linear bus
– One wire connects all nodes


– Advantages
• Easy to setup
• Small amount of wire
• Addition of new node is easy.
– Disadvantages
• Slow
• If the communication line fails, the entire
system breaks down.

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 Network Topologies
Mesh topology-A completely connected network has a


separate physical link for connecting each node to any

other node. Hence ,each node has a direct dedicated
link, called a point-to-point link, with all other
computers in the network.


– Advantage
• It is reliable
• Communication is fast.
•
– Disadvantages
• Lots of cable
• Hard to setup
• Needs n(n-1)/2 lines to set up.
• Expensive.
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Mesh Topology

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 Hybrid Network
• Hybrid networking-which is a
combination of two or more
different networking topologies.
• In some cases, the hybrid network
may have components of star , ring
and completely connected
networks.
 Tree Topology
• The tree topology requires the nodes
to be linked in a hierarchical way.
• The tree network like star network is
dependent on the main computer
• The tree network is very flexible as
any number of nodes can be added
and removed easily.
 Switching Techniques

• There are three ways of establishing

communication links between the
sender and receiver in a
communication network:
• 1)Circuit Switching
• 2)Message Switching
• 3)Packet Switching
 Telecommunications
Definition:


• The exchange of information in any

form (voice, data, text, images,
audio, video) over networks
 Circuit Switching


• In circuit switching ,a physical path is

established between the sending
and receiving station by physically
connecting the incoming and
outgoing line of each of the
intermediate switching nodes,
which falls on the path.
• It includes:
• 1)Firstly connection established
• 2)Communication takes place
• 3)Finally Connection terminated.
•
• It is used in PSTN(Public Switched
Telephone network).
•
 Message Switching
• Here ,in this method ,if a station
wishes to send a message to
another station, it first appends the
destination address to the
message. After this, the message is
transmitted from the source to its
destination through Broadcasting or
Store-and forwarding.
• Advantages:
• In this method no physical
connection is required between
source and destination.
• Disadvantages:
• Here each switching node must have
sufficient storage to buffer
messages.
•
 Packet Switching
• Here a message is spilt up into
‘packets’ of a fixed size. Here
besides the message ,a packet has
a header which contains the source
and destination address, control
information, message number,
error checking bits ,etc.