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UNIT – I
2. Define process
The output will move from one steady state to another for the sustained
change in input. This means that for change in some input variable the output
variable will rise until it reaches a steady state (inflow = outflow). It is the
tendency of the process to adopt a specific value of controlled variable for nominal
load with no control operations.
Drum boiler system, in which the flow rate of the cold feed water is
increased by a step the total volume of the boiling water and consequently the
liquid level will decreased for a short period and then it will start increasing.
Load changes in first process affects the second process and vise versa
when both are connected in series nature is called interacting system. Eg. Two
level tanks are connected in series.
10. A tank operating at 10ft head, 51pm outflow through a valve and has a cross
section area of 10 sq ft. calculate the time constant.
T=R/A, R=H/Q=10/(5X5.885X10-4)
11. What is meant by non-self regulation?
A system that grows without limit for a sustained change in input (constant
outflow or outflow independent of inflow condition).
The smaller the value of time constant the steeper the initial response of the
system. A first order lag process is self regulating the ultimate value of the
response equal to Kp (steady state gain of the process) for a unit step change in the
input.
The element in a process control loop that evaluated error of the controlled
variable and initiates corrective action by a signal to the controlling variable.
Eg. Annealing
If the purpose of the control system is to make the process follow the
changes in setpoint as quick as possible, then it is servo operation.
The dynamic behaviour one tank is affected by the other, but the reverse is
not true, then it is non-interacting system. Here the liquid heads are independent of
each other.
UNIT –II
26. Write the relation ship between proportional band and proportional gain.
The reciprocal of gain expressed as a percentage is called proportional
band. Kp=100/PB
Electronic signals operate over great distance without time lags. Electronic
signals can be made compatible with digital controllers. Electronic devices can be
designed to be essentially maintenance free. Intrinsic safety techniques eliminate
electrical hazards. Less expensive to install. More energy efficient. Due to the
above said properties electronic controllers are preferred to pneumatic controller.
The element in process control loop that evaluates error of the controlled
variable and initiates corrective action by a signal to the controlling variable.
The present output depends on the time history of errors and such history is
not known, the actual value of controller output floats at an undetermined value. If
the deviation persists controller saturates at either 100% or 0% and remain there
until an error drives it towards opposite extreme.
33. Sketch the input – output characteristic of single – speed floating controller.
34. Why derivative mode of control is not recommended for a noisy process?
The series capacitor in the derivative controller will amplify the noise in the
error signal.
Discontinuous-ON-OFF controller.
Continuous – Proportional Controller
UNIT – III
44. What performance criterion should be used for the selection and turning of
controller?
Minimize the integral of the errors until the process has settled set Point.
ITAE means Integral Time Absolute Error. To suppress the errors that
persist for long time, the ITAE critertion will tune the controllers better because
the presence of large t amplifies the effect of even small errors in the value if
integral.
Higher the gain margin (above the value of one), the higher the safety factor we
use controller turning.
49. Why is it necessary to choose controller settings that satisfy both gain margin
and phase margin?
The gain margin and Phase margin are the safety factors which is used for
the design of a feedback system. Beyond the phase margin and gain margin the
system goes to unstable position.
If we want to suppress large errors, ISE is better than IAE Because errors
are squared and contribute more to the value of integral.
If we want to suppers small errors, IAE is better than ISE Because when we
square small numbers, they even become smaller.
To suppress errors that persist for long times, ITAE criterion will tune the
controllers better because the presence of large t amplifies the effect of even small
errors in value of integral.
It is reasonable trade off between fast rise time and reasonable setting time.
56. Give the satisfactory control for gas liquid level process.
Proportional Control is the satisfactory control for liquid level process.
UNIT-IV
63. When cascade control will give improved performance than conventional
feedback control?
In some process the secondary variables in it introduce disturbance
throughout the system is measured and controlled by a separate loop.
In some cases it is necessary to change from the normal control action and
attempt to prevent a process variable from exceeding an allowable upper or lower
limit. This can be achieved by the use of special type switches called limit
switches.
During the operation of the plant, it is possible that some of the process
variables exceed the limit. In such cases it is necessary to change from the normal
control action and attempt to prevent a process variable from exceeding an
allowable an allowable upper or lower limit. This can be achieved by the use of
special type switches called limit switches called limit switches (HSS and LSS).
This type of protective control is called override control.
Split-range control system involves one measurement and more than one
manipulated variables but selective control system involves one manipulated
variables and several controlled outputs.
74. Why are fuel and air sent at a specified ratio into a combustion chamber?
It is used in some cases where the output of the process and the influence of
the disturbance cannot be measured.
Acts before the disturbance is felt by the process. It is good for slow
systems.
UNIT – V
When a liquids enters a valve and the static pressure at the vena contracta
less than the fluid vapour pressure and the valve outlet pressure is also less the
fluid vapour pressure the condition called flashing exists.
82. When do you use a valve positioner?
If the diaphragm actuator does not supply sufficient force to position the
valve accurately and overcome any opposition that flowing conditions create a
positioner may be required.
Motor, Solenoids.
In some process loop the controller is electronic and the final control
element is electronic one. To interconnect these two we need a device that should
linearly converts electric current in to gas pressure (4-20mA-315 psi). such device
is called I/P converter.
When a liquid enters a valve and the static pressure at the vena contracta
drops to less than the fluid vapor pressure and the recovering to above fluid vapour
pressure, this pressure recovery causes an implosion or collapse of the vapour
bubbles formed at the vena contracta. This condition is called cavitation.
Q=Cv.sqrt(UP/Sg)
Q-Flow rate
Cv-Valve coefficient
Control Valve.
The function of control valve in flow control system is to regulate the flow.
1. Rotating-plug valves
2. Butterfly valves
3. Louvers.
UNIT I
UNIT – II
Page no-85;
Page no-89;
3) Explain proportional plus Integral control of a single capacitance process.
Page no-96;
Page no-106;
Page no-102;
UNIT – III
UNIT – IV
UNIT – V
Page no-196;
2) Explain Sliding stem control valves.
Page no-220;
Page no-228;
Page no-230;
Page no-212;