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14 armifp;l prf; OD;ausmf0if;

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32 uk[d if
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Plastic Rainbow
(yk*Hacwf)tcef; tD;ar;vfvdyfpm? arwÅmxuf? pGefhOD;wDxGifrIuykdcuf t,f'w
D mtzGYJ
SPECIAL REPORT 41 OD;csrf;at; ausmf0if;
yifv,f"m;jyESifU pGefhOD;wDxGifol a&Tausmf
126 t,f'w D mtzGYJ
45 Munfrif; armifaZ,sm
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5 EDITORIAL aumif;uifrsm;? wdrfwdkufrsm; aersKd;ol&
FEATURES pDrH
6 EDITOR’S
(Economy, Society, Culture, etc.) DESK REFERENCE
a': MuLMuLjrifh
SKETCH 137 azjrifU
82 vlxak ':trm
10 EDITOR’S *Refuufeuf(o)*Jvfba&Y of tkyaf &
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148 t,f'w D mtzGYJ 1000
CHOICE 88 armifp;l prf;
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkwm bmvJ (4)
11 csufy,f? 9 csufpdwf0ifpm; wefz;dk
COVER THEME
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50 ausmf0if; 92 ausmf0if; Dr. Than Tun
'kwd,ajrmuf yDwm-o-*&dwf wwd,vrf; Memoris & Observations rsufEmS zH;k cGiUf jyKcsuftrSwf
(okdhr[kwf) 165 oef;xGe;f 5412670408
101 0if;aemif
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75 rpfac;a*:bmacsmU(A) tMurf;zufrI (3) 170 oef;xGe;f trSwf (217)? yxrxyf(0J)?
½k&Sm;rSm 107 rd;k aumif; Ekdif (urÇmht&SnfqHk;jrpf) qdyfurf;omvrf;(tv,f)?
ylwifvdkacgif;aqmifrsKd;vdkw,f vlrItif*sifeD,menf;ESifUzGHYNzdK;a&;jyoem 188 Than Tun ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,f?
77 [ife&Dupfqif;*sm; 114 vif;xufaZmf A Modern History of Myanma &efukefNrdKY /
uRefawmfjrifwJU ylwif 'ku©wkdhuif;&mukef&m (1752-1948) zkef; 095193106? 384199

2 3
 Editorial

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tpm; xGe;f um;onfEU ikd if rH sm;rSm? tcsi;f csi;f &efjzpf&if; aemufus
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xGe;f um;onfEU ikd if rH sm;wGirf ?l at;at;anmif;anmif;ESiUf wkid ;f jynf
(1915-2008) wnfaqmufa&;twGuf OD;pm;ay;Edik o f nfu?kd owdjyKryd gonf/
uRefawmfwdkhwpfawGrSm? vlxka':trm\ ]vIyf&Sm;aeaomurÇm} aqmif;yg;rsm;udkzwf&if;? EkdifiHwumukd wwd,EdkifiHa&;trsKd;tpm; xGef;um;onfUEdkifiHjzpfvQifrl?
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t,f'DwmtzGJY 5
Editor's Sketch
r*Fvm&SdaomEdkifiHa&;
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Editor's Choice
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tMurf;zsif; tñTef;oabmrQom azmfjyvdkufygonf/
10
-
'kw,
d urÇmESit
Uf ifyg,mMoZm
The Second World: Empires and
Influencein the New World Order
- By Parag Khanna
- Random House, 29 $
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xif&Sm;aomvu©PmrSm? jyifyMoZmvTrf;rdk;rI BuD;xGm;vmaejcif;[k qkdyg
onf/ tar&du? w½kwfESifh tD;,lwdkY\ MoZmt&Sdeft0gjzpfonf/ þ
tkyfpkBuD;oHk;ckonfyif? 21 &mpk urÇmhtpDtpOfudkyHkazmfrnfh tifyg,m
11
Bu;D oH;k ck[?k usr;f &Sif cefemu aumufcsuq f oJG nf/ þoH;k ckxw
J iG rf S tar
&du\MoZmrSm tusbufa&mufaeonf/ tar&duefacgif;aqmifrIrSm
vnf;? t&nftcsif;nHh½HkrQru armufrmonf/ w½kwfMoZmrSm twuf
buf a&muf aeonfhwdkif? urÇmvHk;csDwefzkd;t&mwGif jyóem&Sdaeonf/
Oa&myacgif;aqmifrIrSm uRrf;usifvdr®monf/ qGJaqmifrIydkaumif;onf/
trsm;xifxm;onfxuf tiftm;&Sdonf/ acwfNydKiftifyg,moHk;ckxJwiG f
tvm;tvmtaumif;qH;k [k qdyk gonf/ aemufxyf tifyg,mtqifh wuf
vSrf;Edkifp&m&SdonfhEdkifiHrsm;rSm? tdE´d,? ½k&Sm;ESifh b&mZD;(v)wkdY jzpfEdkif
onf[k? cefYrSef;jyonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? qkdcJhyg tifyg,moHk;ck (tar&du?
w½kwfESifh tD;,l) wkdYonfom? 21 &mpkudk t"duyHkazmfrnfh tiftm;pkrsm;
jzpfvdrhfrnf/ txl;ojzifh ]tD;,l&mpk} jzpfzkdYrsm;onf[k? ed*Hk;csKyfaumuf
csufcsygonf/
orkid ;f wpfausmjh yefEiS Uf
tdyrf ufrsm;\ed*;kH
- The Return of History and the End
of Dreams
- By Robert Kagan
- Atlantic Books, 19.95 $
'kw, d pmtkyrf mS ? pmrsuEf mS wpf&mausmo f m&So
d nfw
h ikd ?f ydí
k tm;pdu
k f
zwf&onf/ ta&;tom; av;aomaMumifhr[kwf/ taMumif;t&mu
eufaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
a&mbwfau*efu olYpmtkyfudk? tdyfrufwpfckjzifh pzGifhonf/
]tdik f'Dtdkvdk*sDwdkufyGJ qHk;cef;wdkifcJhNyD/ vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD atmifyGJcHNyD}
qdkaom ppfat;vGeftdyfrufjzpfygonf/ pifppf? þtdyfrufrSm ,HkrSm;vGef
rIrQom[k? usrf;&Sifu jyefvnfpdppfonf/ ppfat;wdkufyGJtNyD; umvwdk
12
twGif;rSmyif? tqkdyg,HkrSm;vGefrIudk taiGUysHoGm;aponfh tcif;tusif;
opfwY?kd ay:vmcJo h nf[k oH;k oyfonf/ onfvEkd iS ?hf ,cktcg trsK;d om;a&;
&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh? trsKd;om;a&;tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; wdk;rd wdkufrdEdkifaom
0½kef;okef;um; umvBuD;wpfck? jzpfwnfvmcJh&onf[k aumufcsufcs
onf/ þtaetxm;rSm 1990 tvGeEf pS rf sm;xuf 19 &mpkEiS yhf í kd wlonf/
odt Yk wGuf ordik ;f wpfausmv h nfcNhJ y[ D k olu qdv k u
kd jf cif; jzpfonf/
,aeYurÇmrSm? ppfat;vGefcgp tar&duefacgif;aqmiftcsKdU arQmf
rSef;cJhovdk? tar&duefplyg yg0gwpfckwnf; vTrf;rkd;csKyfudkifxm;onfh ]{u
0if½;kd urÇm} r[kw/f tar&du? w½kwEf iS hf tD;,lqakd om Bu;D oH;k Bu;D wdYk Bw*d H
tiftm;csdefcGifvQm n§dMu&rnfh ]Bwd0if½dk;urÇm}vnf;r[kwf/ trsK;d om;
Edik if w
H ikd ;f u rdrw
d uYkd ,
kd u
f sK;d pD;yGm;ESihf tqifah e&mtwGu?f tNyKd ifBuKd ;yrf;ae
Muonfh xD;NydKifeef;NydKifurÇmomjzpfonf/ þtaetxm;wGif wnfNidrf
aom tiftm;csdefcGifvQmwpfck azmfxkwfzdkYrvG,f/ tNydKifjzpfaeaom
trsK;d om;tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk pDrcH efcY EJG ikd zf t Ydk wGuv
f nf;? ½d;k &Si;f vG,u f al om
azmfrsLvmwpfck &Edkifvdrhfrnfr[kwf/ tvGef½IyfaxG;NyD; tvGeftuJqwf
rnfhtajctae[k pdppfjyonf/
rMumao;cifEpS rf sm;twGi;f ? xifomjrifom&Sad om wl½cl suw f pfckukd
jyygqdkvQif? ]atmfwdkua&pD} jyefvnfEdk;xvmjcif;[k? usrf;&Sifu tajz
xkwfonf/ tcsKdUaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif atmfwdkua&pDrSm tvkyfjzpf½HkrQru?
w&m;0ifyif jzpfaumif;jzpfvmEdkifonf[k wGufcsufjyonf/ odkYtwGuf
atmfwkdua&pDESifh 'Drdkua&pDudk t"duy#dyu©[k,lNyD;? EkdifiHjcm;a&;
ay:vpD cif;vQif? arQmfrSef;oavmuf vG,fulxda&mufEdkifrnfr[kwf[k
owday;onf/ tESpcf sKyq f &kd vQif yuwdtajctaeudk xdxrd rd q d yk uf ikd Nf y;D ?
eufeuf½idI ;f ½Iid ;f pOf;pm;um? xufxufjrufjrufay:vpDcif;Edik rf S awmfum
usvdrhfrnf[k owday;ygonf/
13
 xkdYaemuf urÇmha&;&mwdkYudk vlY,Ofaus;rIorkdif;tay: tajccHí
Opinion vnf;aumif;? tdkif'Dtdkvdk*sDwdkYtay: tajccHívnf;aumif;? aqG;aEG;cJh
14 aps;uGuftiftm;pkESifUay:vpDcsrSwfoltm;NydKifyGJ Muonf/ ta&;BuD;aom tydkif;tjcm;rSm? urÇmha&;&mwdkYudk Oa&myudkA[dk
18 pD;yGm;a&;zGHY NzdK;wdk;wufrIESifUAsL½dkua&pD jyKí aqG;aEG;cJMh ujcif;jzpfonf/ Oa&myonf urÇmah &;&mwku
Yd kd pD&ifjy|mef;
22 t&yfbuf-ppfbufqufqHa&; . . . onf[kqkdNyD;? EdkifiHa&;'óexkwfcJhonf/ Oa&myA[dkjyKurÇmpepf ,dkifvJ
26 tqifU&Sd&SdpOf;pm;&if oGm;aomtcg? plyg yg0gtar&duefA[dkjyK urÇmpepfqdkNyD;ay:vmonf/
32 acwfa[mif;&mZ0ifjzpfoGm;aom ppfat;acwf ,ck wdrf;ñGwfcsufESpfrsKd; ay:jyefonf/
36 tD;ar;vfvdyfpm? arwÅmxuf? pGefhOD;wDxGifrIuykdcuf yxrwdrf;ñGwfcsufonf? urÇmhpepfudk tar&duefA[dkjyKESifh
41 yifv,f"m;jyESifU pGefhOD;wDxGifol Oa&myA[dkjyKESpfck yl;aygif;xm;rItay:? urÇmhpepfopfudk wnf
45 aumif;uifrsm;? wdrfwdkufrsm;
aqmuf&ef[k qkdaomt,ltq jzpfonf/
aps;uGuftiftm;pkESifU 'kwd,wdrf;ñGwfcsufonf? ta&SUtaemuftydkif;tjcm; Munfh
jcif;onf acwfrrDawmhNyDjzpfívnf;aumif;? ta&SUu taemuf
ay:vpDcsrSwfoltm;NydKifyGJ xufydkNyD; jrefjrefqefqef tm;BuD;vmonfhtwGufaMumifh vnf;
aumif;? ta&SU\jzpfxGef;rIudk todtrSwfjyKaom urÇmhpepfopf
a r m if pl ; p rf ; wpf&yfudk? xlaxmifoifhNyD[k rMumao;rDu usrf;toD;oD;jyKpkí
wifjyvmMuonf/
urÇmjh zpfwnfrEI iS Uf urÇmzh pYJG nf;yHk
urÇmBuD;taMumif;ajymvQif urÇmBuD;\ jzpfwnfrI armf'efAvH;k AaxG;
ESifh urÇmBuD;\zGJYpnf;yHkpepf (It's existence and order) udk 0if½dk;wpfckwnf;&Sd&rnfqdkaom pepft,ltqonf 'dwfatmuf
OD;wnfajym&onf/ tdik 'f , D morkid ;f wGif a&S;OD;acwfü urÇm oGm;NyD[k qkd&rnf/ 0if½dk;pHkurÇmxlaxmifrnf/ txl;ojzifh tm&S\ta&;
BuD;\jzpfwnfrIESifh zGJUpnf;yHkpepfudk a*gh'ftay:rlwnfí ygt&ma&mufru I kd todtrSwjf yKum? 0if½;kd pHuk rÇmpepfukd xlaxmif&rnf
ajym&onf/ a*gh'ftaMumif;rygbJ urÇmha&;&mwkdYudk ajym [k qkdvmjcif;jzpfonf/ þtjrifonf urÇmopfudkqGJjyxm;aom ajryHk[k
írjzpfay/ us,fus,fjyefYjyefYajymvQif bmoma&;ESifhuif; ajymjyonf/ tm&Swdkuf\ta&;ygt&ma&mufrIudk tajccHaom urÇmh
NyD;? urÇmhtaMumif;udk ajymvdkYrjzpfcJhay/ pepfopfwGif? ta&SU- taemuf tydkif;tjcm;udk roHk;/ orm;½dk;us&SdcJhaom
aemufydkif; urÇmhtaMumif;udk tifyg,mwkdY tay: ta&SUESithf aemu(f east and west)tydik ;f tjcm;onf? ,ck t"dymÜ ,fr&Sd jzpf
tajccHíajym&onf/ a&mrtifyg,mponfjzifh tifyg oGm;NyD/
,mwdu Yk t
kd ajccHNy;D ? urÇmhtaMumif;udak jym&onf/ xdaYk emuf þtaMumif;udk urÇmha&;&musrf;wpfapmiftjzpf a&;om;olrSm?
EdkifiHtpdk;&(nation-states)wkdYudk tajccHNyD; urÇmhzGJUpnf;ykH uD½Id;rmblbmeDjzpfí usrf;trnfu New Asia Hemisphere: The
pepftaMumif;? urÇmhjzpfwnfrItaMumif;awG ajymMu Irrestible Shift of Global Power [líjzpfonf/ *vdb k ,fyg0gonf ta&SU
onf/ a*gh'ftaMumif;rygbJ? bmoma&;rygbJ qDusLvm bufoaYkd &GUoGm;Ny/D þtcsuu f ta&SUESit
hf aemufqNdk y;D rsuEf mS pm ESpf&yf
oufouf bmoma&;uif;uif;jzifv h nf; urÇmh a&;&mwku
Yd kd jzifhomMunfhjcif;udk? ausmfvGefypf&ef vdktyfjcif;udk jyonf[kqdkonf/
aqG;aEG;Muonf/ tdik 'f D,mwk\Yd orkid ;f wGiv
f nf; wpfcwk nf;aomtrSew f &m;? t<uif;
14 15
r&SdaomtrSefw&m;udk &SmazGjcif;rS? pifNydKiftrSefw&m;(parallel truths) acgi;f aqmifEikd f , rEdik f
udk &SmazGjcif;buf ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ pifNydKiftrSefw&m;wkdYudk armf'ef ,ckpum;ajymvmaomtcsuu f *vdb k ,fppk nf;rI(global integra-
AvHk;AaxG;(modern incoherence)[kvnf; ac:onf/ acwfESifh obm0 tion) udpö jzpfonf/ þvkyi f ef;udk aps;uGut f iftm;pk (market forces)
udku tajymif;tvJjzpfvmonfhtwGuf? awG;ac:ynm&SifwkdYtzkdY pifNydKif wkuYd ydNk y;D xdxad &mufa&muf aqmif&u G af y;&Edik o f vm;/ odrYk [kwf ay:vpD
trSefw&m;wkdYudkjyKpkNyD;? armf'efAvkH;AaxG;xJ 0ifMuonf/ csrw f (l policy makers)wdu
S o Yk ydNk y;D xdxad &mufa&muf aqmif&u G Ef ikd of vm;[k
ar;p&may:onf/ aps;uGut f iftm;pkEiS hf ay:vpDcsrSwfolwkdYMum;? wpfckck
pnf;awG rIe0f g;ukef udka&G;&ef jzpfonf/ usrf;&Sif uD½Id;rmblbmeDu? ay:vpDcsrSwfolwkdYudk
usr;f &Sif uD½;dI rmblbmeDu? urÇmopfukd ajryHq k jJG y&mü tao;pdwf a&G;onf/ wpfenf;ajym&vQif tpdk;&udka&G;onf/
a&;qGjJ yonf/ urÇmopfonf ta&SU-taemuftydik ;f tjcm;udk todtrSwf od&Yk mwGi?f tm&SEikd if w H t Ykd m; urÇmph ;D yGm;a&;xJ aygif;pnf;rd&ef wGe;f
rjyKonft h wGu?f ukvor*¾ukd a&SUwef;wifvu kd of nf/ ukvor*¾vNkH cKH a&; tm;ay;onfht&monf? aps;uGuftiftm;pkjzpfaeonf/ xkdYaMumifh rmbl
aumifpw D iG f tdE,d´ ESi*hf syefwuYkd kd xyfrjH znfph u G &f efwukd wf eG ;f Ny;D ? ukvor*¾ bmeDu? ay:vpDcsrw S o
f (l tpd;k &)wdt kY m; tajymif;tvJjzpfaprnfh at;*sihf
taxGaxGnv D mcHukd 'Dru kd a&pDusaom *vdb k ,fygvDreftjzpf? toGif tjzpf a&G;cs,v f u kd o f nfth csed üf ? tm&SEikd if rH sm; wu,fw;kd wufvmatmif
ajymif;vJvdkuf&ef tqkdjyKonf/ BuD;us,faom urÇmhjyóemBuD;wkdYudk wGef;tm;ay;aomat;*sifhonf aps;uGuftiftm;pkwdYk jzpfaeonf/ ,kwåd
t axGaxGnDvmcHu ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ oabmt&ajymvQif aps;uGufaMumifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufcJhonf/ a&SUquf
uD½Id;rmblbmeDu? *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;u tvGefoGufvufjref vkyif ef;wdt Yk wGuv f nf; aps;uGut f iftm;pkuo kd m a&G;cs,o f ifoh nf/ þodYk
qefae&m? þokjYd refqefraI Mumifyh if ta&SUESit hf aemufqakd om tydik ;f tjcm; r[kwfbJ wpfae&mwGif aps;uGuftiftm;pkudka&G;NyD;? aemufwpfae&mü
onf rqDravsmfjzpfoGm;onf[k qdkonf/ odkYjzifh? tar&duESifh Oa&my ay:vpDcsrSwfolwkdYudka&G;cs,frdvQif? a&SU-aemufrnD[ka0zefp&m jzpfvm
wdkYudk taemuftjzpf? wpfaygif;wnf;aygif;pnf;jyvdkufonf/ þtcsuf onf /
tay: raMunufolwkdY ay:onf/ olwkdYu ukefoG,fa&;t&if;tESD; pD; (1) aps;uGufESifh oef;csD&SdaompGefYOD;wDxGifolrsm;
qif;rI? wuúEdkvdk*sD vTJajymif;ay;rI? a&TUajymif;tajccsaexdkifrI? obm0 (2) jzefcY sad &;csed ;f (supply chain) wdu Yk kd zefw;D ay;aombdZeufrsm;
ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rIESifh ,Ofaus;rI ta&muftayguful;pufrIwdkYonf? (3) vlwt Ydk m; twlwuGcsw D uf&ef wGe;f tm;ay;aom wuúEv kd *kd sD
urÇmhwpfjcrf;ESifh wpfjcrf;Mum; jyoxm;aompnf;wdkYudk? tvGefrIef0g;apNyD wkdYudk avQmhwGuf&m a&mufaeonf/
qdkaomtcsufudk vufcHMuonf/ wpfenf;qdk&vQif? ta&SUESifhtaemuf usr;f &Siu f ? tar&duefEiS hf w½kww f \Ykd yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf u
I kd t
Mum; jcm;xm;aompnf;awG? rIef0g;ukefjcif;udk oabmaygufMuonf/ av;xm;Munfhonf/ þodkYMunfh&if; tar&duef\yg0gonf usqif;aeNyD
ta&SUESifhtaemufMum; jcm;xm;aompnf;awG rIef0g;ukefaom [kvnf; oHk;oyfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tar&duefacgif;aqmifaom*drf;rsKd;
aMumifh? vlawG topfawG;ac:pOf;pm;&ef vkdvmonf/ þodkYtopfawG; ray:Edik [ f ak jymonf/ tar&duef\acgif;aqmifEikd rf u I @udk pdeaf c:onf/
ac:rItaejzifh? ukvor*¾vHkNcHKa&;aumifpDudk wkd;csJUjcif;ESifh taxGaxG *vdkb,fEdkifiHa&;\A[dkwGif usrf;&Sif uD½Id;rmblbmeD\tjrif wdrf;ñGwf
nDvmcHudk *vdkb,fygvDreftjzpf toGifajymif;jcif;wkdYudk? tqkdjyKvdkuf aevdrfhrnf[k wGufMuonf/
jcif; jzpfwef&monf/ þtjrifudk a0zefolwkdYu? ukvor*¾ r[kwfaom
zkd&rf (non-UN forum) wdkYwGif? aomhcsufyav,mwdkYtm; yg0ifupm;ap armifpl;prf;
jcif;onf? ydkíxda&mufp&m&Sdonf[k axmufjyMuonf/ Ref: Newsweek, History of Ideas

16 17
 NAwd od Quvkd edk t
D arGtESpf AsL½du
k a&pD (,cif tdik pf t
D ufp?f aemufyikd ;f India
pD;yGm;a&;zGHY NzdK;wdk;wufrIESifU AsL½dkua&pD Administrative Service) jzpfonf/ A[dktpdk;&ESifh jynfe,ftpdk;&wkdYudk
EdkifiHa&;ygwDwdkYu csKyfudkifxm;jcif;vnf;&Sdonf/ odYkjzifh? tdEd́,wGif AsL½dk
(tdE,
d´ jyóem) u&uf? Edik if aH &;orm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;orm; (bureoucracy, politics & busi-
ness) wdkY tnrnqufqHrI&Sdonf/

OD;csrf;at; bmblBuD;udk jyif

arG;&myg 'dik ;f erpf
w½kwfjynfpD;yGm;a&;u wpfESpf 10 &mcdkifEIef;ausmf?
tdE´d,pD;yGm;a&;u wpfESpf 9 &mcdkifEIef;ausmf rSefrSefwdk;
wufvmaomtcg? ESpfEdkifiH tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (odkYr[kwf)
AsL½duk a&pDukd ppfwrf;xkwMf unfMh uonf/ tHrh cef;pD;yGm;a&;
zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIESifh AsL½dkua&pDwkdYMum; tquftpyfudk
pHkprf;MunfhMuonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí tcsuf 3 csuf
pOf;pm;onf/
yxrar;cGef;onf? pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIonf
aps;uGufESifh rSefuefaomay:vpDwkdYaMumifh jzpfonf/ AsL½dk
ua&pDESifh bmrQrqdkif[kqdkaomar;cGef;jzpfonf/ wpfenf;
ajym&vQif? aps;uGufESifhay:vpD(market & policy)wdüYk ?
rl&if; arG;&myg'dik ;f erpfweG ;f tm; (inherent dynamic) &So
d nf/
AsL½dkua&pD&Sdonfjzpfap, r&Sdonfjzpfap? aumif;onfjzpf
ap, raumif;onfjzpfap? þ'dkif;erpfwGef;tm;aMumifh
pD;yGm; a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&rnfom jzpfonf/
'kw,d ar;cGe;f onf? AsL½du k a&pDonf ay:vpDcsrw S f
jcif;? (odkYwnf;r[kwf) BuD;MuyfuGyfuJjcif;wdkYESifh txdkuf
tavsmuf tusKH;0ifywfouf&jcif;wkdYaMumifh? pD;yGm;a&;
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI taumif; (odkYr[kwf) tqkd;wGif? wpfenf;
wpfzHk wm0ef&Sdonf[laomtcsuf jzpfonf/
wwd,ar;cGef;onf? w½kwfjynfü AsL½dkua&pDonf
wpfygwDpepf ygwD0ifwkdY\AsL½dkua&pDjzpfí? tdE´d,wGifrl
18
,ckaqmif;yg;wGif? tdE´d,AsL½dkua&pDtaMumif; oHk;oyfcsufudk?
jyefvnfazmufonfcsxm;onf/ tdE, d´ AsL½duk &ufwu Ydk kd bmblBu;D (Babu
Raj)rsm;[k ac:onf/ tdE, d´ AsL½du
k a&pDonf rlvu tcGeaf umufz?Ydk &yf&mG
vHkNcHKzkdY? ajrpm&if;xdef;odrf;zkdY(land registry)ESifh trawmfaMu;awG jyef&zkdY
wdkYwGif t"duwm0ef&SdMuonf/ aus;vufzGHUNzdK;a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;a&;
wkw Yd iG ?f Bu;D MuyfuyG u
f oJ (l regulatory agency)taejzifh wm0ef,Ml uonf/
þodkYwm0ef,l&aom AsL½dkua&pDu? tdEd́,pD;yGm;a&; t&rf;zGHUNzdK;
wd;k wufru I kd b,favmuftaxmuftuljyKco hJ enf;[k? jyefqef;ppfonf/
a&SUqufNyD;? tdE´d,pD;yGm;a&;u zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufOD;rnfjzpfav&m vuf&Sd
AsL½dkua&pDudk rjyKjyifbJ? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk xyfrHwGef;wifEdkifyghrvm;[k
ar;cGef;xkwfvmonf/ AsL½dkua&pDonf? trsm;jynfolqkdif&m 0efaqmifrI
(public services) wkdYudk? xufxufjrufjruf vsifvsifjrefjref ay;aqmif
EdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf/ AsL½dkua&pD\wm0efrsm;teuf jynfolY0efaqmifrIudk
t"du OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;onf/
þtcsufESifhywfoufí? vuf&SdtdE´d,\tajctaeudk oHk;oyf
Munfah omtcg? AsL½du k a&pDonf BuKd ;eDpepftwkid ;f jzpfaeonf/ xda&muf
xufjrufrIr&Sd? t*wdvdkufpm;aeonf/ wm0efcHrIr&Sd[k a,bk,soHk;
oyfonf/ odkYjzifh tdEd́,tpdk;&u AsL½dkua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;aumfr&Sif
wpf&yfudk zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ þae&müvnf; a0zefrIay:onf/ AsL½dk
ua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;ud?k AsL½du k &ufwu Ydk kd aqmif&u G cf ikd ;f onfrmS rlrrSef
[kqo dk nf/ AsL½duk &ufwu Ydk AsL½du k a&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif b,frSm
pdwftm;xufoefEdkifyghrvJ[k ar;cGef;xkwfonf/ olwdkYtusKd;udk MunfhNyD;
cyfazmhazmhyJ jyifqif&ef ajymvdrfhrnf[k ,lqaeMuonf/ AsL½dkua&pD
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk? AsL½dku&ufvufxJ 0uGuftyfESHonfhtay: t,Hk
tMunfrJhaeMuonf/
19
 tavmif;ay: yvmpwmuyf
þudpöESifhywfoufí? tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mynm&SiftcsKdUu AsL½dk
ua&pDwGif rent seeking &Sdjcif;udk? axmufjyonf/ AsL½dku&ufwdkYwGif
tkycf sKyaf &;,EÅ&m;twGi;f ü txl;tcGit hf a&;wkuYd , kd íl ? jynfo0Yl efaqmif
rIwüYdk ysuu f uG af ejcif;udk ñTe;f onf/ Rent seeking qdo k nfrmS ? tmPmjzifh
txl;tcGifhta&;&&Sd&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;wdkYudk ñTef;onf/ þpum;&yfonf
rlvu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifwkdYtwGuf &nf&G,fíay:jcif;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;
a&;vkyif ef;&Siw f tYdk zkYd tpd;k &tmPmpBuEø iS chf sw
d q
f ufí? txl;tcGit hf a&;
wkdYjzifh BuD;yGm;atmifjyKvkyfjcif;udk ñTef;onf/ ,ck þpum;udk tdEd́,ü
AsL½dkua&pDavmutwGuf wdk;csJUoHk;pGJvmonf/
tar&duef rufqmcsL;qufwuúodkvfrS jynfolYtkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m
ynm&SifwkdYu? tdEd́,AsL½dkua&pDtaMumif;udk okawoejyKvkyf&if;? AsL½dk
ua&pDtwGif; txl;tcGifhta&;(rent seeking)&SmyHkudk axmufjyonf/
þtaMumif;udk ]tavmif;aumifay: aq;yvmpwmuyfjcif;} (putting
band-aid on a corpse)[k acgif;pD;wyfonf/ aus;vuf usef;rma&;apmifh
a&SmufrIaq;cef;wGif olemjyKawG aq;cef;rvmbJ? tacsmifcdkaeMuyHkudk
axmufjyonf/ vlemudrk ukbJ ? vlemaorS tavmif;awG aq;yvmpwm
uyfonf/ raocifu ukocJhovkdvdk vdrfMuonf/
,ckqdkvQif? AsL½dkua&pDonf wkd;wufvmaom wuúEdkvdk*sDESifh
yufyif;wdk;awmhonf/ jynfolY0efaqmifrIvkyfief;wkdYudk wuúEdkvdk*sDenf;
opfwkdYjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif? tdE´d,&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;½Hk;
trsm;tjym;wGif? uGefysLwmrsm; rwyfqif&ao;ay/ ]tD;-tpdk;&}udk wGif
wGiu f s,u f s,f raqmif&u G Ef ikd Mf uao;ay/ wuúEv kd *kd sw
D yfqifvQi?f tcsKUd
ae&mwkdYü ½IyfonfqdkNyD;? wrifzsufqD;ypfMuonf/
anmifyifvm; h h h usm;vm;
tdE´d,pD;yGm;a&; t&rf;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmonf/ ajraps;wkdYvnf;
t&rf;axmifwufvmonf/ uefx½dkufwmawG? a'ocHEdkifiHa&;orm;
awG? AsL½dku&ufawG vmbfpm;zkdYtcGifhtvrf; t&rf;aumif;vmonf/
qif;&Jom;wkdYtm; ulnDaxmufyHhay;aomypönf;awG? 0dkif;]bkH;}Muonf/
yefcsm,yf[ak c:aom aus;vufzUHG NzKd ;a&;tzGUJ wdo
Yk nf? aus;vufzUHG NzKd ;a&;
wdkYtwGuf wm0ef&Sdaomfvnf;? tmPmr&SdbJ jzpfaeMuonf/
20
tcsKdUae&mwkdYü AsL½dku&ufESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;wkdYyl;aygif;NyD;? aus;
vufzUHG NzKd ;a&;tzGUJ wku
Yd kd y,xkwaf eMuonf/ þae&mü ½Iyaf xG;rI (odrYk [kw)f
y#dyu©yHkpHwpfrsKd; ay:onf/ aus;vuftzGJUwkdYu a&G;aumufwifajr§muf
xm;aomtzGJUrsm;jzpfí? AsL½dku&ufwkdYu cefYxm;aomt&m&Sdrsm;jzpfae
av&m ESpfOD;Mum;tcGifhta&;vkyGJ? tmPmvkyGJawG ay:awmhonf/ þ
tcsufaMumifh jynfolY0efaqmifrIwdkYonf tnHhpm;awGjzpfukefonf/
odkYjzifh? tdE´d,AsL½dkua&pDonf tdE´d,pD;yGm;a&; t&rf;zGHUNzdK;wkd;
wufaeonfMh um;ü? xda&mufxufjrufrrI &Sd tusiyhf suaf eonf/ jynfoYl
0efaqmifrIay;&mü nhHzsif;aeonf[k oHk;oyfxm;Muonf/ þtcsufESifh
ywfoufí? tdE´d,\tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf w&m;rQwrIydk&dSonf/ ydkNyD;
wm0efcHrI? wm0ef,lrI&Sdonf/ ydkNyD;'Drkdua&pDusonf[k vufcHonf/
odkYaomf? þtcsufwdkYonf tcrJhp&dwfjzifh jzpfxGef;jcif;r[kwf? p&dwf
ay;&onf/ þp&dwfum; cost in effeciency jzpfonf/ xda&muf tpGrf;
xufrIavsmhyg;jcif;udk p&dwftjzpfay;í w&m;rQwatmif? wm0efcHrI&Sd
atmif? 'Drdkua&pDusatmif aqmifMuOf;ay;&onf/
tdE, d´ onf pD;yGm;a&;t& t&rf;zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufonf/ odaYk omf use;f
rma&;? qif;&Jom;avsmhyg;a&;? ynma&; tp&Sdonfh vlrIa&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;
wufrIü aemufusaeonf/ þodkYjzpf&onfrSm tdEd́,AsL½dkua&pD tpGrf;
rxufjrufrI? tusifhysufrIESifh wm0efrhJrIwdkYaMumifhjzpfonf[k oHk;oyf
vmMuonf/
tdE´d,AsL½dkua&pDonf uspfvspfjcif;r&Sd yGa,mif;a,mif;BuD;jzpf
aeonf/ þuJhodkY AsL½dkua&pDudk rjyKjyifvQif? tdEd́,\pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wkd;
wufrIudk tEÅ&m,fjzpfapvdrhfrnf[k? owday;aeMuonf/ tdE´d,onf
usm;jzpfrvm; (odkYr[kwf) txGwftjrwfxm;aom aAm"danmifyifawG
tESHYaygufjcif;rsKd;jzpfavrvm;[k? ar;cGef;xkwfonf/ anmifyifawG t
avhusaygufvGef;vQif? usm;twGuf pdk;&drf&onf/
OD;csrf;at;
Ref: The Economist
21
 rsKd;pyftmPmykdifpepf
t&yfbuf - ppfbuf qufqHa&;bmom&yf ppfbufu tmPmodrf;aomtcg? þokdY tb,faMumifh
xGufaygufr[mAsL[mtaMumif; tmPmodrf;&onfudk? taMumif;jy&onf/ þtaMumif;jycsuf
onf w&m;0ifckdifvkHrI&Sd&onf/ xkdYaMumifh? þtcsufudknTef;í
armifpl;prf; EkdifiHa&;odyÜHynm&SifwkdYu? t0ifw&m;0ifrI(entrance legitimacy)
[k okH;onf/ ygupöwefESifh tjcm;tmqD,EH idk if w H w
Ydk iG ?f t0if w&m;
0ifrI taMumif;jycsufonf rvkHravmuf jzpfcJhonf/ þrvkH
avmufrIudk jznfhpGuftm;jznfh&ef? ygupöwefwGif AkdvfcsKyfBuD;
ygupöwefa&G;aumufyGJESifh tjcm;jzpfxGef;rIwkdYudk t rl&Sm&ufzfu? vlxkqE´cH,lyGJ jyKvkyfcJhonf/ ,if;tcsufukd tum
aMumif;jyKí? t&yfbufEiS hf ppfbufqufqaH &; (civil - mili- t&H,ljcif;(hedge)[k ac:onf/
tary relations) taMumif;udk? Eki d if aH &;odyyHÜ nmwGif oD;jcm; t0ifw&m;0ifckdifvkHrI tm;aumif;onfjzpfap? tm;enf;
bmom&yftjzpf owfrw S Nf y;D ? avhvmqnf;yl;vmMuonf/ onf jzpfap? tumt&HtrsKd;rsKd;,lNyD; ppfbuftkyfcsKyfrIwkdYudk
txl;ojzifh? tmqD,HESifh tm&SEkdifiHwkdY\ jzpfxGef;rIwkdYudk xlaxmifMuonf/ xkdtcg ay:aygufvmaom tpkd;&pepfonf?
A[dkcsufjyKí? t&yfbufESifh ppfbufqufqHa&; taMumif; ygupöwefrS EkdifiHa&;odyÜHynm&Sif tmuDG;vf&Sm;\tqkdt&? rsKd;pyf
t&mudk? ynm&SifwkdYu usrf;awGjyKpkvmMuonf/ xm;aomtmPmykid pf epf (hybridized authoritarianism) jzpfonf/
þokdY oD;jcm;bmom&yftjzpf a&SUwef;xkwfavhvm t0ifw&m;0ifrIESifh rsKd;pyftmPmykdifpepfwkdYonf? EkdifiH
&onfh taMumif;uvnf;? tmqD,HESifh tjcm;tm&SEkdifiHwkdY awmf\vdktyfcsuf(state necessity)udk tajccHonf/ rnfokdYyif
wGif t&yfbufESifh ppfbufqufqHa&;udpöwkdYwGif? jyóem jzpfap t&yfbufESifh qufqH&OD;rnfjzpfonf/ t&yfbufESifh
awGwufcJh&jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ þtaMumif;wku Yd kd okaw qufqH&mü EkdifiHa&;upm;rI(political manipulation)udk jyKvkyfMu
oevky&f if;? ynm&Sit f oD;oD;u oDt&dk t D rsK;d rsK;d ? t,ltq &onf/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;ü wpfrsKd;? xkdif;ü wpfrsKd;? zdvpfykdifü wpfrsKd;?
trsKd;rsKd; azmfxkwfvmMuonf/ b*F v m;a'h & S f ü wpf r sKd ; ? ygupö w ef ü wpf r sKd ; ? upm;yk H c sif ;
t&yfbuf-ppfbufqufqHa&; taMumif;t&mESifh trsKd;rsKd;jcm;em;Muonf/
ywfoufaomoDtkd&DwkdYudk azmfxkwfjyKpk&mü? EkdifiHawmfvdk þokdY t&yfbufESifh EkdifiHa&;upm;MuykHwkdYudk? EkdifiHa&;odyÜH
tyfcsu(f state necessity)? rsKd;pyfxm;aomtmPmykdifpepf ynm&Siw f uYdk Ekid if aH &;upm;jcif;(political manipulation) acgif;pOf
(hybridized authoritarianism)? 0ifvrf; w&m;0ifrI (en-
atmufü aqG;aEG;onf/ þtykdif;ü rGwfpvifOD;a&rsm;aom
trance legitimacy)? zGp YJ nf;tkycf sKyyf t Hk ajccHOya'0g' (con- ygupöwef? tif'kdeD;&Sm;ESifh b*Fvm;a'h&SfwkdYwGif? jyóemu wpfrsKd;
stitutionalism)? 'Drkdua&pDudk jyefvnfxdef;odrf;ay;jcif;
xl;jcm;onf/ bmoma&;orm; wkdYESifh txl;owdxm; qufqH&
(restoration of democracy)? xGua f ygufr[mAsL[m(exit onf/ bmoma&;orm;wkdYESifh vufwGJ r[mrdwfzGJY&jcif;rsm;&Sdovdk?
strategy)? Eki
d if aH &;upm;jcif; (political manipulation) ponfh tMurf;zuf0g'qefYusifa&; vdktyfcsufjzifh qefYusif&onfvnf;
a0g[m&wkdYudk okH;pJGonf/ þa0g[m&wkdYonf bmom&yf &Sdonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm? bmoma&;tiftm;pkonf t&yfbuf-
ppfbufqufqHa&;ü? udef;&Sifwpfyg; jzpfaejcif;jzpfonf/
qkdif&mpum;&yf(technical terms)awG jzpfvmonf/
22 23
 vlt
Y zGt
JY pnf;udk b,fvdkzGJY
t0ifw&m;0ifrIü taMumif;jycsufaumif;ovdk? txGufr[m
AsL[müvnf; acsmacsmarGYarGY tqifajyap&onf/ ygupöwefü AkdvfcsKyf
BuD; rl&Sm&ufzfonf EkdifiHa&;upm;uGuftaejzifh? rdrdudkaxmufcHaom
EkdifiHa&;ygwDudk xlaxmifonf/ tumt&Hrsm;jyKvkyfí a&G;aumufyGJ
usif;yjyKvkyfay;cJh&m? t&yfbufygwDwkdYu tEkdif&&SdoGm;Muonf/ or®w
rl&Sm&ufzfu t&yfbuftpkd;&ESifh wpfrsKd;qufqH&awmhrnf/
xkdYaMumifh? ygupöwefü t&yfbuf-ppfbufqufqHrIonf? t&yf
bufokdY csdefcGifapmif;oGm;onf/ ppfbuftkyfpkd;rI\ xGufayguftaejzifh?
'Drkdua&pDudk jyefvnfxlaxmifay;vkdufonf/ t&yfbuftkyfpkd;rItopf
u ppfbufEiS hf oifjh rwfpmG qufqrH nf[ h ef&o
dS nf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf
ygupöwefEkdifiHa&;ü a&G;cs,fp&mESpfvrf;&SdaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
tpGef;a&muform;wkdYu? vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk bmomw&m;vTrf;rkd;a&;udk
a[monf/ bmoma&;uif; t&yfbufu? 'Dru dk a&pDay:xGe;f a&;(demo-
critization)udk a[monf/ ppfbufonf bmomw&m; vTrf;rkd;a&;vrf;udk
a&G;cs,f&ef taMumif;r&Sd? 'Drkdua&pDudkoma&G;cs,f&ef vrf;&Sdonf/ þ
taMumif;onf? tjcm;tmqD,HEkdifiHtwGufvnf; tusKH;0ifykH&av&m?
ppfbufu 'Drkdua&pDzGifhay;í xGufayguf&Smjcif;onf? rSefuefaom ajc
vSrf;jzpfonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;? xkdif;ESifh ygupöwefwkdYwGif? þvrf;jzifh xGuf
aygufr[mAsL[m &SmcJhMuonf/
ygazmif;rifhjy w&m;0ifrI
ygupöwefEkdifiHa&;wGif tjcm;EkdifiHwkdYxuf? ydkíxl;jcm;aom
tcsufwpfcsuf &Sdonf/ ygupöweftpkd;&ESifh EkdifiHa&;xdyftvTmwkdYonf?
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;csdefrSpNyD; bmoma&;ESifh wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;? EkdifiH
a&;upm;&onf/ oifhjrwfatmif jyK&onf/ wpfqufwnf;ü? ppfbuf
tkyfpkd;rIESifh ygwDEkdifiHa&; tcsdwftqufuvnf;? EkdifiHa&;odyÜHynmwGif
oD;jcm;bmom&yftjzpf avhvmoifhaomtaMumif;t&m jzpfonf/
ygupöwefwGif ppfbuftkyfpdk;rI\ yxrOD;qkH;wm0efonf? ygwD
EkdifiHa&;tm; Mum;xm;&efjzpfonf/ xkdif;? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf? zdvpfykdifESifh
tif'kdeD;&Sm;wkdYwGif ygwDEkdifiHa&;udk Mum;xm;&eftwGuf? EkdifiHa&;orm;
wkdY\tusifhysufrIudk rD;armif;xkd;tokH;jyKonf/ wpfNydKifeufwnf;wGif?
24
ppfbuftkyfpdk;rIu ydkívkyfjyEkdifaMumif;udkjyNyD;? w&m;0ifrIudk xlaxmif
onf/ ,if;udk performance legitimacy [k? ygupöwef EkdifiHa&;odyÜHynm
&Sifu emrnfay;onf/ ygazmif;rifhjzifh w&m;0ifrIudk xlaxmifonf/
okdYjzifh tmqD,Htygt0if tm&SEkdifiHwkdYwGif? w&m;0ifrIudk enf;
trsKd;rsKd;jzifhxlaxmifMuav&m ]t&yfbuf-ppfbufqufqHa&;} rsufESm
pmü? ygazmif;rifhjzifh w&m;0ifxlaxmifjcif;u? ydkNyD;a&yef;pm;vmonf/
EkdifiHom;wkdYuvnf; w&m;Oya't& w&m;0ifrIxuf? vufawGYt& t
usK;d &Srd u
I Mkd unfNh y;D w&m;0ifraI y;csiv
f mMuonf/ þtcsuu f yif Ekid if aH &;
&mwGif? ta&TUtajymif;wpfyg;[k qkdvmonf/
taMumif;t&mtopfjzpfaom ppfbuf-t&yfbufqufqaH &;wGif?
½kd;om;aomyGJpm;(honest broker)qkdaom t,ltqvnf;ay:onf/ ppf
bufrS xGuaf ygufr[mAsL[m(exit strategy) taumiftxnfazmf&mwGi?f
Mum;yGJpm;vdk,rvdk[lí pOf;pm;rI&Sdonf/ xkdYtjyif? xGufaygufr[mAsL[m
onf distorted civil-military configuration t&yf b uf - ppf b uf
ykHyef;o@mef t½kyfrqkd;&efvnf;? owday;onf/ þum;? ppfbuf-
t&yfbufqufqHrIudk? EkdifiHa&;odyÜHynm&SifwkdYu wifjyykHudk vdk&if;azmfjy
jcif;jzpfonf/
armifpl;prf;
Ref : Pakistan's Armored Democracy by Aqil Shah, political
and security analyst, Mar 31, 2008.
ausmf0if;
urÇmhtpDtpOfopf&SmyHkawmf
In Search of
NEW WORLD ORDER
3100450506
25
 ]v}om;t½G,fwGif rd&if;z&if;rarG;EdkifawmYí? tjcm;olrsm;
\arG;pm;jcif;udkcHcJY&aom nDtpfudktjrTmESpfOD; &SdcJYzl;onf/ wpfOD;u
tqif&U &dS pdS Of;pm;&if t&m½S d B uD ; jzpf a omf v nf ; ? usif v nf & aom ywf 0 ef ; usif \ tjyKjyif
tajymif;tvJukd cHc&YJ &Smonf/ todenf;cJí Y tqifjh rifjh rifh rpOf;pm;Edik f
a'guw
f maeZifvwf ojzif?h vlaY vmuu cGirYf vTwEf ikd af omtrSm;Bu;D udk usL;vGecf o hJ nf/ raorD
trSm;udk tod&vdu k af omfvnf;? vlo Y ufwrf;rapYrD a0'emudMk um&Snpf mG
cHpm;cJ&Y onf/ aornfukd BuKd wifoí d aorde&Yf aoma0'em jzpfc&hJ \/
jyif;aoma0'emudk raorcsi;f cHpm;&ef? avmu w&m;olBu;D u tjypfay;
ra&rwGufEdkifaom owåavmuBuD;wpfckvHk;wGif ]vl}udk vdkufonf/
wpfu@xm;í? tjcm;aom ouf½t dS m;vH;k udk ]wd&pämef}[k u@ tjrTmteuf? nDti,fusufpm;cJY&aom ywf0ef;usifu? tqif
cGjJ cm;xm;onf/ rwlnaD omtodaMumif[ Y k em;vnfEikd \ f / tjcm; tjcif&?dS ynmtajccH0ef;usijf zpfojzif?Y nDtpfuEkd pS Of ;D \p½du k u f ta&SU
owåavmuwGif today:tajccHí ÓPf&nftqifY uGmjcm;onf/ taemuf ajzmifhajzmifhBuD;qefYusifcJhonf/ rdepfydkif;rQomuGmcJhaom nD
tqiftjcif? tpOf;tpm;wGif vlESifYr,SOfomatmif uGmjcm;edrfY ti,fudk? trsm;u cspfcifMuonf/ &mxl;BuD;vmaomtcg trsm;u
usonf/ ½Sio f efrw I nf;[laompm;a&;ESiYf tcsKUd aea&;twGurf Q MunfnKd Muonf? av;pm;Muonf/ ykxZk Ofjzpfojzifh trSm;ao;rsm; ½SEd ikd f
om pOf;pm;Edik af omtod &SMd uonf/ vlurl pm;0wfaea&;tjyif aomfvnf;? vl0Y ef;usiu f vufrcHaomtrSm;rsKd ;udk vH;k 0rvkycf ?YJ trsm;u
BuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;udkyg? xnfYoGif; pOf;pm;Edkifaomtqifhudk &&Sd vufcEH ikd af om]ol} jzpfco YJ nf/ ywf0ef;usi\ f jyKjyifrjI zifh todjrifv h ol m;
onf/ tqif&h &dS dS pOf;pm;Edik Mf uolwcsKUd u? xdx Yk ufyí
kd pOf;pm;Mu\/ yif jzpfvifu Y pm;? ywf0ef;usiaf MumifY tqif&Y &dS pdS Of;pm;Edik o f El iS hf tqifh
vlrsm;wGiv f nf; omrmefpOf;pm;ol? tqif&h &dS pdS Of;pm;olEiS hf &Sd&Sd rpOf;pm;EkdifolESpfOD;\ tuGmtjcm;jzpfonf/
tqifjh rifjh rifph Of;pm;olrsm; xyfru H jJG ym;vmonf/ bmaMumifh xdo k Ykd tusdK;qufu todkYenf;/
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aemufjyefqGJxm;onfhvkyf&yfwpfckudk NydKusoGm;apcJhonfudk? ol aumif;
aumif;odcJhNyDjzpfonf/ tJ'DnrSm vlawG w&a[mNydKqif;vmNyD;? 96rdkif
&Snfvsm;onfh wHwdkif;BuD;vnf; wpfcPcsif;NydKusoGm;chJonf/
tckawmhjzifh q,fpkESpfckrjynfhao;cifrSmyif? ppfat;acwfonf
uav;awG\tjrifwGif acwfa[mif;&mZ0ifjzpfoGm;NyD/ ppfat;acwfudk
acwfa[mif;&mZ0ifwpfct k jzpf jrifaeMuonfh xdu
k av;rsm;onf? or®w
bk(&S)udk oabmrawGUvSaomfvnf;? tar&dum;ESifh tvGrf;oifhMuonf/
touf 18 ESpft&G,f vif'g0Dbm&JUtjrifrSmawmh? bm&wftdkbm;rm;udk
vmr,fhor®wa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf toufi,fqHk;udk,fpm;vS,favmif;
tjzpf? axmufcHonf/ Oa&mywdkufBuD;udk Nidrf;csrf;a&;azmfaqmifay;cJh
onfh tD;,ludkawmh? olwkdYpdwfxJ odyfrawGUvSay/
olwaYkd v;awG&UJ q&mwpfO;D jzpfol u½lyg uawmh? b0onf 1989
ckESpfxuf ydkaumif;vmonf[k vufcHonf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfudkom
taumif ; qH k ; [k ,l q xm;onf h ol Y t wG u f a wmh ? pd w f y suf p &mawG
&Sdaeao; onf/ ]*smreDjyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;twGuf uRefawmfwkdY
wdkufchJMuwm r[kwfbl;/ ydkaumif;wJh qkd&S,fvpfpepfwpfcktwGuf
wdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuwm/ tck uRefawmfwdkY&Sifoefae&wJh tajctaeu
uRefawmfwkdYvdkcsifwJhtae txm;r[kwfbl;}/
olYvdk cH,lcsufrsKd;u? ta&SU*smreDqE´jyacgif;aqmif *sKdcsif*GufrSm
vnf;? &SdcJhonf/ ]uRefawmfwkdY okcbHkwpfckudk tdyfrufrufcJhMuw,f/
North-Rhine Westphalia (e,fomvifEi S hf b,fv*f s,
D w
H EYdk iS hf e,ferd w
d f
pyfaeonfh ta&SU*smreDjynfe,f)rSm Edk;xchJMw,f} vdkY *sKdcsif*Gufu a<u;
34
aMumfcJhonf/
'grsK;d u? tuf'&De,f vif;<urIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaomajymif;vJrI
rsm;wGif? jzpf½dk;jzpfpOfwpfck jzpfonf/ 'Dvdk jyKjyifajymif;vJrItNyD;rSmvnf;?
taygifcHolESifh tcGefawmfaumufolawGuvnf;? &SdaeqJjzpfonf/
bmawGyJjzpfjzpf enf;ynmu aqmifMuOf;ay;cJhvkdY? 'Dvdkpmoifcef;uav;
xJ u ae urÇ m BuD ; ud k wd k ; vQd K ayguf j rif v mEd k i f w mawG u d k v nf ; ?
xnfhrpOf;pm; vdkY r&awmh/
abmfvuefppfyGJ? &0rf'gvl tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkufowfyGJ? 9-11?
tpöa&;wHwikd ;f opfEiS hf tar&duef-ruúpu D ekd ,fjcm;wHwikd ;f ? tD&wfppfyEJG iS hf
tjcm;tjcm;aom urÇmt h a&;tcif;rsm;aMumif?h taumif;jrif0g' ay:xGe;f
vmzkdY cufcJaumif;cufcJEdkifonf/ 'gayrJh? 'Dvdkt&mawGu enf;ynm
acwfBuD;xJu tem*wfqDudkysHoef;zdkY wmplaewJhvli,fawGudk? t&dyfrdk;
raeoifhay/
0ufpwif;a'ghuawmh uGefjrLeppepfudk? 0duDyD;'D;,m;rSm &SmMunfh
rnf[k uwday;onf/ ol 0DuDyD;'D;,m;xJ&Sm&if; ppfat;acwf'Da&jrifh
aecsdefü? tar&duefor®w*Reftufzfuae'D 1963 ZGef 26 &ufaeYrSm
taemuf*smreDuv kd mNy;D ? 'Dru
kd &ufwpftaemuf*smreDukd axmufcaH Mumif;
ajymMum;onfhrdefYcGef;xJrS ]Ich bin ein Berliner} (]I am a Bernliner})
qkdonfhpum;av;vHk;udkvnf;? awGUaumif;awGUoGm;zG,f&Sd onf/ xkdpOfu
qkdAD,ufu? ta&SU*smreDudk uGefjrLepfEdkifiHtjzpf axmuf cHtm;ay;NyD;?
bmvifwHwdkif;aqmufNyD;cgptcsdef jzpfonf/
uae'D xdkrdefYcGef;udkajymcJhonfrSm 45 ESpf&SdoGm;NyDjzpfonf/ tck
tcsdefrSmawmh 1989 rSm vljzpfMuonfhuav;i,frsm;twGuf arQmfvifh
csufawG? cGeftm;awG ay;pGrf;Edkifrnfhpum;vHk;udkawmh urÇmhacgif;aqmif
awG &SmazGNyD;vkyfaqmifzkdY tcsdefwefNyDjzpfonf/
k if
ud[
Ref: The Cold War as Ancient History
by Roger Cohen
Berlin
35
 cspfjcif; rmonf? odahk omf bdZeufatmifjrifwdk;wufrIaMumifh vifr,m;uGJMuonf/ ESpfOD;ydkif
,ckaqmif;yg;wGif? ayghayghyg;yg;taMumif;t&mav;ESifh av;av; Opöm"ewdkYudk cGJa0Muonf/ odkYaomf bdZeufudkum;rcGJay/ ESpfOD;ydkifygwem
eufeuftaMumif;t&mwdkhudk? a&mpyfxm;MunfUonf/ acwfut&m&monf tjzpfyif qufxm;onf/ ZeD;jzpfolu vifawmfarmif\ tpGrf;tpESifh
rl&if;r&Sd? tppfr&Sd? twkawG ta&mawGom jzpfaeonf/ tayghtav; BuH&nfzef&nfudk odonf/ cifyGef;a[mif;ü b,f[mjrwfwwfonf? b,f
wpfNyKd ief ufwnf;jzpfaeonf/ pma&;q&mu jzpfaeonft U wdik ;f ? taygt h av; [mjzifh rjrwfwwfqakd omtcsuu f kd arG;&mygAZD jzifh odonf/ cifyeG ;f uvnf;?
ta&mtpyfwdkhudk wwfEdkiforQ azmufonfcs&ef? wm0ef&Sdaeonf/ Oyrm- ZeD;a[mif;\oGufoGufvufvuf&SdrI? aps;a&mif;wwfrIü uRrf;usifrIwdkYudk?
tcspfESifhpGefhOD;wDxGifrI ta&mtpyfay:vmyHkudk erlemjyoifhonf/ aumif;aumif;BuD;odonf/
vifEiS rhf ,m; pD;yGm;a&;vkyMf uonfrmS bmqef;wmrSwv f /hkd odahk omf odkYjzifh? wpfa,muf\t&nftcsif; wpfa,mufuod? wpfa,muf
wpfrsK;d qef;oGm;onf/ vifEiS rhf ,m; yl;wGt J vkyv f yk o
f jzifh pD;yGm;wufonf/ \BuH&nfzef&nfESifhtpGrf;tp wpfa,mufuodMuojzifh? vifr,m;jywfpJ
olwv Ykd yk if ef;u aps;uGuaf 0pktawmfBu;D Bu;D &vmonf/ atmifjrifvmonf[k aomfvnf; bdZeufurkd l rcGMJ uay/ twlwq l ufvyk o f nf/ 'Dawmh bdZeuf
qdyk gawmh/ olwv Ykd ifr,m;ESpaf ,mufukd atmifjrifaom pGeOYf ;D wDxiG o f rl sm;[k? rD'D,morm;wdkYu ]tcspfonf rm\/ pGefYOD;wDxGifrIu ydrk m\} (Love is
*kPfjyKcsD;usL;Muonf/ hard, but entrepreneurship is harder) [k a0zefa&;om;vmMuonf/

tD;ar;vfvdyfpm? arwÅmxuf
pGefhOD;wDxGifrIu ydkcuf ukrP
Ü v
D m;? wpfEikd w
tar&duefp;D yGm;a&; tusyt
f pfyikd v
f m;
f wnf;onf? &Dquf&iS ;f (recession)xJ
a r m if pl ; p rf ; w&m;0ifra&mufao;/ þodkYra&mufao;aMumif;ESifhywfoufí t
aMumif;ESpfcsufjyonf/ yxrtaMumif;jycsufonf or®wbk&Sfu tar
acgi;f aqmifrEI iS Uf tD;ar;vf &duefp;D yGm;a&;onf twufaES;jcif;om jzpfonf[k ajymNy;D ? &Dquf&iS ;f udk
acwfudk csdwfqufrIjynfhpHkvmaomacwf (age of connectivity)[k jiif;qkad omtcsujf zpfonf/ 'kw, d taMumif;jycsuo f nf av;vwpfBurd f
ac:vmonf/ qJvzf ek ;f jzifh tifwmeufukd csw d q
f ufEikd o
f nfah cwfukd ,ck aumuf,al om ppfwrf;t&? tar&duef*s'D yD o D nf avsmqh if;oGm;apumrl?
arQmfvifhxm;onf/ tifwmeufwuúEdkvdk*sD ay:vmojzifh? bdZeuf ESpf taygif;vu©Pm jyaeao;aomtcsuf jzpfonf/ pwkw¬ av;vywf
jcrf;uGJoGm;onf/ tGefvdkif;bdZeuform;ESifh orm;½dk;usbdZeuform;wkdY *sD'DyDwdk;wufrIEIef;onf 0.6 &mcdkifEIef;jzpfí? enf;aomfvnf; taygif;
[líjzpfonf/ bdZeufpDrHcefYcGJrIüvnf; tGefvdkif;bdZeufpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh vu©Pmjzpfaeonf/ *sD'DyDwdk;wufrIEIef;udk,füu tEkwfvu©Pmjyvm
atmhzfvdkif;bdZeufpDrHcefYcGJrIwkdY qkdNyD;jzpfoGm;onf/ rSomvQi?f pD;yGm;a&;onf &Dquf&iS ;f xJ0ifNy[ D k todtrSwjf yKcsiMf uonf/
bdZeufESpfrsKd; uGJoGm;onfhtwGuf? pDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpHvnf; ESpfrsKd;uGJ rnfodkYyifjzpfap? twufaES;NyD; tusbuf,dkifqif;onfjzpfap?
oGm;onf/ awGUaeus? jrifaeus bdZeufpDrHcefYcGJrIwGif azmufonfESifh tEkwfvu©Pmjyí usqif;oGm;onfjzpfap? pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;
acgif;aqmifr(I customers and leadership)wdo Yk nf trmcHausm½d;k jzpfonf/ onf ukrP Ü BD u;D wku
Yd kd ydí
k xdcu
kd af povm; (odw Yk nf;r[kw)f wpfEdkifwpfydkif
tGefvkdif;bdZeufpDrHcefYcGJrIwGif tD;ar;vfESifhtD;ar;vfvdyfpm (e-mail and ti,fESifhtvwfpm;t&G,fwdkYudk ydkíxdcdkufapovm;[lí? ppfwrf;
e-mail addresses)wkdYonf trmcHausm½dk;jzpfonf/ xkwfMunfhMuonf/ tjiif;yGm;Muonf/
36 37
 aiGazmfcuf
þodkYppfwrf;xkwf&if; slump busters awGay:vmojzifh? olwkdYt
aMumif;avhvmrIwkdYudk jyKvkyfMuonf/ slump rSm tvkyftudkif raumif;
onfhtcsdef? pD;yGm;a&;usqif;csdefudk ñTef;onf/ busters wdkY qkdonfrSm
NzdKcGif;ol? wm;qD;olwdkYudkñTef;onf/ xkdYaMumifh NcHKNyD;ajymvQif pD;yGm;a&;
usqif;csdefü? tusKd;tjrwfay:atmif vkyfEdkifolrsm;udkac:onf/ ajym
aeus pum;twkid ;f ajym&vQif olwo Ydk nf &Dquf&iS ;f (pD;yGm;a&;usqif;rI)udk
tcGifhtvrf;tjzpf jrifEdkifolawGjzpfonf/
NcHKiHkajym&vQif? pD;yGm;a&;usqif;jcif;onf aiGa&;aMu;a&;? b@m
a&;udpöwkdYü ydkNyD;wm0ef&Sd&Sd pOf;pm;wwfatmif? wGef;tm;ay;vdkufjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ y&rf;ywm rqifrjcifudkifchJaom aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESifh b@ma&;
udpöwdkYudk? pepfwusESifhwm0ef&Sd&Sdjyefcsdef&onf/ jyefpOf;pm;&onf/ zJ
pum;ESifhajymvQif zJcsyfwkdYudk ukvm;zefjyefxkd;Mu&onf/ þodkYukvm;zef
xdk;&if; pD;yGm;a&;usqif;rIü ay:avhay:x&Sdaom tcGifhtvrf;wdkYudk
qkyfudkifMuonf/ wpfenf;ajymvQif avmif;aMu;xyfMuonf/
zJupm0dik ;f ü avmif;aMu;xyfovdk jyKonf[q k &kd onfrmS ? pD;yGm;a&;
usqif;csed üf ay:aom tcGit hf vrf;wdu Yk kd qkyuf ikd &f onfrmS ra&&mrItay:
avmif;&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Oyrm-aps;uGufü aiG&JTpdkrIr&Sd? aiGusyfae
onf[k qkdMuygpdkY/ market liquidity [k ac:onf/ aps;uGufü aiGr&TJ[k
qkdonfrSm tufqufwkdYudka&mif;xkwfNyD;? aiGazmf&cufcJaejcif;udk &nf
ñTef;onf/ aps;uGufxJ rdrdydkiftufqufwdkYudk wef&mwefaMu;ESifhtvG,f
wul a&mif;xkwfEdkifrSom aps;uGufaiG&TJpdkonf[k ac:onf/
þodkYr[kwfbJ tufqufwkdYudk a&mif;&cufaeonf/ 0,folr&Sd?
wef&mwefzkd;atmuf aps;avQmha&mif;&onf/ rD;avmifvQif &&maps;jzifh
xkd;a&mif;&onfhyHk (fire sale) rsKd;ESifh a&mif;&vQif? aps;uGufü aiGr&Tif[k
ac:Edik of nf/ ,ck &Dquf&iS ;f xJ0ifaeonfqo dk nfrmS aps;uGux f J tufquf
awGa&mif;í aiGazmf&onfeh nf;onf tcuftcJawGUae&jcif;udk ñTe;f onf/
jyó'g;udk jym;atmifvyk f
,ck tar&dum;ESihf Edik if t
H rsm;tjym;wkw
Yd iG f t&if;tES;D &Sm&cufae
Muonf/ acs;&iSm;&cufaeMuonf/ acs;iSm;rItusyftwnf; (credit
crunch) jzpfaeonf/ xkdtcg aiG&if;vkdolwkdYonf? rdrdwkdYydkiftufquf
38
wkdYudk &&maps;jzifh? csa&mif;xkwfaeMu&onf/ txl;ojzifh ya&mfygwDac:
tdrfawGudk aps;avQmhNyD; csa&mif;ae&onf/ pufypönf;wkdYudk avQmhaps;jzifh
csa&mif;aeMuonf/ puf½t kH vky½f wHk u
Ykd kd ydwyf pfrnft h pm; pufypön;f wdu Yk kd
jzKwfa&mif;csvmMuonf/
þodkYavQmhaps;jzifh csa&mif;vmjcif;onf? pGefY&JolwkdYtzkdY tcGifh
tvrf;yif jzpfvmawmhonf/ tufqufESifh ya&mfygwDwdkYudk avQmhaps;jzifh
vdkuf0,fNyD;odrf;EdkifvQif? &Dquf&Sif;vGefacwf (post-recession) ütusKd;&Sd
Edkifonf[k wGufMuonf/ tdrfaps;EIef;rsm; b,favmufawmif xkd;us
oenf;qkdvQif? tdrfaygifpOfu xm;&Sdonfh tdrfwefzdk; (mortgage value)
atmufodkYyif? umvayguftdrfaps;u a&mufoGm;onf/ tdrf\aps;uGuf
wefzdk;u taygifwefzkd;atmuf a&mufoGm;ojzifh? tdrfjyefa&G;onfxuf
taygiftqHk;cHvdkufonfu ydkítqHk;t½IH;oufomovkd jzpfvmonf/
þvdk tufqufaps;EIef;awG? pufypönf;awG? wpfywf&pfawG?
armfawmfum;awG 'va[maps;xd;k usvmcsed w f iG ?f þypön;f wdu Yk v
kd u kd 0f ,f
NyD; aiGupm;EdkifolwkdYtzkdY? uHaumif;vQiftusKd;&SdEdkifonf/ þvdk pD;yGm;a&;
tajctaeraumif;í avQmhaps;jzifhcsa&mif;aom ya&mfygwD? tufquf
ESifh ypönf;t&yf&yfudk? aiGxkyfydkufNyD; vdkufvH0,f,laomolwkdYudk txuf
wGifazmfjyonfhtwdkif; slump busters uscsdefudk NzdKcGif;olrsm;[k ac:vm
onf/ jrefrmpum;yHkvm ]jyó'g; c&D;xGuf? wkd;wufatmifyGJcH}? ]jyó'g;
jym;aeatmif ½ke;f vdu k f vmbfx;dk vduk }f qkad om qk½d ;kd pum;wku Yd kd vdu k ef m[ef
wlonf/
jywfpJonf/ odkhaomf
xl;xl;qef;qef; jzpf&yfwpfrsKd;vnf; ay:onf/ pD;yGm;a&;udk vif
r,m; yl;aygif;jyKvkyfMuaomyHkpHonf omrefjzpfaomfvnf; OD;ESifhyJh twl
xrf;&Gufonf[k ,lqícsD;usL;Muonf/ vufxyfyGm;yHkpHvnf;ay:? ao
wpfyef oufwpfqHk;arwåmyHkpHvnf; ay:onf/
odkYaomf vifESifhr,m; vQmESifhoGm;qkdovkd tcefYroifhaomtcsdef
rsm; &Sdvmwwfonf/ t,fvifarmh*dwfcsfukrÜPDonf *sifeDzmESifh olr\
cifyGef;wkdY yl;wGJydkifqkdifaom vkyfief;jzpfonf/ vifr,m;ESpfOD;ydkif ESpfOD;
twljyKvkyfMuojzifh unlimited partnership [kac:onf/ þodt Yk wlwl
pD;yGm;vkyMf u&m vkyif ef;vnf;tawmfatmifjrifonf? Bu;D yGm;wk;d wufonf/
39
od&Yk mwGif wpfaeYaomf vifr,m;&efjzpfonf/ b,favmufawmifBu;D us,f
oGm;oenf;qkdaomf vifr,m; uGJMuonf/ ypönf;cef; cGJMuonf/
odkY&mwGif olwkdYESpfOD;ydkif bdZeufudkrl rcGJMuay/ ESpfOD;ydkiftjzpf
twlwq l ufvyk o f nf/ jywfpNJ y;D om; vifr,m;ESpOf ;D ydik q
f adk wmh? a,musmf ;
u vkyif ef;\abmhpjf zpfvmonf/ þoabmESiyhf if vkyif ef;uvnf; quf
vufatmifjrifvm&m? olwdkYESpfOD;\bdZeufudk xl;qef;ojzifh jyufvHk;
xkwfvmMuonf/ olwkdYESpfOD;\bdZeufyHkpHudk t"dyÜm,fay;MunfhMu
onf/ bdZeufr*¾Zif;wpfapmifu olwkdYyHkpHudkMunfhNyD;? ]arwåmonf rm
ausmcufco J nf/ pGeOYf ;D wDxiG rf o
I nf ydv
k aYkd wmif rmausmcufcaJ o;onf/
od&Yk mwGif pHw
k w
JG oYkd nf bdZeufukd twlvufwJG qufvufvyk af eMuonf/
olwkdYonf ]iaygawGvm;}[k o½kyfazmfonf/ ar;cGef;ar;NyD; aighonf/
abmUpfESifU twltdyf
þa0zefcsuu f kd ZeD;onfu jyefajz&Si;f onf/ uGm&Si;f jywfpaJ yr,fh
twlwt l vkyv f yk o
f jzifh om;orD;awGpw
d cf sr;f omonf/ jywfpaJ omfvnf;
twlwlvkyf&onfrSm ]cifyGef;a[mif;\ r,HkMunfEdkifp&m ADZwpfckwGif?
uRefru ,HkMunfpdwfcsaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ þADZrSm uRefrcifyGef;
a[mif;onf b,f[monftjrwfxGufEdkifonf? b,f[monf tjrwf
rxGufEdkif qdkaomtaMumif;udk? ADZpdwfjzifhodEdkifaomuRrf;usifrI &Sdonf/
oluvnf; uRefr\uRrf;usifrIudk ,HkMunfpdwfcsyHk&onf/ Mumawmh
vnf; qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfrIawGrSm uGJjym;vmygonf/ 'guvnf; rqef;yg/
jyóemwpfckü tajzuwpfckru &SdEdkifonfr[kwfygvm;}[k ajz&Sif;jy
onf/ jywfpJxm;aomvifr,m; pD;yGm;a&;twlvkyfyHkudkMunfhNyD; rD'D,m
wpfcku acgif;pD;wyfonf/ ]abmhpfESifhtwltdyfjcif;} (sleeping with the
boss) [líjzpfonf/
armifpl;prf;
tñTe;f / Fortune - Small Business
40
yifv,f"m;jyESiUf
pGeOhf ;D wDxiG o
f l
OD ; cs rf ; a t ;
yifv,f"m;jyerlem
tavhtxvm;? ay:yifvm; rod/ e,fy,f ESpyf ,f
twGif; oDtdk&Dxkwfjcif; tvGefacwfpm;aeonf/ yxr
e,fy,fjzpfaom tvSty tygt0if use;f rma&;(0Jvef ufp)f
wGif? wpfywfvQif oDtdk&DwpfrsKd; xGufaeovdk? 'kwd,e,f
y,fjzpfaom pGeOYf ;D wDxiG of rl sm; (entrepreneurial role) ESihf
ywfoufívnf;? oDtdk&DawG aygif;pHkxGufonf/ usef;rm
a&;ESifh tvSe,fy,fwGif t0avQmhjcif;? 0dwfavQmhjcif;
qkdif&moDtkd&DwdkYonf rsm;rSrsm;/ aemufqHk;oDtdk&Du? buf
wD;&D;,m;ydk;wdkYonf cE¨mukd,fwGif;ü vl\udkvkdeDjzpfaeí?
0dwfavQmh&ef cufcJyHkudkajymonf/
t0vGefjcif;udk rnfuJhodkYwm;qD;&rvJ oDtdk&DawG
aygvSovdk? pGefYOD;wDxGifoljzpfenf; usrf;wkdYuvnf; rsm;vS
onf/ ,ckaemufqHk; yifv,f"m;jy(pirate)enf;udk twk
cdk;í? atmifjrifaompGefYOD;wDxGifol jzpfEikd o f nf[k qkv d m
onf/ um&DbifuRe;f qG,rf S yifv,f"m;jyBu;D *Reef 'D ufyfukd
*kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh ]tifwmae&Sife,f yifv,f"m;jyaeY}
udk usif;yjyKvkyfcJhonf/
pirate qdak omt*Fvyd pf um;onf? *&dbmom peira
rSqif;oufonf/ attempt BuKd ;pm;jcif;? experience tawGU
tBuHK[k teuft"dyÜm,fxGufonf/ teufoufa&muf
rItm;jzifh ]yifv,fxüJ uHaumif;jcif;udk &SmazGawGU&Sd&ef}
(to find luck in sea)[lívnf; t"dymÜ ,fxu G of nf/ uyÜwed f
[kcfonf oifhtwGuf pGefYOD;wDxGifol erlempHjyjzpf&ef
taMumif;&if; 10 csu&f o dS nf/ yifv,f"m;jyBu;D wpfa,muf
41
udk pHjyarmf',ftjzpf twk,l&efqkdaom wdkufwGef;csufudk ayghayghyg;yg;
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
(1) cifAsm;ycHk;ay: Muufwla&G;wpfaumif wifxm;yg/
(get a parrot on your shoulder)
yifv,f"m;jyBuD;wkdYonf Muufwla&G;wpfaumifudk olwdkYycHk;ay:ü
wifxm;avh&o
dS nf/ þMuufwal &G;u tcsuEf pS cf suu f kd ud,k pf m;jyKonf/
(u) oif \ tod p d w f/ vG,fulaoma&G;cs,frIonf rSefuefaom
(u)oif
a&G;cs,frI jzpfcsifrSjzpfwwfaMumif;udk pGefYOD;wDxGifolwkdif;
odMuonf/ oifhycHk;ay:u Muufwla&G; (todpdwf)u oifhudk
vrf;ñTefygvdrhfrnf/
(c) aumif ; &mñT e f j yol q &m (mentor)/ /tawGUtBuHK&Sdol
wpfOD;OD;u vrf;ñTefonfhtoHudk qkdvdkonf/ q&maumif;
q&mrSef(Muufwla&G;)udk a&G;yg/ oifonf rkd;xdatmif
atmifjrifEdkifonf/
(2) rsufpdum ( eye patch)
pGefYOD;wDxGifolwpfOD;onf a&G;cs,fxm;aomAD;&Sif; &Sd&onf/ t
cGifhtvrf;wdkYMum;xJwGif tm½HkraxGjym;atmif *½kpdkuf&rnf/ rqkdifonfh
Zkew
f tYdk ay: tm½Hrk a&mufatmif umxm;&rnf/ þtwGuf wifpm; t
oGifaqmifxm;aom rsufpdum&Sd&rnf/ udk,f zkd;uyfpfvkyfcsifaeaom
t&mudk pl;pdkufí useforQ ukef;abmiftwdkif; avQmufygap/
(3) tysHpm;yifv,f"m;jyt0wftpm; (the junky priate wear)
pGefYOD;wDxGifolonf vltkyfESifh uGJjym;jcm;&rnf/ xl;jcm;&rnf/
wdu
k ?f tdrf ta&mif;t0,fypJG m;yifjzpfap a&SUaqmifwx D iG o
f yl ikd t
f ;kd eD;,m;
wdkYonf eufwdkifvnfpnf; rpD;aom bdZeuf½kyf[efudkay:atmifjyKMu
onf/ pGefYOD;wDxGifolwkdYonf xHk;wrf;pOfvmaemuf rvdkufMuay/ þ
tcsufuyif olwkdYudk tvG,fwulrSwfrdapEdkifonf/
(4) &moDra&G; tcsdefra&G; (any weather; any time)
yifv,f"m;jywdkYonf Murf;wrf;aom yifv,fvIdif;wHydk;xJ c&D;ESif
42
Muonf/ olwkdYudk,folwkdY ]rdkbdkif;} jzpfaeatmif vIyf&Sm;aeonf/ rnf
onfh tajctaersKd; ay:onfjzpfap &ifqdkifwwf&onf/ aysmhaysmif;rI
&Sd&wwfonf/ tEÅdrpGefYOD;wDxGifol\vu©Pmyif jzpfonf/
(5) tzGJYESifU aorvm;? &Sifrvm; (live and die by the team)
rnfonfhyifv,f"m;jyrS avSom;wpfOD;wnf;udk avStm;vTwfay;
xm;onfr[kw/f rnfonfah tmifjrifaompGeOYf ;D wDxiG of rl S pdw"f mwf tm;
aumif;aom? xl;cRefxufjrufaom? tvkyfBudK;pm;aom tzGJUom;rsm;ESifh
uif;í yef;wkdifa&mufonf[lír&Sd/ bkwftzGJU½Hk;onf yifv,fxJrS avS
ESifhwlonf/ acgif;aqmifnHhzsif;vQif avSom;wdkY\ykefuefrIESifh awGUBuHK&
rnf/
(6) bdkifurfOD;xkyf (bicome hat)
eydkvD,Haqmif;aom OD;xkyfyHkoP²mefrsKd;udk ñTef;onf/ OD;xkyfem;
&Gufum;um;ESpfzuf &Sdonf/ pGefYOD;wDxGifolwkdYonf OD;xkyfrsKd;pHk aqmif;&
rnf/ eydkvD,HOD;xkyfvdk &,fzG,faumif;apumrl aqmif;&rnf/
(7) ajcaxmuftwk (the peg leg)
[dk,drf;'D,drf;acsmfaeaom ukef;ywfay:üvnf;aumif;? vdIif;wHydk;
xefaeaom ork'´&mxJüvnf;aumif;? ajcaxmufwkjzifhvnf;aumif;
yifv,f"m;jyonf urÇmwpf0ef;avQmufNy;D txk;d tBuw d ?f towftykwf
Zmwfvrf;wdkYudk qifETJjyaeonf/ pGefYOD;wDxGifolwkdYuJhodkYyif vlwkdYü roef
pGr;f rIrsm;&SMd uonf/ yHpk u
H sausmif;wkw
Yd iG f pmroifz;l ? uav;b0? vli,fb0
jyKpkysKd;axmifrIü uHraumif;pGm jzwfoef;cJh&onf/ enf;ynm uRrf;usifrI
onf r&So d avmufjzpfonf/ odaYk omf yifv,f"m;jyuJo h yYkd if? þrpGr;f oefrI
wkdYudkausmfvTm;EdkifNyD;? vdk&mc&D;a&mufatmif ESifEdkifonf/ ajcaxmuf
twkwyfxm;í roefpGrf;apumrl? wjcm;enf;wdkYjzifh tavsmf&ovdk oef
pGrf;Edkifonf/ a&SUodkY c&D;qufEdkifonf/
(8) csdwf (hook)
yifv,f"m;jytaMumif; ajymp&m&SdvQif? þtaMumif;rSm csdwf
(hook)taMumif;jzpfonf/ pGeO
Yf ;D wDxiG o
f o
l nf yifv,f"m;jyuJo
h Ykd wjcm;
43
olwkdYudk avSay:qGJwifEdkif&ef csdwfvdkonf/ tdkif'D,m&dSol? &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHol?
bPfwdkYudk oabFmay:qGJwif&ef csdwfvdkonf/ ypönf;ESifh0efaqmifrI
taMumif;wkdYudk azmufonfwkdYu yg;pyfrS taumif;xkwfajymvmatmif
csdwfvdkonf/

(9) tzdk;wef &wemaowÅmBuD; (the treasure chest)

yifv,f"m;jyonf &wemodkuf&SmazGa&;ü pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf&Sdonf/
olw&Ykd mS onf&h wemaowåmonf b,f[mjzpfonfukd olwYdk aumif;aumif;
odonf/ olwkdYü ajryHkygonf/ &wemodkuf&Sd&m b,fvdkoGm;&rnfudk Munfrif;
odonf/
oifhtwGuf &wemaowåmonf bmvJ/ aps;uGufxJ&Sd oif\
ukefypönf;udk awGUjcif;vm;? aeYpOfaeYwkdif; vma&muftvkyfvkyfMuonfh
aumif;uifrsm; wdrfwdkufrsm;
tvkyform;awGyJvm;/ oif\&wemodkufonf bmvJqkdwm? oif od&Sd jywfoGm;ojzifh rdrda&;chJaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk
&rnf/ oif\yef;wdkifudk od&dSjcif;jzpfonf/ yef;wdkifudkod&SdNyD;onfhaemuf jyefvnfrdwfqufay;rSoifhrnf xifygonf/ The Wavesu
yef;wkdifodkUoGm;&mvrf;udk vrf;jyajryHkqGJ&ygvdrhfrnf/ pmrlawmif;aomtcg a&&SnfpDrHudef;tjzpf ]aumif;uif
rsm; wdrfwdkufrsm;} [laom acgif;pOfjzifh a&;ay;jzpfcJhonf/
(10) rdwfqufay;&efrvdk (no introduction needed) "mwfyrkH sm;taMumif; yv’icf &H if;u? uReaf wmfw\ Ydk acgif;
yifv,f"m;jywko Yd nf olwu Ydk ,kd o f w
l Ydk yifv,f"m;jyyg[k rdwq f uf ay:rS aumif;uifrsm; wdrfwdkufrsm;taMumif; a&;&efjzpf
p&mrvkdyg/ olwdkYudkMunfh½Hkjzifh yifv,f"m;jyrSef; odEdkifonf/ 'DtaMumif; onf/ odkYaomf taMumif;roifhí jywfoGm;cJh\/ q&m
olwkdYavSom;wkdYuvnf; od&Sdonf/ ausmf0if; ESifhtwl [oFmwodkY c&D;xGuf&aomtcg xyf
þtcsuo f nf pGeOYf ;D wDxiG of w l t Ykd wGuv f nf; rSeu
f efonf/ yifv,f owday;jyefonf/ q&mhvkd trsK;d om;pmayqk& emrnfausmf
"m;jyonf yifv,fudkcspfjrwfEdk;onf/ xkdenf;wlpGm pGefYOD;wDxGifolwkdY\ wpfO;D u tav;teuf ajymvmonft h cg? uReaf wmf ra&;
aoG;xJom;xJü pdwfjyif;jyrIu tm;aumif;aumif;jzifh&Sdaeonf/ bdZeuf bJ r&awmh/ The Wavesvdk MoZm&Sd influential r*¾Zif;
tdkif'D,mtopftaMumif; pdwful;vQif ESvHk;ckefEIef;jrifhwufoGm;onf/ wpfapmiftwGufa&;&efrSm odyfvG,fvSonfr[kwf/ odkY
OD;aESmufvIyf&Sm;rIjrefoGm;onf/ tvHwdkifxdyfodkY rdrdtvHudk wif&efyif aomf BudK;pm;&rnfom/
rapmifhEdkifay/ tvHrvTifhbJ avSudkarmif;xGufwef xGufchJ&onf/
pGeOYf ;D wDxiG of ol nf yifv,f"m;jywpfa,mufvkd tvkyf vkyf&rnf[k (1)
ñTe;f &if;? pGeOYf ;D wDxiG cf siof w l o
Ydk nf yifv,f"m;jyudk pHerlemjy role model tcsed jf ynfph ma&;q&mtjzpf cH,v
l u
kd af omtcg? pm
tjzpfavhvm&ef ynm&SifwpfOD;u wdkufwGef;onf/ a&;jcif;tjyif tjcm;tvkyfESpfckudkyg uRefawmfh&nfrSef;csuf
rsm;twGif; xnfhoGif;cJhygonf/ yxrwpfckrSm pma&;q&m
OD;csrf;at; rsm; (vlBu;D vli,fra&G;? pmaytrsK;d tpm;ra&G;)\ yHrk ESyd &f ?
tñTe;f / Straits Time yHkrESdyfjzpfaom vufa&;pmrlrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&ef jzpf
44 45
onf / uRef a wmf o nf tpk t aqmif ; 0goemygol j zpf & m (&ef o l r sKd ;
ig;yg;ESifhvnf; rBuHKchJ&ojzifh) i,fpOfu a&;cJhaom vufoifpmrl (pmrl
trSwf 1)u tp&Sdaeygonf/ a&;NyD;rydkYjzpfaompmrl? rNyD;rjywf wpfydkif;
wef;vef;pmrl? r*¾Zif;pmapmifrsm;rS jyefydkYvmaompmrl? vufcHpmrl?
a&;NyD;orQ jyeful;xm;aom uAsmAvmpmtkyfrsm; ponfjzifh wpfxyfBuD;
jzpf\/ yHkESdyfcH&aom pmrlta&twGufu rsm;vmaomtcg r*¾Zif;awG?
*sme,fawGvnf; wpfykHBuD;jzpfvmawmhonf/ xdktyHkBuD;udkMunfhNyD;
wpfaeYus&ifawmh rdkufc½dkzvifeYJ ½dkufxm;&rSmyJ[k pOf;pm;cJhzl;\/
enf;ynmrsm; qef;opfvmaomacwfwiG f þjyóemu vG,fvG,f
av;ESi&hf iS ;f oGm;ygonf/ puifem(scanner)ay:wifNy;D ul;um uGeyf sLwmü
zdkifzGJUodrf;½Hkjzifh &oGm;NyD/ tcsdef,lNyD; rarmryef; ZGJaumif;aumif; vkyf&
wmwpfckyJ ajymp&m&Sdonf/ 'pf*spfw,fuifr&mrsm;ay:vmNyD;? aygvm
aomtcg ydkvG,fydkjrefaomtajzudk awGUyg\/ zswfceJ zswfceJ½dkufNyD;
"mwfjym;ay:wifvu kd ½f o
kH m &Sad wmhonf/ uReaf wmfvyk cf siaf eaom tcrJh
0efaqmifrIvkyfief;udk vG,fvG,fav;vkyfEdkifvmawmhrnf/ rdrd\ odrf;
qnf; xm;aom vufa&;rlrsm;udk tvG,fodrf;vdkol? trSwfw& vuf
aqmifay;vkdol? txl;pmMunfhwdkufrsm;odkY rSwfwrf;tjzpf vSLvdkolrsm;u
vma&muf qufoG,fvQif jrefjrefqefqef aqmif&Gufay;í&NyD jzpf\/
þpdwful;udk&cJhonfrSm tcsufESpfcsufaMumifhjzpfonf/ q&m
OD;BuD;armif(aiGOa'gif;)vm;rod a&;cJhaom pmwpfyk'fwGif? usrf;rsm;pGm
jyKpkoGm;aom q&mawmf t&Siftm'dpö0Ho (aemifwGif OD;atmifjrwfxG#f)
taMumif; awGU&zl;onf/ xkwaf 0&ef&nfreS ;f Ny;D a&;onfr[kw/f a&;csií
a&;xdu k w f m a&;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f pmrlrsm;onf wpftyk Ef pS t
f yk rf v
S í
pmtkyftjzpf xGufrvmcJhyg/ ESajrmp&maumif;vSonf/ þvdkyif usrf;jyK
aeMuaomq&mawmfBuD;rsm;? ynm&SdBuD;rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdygvdrhfrnf/ xkdpmrl
rsm;udk uRefawmfhtaejzifh uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;\*kPf[k owf
rSwfonf/ odu©m[k owfrSwfonf/ raysmufrysuf rSwfwrf;wifxm;
vQif wpfcsdefcsdefrSm toHk;0ifvmrnfom/
'kwd,tcsufuawmh uRefawmfhrdwfaqGpma&;q&mwpfOD;ESifh ywf
oufonf/ olonf uG,fvGefoGm;csdeftxd 0w¬Kwdkq,fyk'favmufom
yHkESdyfcHcJh&rnfxifonf/ odkYaomf pmtvGefa&;Edkifoljzpf\/ vHk;csif;xkwf
ay;rnf[kqkdaom (pmaywdkufydkif&Sif) pma&;q&mwpfOD;xHodkY ydkYxm;onf
46
rSmyif? &Spftkyfxufrenf;&Sdrnf/ uRefawmfhudktaMumif;jyKí olay;ydkYaom
pmrlBuD;wpfxkyf&Sdonf/ ]arwåmuGef;&dyf} trnf&Sd 0w¬K&SnfBuD;jzpfonf/
omrefvHk;csif;0w¬K oHk;tkyfpmavmuf&dSrnf/ xkdpmrlBuD;udk tlvnfvnf
xkwfa0olwpfOD;u xkwfay;rnf[k ,loGm;NyD;umrS? azmifzGJUMunfhawmh
pmrsufESmt&rf;rsm;aeonfudkawGUí? omrefwpftkyf ([dkwkef;uawmh
ESpuf sywf ef)t&ifay;yg? csucf si;f xkwaf y;ygrnf/ ]arwåmuGe;f &dy}f uawmh
t&if;tESD;rsm;vGef;í cPxm;ygOD;[k ajymonf/ uRefawmfhrdwfaqGu
]arwåmuGe;f &dy}f udyk J xkwcf siaf eoljzpf&m? xdw k udk Ef iS t
hf vkyrf jzpf/ rdwaf qG
\tem;wGif &HaeMuaomyk*Kd¾ vaf v;rsm;u? uReaf wmfom wdu k wf u
kd f wGe;f
wGef; 0ifajymvQif ]arwåmuGef;&dyf}udk xkwfjzpfavmufonf[kqdkum?
uRefawmfhtm; vufn§dK;wxdk;xkd;ESifh &ifh&ifhoD;oD;ajymcJhMuonfhjyif?
,cifESpfuvm;rod r*¾Zif;wpfapmifrStifwmAsL;wGif ]arwåmuGef;&dyf}
pmrlBuD;udk? uRefawmfyJ odrf;xm;ovdkvdk ajymvdkufao;onf/ r*¾Zif;
wpfapmifwGif tcef;quf0w¬K&Snftjzpf xnfh&efay;xm;&mrS? 1972
ESpfv,fydkif;? yHkEdSyfpmapmifr*¾Zif;rsm; tusyftwnf;tBuHKwGif b,f
a&mufoGm;rSef;rodjcif; jzpfonf/
xdk ]arwåmuGef;&dyf}pmrlBuD;udk uRefawmfESajrmygonf/ tm;xkwfrI
wpfcktjzpf tawmfcsD;usL;&rnfh0w¬K&SnfBuD; jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefrSmom
qkvd Qif uGeyf sLwmxJ xnfx h m;vduk vf &Ydk onf/ xkwaf 0ay;rnfo h l &Sad umif;
&SdvmEdkifonf/ qif;qif;&J&JEiS fhaooGm;&&Smaom rdwfaqGrSmvnf; use;f
rma&;om rcsKUd ,Gi;f cJv h Qi?f ,aeYtcsed rf mS (]av½l;okeo f ek }f xJu &ufbwå
f vm vdk) BuD;yGm;jynfhpHkNyD;? udk,fhaiGESifhudk,f ½dkufxkwfa0iSypfwmrsKd;awmif
GJ vkyfaumif;vkyfrnf/
(2)
'kwd,tm;cJrIrSm tifwmAsL;rsm;jzpfonf/ touft&G,faxmuf
vmNyDjzpfaom ynm&SifBuD;rsm;? tEkynmonfBuD;rsm;? wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
yk*Kd¾ vf statesman rsm;? vkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm;? owådcJBuD;rsm;udk tifwmAsL;
vkyfxm;&efjzpfyg\/ olwkdYxHrS uRefawmfwkdYonf ynmawG trsm;BuD;&
Edkifonf? orkdif;rSuGufvyfrsm;udk jznfh&efrsm; &vmEdkifonf? acwft
vdkuf? rsKd;quftvdkuf wnf&SdcJhaomEIef;pHrsm;? tdyfrufrsm;? yuwd½kyfyHk
rsm;udk odvmEdkifonf/
47
 þtvkyfudk taumiftxnfazmfzkdYtwGuf t&if;tESD;vdkonf/
'pf*spwf ,fuifr&maumif;aumif; vdo k nf/ AD',
D rkd w
S w
f rf;ygwif&ef jzpf\/
wpfaeY wpfem&D? ESpfem&Dpojzifh av;ig;&uftcsdef,lar;jref;&rnf/ þodkY
ar;Edkif&eftwGuf uRefawmhfrSm 0rf;pmtcHjynfhaezkdYjznfhxm;&rnf/ pma&;
q&mBuD;udkAsL;vQif ola&;cJhorQawGtjyif? olYpmrsm;tay: a0zefaom
pmrSeforQudkyg jyefzwf&rnf/ olYacwfudk jyefwl;qG,lxm;&rnf/ xdkacwf
\urÇmhtaetxm;? jrefrmhtaetxm;rsm;udkyg aMuaeatmifod&rnf/
wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk tifwmAsL;vkyfzkdYtwGuf? wpfvavmufawmh jr§KyfESH
rS&rnf/
(3)
yxrqH;k a&G;cs,v
f u
kd of nfrmS ynm&SiBf u;D wpfO;D jzpfygonf/ okaw
oetay:opöm&SdNyD; q&mpdwftjynfh&Sdaom urÇmodynm&SifBuD;/ olY
trnfjzifh a&;om;cJhxkwfa0cJhaom twkdt&SnfvHk;csif;aygif;rsm;pGmwGif?
trsm;pku ynm&yfqdkif&mrsm;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf aA'ifvnf; uRrf;usif?
pmaywGiv f nf; wD;rdacgufr&d adS omynm&SiBf u;D jzpf\/ xkaYd Mumifh q&mBu;D
a&;cJhorQawG vdkuf0,fpk&\/ NyD;awmh axmufp&m ar;p&mrsm; awGUEdkif
atmif aphaphpyfpyfzwf&onf/
uufquftao;wpfvHk;&Sd&m ppfMunfhawmh ysufaeonfawGUí
jyif&jyefonf/ 'pf*spfw,fuifr&mzdk;uvnf; pk&if;pk&if;ESifh pm;0wfaerI
p&dwfxJ 0ifukefonf/ 0efxrf;tjzpf 36 ESpfvkyfcJhojzifh? &&Sdtyfaom
u½kPmaMu;uvnf; 'pf*spfw,fuifr&mESifh a0;onf/
xkdpOfrSmyif? ynmawmfoifwpfOD;u ydkYvdkufaom 'pf*spfw,f
uifr&mav;wpfvHk;? a&mufvmonf/ uufqufudkvnf; jyifqdkifydkYxm;
NyD;NyDjzpf&m? q&mBuD;xH BudKwifcGifhawmif;aompmESifh aqG;aEG;rnfh t
aMumif;t&mrsm;udk uGefysLwmpmpD&jyefonf/ wm0eft& wuúodkvfjyef
í pmoifay;&OD;rnfjzpfí? wpfvavmuf tcsdefukefoGm;&jyefonf/
xGufvmcJhonf/
vrf;a&mufawmhr?S q&mBu;D tdro f Ykd BuKd wifar;jref;xm;&eftwGu?f
zkef;qufMunfhvdkufonf/
]]q&m 'DaeYreufuyJ rEÅav;rSm qHk;oGm;ygNyD/}}
uRefawmf vHk;0Muufao aooGm;ygonf/ tuste jyifqifum
xGufvmrdaomaeYum; 2005 Edk0ifbm 30 &ufaeYjzpfygonf/ &ifxJwGif
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57
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58
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59
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60
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61
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axmufvrS ;f &onf/ onfvEkd iS hf ppfat;acwf Edik if aH &;jynfz;kH um;\ aemuf
uG,frSpydkift½IyfawmfyHkwGif? ylwifwpfa,muf twGif;usus vIyf&Sm;cGifh
&cJhonf/ odkYaomf þumvrSm odyfrMum/ 1989 wGif bmvifww H ikd ;f Bu;D
NyKd usomG ;onfEiS ?hf olwYkd KG.B tzGUJ vnf; tajc,dkifoGm;awmhonf/
64
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a&maomyg; rD;½IdU&onf/ NyD;rS udk,fa,mifazsmufNyD; vltkyfBuD;ESifh0ifa&m
onf/ xkdpOfutjzpfudk txufygpmtkyf(yxrvl) wGif? ylwifu ,ckvdk
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jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;pdwf"mwf&Sdaom pdefYyDwmpbwfNrdKUwmf0ef temwdkvD
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jr§KyfESHrIrsm; wkd;wuf&&Sdapa&;twGufvnf;? olyif OD;aqmifBudK;yrf;&
onf/ 1996 ckESpf pdefYyDwmpbwfNrdKUawmfodkY or®wuvifwef tvnf
tywf a&mufvmaomtcg? c&D;pOfwpfavQmuf tqifajyacsmarGUap&ef
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qdb k m[uf(p)wpfa,muf ta&G;rcH&awmhyg/ ol\ratmifjrifaom vkyf
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aomuf&if;uyif t½IH;\tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk? olu roufromjyefajymjy
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NrdKUawmfodkY OD;vSnfhjzpfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1996 ESpfv,f? ol armfpudk a&muf
pOfu olYwGifrnfonfhtquftoG,frSr&SdcJhyg[k? ylwifu tBudrfBudrf
ajymonf/ odkYESifhwdkif? axmufvSrf;a&;tawGUtBuHKa&m? jyKjyifajymif;vJ
a&; tawGUtBuHKyg&Sdaom olYvdkvlrsKd;udk? armfpudkEdkifiHa&;tkyfpkwkdif;u?
65
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vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufa[mif;rsm; xJwiG v f nf;? olu
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tkycf sKyaf &;½H;k wGi?f ol tvky0f ifjzpfonf/ yxr vufaxmufO;D pD;? aemuf
OD;pD;rSL;tjzpf tqifhqifhwufoGm;onf/ aemif 2 ESpfcefYMumaomtcg
FSBtzGJUudk OD;aqmifyHkazmf&ef ,Jh(v)qifudk,fwdkifu? olYudk wm0efay;
vmonf/ (FSB rSm? zsufodrf;vdkufaom KGB udkqufcHrnfh? axmuf
vSrf;a&;tzGJUjzpfonf/) xdkumv\wpfaeYwGif? 0efBuD;csKyf qm*sDuD&ifudk
udk avqdyfodkYoGm;BudKzkdY? taMumif;Mum;pmwpfapmif olYqDodkYrarQmfvifhbJ
a&mufvmonf/ olYudkjrifonfESifh 0efBuD;csKyfu? 0rf;omtm;& uGef*&uf
usL;av;&Sif;vkyfonf/ bmhaMumifh&,f rod/ oludk,fwdkifu Za0Z0g/
]trdefYpmudk vufrSwfxkd;NyD;NyD/ rMumcif w&m;0ifxGufvmawmhr,f/
armif&ifhudk FSB 'g½dkufwmcefYvdkufNyD.../}
ylwif\uHZmwmtwufrSm þrQESifhr&yf/ 1999 ckESpf Mo*kwfv
wGif? or®wu olYudk 0efBuD;csKyfcefYvdkufonf/ 17 vtwGif;? or®w
,J(h v)qif\ yÍörajrmuf0efBu;D csKy/f 0efBu;D csKyq f adk om&mxl;rSm olYtwGuf
jrifvh eG ;f aeonf/ odaYk omf vHNk cKH rrI &S/d ,J(h v)qif\&efoal wG olyY wfvnfoYkd
a&mufvmonf/ odkYaomf ylwif\0efBuD;csKyfoufwrf;rSm odyfrMumvS
onfhwdkif? trsm;arQmfvifhonfxuf ydkatmifjrifygonf/ olu? ,Jh(v)
qiftpdk;&udk toufqufEdkif½kHrQru? atmifjrifrI wpfpkHwpf&m&atmif
aqmifMuOf;ay;EdkifcJhonf/ aemufawmh? pdwfa&mvlyg csKH;csKH;usvmaom
,Jh(v)qifu? ,m,Dor®wwm0ef,l&ef olYudktqkdjyKvmonf/ olYbufrS
tBudrfBudrfjiif;cJhonfhwdkif? ]a[hvl aemufxyf rjiif;eJYawmhAsm}qkdaom
,Jh(v)qif\aemufqHk;pum;aMumifh? 1999 ckESpf\ aemufqHk;aeYrsm;wGif
or®w&mxl;udk vufcHvdkuf&onf/
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av;ajzonf/ ]'DtjzpfrsKd;udk? uRefawmf b,fwkef;urS r&nf&G,fcJhygbl;
Asm/ tckcsdefxd tHMoaewkef;yJ...}/
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66
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buftkyfpkwGifrS ryg0ifaom Mum;vljzpfaeí? ,Jh(v)qif\,HkMunfrI
&cJhonf[k qkdMuonf/ ylwif\ KGB tawGUtBuHKaMumifh or®wae&m
&vmonf[k qkMd uonfrsm;vnf; &So d nf/ rnfoyYkd ifqadk p? olwkdYtm;vHk;\
rSef;qcsufrSm ,Jh(v)qif\axmufcHrI&a&;twGuf? ylwifrSm ,Jh(v)qif
rdom;pkESifh tay;t,l wpfpHkwpf&mvkyf&vdrhfrnf[lí jzpfonf/ ,Jh(v)
qifu ol\qufcHoltjzpf ylwifudka&G;rnf/ þtwGuf ylwifbufrS
vnf;? ,Jh(v)qifrdom;pktay: wif&Sdaeaom tusifhysufjcpm;rI pGyfpGJ
csufrsm;udk? oifykef;acsay;&rnfqdkaom tay;t,lrsKd; jzpfygonf/
odkYESifhwdkif þrSef;qcsufrsm;rSm? wdwdusustwnfjyKEdkifonfhawmh r[kwf
yg/ aocsmonfhtcsufrSm? olYor®woufwrf; &SpfESpfMumNyD;aomtcg?
ylwifudk,fwkdifuvnf; olYt&ifoGm;ESifhol ,Jh(v)qif\vrf;aMumif;t
wdkif;? ol,HkMunfpdwfcsoludkyif ol\qufcHoltjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhygonf/
olum; 'Drdx&d rufAD'uf(A)/ þudpöESifhywfoufNyD; ½k&Sm;vlxkMum;wGif
aemufxyf[moZwfvrf;wpfck ay:vmonf/ ,ckvdk h h h/
wpfcgaomf? ylwifwpfa,muf rufAD'uf(A)udk ac:um? pm;
aomufqdkifwpfckodkY oGm;onfqdk\/ ylwifu trJuifrSmvkduf&m?
pm;yGJxdk;u ][if;oD;[if;&Gufa&m ,lOD;rvm;} (And what about
the vegetable?) [k jyefar;onf/ þwGif ylwifu vegetable
qdkonfudk wpfrsKd;t"dyÜm,faumufNyD;? ]aysmfp&muif;rJholvnf;?
trJuifpm;rSmayghumG }[k jyefajzonfqodk wwf/ (t*Fvdyfa0g[m&
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rJhol}[kvnf; ,lEdkifygonf/)
67
 urÇmEh ikd if aH &;Zmwfcx
kH ufohkd
trSefpifppf? ylwifrSm vHk;0aysmfp&muif;rJholawmhvnf; r[kwfyg/
1999 ckESpf? ,m,Dor®wjzpf ol pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifpOfu? olYukd
vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u rodMuao;/ aumhau;&Syf(p) awmifydkif;&Sd ½k&Sm;
or®wEdkifiH 'g*sufpwefodkY? acscsifolykefrsm; usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonf
udk? olYbufrS tifjynftm;jynfh wkYHjyefvkdufawmhrS? ½k&Sm;vlxku olYudk
pwifowdjyKrdvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ylwif tmPm&pOfuwnf;u? ol\
owif;xkwfjyefa&;tzGJU twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJhol tvufZD*½dkarmh(A)
u? xkdpOfumvjzpf&yfwpfckudk ,ckvdkjyefajymjyonf/
]tJ'Dwkef;u tcef;xJrSm? ylwifwdkYZeD;armifESHeJYtwl uRefawmf&Sd
aew,f/ tcsdefu ESpfopful;tBudKumvayghAsm/ ylwifu? wyfrawmf
om;awGeaYJ wGUzdYk a&SUwef;udok mG ;zkYd jyifqifaewmav/ olZY eD; vk(')rDvmu?
olYvHkNcHKa&;twGuf pdwfrcsbl;/ 'geJYyJ olrudk,fwdkifu? oleJYtwl vdkufvm
cJhwm/ tvGeftEÅ&m,fBuD;wJh c&D;pOfayghAsm/ 'gayrJh xda&mufygw,f}/
a&SUwef;a&muf ½k&Sm;wyfrawmfom;rsm;u? acgif;aqmifopf\
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ol&owådESifh pdwftm;xufoefrIudk awGUvdkuf&aomtcg? olwkdYtm;vHk;
olYvlawG jzpfvmawmhonf/ þc&D;pOfonfyif? ylwifarQmfvifhxm;aom trsm;pktygt0if? t&yfom; 339 a,mufrQ toufpaw;cHcJh& onf/
trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif taetxm;odkY OD;wnfvdkufonfh? yxrajcvSrf; odkYESifhwdkif ½k&Sm;vlrsKd;trsm;pkurl? ylwif\ oHrPdacgif;aqmifrIudk
jzpfygonf/ vufcHBudKqdkcJhMuonf[k qdkygonf/
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f mud?k xkdtcsdefxd? taemufwdkif;rD'D,m todkif;t0dkif;Mum;wGifrl? ]ylwif}
½k&Sm;wyfrawmfu tvHk;t&if;ESifh0ifwdkufawmhonf/ &rfbdkpwdkif 0wf qdak omacgif;aqmifopfrmS ? ya[Vdwpfy'k f jzpfNrjJ zpfvsuyf if/ u&ifrvif
qifxm;aomor®wu? ]tqkH;tjzwfatmifyGJudk tjrefqHk;&,lrnf} [k a&;&muRrf;usifol qdkolrsm;Mum;wGifvnf;? olESifhywfoufNyD; tawm
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&J&JawmufrdefYcGef; a>conf/ jyif;xefaomwdkufyGJrsm;\tqHk;? acscsif ajymif;vJa&;orm;avm/} (olonf vpfb&,fNrdKUawmf0if qdkbm[uf(p)
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½k&Sm;or®EdkifiH&ifcGifxJodkY atmifjrifpGmjyefvnfqGJ,loGm;EdkifcJhonf/ aA;wpfavm}/ (olonf KGB vla[mif;jzpfonf/) þar;cGef;rsm;\
xkdonf\aemufwGifrl? acscsiftMurf;zuform;wkdY\wdkufcdkufrI tajzudk? odyfrMumcifa&mufvmrnfh jzpf&yfrsm;u? tajzay;vdkufovdk
ESifh tpdk;&\jyefvnfwkHYjyefrIrsm;aMumifh? aMuuGJzG,f&mjzpf&yfrsm; quf &Sdygonf/ 9^11 ta&;tcif;u? or®w bk(&S) ukd ta&mifwifay;vdkuf
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ckESpfu jzpfyGm;cJhaom? buf(p)vef txufwef;ausmif;ta&;tcif; cJhonf/
jzpfonf/ tpdk;&u? tMurf;zuform;wdkY\ awmif;qkdcsufudk rvdkuf urÇmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkxufwGif? ylwif\ yGJOD;xGuftawGUtBuHKrSm
avsmbJ? jywfjywfom;om; acsrIef;cJh&m? ausmif;om;oli,fuav;rsm; 1999 ckESpf atyuf (tm&S-ypdzdwf pD;yGm;a&; yl; aygif;aqmif&GufrItzGJU)
68 69
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wdrf;ayGayGjzpfaecsdefaygh/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol (uvif
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70 71
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wm0efawGu tem;r,lcif? olwkdhESpfa,mufaygif; bmawG atmifjrif
atmif vkyfay;Edkifr,f xifygovJ/ a'gufwmUtjrifudk odcsifygw,f/
ylwifhtaeeJYuawmh? AdkvfusvTrf;rdk;wJh tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk?
jrifcsifrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'gaMumifh ol wwfEdkifoavmuf? tar&duudk
csed cf iG vf QmrQzYdk BuKd ;pm;rSmyJ/ 'gayrJ?h vuf&t dS aetxm;udk ydwfyifwm;
80
qD;rSmawmh r[kwyf gbl;/ a&SUqufw;kd rvmatmif xde;f ½kyH x J ed ;f rSmyg/
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ? ylwif&JU yx0Da&;r[mAsL[mt& tar&du
[m? ½k&mS ;&JU ,kwedå nf;usywfwem jzpfaew,f/ tar&du[m ½k&mS ;eJY
e,fedrdwfcsif; uyfraebl;/ ½k&Sm;&JU e,fy,fydkifeufudkvnf; rvdkcsif
bl;/ 'Dvkd vdck siwf o hJ rkid ;f aMumif;vnf; r&Sbd ;l / Ny;D awmh tar&du[m
tiftm;Bu;D Edik if wH pfcvk nf; jzpfaew,f/ ½k&mS ;eJY tar&durSm? urÇmvk;H
twkdif;twm vHkNcHKa&;twGuf? yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifp&mawG &Sd
w,f/ ½k&Sm;bufu pOf;pm;&if tar&dueJY yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&wm?
*kPfodu©mvnf; &Sdw,f/ tar&duaeeJY olY&JUvwfwavmrpf&Sifudk?
r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csufawGeJYom qufpyfEdkif&if? uRefawmfajymcJhwJh
t&Sdw&m;awG[m tcGifhtvrf;awGzefwD;ay;ygvdrhfr,f/ tD&eft
a&;? ta&SUtv,fydkif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY urÇmvHk;twkdif;twm EsLuvD
,mrysHUESHYa&; pwmawG[m tcGifhtvrf;awGyJayghAsm/
ylwif&JYor®woufwrf;eJh olh&JYta&;ygrIudk? orkdif;q&mawGu b,fvdk
tuJjzwfMurvJ/
tvGefBuD;us,fwJh ½k&Sm;jyKjyifa&;orm;BuD;ayghAsm/ r[myDwmbk&if
BuD;vdk? uufo&if;bk&ifrBuD;vdkaygh/ jynfwGif;rSm atmfwkdu&ufjzpf
aumif;jzpfr,f/ acwfNydKif taemufwdkif;EIef;pHt&awmh? wdk;wufol
wpfa,mufvYdk ajymEdik yf gvdrrhf ,f/ 'Dvq kd ufpyftajctaeeJY ylwifukd
Munfhvdkuf&if? olYudk,fol jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;vdkY olxifrSmyJ/
olwkdYwdkif;jynforkdif;rSm? qef;opfwhJ acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufvdkY
awmif? ,lqcsif,lqvdrfhr,f/ 'gayrJh? ol[m 'Drdku&ufwpfa,muf
awmh r[kwfbl;/
olYudk b,fvdkwefzkd;jzwfrvJ...[kwfvm;/ ajymzdkY apmygao;
w,fAsm/ aocsmwmudkajym&&if? tvGefta&;BuD;w,fAsm/ tvGef
BuD;us,fw,fAsm/ 'DhxufqufajymzkdYawmh apmifhMunfh&OD;rSmyJ/
acgif;aqmifwpfa,muftaeeJY? vlyk*¾dKvfwpfa,muftay:
t<uif;rJrh cDS t
kd m;jyKwmrsK;d r[kwb f ?J pepfwpfcu k kd tzGUJ tpnf;abmif
oGif;Edkif&if? tJ'Dacgif;aqmif[m BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfol jzpfvmrSmyJ/
ylwiftaeeJY? 'grsKd; vkyfEdkif,rvkyfEdkif? apmifhMunfhzdkYvdkvdrhfr,f/
pdk;&drf bmomjyefonf
81
People
Feature bBuD;jrvdk? jrefrmUtwdwfudk pdwf&Snf&SnfeJh
82 ausmufpm0efa[mif;OD;jr BudK;yrf;azmfxkwfay;r,fUyk*¾dKvfrsKd;?
88 yHkjyifESpfyg;ESifUvufawGY MunfU0g'
92 wwd,vrf;
aemufwpfa,mufay: zkdh odyfrvG,fbl;/
101 tawG;rSm;t,HkrSm;tpGJrSm;rsm;\tMurf;zufrI(2) bBuD;jr[m a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerSm
107 vlrItif*sifeD,menf;ESifUzGHY NzdK;a&;jyóem tESpf 60 avmuf? tvkyfvkyfoGm;cJUw,f/
114 'ku©wkdhuif;&mukef&m

aqmif;yg;awGtjzpfeJY t*FvdyfbmomeJYa&;cJhwmu ...

ausmufpm0efa[mif; OD;jr
vl xk a': t rm
owif;pmq&mrBuD;ESifU pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm (1915-2008) uG,fvGefonfUtrSwfw&tjzpf?
vllYrdwfaqGpmtkyf (rEÅav; EdkifiHwumpmtkyfESpftxdrf;trSwfpmwrf;rsm; 1972)wGif a&;om;cJhaom?
]ausmufpm0efa[mif; OD;jr} aqmif;yg;udk? az:jyygonf/
jrefrmhorkdif;? jrefrmpmayeJY jrefrmrIawGrSm tvGefta&;ygwJh?
ausmufpm0efa[mif; OD;jrac:wJh bBu;D jrvnf;? 'DEpS Of ;D uyJ qkH;yg;uG,fvGef
cJhygw,f/ OD;jreJY OD;azarmifwif[m? wpfa,mufu touf 94 ESpftxd?
wpfa,mufu touf 85 ESpftxd aevmcJhMuNyD;? 'DESpfxJrSmrSyJ 2 v
wdwduGmNyD; a&SUaemufqkH;yg;cJhMuw,f/
bBuD;jrvdk? jrefrmhtwdwfudk pdwf&Snf&SnfeJY BudK;yrf;azmfxkwf
ay;r,fhyk*¾dKvfrsKd;? aemufwpfa,mufay:zkdY odyfrvG,fbl;/ bBuD;jr[m
a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerSm tESpf 60 avmuf? tvkyfvkyfoGm;cJhw,f/
'DumvtwGif;rSm -
(1) a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtu©&mpmwrf; (yPmrtcef;) 1961 ck?
(2) tkwfcGufbk&m;rsm; yxrwGJ? 'kwd,wGJ? 1961 ck?
(3) ty,f&wemvdkPf*lbk&m; 1968 ck?
qkdwJh pmtkyf 3 tkyf ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhw,f/
82
(1) yk*Heef;bk&m;taMumif;? bk&m;twGif;wkdifay:u jA[®m½kyf
taMumif;rSwfpk (tdE´d,a&S;a[mif;okawoe ESpfvnf
tpD&ifcHpm 1934-5? 101-6)
(2) yk*Hbkef;BuD;ausmif; (jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif;*sme,f)
(3) jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd Ak'¨yg' (ajcawmf&mrSwfpk) tdEd́,a&S;a[mif;
okawoeESpfvnftpD&ifcHpm? 1930-31?
(4) ty,f&wembk&m; eH&Haq;a&;yef;csD ESpfvnftpD&ifcHpm?
1930-31?
(5) jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'¨bmomorkdif; (ykHrESdyf&ao;)
(6) ,aeYtxd razmfxkwfEkdifao;wJh? a&S;'*Fg;rsm;taMumif;?
tdE´d, a&S;a[mif;okawoe ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm
rsm;jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmvdka&;cJhwJhaqmif;yg;awGu -
(1) taemf&xmaumif;rI tkwfcGufbk&m;? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif?
'DZifbm? 1957?
(2) ouú&mZf#Dum? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif? Zefe0g&D? 1958?
(3) Ak'¨0if&Spfcef;? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif? {NyD 1958?
(4) yk * H t aemf & xmuk o d k v f a wmf r sm;? ,Of a us;rI p mapmif ?
atmufwkdbm? 1958? azazmf0g&D 1959?
(5) jrefrmtp yk*Hu? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif? Zlvkdif? 1959?
(6) ArÁLywd? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif? atmufwkdbm? 1959?
(7) r[mrked ausmufcsyfrsm;? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif? {NyD? 1960?
83
 (8) a&S;a[mif;Xmyemypönf;rsm;? ,Ofaus;rIpmapmif? pufwif
bm? 1961?
(9) &ckdifjynf&Sd *kwåacwfrS ausmufpmrsm;?
(10) &ckdifjynf a0omvDp`E´rif;wkdY\ausmufpmrsm;? 1956-57
ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm
wkdY jzpfMuygw,f/
bBuD;jr &SmazGazmfxkwfoGm;wJh txufygtaMumif;t&mawG[m?
ESpf&Snfvrsm; &SmazGNyD;rS? awGY&SdwmawGudk aphaphikikokawoejyKNyD;?
'Dtcsuf 'DtaMumif;awGaMumifh? 'Dvdkjzpfw,fqkdwJh ,kwådom"uawGeJY?
vufqkyfvufukdif tckdiftrm wifjycsufawGjzpfavawmh? aESmif;vlawG
u bBuD;jr&JYwifjycsufawGudk? xm0pOfudk;um; rSDjirf;jyKoGm;Mu&rSmyJ/
bBuD;jr a&;om;wifjycJhwmawGeJY ywfoufvkdY? orkdif;ygarmu©
a'gufwmoef;xGef;u? ]jrefrmhorkdif;rSm todynmwkd;&w,f? jrefrmrIudk
ydkem;vnfvmw,f/ ajrxJorkdif; (tmcDMoavmf*sD)eJY &if;ESD;vm&w,f}vkdY?
olYaus;Zl;w&m;udk azmfxkwf½kHrubl;? ol pmwrf;a&;wJhtcg bBuD;jrudk
pHerlem,lowJh/ cufcJeufeJwJhjyóemudk pum;ydkawGrygbJ? &Sif;atmif
a&;wJhae&mrSm bBuD;jr[m pHwif&wJhyk*¾dKvfBuD;jzpfw,fvkdY? azmfxkwf
a&;om;ygw,f/
bBuD;jru touf&Snfw,f/ 94 ESpftxd vlYjynfrSmaeoGm;wmrkdY?
touf 100 wef;rSm tifrweftouf&Snf&Snfae&wJh yk*¾dKvfBuD;aygh/
touf&SnfwmeJYtrQ bBuD;jru aemufqkH;aeYtxd? tvkyfawG vkyfoGm;
Ekdifao;wmuvnf; odyfxl;wJhukodkvfyg/ bBuD;jrrqkH;cif 16 &ufu
usif;ywJh EkdifiHwumpmtkyfESpf txdrf;trSwfjyyGJudk? bBuD;jrudk,fwkdif
zGifhvSpfay;cJhao;w,f/ tJ'DaeYreufuyJ usif;ywJh? txufjrefrmEkdifiH
pma&;q&mtoif;u pmayynm&SifBuD;awGudk uefawmhyGJrSmvnf;?
bBuD;jr u arwåmw&m;taMumif; a[majymMo0g' ay;oGm;ao;w,f/
bBuD;jr touf 90 ausmfrSa&;wJh tzkd;wefpmtkyfawG? aqmif;yg;awG
vnf; trsm;BuD;yg/
bBuD;jru? oltouf&Snfwm[m uH pdwf Owk tm[m& qkdwJh?
taMumif;w&m; 4 yg;&JU jyKjyifrIaMumifhjzpfw,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm tvkyfudk
ckHckHrifrifvkyfvkdY? touf&Snfaewmvnf; jzpfvdrfhr,fvdkY? vli,fawGu
]bBuD; bmvdkYtouf&SnfwmvJ} vkdYar;&if ajzwwfowJh/ touf 90
84
bBuD;jr[m? jrefrmxJu yxrqkH;
ausmufpm0efwm0efudk? 1930 ckESpfu
pxrf;&Guf&w,f/ ausmufpm0efb0eJh
yifpif,Nl y;D wJUaemufrmS vnf;? bBu;D jr awGYoxd m;wJU
taMumif;t&mawGeJh? bBuD;jr&JY vkyftm;udk &vdkao;vkdh?
txl;t&m&SdtjzpfeJh jyefvnfNyD; tvkyv f yk af p?
pmtkypf mwrf;awG a&;om;jyKpak pygao;w,f/
ausmftxd? tvkyfvkyfaeao;w,fqkdwJh vlom;[m? rsm;rsm;r&Sdygbl;/
yDumqkdwkdY? bBuD;jrwkdYavmufyJ &Sdwmyg/
bBuD;jr a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerSm tvkyfp0ifawmh? okawoD
tjzpfeJY0ifvmwm r[kwfbl;? a&S;a[mif;taqmuftODawGudk wkdif;wm
rSwfwrf;wif&wJh wkdif;wma&;tif*sifeD,m vli,fwpfa,muftaeeJY?
0ifvmwm/ 'gayrJh tvkyfcGifudka&mufawmh? bBuD;jru wl;&mazmf&m
vnf;yg? ul;&m,l&mvnf;yg? ykHqGJ&mvnf;yg? tpD&ifcHpma&;vnf;yg?
ae&mwumygaewJh tvkyform;wpfa,mufjzpfvmNyD;? a&S;a[mif;okaw
oeqkdif&mtvkyfawGudk aowåmarSmufvkyfwwfwJhvli,f jzpfvmw,f/
ol pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfeJY uRrf;uRrf;usifusifvkyfwJh vkyf&nfukdif&nfudk?
olYtxufu ausmufpm0efawGu oabmusMuw,f/ 'gaMumif?h rpöwm
'l&dGKifZ,feJY rpöwmawmfpdefckdwkdYu? olwkdYr&SdwJhaemuf bBuD;jrudkyJ ausmuf
pm0efcefYygvdkY? axmufcHcJhMuowJh/ bBuD;jr[m? jrefrmxJu yxrqkH;
ausmufpm0efwm0efudk? 1930 ckESpfu pxrf;&Guf&w,f/ ausmufpm0ef
b0eJY yifpif,Nl y;D wJah emufrmS vnf;? bBu;D jrawGUodxm;wJh taMumif;t&m
awGeJY? bBuD;jr&JUvkyftm;udk &vdkao;vkdY? txl;t&m&SdtjzpfeJY jyefvnfNyD;
tvkyv f yk af p? pmtkypf mwrf;awG a&;om;jyKpak pygao;w,f/ 'Dvdk bBuD;jr
udktvkyfay;wm[m tvGefae&muswJhtpDtpOfyg/ tpkd;&trIxrf;
t&mxrf;wpfa,muf? touf 60 ausm&f if yifpifay;w,fqNdk y;D ? bBu;D jr
udkom tvkyfu vkH;0em;apvkdufr,fqkd&if? ty,f&wemwkdYvdk? tkwfcGuf
bk&m;wkdYvdk pmtkyfawG b,frSmxGufvmawmhrvJ/
85
 bBuD;jru tvkyfvkyfwJhtcg tvGefvnf; pdwf&Snfw,f/ tvGef
vnf; aphpyfaocsmw,f/ olu taMumif;t&mwpfckudk azmfxkwfwifjy
awmhr,fqkd&if? om"u,kwådawGeJY vufqkyfvufukdifwifjywmrsKd;om?
vkyfw,f/ jzpfapcsifwmudk a&SUavmwBuD;jzpf&r,fvkdY rqkdavbl;/ jzpf
aewmrkdY? &SdaewmrkdY? awGYxm;wmrkdYqkdwJh tckdiftrmtukd;tum;aMumifh?
'DaumufcsufrsKd;udk qGJ&wmygvkdYom ajymwwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh bBuD;jr&JU
tqkdtrdefYu ckdifrmw,f? topftopfaomawGY&Sdcsuf r&Sdao;orQ? olY
[mudkyJ tajcpkdufxm;Mu&w,f/
bBuD;jr[m wu,fawmh pHxm;avmufwJhokawoD? twk,l
avmufwJh ynm&SifBuD;ygyJ/ olYvdktyifyef;cHrI? olYvdkZGJeyJ? olYvdkpdwf&Snf
vuf&n S &f ydS rHk sK;d ? olv
Y akd phpyfaocsmrIeYJ olvY Bkd uKd ;BuKd ;pm;pm; tvkyf vkyw
f m
rsKd;udk? tvkyform;aumif; jzpfcsifolwkdif;u pHxm;twk,lavmuf
ygw,f/
usrwkdYqkd&if bBuD;jreJY awGY&wJhtcgwkdif;? ]atmf...bBuD;jrvdk
touf&Snfcsifprf;ygbd? bBuD;jrvdk touf&Snfoavmuf? usef;usef;
rmrm oGm;oGm;vmvm aeEkdifcsifprf;ygbd? 'Dtouf 'Dt&G,fBuD;txd
pmawGa&;aeEkdifao;wJhb0rsKd; jzpfcsifprf;ygbd} vkdY? pdwfxJu tNrJwrf;
wrf;wrdw,f/
bBuD;jru? t*FvdyfpmeJY jyifopfpmudk aumif;aumif;wwfw,f/
jyifopfpmzwfwwfwJhtwGuf? ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oqkdif&m a&S;a[mif;
okawoetvkyfawGrSm? jyifopfwkdY &SmazGa&;om; xkwfa0xm;orQudk?
bBuD;jru vufvSrf;rDw,fav/
aemufNyD; ysLpm? em*&Dpm? ouúw? ygVdeJY rGefpmawGudkvnf;?
aumif;aumif;wwfuRrf;w,f/ 'Dvkd bmompkH wwfuRrf;wJhtwGuf?
taMumif;t&mwpfckudk bufpkHuavhvmNyD;? EdIif;EdIif;csdefcsdef tuJjzwfrI
rsm;? jyKEkdifcJhwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f/
bBuD;jru? ]usKyfu pmwwfr[kwfygbl;Asm pmrSwfyg}vkdY? ajym
wwfowJh/ olrSwfom;xm;wJh A[kokwawG? b,favmuf wefzkd;&Sdw,f
qkdwmuawmh? olYpmawGudk zwfrSwfavhvm&wJh aESmif;vlawGu todqkH;
aygh/
bBuD;jrrSm? cspfcifMunfndKp&maumif;wJh vlYt&nftaoG;awG?
trsm;Bu;D &Syd gw,f/ pdwEf v S ;Hk aumif;w,f? wpfzufom;udk oem;wwfw,f/
86
arwåmw&m;udk vdu I v
f uId v
f v
JS ,
JS MHk unfNy;D ? ud,
k w
f idk v
f nf; av;av;eufeuf
usifhokH;ygw,f/
tvkyfcGifusjyefawmh? pdwf&Snfw,f? ZGJaumif;w,f? onf;cHw,f?
trSefw&m;udk r&rae&SmazGw,f? awGYodcsufudk &J&J0Hh0Hhwifjyw,f/ t,l
tq rwlnDwJhvl? rwlnD&oavmvkdY y#dyu©&SmwJhvludk rjiLplbl;/ ol
tawGYrpkHao;vkdY 'Dvdk,lqwm? wpfaeYawmh trSefudkawGYrSmyJ/ tcsdef&Sd
ao;w,f&,fvdkY wpfzufvludk cGifhvTwfEkdifpGrf;w,f/
'Dvpdk w
d af umif; apwemaumif;&Sw d ?hJ ynme,fu vkyo f m;aumif;Bu;D
wpfa,muf qkH;½IH;&wm[m? twkdif;rod ESajrmp&m aumif;vSygw,f/
'DESpfjzifh? touf&SnfvSwJh bBuD;jr? touf&Snfoavmuf tvkyfawG
vkyaf ewJh bBu;D jrwpfa,muf qk;H ygoGm;&NyrD ?Ydk jrefrmrItwGuf twkid ;f twm
rodwJh qkH;½IH;jcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpf&ygw,f/
bBuD;jr[m? 1240 jynfh waygif;vjynfhausmf 13 &ufzGm; (19-
3-1879) Ak'¨[l;om;jzpfw,f/ av;rsufESmNrdKUrSm tzOD;jzL? trd a':Muif
wkdYu arG;w,f/
rdb 2 yg; i,fpOfu qkH;awmh? Akdvfuawmf ta':u aumufarG;
NyD;? &efukef c&pf,mefausmif;(pdef*Ref;ausmif;)rSm ausmif;xm;ay;vkdY? i,f
i,fu c&pf,mefxJ0ifzl;w,f/ 10 wef;atmifawmh? vomvrf;xdyfu
pufrIvufrIausmif;rSm? qufwufw,f/ tJ'Du atmifawmh rif;bl;rSm
ausmif;q&m 3 ESpfvkyfw,f/ aemuf? &efukefu tif*sifeD,mausmif;rSm
4 ESpf q&mvkyfNyD;? a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmerSm tif*sifeD,mtjzpfeJY
tvkyf0ifw,f/ 1930 jynfhESpfrSm? jrefrmxJu yxrqkH; ausmufpm0ef
jzpfvmw,f/ yifpif,lNyD;awmh txl;t&m&SdjyefcefYwmeJY? touf 90
avmuftxd txl;t&m&SdtjzpfeJY? pmtkyfpmwrf;awGudk a&;om;jyKpkoGm;
cJhygw,f/ touf 27 t&G,fu tdrfaxmifysufvdkY? aowJhtxd tESpf
60 ausmf rkqkd;zkdBuD;b0eJY t½dk;xkwfoGm;NyD;? touf 70 ausmf om;
vlysKdBuD;wpfa,muf usef&pfygw,f/
24-1-73 aeYu bBuD;jr&JU ½kyftavmif;udk? rEÅav;NrdKU pD-AD-
vkdif;aetdrfu o,f,lNyD;? rEÅav;NrdKU tkwfpufoif;csKdif;rSm tkwf*loGif;ESH
oN*dK[fxm;ygw,f/
vlxk a':trm
87
 (9) orkid ;f ESiEhf ikd if aH &;aemufct
H quftpyf (context background)
11 csufy,f? 9 csuf pdwf0ifpm; ESifh,Ofaus;rIa&SUcH (teD;jrifuGif; foreground)wdkY[lí cGJjcm;
jcif;udk y,fonf/ pmom; (text) onf bufrvdu k Mf um;aeí
yHkjyifESpfyg;ESifU vufawGY MunfU0g' ordkif;udk a&mifjyef[yfonf qkdaomt,ltqudk y,fonf/
(10) tEkynmvuf&mwkdYonf NyD;jynfhpHkonf/ t&m0w¬KwdkYudk
pkpnf;ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qdak omt,ltqudk y,fonf/
a r m if pl ; p rf ;
(11) usr;f &Si?f vuf&m&Sif(author)onf? teuft"dymÜ ,f\oD;jcm;
xl;jcm;aomZmpfjrpf(author as unique source of meaning)
11 csufy,f jzpfonf[k qdkaomt,ltqudk y,fonf/
vufiif;jzpfxGef;rIwdkYü tawG;tac:t,ltqBuD;oHk;yg; a&yef;
pm;onf/ yxrt,ltqudk new historicism [k ac:onf/ ordkif;udk udk;yg; vufcH
ydkYpfarmf'eftjrifjzifh csOf;uyfjcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,t,ltqonf prag- ydkYpfarmf'eftjrifjzifh csOf;uyfaomorkdif;0g'opfu atmufyg
matism vufawGUtusKd;Munfh0g'jzpfonf/ 'kwd,tjrifudktajccHvsuf t,ltqwkdYudk vufcHonf/
]Edik if aH &;onf jzpfEikd af jcudk avhvmaom twwfynmjzpfonf} (politics (1) a,bk,stqdktrdefYwdkYudka[maom usrf;&if;r[kwfonfh
is the art of possible.) qdkaomt,ltq ay:onf/ vuf&m (non-canoncial work) (odkYr[kwf) tpGeftzsm;rS
yxrtjrifonf orkdif;udk ydkYpfarmf'eftjriftjzpf csOf;uyfjcif; vuf&m (marginal works) wku Yd kd vufco H nf/ tao;tzG[ J k
jzpfonf/ þtjrifrSm atmufygt,ltqwkdYudk y,fonf/ xif&aomjzpf&yfESifh yHkjyifqefaomjzpf&yfESifh Zmwfvrf;
(1) qufpyfvrT ;f rd;k aeaomrSe;f qcsuf (overarching hypothese) (ancedotes) wkdYudk vufcHonf/
wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? tvHk;pHkaygif;NcHKaomajz&Sif;csuf (total (2) pmom;ESiv hf yI &f mS ;rI (activities) wko Yd nf vlrtI avhtusiw hf Ykd
explanations) wkdYudkvnf;aumif;? vTrf;NcHKazmfjyaomyHkjyif wGif rnfodkY&ufazmufoGm;Muoenf; qkdaomtcsufudk pdwf
(sweeping narratives) wkdYudkvnf;aumif; y,fonf/ 0ifpm;onf/
(2) ordkif;acwfumvudk wdwdususydkif;jcm;jcif;udk y,fonf/ (3) pmayESihf pmayr[kwaf om pmom;wkMYd um; tjrifcsif;zvS,frI
(3) rnfonfo h rdik ;f umvrqdk wpfcw k nf;aomurÇmt h jrif &S&d rnf udk pdwf0ifpm;onf/ usifhpOftrsKd;rsKd;wkdYMum;? tifpwDusL&Sif
qdkaomtjrifudk y,fonf/ trsKd;rsKd;Mum; teuft"dyÜm,frsm; vnfywfaeonfudk pdwf
(4) ordik ;f tcsut f vuf (historical facts) wdu Yk kd pmom; (text)rS 0ifpm;onf/
oD;jcm;uif;vGwí f &&dES ikd o
f nfqakd omt,ltqudk y,fonf/ (4) yg0gESifh pD;yGm;a&;wkdYxJü tEkynmu wuf<upGmyg0ifywf
(5) "r®"|d mefusonf? bufrvdu k [
f q
k akd om t,ltqudk y,fonf/ oufrIudk pdwf0ifpm;onf/
(6) txufwef;,Ofaus;rIEiS hf atmuftqif, h Ofaus;rIukd cGjJ cm; (5) a'otvdu k f ynma&;udx k wk v
f yk jf cif; (production of local
Munfhjcif;udk y,fonf/ knowledges) wGif pdwf0ifpm;onf/
(7) pmayESifh pmayr[kwfaomvuf&mwkdYqkdNyD; cGJjcm;jcif;udk (6) teuft"dyÜm,fwkdYtay:ü tjiif;tcHkjzpfjcif;wGif pdwf0if
y,fonf/ pm;onf/
(8) vlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI cGJjcm;Munfhjcif;udk y,fonf/ (7) ,Ofaus;rIESifhordkif;wkdYtm; pmom;wkdY\ 'dkiferpfuGef&uf
88 89
 tjzpfjrifonf/ cultural and history as dynamic network tay: ydkíav;ay;MunfhaMumif; &Sif;jyonf/ EdkifiHa&;ydkif;ü tdkif'Dtdkvdk*sD
of texts [k qkdonf/ oabmw&m;udk tajccHMunfo h nfxuf? bmtvkyjf zpfovJ(what works)
(8) tjriftm;jzifh tquftpyfr&Sdaom jzpf&yfwkdYwGif uGif; udk t"duxm;Munfhjcif; jzpfonf/ 'óeynm&Sifu ydkYpfarmf'ef0g'D
quf&Sdjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? rawmfwq wdkufqdkifrI&Sdjcif;udk ynm&Sif vDtdkwufESifhtjrifcsif;wlonfh taMumif;wpfyg;udkajymjyonf/
vnf;aumif; pdwf0ifpm;onf/ jcm;em;aom,Ofaus;rIwkdYMum;ü ,leDAmq,fwefzkd; (universal values)
(9) orkdif;q&mESifh a0zefa&;q&mwkdY\apwemESifh tusKd;pD;yGm; wkdYudk xnfhrwGufbJ? wpfpHkwpf&maomudpöwkdYtay:ü oabmwlnDEdkif
wkdYudk&SmazGMunfh&ef pdwf0ifpm;onf/ onf[k ajymjyonf/ tdkif'Dtdkvdk*sDudkjzpfap? ,leDAmq,fwefzdk;wkdYudk
jzpfap vspfvsL½INyD; vufawGUbmtoHk;0ifoenf; qkdaomtcsufwGif
yHjk yifEpS rf sK;d
oabmwlnDEdkifjcif;udk &nfñTef;onf/
þtjrifwdkYjzifhMunfhvQif avmuyHkjyifwkdYonfh ESpfrsKd;om&dSawmh
olt Y jrifü vlo Y bm0onf odyNf y;D ta&;rBu;D ay/ ta&;rBu;D aom
onf/ o½kyfvGefyHkjyif(metanarrative)wkdYESifh tao;pm; (odkYr[kwf) a'o
t&monf wpfpw kH pf&maomtcsed üf rnfonft h &mu rnfonft h usK;d udk
yHjk yif(micro or local narratives)wdo Yk m &Sad wmhonf/ o½kyv
f eG yf jkH yifqo
dk nf
jznfhqnf;oenf; qkdaomtcsufomjzpfonf/ what serves a particu-
rSm {&mrcefYjim;xnf0gvSaom r[myHkjyifBuD;awG jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wkdYu
lar at a particular time t& qko d nf/
avmutvHk;pHkü cdkifvHkrSefuefonf/ t<uif;r&Sd? wkEIdif;r&Sd? jynfhpHkrSefuef
vufawGUtusK;d udMk unfah om vufawGU0g'udEk , G Nf y;D Edik if aH &;onf
onf[k a[monf/ ,leDAmq,fteuft"dyÜm,f &Sdonf/ tm;vHk;udk
jzpfEikd af jcudk csO;f uyfaomtwwfynm(the art of possible)[laom Edik if H
NcHKiHkaomtajzawG &Sdonf[k a[monf/ ydkYpfarmf'efu þo½kyfvGefyHkjyif
a&;tjrifwpfyg;udk ajymvmMuonf/
wkdYonf ,dkifvJaeNyD[k jrifonf/ tmrudk;/ rnfonfht&mürS wpfckwnf;
vufawGUjzpfEdkifajcudk Munfhjcif;omvQif aumif;rGefaomEdkifiHa&;
aomt"dyÜm,f (single meaning) r&Sdawmhay/ t&mwpfckü t"dyÜm,f
(good politics) jzpfyHk&onf/ oabmw&m;udk t"duxm;Munfh&ef rjzpf/
trsK;d rsK;d &So d nf/ rl&if;Zmpfjrpf(origin)qdak om t,ltqonfyif oHo,
,leDAmq,f rlBuD;, pHBuD;wdkYudk t"duxm;Munfh&efrjzpf/ tb,fhaMumifh
yGm;p&mjzpfonf/
qdak omf oabmw&m;awG ,dik v f aJ eaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odw Yk nf;r[kwf
txuf qdkcJhygtwkdif; orkdif;tjrifopf a&yef;pm;aeovdk vuf
wpfcw k nf;aomteuft"dymÜ ,f r&Sad wmhNyjD zpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ A[k
awGUtusK;d Munf0h g'(pragmatism)vnf; acwfpm;vmonf/ ppfat;acwf
t"dyÜm,f (plural codes)awG jzpfay:aeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ yHkpHawG
vGeu f wnf;u tdik 'f t D v
kd *kd seD *d ;kH [líay:cJ&h m oabmw&m;xuf vufawGU
axGjym;vmaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
udk ydkítav;ay;&rnfhoabm? tvdktavsmufay:vmonf/ rnfonfh
jzpfEdkifajcudk avhvmaomynm[k qdkaomt,ltqESifh rlvu
t&mudkrqkd oabmw&m;tdkif'Dtdkvdk*sDjzifh rMunfhawmh/ vufawGUjzifh
Edik if wH umqufqaH &; vkt d yfcsuw f iG f oH;k onf/ Edik if w
H umu 'pfyvdkarpD
Munfhonf/ odkYjzifh vufawGUMunfhtjrif ay:onf/ ydkYpfarmf'eftjrifu
udpw ö wYdk iG f ydik o
f nf/ ,ck a'oEdik if aH &;wdw Yk iG v
f nf; toH;k jyKvmMuonf/
vnf; vufawGUtusKd;jyK0g'udk teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhMunfhonf/ t&m0w¬K
acwfpm;vmonf/ oabmw&m;xuf vufawGUudk t"duxm;Munfjh cif;
wdu Yk Mkd unf&h mü vlw\ Ykd vufawGUtusK;d quf(pratical consequences)wkjYd zifh
onf edpö"l0b0\enf;emedó,(technique of everyday practice)udk
Munfhonf/
OD;pm;ay;jcif; (odUk r[kw)f a'oyHjk yif (odrYk [kw)f yHjk yiftao; (micro-
jzpfEikd af jcynm narration) wkdYudk OD;pm;ay;&ma&mufonf/
tar&duef'óeaA'ynm&Sif &pfcsuaf &mfuu D vufawGUtusK;d armif p l ; prf ;
Munfh0g'onf rSefjcif;(what is true)xuf toHk;0ifjcif;(what is useful) Ref; Postmodernism by Glenn Ward & Dev os Journal.

90 91
Alternative Trend
(4) Ekid if aH &;at*sipf D (Political agency) ... ESihf
(5) a*[aA'jyóemrsm; (Ecological problems) wkYd jzpfygonf/

wwd,vrf; (1) *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;

*vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;qkdaom a0g[m&rSm? vlwkdif;twGuf ESpfvdk
The Third Way zG,f&m jzpfaumif;rS jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ okdYESifhwkdif? rnfolrqkd pdwfr0ifpm;
csifí rjzpfawmhaom pum;vkH;wpfck jzpfaeygNyD/ vGefcJhaom q,fESpf
tefaxmfeD*D'if a&;í ausmf0if; bmomjyefonf/
0ef;usifuqkdvQif? þa0g[m&udk ynm&yfqkdif&m aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGifaomf
vnf;aumif;? rD'D,mrsufESmpmrsm;wGif aomfvnf;aumif;? rawGY&o
,cifvrStquf avmufyif&Sdonf/ ,cktcgwGifrl? EkdifiHa&;rdefYcGef;rsm;wGifaomfvnf;
tcef; (2) aumif;? bdZeufvufpGJpmtkyfrsm;wGif aomfvnf;aumif;? þpum;vkH;
rygí rNyD;awmhyg/ ajym&vQif? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;rSm rsufarSmufacwf
tusO;f tusyif g;&yf EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;omru? ta&;t&mtm;vkH;\ A[dkcsufrjyóem[lí
FIVE DILEMMAS yif? qkd&awmhrnfjzpfygonf/
vGefcJhaomq,fESpf (odkYr[kwf) q,fhig;ESpfumvtwGif;?
qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDtaeESifh ay:vpDppfaq;rIrsm; tylwjyif; vkyfae *kdPf;ESpf*kdPf;
&csdefwGif? ½kwfw&uf tajzay;zkdYrvG,fonfh jyóemBuD;ig;&yf? wpfNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;rSm tjiif;yGm;&qkH;
xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmvsuf &Sdaeonf/ þjyóemBuD;ig;&yfrSm? taMumif;t&mvnf;? jzpfaejyefonf/ *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;\t"dyÜm,f
trSm;,trSef ,wdjywf aumufcsuf udk rnfokdYem;vnfcH,lMurnfenf;/ *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf topf
csvYkd rvG,af vmufatmif½yI af xG;euf avm? ta[mif;avm .../ *vdb k ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f \ tusK;d qufrsm;onf
½dIif;vS&m? tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;vnf; wpf bmawGjzpfrnfenf;/ rwlaom Ekid if aH &;&yfcrH rI sm;tvku d ?f rwlaomtajz
oDwpfwef;Bu;D arG;xkwaf y;vkud of vd?k toD;oD;ay;aeMu&m? wlnDaomtjrifwpf&yf r&wwfEkdifavmufatmif
jzpfaeawmhonf/ okdYtwGuf tusOf; &Sdaeawmhonf/ a,bk,soabm MunfhvQifrl? ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefYusif
tusyfig;&yf[k 0dN*dK[fjyKvkduf&jcif; vsuf&Sdaom *kdPf;ESpf*kdPf;ESifh tjrifESpf&yf&Sdaeonf[k? qkdEkdifygvdrfhrnf/
jzpfygonf/ yxrtjrifrmS vuf0aJ [mif;*kP d ;f \oabmxm; jzpfonf/ olw\ Ydk tvdk
þonfwkdYrSm- t& *vdb k ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f rSm topftqef;r[kw/f udv k ekd pD epf, e,fcsUJ
(1) *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; pepfw\ Ydk qufx;Hk rQomjzpfonf/ *vdb k ,foabmaqmifvmNy[ D k ajymae
(Globalization) Muaom urÇmhukefoG,fa&;onfyifvQif? a'oabmifxJrS xGufao;onf
(2) yk*¾vdu0g' r[kwf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh? Oa&myor*¾\ukefoG,fa&;udk pdppfMunfhvkduf
(Individualism) vQifyif? rdrdwkdYtzGJY0ifEkdifiHrsm;Mum; ukefoG,fa&;uom? t"dujzpfonf/
(3) vuf0JESifhvuf,m jyifyurÇmESifhukefoG,fa&;rSm ajymavmufatmif&Sdonf r[kwf/ þokdY
(Left and Right) ukeo f ,
G af &;tkypf w k pfctk wGi;f ESihf tkypf rk sm;Mum; ukeo f ,G rf rI mS ? 19 &mpk
92 93
 rwlawmhovdk? 'kwd,urÇmppf NyD;cgptajctaetwkdif;vnf; r[kwf
urÇmhukefoG,fa&;rSm
awmhqkdaom vufawGYazmfjycsufjzpfygonf/
a'oabmifxJrS þae&mwGif ydkíodomxif&Sm;onfrSm? r,kHMunfcsifp&m aumif;
rvGwfwwfao;onfUwdkif avmufatmif tjyefYus,fvmaom? b@ma&;aps;uGuftajctae jzpf
b@ma&;aps;uGufrSmrl onf/ ,aeYacwf\ wpfaeYwmtwGif;? wpfurÇmvkH;tESHY aiGaMu;csif;
zvS,fMuonfhwefzkd;rSm? a':vmx&DvD,HESifhcsDNyD;&Sdaeonf/ ukefoG,fa&;
urÇmvHk;oabmaqmifaeNyD[k ESifhywfoufaom b@ma&;zvS,frIrsm;rSmvnf;? vGefcJhaom q,fESpfESifh
qdkEkdifvdrfUrnfxifygonf pmvQif 5 qwkd;vmonf/ &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIbufrS MunfhjyefvQifvnf;? tar
&duefjynfaxmifpk wpfct k wGi;f rSmyif? ESppf Of a':vm 11.1 x&Dv, D zH ;dk rQ
&Sdonf/ þudef;*Pef;rsm;rSm 19 &mpkuaomfvnf;aumif;? 20 &mpk
uwnf;u &SdESifhNyD;jzpfonf/ okdYtwGuf? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;qkdonfrSm? acwfOD;uaomfvnf;aumif; rBuKHzl;? rMum;zl;onfhyrmPrsm; jzpfyg
vuf,mopfu wrifzefwD;xm;aom '@m&DwpfckrQom jzpfonf[k? onf/ urÇmhukefoG,fa&;rSm a'oabmifxJrS rxGufwwfao;onfhwkdif?
qkdygonf/ b@ma&;aps;uGufrSmrl urÇmvkH;oabmaqmifaeNyD[k? qkdEkdifvdrfhrnf
'kwd,tjrifrSm vuf,mopf*kdPf;rSvmjcif; jzpfonf/ olwkdY\ xifygonf/
tvdt k &? *vdb k ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f rSm tppftrSejf zpf½rHk Qru? ,ckavmavm odEYk iS w
hf idk ?f ]trsK;d om;Ekid if rH sm;\ae0ifcsed f a&mufawmhrnf}qkad om
q,frSmyif jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvsuf&SdaeNyD[k qkdonf/ urÇmhpD;yGm;a&; aumufcsufrSmrl? vufawGYjzpf&yfrsm;xuf ausmfvGefoGm;NyD[k? qkd&ygvdrfh
wpfckvkH;rSm yx0Dudkjzwfí? urÇmvkH;pD;yGm;a&; jzpfvmonfESifhtrQ? trsKd; rnf/ trsKd;om;EkdifiHrsm;\ykHo@mefESifh wl½lcsufrsm;rSm? tBuD;tus,f
om;EkdifiHrsm;\ tpOftvmtcef;u@rSm? wjznf;jznf; tusykdif;okdY ajymif;vJvmEkid pf &m &Sad omfvnf;? umvtwefMumtxd tNy;D wkid f aysmuf
a&mufvmonf/ þae&mwGif? urÇmvkH;oabmaqmifaom ]trsKd;om; uG,foGm;vdrfhOD;rnf r[kwfyg/ vuf&Sd trsKd;om;EkdifiHrsm;ay:okdY *vdkb,f
vGet YJ pnf;rsm;} (Trans-national organizations)u? tpm;0ifvmvdrhf
f zGt vku d af Z;&Si;f \oufa&mufrrI mS ? trsm;xifovdk wpfzufowfwnf;r[kw/f
rnf[kqkdonf/ okdYESifhtrQ trsKd;om;EkdifiHrsm;\ ae0ifcsdefudkyif? vSrf;jrif tenf;qkH; bufokH;zufrS[k qkdEkdifonf/ *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;acwf\
ae&NyD[k tuJjzwfygonf/ axGjym;vSaomjyóemrsm;rSm? trsK;d om;Ekid if w H pfcwk nf;\ tcGithf mPm
ESihf b,fvrkd S ajz&Si;f r&awmh&m? yg0g\OD;wnf&mbufrmS ]jyef}Y oGm;onf[k
a0zefqef;ppfcsuf qk&d ygvdrrhf nf (pull away)/ Oyrm- tdwf(')a&m*gvdk uyfa&m*gBuD;rsm;?
txufwiG af zmfjycJah om *kP d ;f ESp*f P
dk ;f rS t,ltqESp&f yfu?kd wu,fh rl;,pfaq;0g;jyóem? urÇmvk;H qkid &f m tMurf;zuf0g'ponfwYdk jzpfonf/
jzpf&yfrsm;tay:wGif wifMunfhzkdY vdkygvdrfhrnf/ wpfNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif? a'oqkdif&m trSwftom;o½kyfrsm; jyefvnf
20 &mpkacwfOD; 1911 ckESpfu zGHYNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHrsm;\ ydkYukef wefz;dk rSm? tm;opfvmapa&;twGuf? jzpfEkdifajctopfrsm;? awmif;qkdrItopfrsm;
¤if;wkpYd pk ak ygif;jynfwiG ;f xkwu
f ek w
f efz;dk (GDP)\ 12% &Scd o hJ nf/ 1950 vnf; ay:xGuv f mEkid &f m? yg0g\OD;wnf&mbufrmS usKUH oGm;jcif;rsm;vnf;
okdY a&mufaomtcg? þtcsKd;tqrSm 7% txd avsmhuscJhaomfvnf;? &SEd idk jf yefonf (push down)/ Oyrm - NAw d od QrS paumhwveftrsK;d om;a&;
aemiftESpf 20 tMum 1970 wGi?f 12% okYd jyefa&mufvmonf/ 1997 0g'? uae'grS uDGbuftrsKd;om;a&;0g'wkdY jzpfonf/ xkdrQru tpOf
ckESpfwGifrl? 17% txd wkd;oGm;ygonf/ þudef;*Pef;rsm;u bmudkazmf tvme,fedrdwfrsm;udk uefYvefYjzwfoGm;Ekdifonfh ab;wkdufzdn§pfrIrsm;
jyaeoenf;qkdvQif? urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;rSm &mpkESpftul;tajymif; umvESifh vnf; &SEd idk jf yefao;onf (squeeze sideways)/ Oyrm - pyde\ f bmpDvekd m
94 95
pD;yGm;a&;cGifrSm jyifopfawmifykdif;txd a&mufoGm;ovdkrsKd;jzpfonf/ okdY awmhyg/ tifwmeufray:rD wDADGenf;ynmavmufESifhyif? ta&SUOa&my
twGu?f trsK;d om;Ekid if rH sm; vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l El iS hf jrefjrefqefqef aysmufu, G f wpfckvkH; ajymif;vJoGm;cJh&onfudk? owdcsyf&monf/
oGm;vdrfhrnf[k? tavmwBuD; aumufcsufcsEkdifOD;rnf r[kwfyg/ xl;jcm; wwd,tjrifaoGvJrIrSm? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;udk olYtvkdvkd
aom tajctaetcsKUd wGi?f tcsKUd aomEkid if rH sm;qkv d Qif ydí
k yif tm;aumif; ay:xGufvmaom obm0tjcif;t&m[k? em;vnfxm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/
vmEkdifp&m tvm;tvmrsm;? &SdEkdifygonf/ Oyrm- qkdAD,uf,el , D H NyKd us pifppf odyÜHESifh enf;ynmwkd;wufrIrsm;rSm? olYtvkdvdkjzpfvmonf r[kwf/
oGm;onfESifh ta&SUOa&mytrsKd;om;EkdifiHrsm;\ tcef;u@rsm; ydkí vlwkdY\ &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ ydkí wdwd
a&SUwef;a&mufvmonfrsKd;jzpfonf/ ususqkd&vQif bdZeuftzGJYtpnf;rsm;? EkdifiHtpkd;&rsm;\ ]zGHYNzdK;a&;ESifh
okawoe} (R & D) qkdif&m &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm;\ tusKd;quf[k? ,lq
tjrifaoGvGJrIrsm; Ekid o
f nf/ xkx
Yd uf? *vdbk ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f udk wGe;f wifvu
dk af om taMumif;
tifazmfar;&Sif;wuúEkdvdk*sD awmfvSefa&;ESifh *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; w&m;rSm? wuúEkdvdk*sDwpfckwnf;r[kwf/ qkdAD,uf,leD,H NydKuGJoGm;jcif;
jzpfpOfwrYdk mS ? euf½iId ;f aomqufo, G rf rI sm; &Sad eonfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfonf/ qkdaom EkdifiHa&;taMumif;w&m;rSmvnf;? t"duae&mrSm &Sdaeonfudk
þtcsufaMumifhyif? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ESifh ywfoufaom tjrifaoG owdcsyf&monf/
vGJrIrsm;&Sdaeonf[k? ,lq&ygonf/ þonfwkdYrSm? vuf&Sd *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ESifhywfoufaom
yxrtjrifaoGvGJrIrSm? tkdifwDawmfvSefa&;\ tusKd;qufjzpf rwljcm;em;aomtjrifrsKd;pkHudk? tESpfcsKyfazmfjyvkdufjcif;jzpfygonf/
aom urÇmhyifhultdrfBuD;udkyif? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;[k em;vnfaeMu
jcif;jzpfonf/ pifppf? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;\ t"dutjcif;t&mrSm? (2) yk*¾vdu0g'
]tcsed }f (time) ESihf ]ae&m} (space) qkad om 'kid rf if;&Si;f ESpcf \ k tajymif;tvJ aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;qkdonfrSm? qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pD\ a&S;rqGuyif
rsm;wGif &Sdonf/ tcsdefrSm jzpf&yfwpfck csufcsif;jyefYoGm;Ekdifaom obm0 &SdcJhaom? taMumif;jcif;&m jzpfygonf/ pifppf? rmuöf0g'\ t&if;cH
(real time nature) &Sdvmovdk? ae&mrSmvnf; omrefMum;cHwpfck r[kwf tarGrSmyif? yk*¾vdu0g'ESifh pkaygif;0g'wkdYMum;wGif? 'dG[jzpfcJh[ef &Sdonf/
awmhb?J tifazmfar;&Si;f rsm; tcsed jf ynfph ;D qif;aeonf?h ]pD;arsmtmumo} qk&d ,S vf pfvt Yl zGt
YJ pnf; tjynft h 0&ifrh n
S v hf m&mrS? Ekid if aH wmf uG,af ysmuf
(floating space) jzpfvmonf/ þuJhokdYaom ]tppftrSeftcsdef}ESifh ]pD; &rnfhwl½lcsufudk rmuöfu a[mudef;xkwfcJhzl;onf/ þokdY a[mudef;xkwf
arsmtmumo}wkdY\atmufwGif? vlrsm;? ukefpnfrsm;? t&if;rsm;? tifazmf &if; ]vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;pD\ vGwfvyfonfhzGHYNzdK;rIonfyif? vlom;tm;vkH;
ar;&Si;f rsm;? tkid 'f ,
D mrsm; urÇmywfvmjcif;onfyif *vdb k ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f (vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfvkH;) vGwfvyfpGmzGHYNzdK;a&;twGuf? taMumif;&if;cH
jzpfawmhonf/ jzpfvrd rhf nf[k a&;cJzh ;l onf/ vufawGu Y sio hf ;Hk &mwGirf l qkd&S,fvpfpepfa&m?
'kw, d tjrifaoGvrJG rI mS ? *vdb
k ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f udk pD;yGm;a&; rsuEf mS uGefjrLepfpepfonfyg EkdifiHawmf\tcef;u@udkom txl;tav;uJcJhMu
pmwpfckxJrSmom? uGufíMunfhjcif;jzpfonf/ N*dK[fwkqufoG,fa&;enf; onf/ EkdifiHawmfOD;aqmifrIjzifhomvQif? aoG;pnf;nDnGwfrIESifh wef;wl
ynmESifh uGefysLwmwuúEkdvdk*sDwkdY ysHUESHYoGm;&mrS? 24 em&Dvnfywfaeaom nDrQru I ?kd zefw;D Ekid v
f rd rhf nf[k oabm,lcMhJ uonf/ okEYd iS t hf rQ ]pkaygif;0g'}
aiGaMu;aps;uGufrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;onf? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh bdZeuf (bk0H g') (collectivism) onfom? qk&d , S 'f rD u dk a&pD\ txif&mS ;qk;H trSwf
avmuudkomru vlwkdY\ edpö"l0b0rsm;udkyg? wkduf½kdufoufa&mufvsuf vu©Pm jzpfvm&awmhonf/
&Sdaeonf/ vlwkdY\jyKrlaexkdifykH "avhp½kdufrsm;omru? tawG;tjrif NyKd ib
f ufjzpfaom uGeq f maA;wpf0g'url? tkid 'f t D v dk *kd st
D &yifvQif
t,ltqrsm;yg tBuD;tus,f vIyfcgajymif;vJvsuf&Sd&m? *vdkb,fvkduf vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;udk tav;uJonf/ 1970 tvGefESpfrsm;odkYa&muf
aZ;&Sif;\ oufa&muf&m ]cGif}udk? pD;yGm;a&;rSmom uefYowfxm;í r& aomtcg ajymif;vJvmaom tajctaeopfrsm;u? uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;
96 97

vli,frsKd;qufopfrsm;rSm olwdkht&if
rsKd;qufrsm;xufyif usifU0wfjyóemukd
ykdítav;xm;Muonfukd awGY&onf/
wpfckyJ&Sdonf/ usifU0wfwefzdk;rsm;udk
tpOftvmESifU wkyfaESmifxm;Muonfukdu
b0ifrusjcif;jzpfonf/
twGuf tcGifhomovdk jzpfvm&onf/ tpOftvmt& jyefMunfhvkduf
vQifvnf;? pHawmf0ifqkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDrSm wpfom;wnf;us trsKd;om;
,Ofaus;rItm;aumif;&m Ekid if iH ,frsm;wGio
f m? ydzk NYHG zKd ;rItm;aumif;cJo
h nfukd
awGYEkdifonf/ udef;(p)abm*aA'vm a&TjynfomEkdifiHrsm;pDrHcsufudk
q,fpk ESpfpkrQ jzwfoef;NyD;aomtcg? Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;\taetxm;rSm
,Ofaus;rIt& A[k0g'oabmokdYa&mufvmNyD;? axGjym;aom ]b0ykHpH}
rsm;vnf; wpf[kefxkd; wkd;yGm;vmawmhonf/ þonfyif? pHawmf0ifqkd&S,f
vpf'Drkdua&pDESifha0;apzkdY taMumif;zefvmovdk? ]oufcsm0g'} twGuf
a&cHajrcHaumif;vnf; jzpfvmawmhonf/
þwGif? qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;taeESifh a&SUa&mufvmaom yk*¾vdu
0g'ESifh ya'ompkHb0ykHpHrsm;udk? tqifajyajywkHYjyefEkdif&ef ta&;BuD;
vmonf/ cufaeonfrSm? qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDu vufcHEkdifaom yk*¾vdu
0g'rSm? vpfb&,fopfpD;yGm;a&;oDtkd&Drsm;u azmfxkwfcJhaom? twÅzkdxkd;
onfh yk*¾vdu0g'rsKd;ESifh rwlonfhtcsuf jzpfonf/ ydkícufonfrSm?
þjcm;em;csufudk awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u rcGJjcm;Ekdifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ pifppf?
qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDu ,kHMunfouf0ifaom yk*¾vdu0g'rSm? trSDckduif;
aom? udk,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnfEkdifaom? wm0ef,lrIESifh,SOfonfh
yk*¾vdu0g' jzpfygonf/ ajym&vQif yk*¾vdu0g'opfjzpfonf/
odjYk zif?h tajccHusaomjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Si;f zkjYd zpfvm&awmhonf/
]yk*¾vdu0g'opf}qkdwm bmvJ/ a&SUa&mufvmaomaps;uGufESifh þ0g'\
tquftpyfonfbmvJ .../ ]ig-yxr-vlYtzGJYtpnf;}(me-first-
society)u arG;xkwfvkdufaom ]ig-rsKd;quf}(me-generation)u? trsm;
98
qkdif&mwefzkd;rsm;ESifh vlrsm;pktusKd;pD;yGm;udk acsrGzsufqD;ypfrnfavm
.../ tu,fí? qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDtaeESifh yk*¾vduvGwfvyfcGifhudk
a&S ; uxuf y d k O D ; pm;ay;vmrnf q k d v Qif ? ]vG w f v yf r I E S i f h w ef ; wl n D r QrI }
qkdaom tpOftvm0da&m"dBuD;udk? b,fykHukdifwG,fajz&Sif;Murnfenf;/
pHawmf0if qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDtaeESifh? rvGJra&Smifom tajzay;&awmh
rnfhykpämrsm;jzpfygonf/
ajymMupwrf;qkdvQif ]ig-yxr-vlYtzGJYtpnf;}ESifh 4if;\qkd;usKd;
rsm;tay: pkd;&drfruif;jzpfaeMuonfrSm? vuf0Jomru vuf,mrsm;yg
jzpfonf/ okdYESifhwkdif taMumif;&if;Zmpfjrpfrsm;udk &SmazGMu&mwGifrl? olwkdY
tcsif;csif;vnf; csOf;uyfykH rwlMujyefay/ qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;u jyó
em\rlvtpudk? aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;xJwGif &Smonf/ oufcsm0g'\
]yk*¾vduvlom;taeESifh tpdk;&tay:rrDckdbJ? udk,fh0ef udk,fxrf;Ekdif&
rnf}qkdaom aumufcsufudk? a0zefqef;ppfMuonf/ uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;
url? usifh0wfqkdif&m,kd,Gif;rIqDokdY OD;wnfcJhaom? 1960 tvGefESpfrsm;u
txdrf;tuGyfavsmh&JrIrsm;udk? jyefMunfhMuonf/ vufawGYjzpf&yfrsm;ESifh
qufpyfMunfv h u dk af omtcg? rnfonft h qkrd S ckid rf maomokawoeawG&Y dS
csufrsm;tay:? tajccHMuonfawmh r[kwfyg/ jyóemwpfckvkH;udkyif?
tjrifopfjzifh jyefvnfcsOf;uyfzkdY? vdkvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&ygonf/
yk*¾vdu0g'opf
pifppf? ]ig-rsKd;quf} qkdaom a0g[m&udk,fwkdifonfyif? yk*¾vdu
0g'opfudk rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;azmfjyvkdufjcif;[k? qkdEkdifonf/ yk*¾vdu0g'
qkdonfESifh? usifh0wfqkdif&m ,kd,Gif;rIrsm;\oauFw[k? ,lqírjzpf/
EkdifiHwumrS avhvmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;t&? vli,frsKd;qufopfrsm;rSm olwkdY
t&ifrsKd;qufrsm;xufyif? usifh0wfjyóemudk ydkítav;xm;Muonfudk
awG&Y onf/ wpfcyk &J o dS nf/ usi0hf wfwefz;dk rsm;udk tpOftvmESiw
hf yk af ESmif
xm;Muonfudkom? b0ifrusjcif;jzpfonf/ b0ykHpHwpfckudk? txuf
tmPmykdifu ykHpHcsjy|mef;ay;&rnfqkdaom tpOftvm taumuft,l
rsKd;udk? cHwGif;rawGYEkdifMujcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYxuf? acwfopf EIef;pHwefzkd;rsm;
udk,fwkdifonfvnf;? tpOftvmESifhrwl? tif*vD[wf ajymaom ½kyfvGef
obm0rsm;u uJonf/ Oyrm=a*[aA'qkdif&mwefzkd;rsm;? vlYykdifcGifhrsm;
ESifh vdifykdifqkdif&mvGwfvyfrI ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ þae&mwGif *smref
99
 Identity
vlrIaA'ynm&Sif tl;&pfbuf(c) zGifhqkdaom? ]yk*¾vdu0g'opf}udk xkwf
EIwfazmfjyvdkygonf/ olYzGifhqkdcsufu þokdY .../ tawG;rSm; Feature
]]yk*¾vdu0g'opfrSm oufcsm0g'r[kwf/ aps;uGufqkdif&m yk*¾vdu
0g' r[kwf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk tao;i,fqkH; trIHtrTm;av;rsm;
t,kHrSm;
tjzpf cGJxkwfvkdufjcif;r[kwf/ þtaumuft,lrsm;ESifh qefYusif
pGmyif ]tzGJYtpnf;abmifoGif;xm;aom yk*¾vdu0g'} (institu-
tpGJrSm;rsm;\
tionalized individualism) jzpfonf/ a&TjynfomEkdifiHrsm;\
ykid cf iG Ehf iS hf cHpm;cGit hf rsm;pkrmS ? tdraf xmifrsm;xuf vly*k Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D csi;f tMurf ; zuf r I ( 3)
twGuf 'DZidk ;f qifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;wkrYd mS udpaö wmfawmfrsm;rsm; THE VIOLENCE OF ILLUSION
wGif tvkyftukdif&&Sda&;udk &nfnTef;jcif;jzpfonf/ tvkyftukdif
&&Sad &;qk&d mwGiv f nf;? ynma&;ESihf a&Munf&mjrufE&k m a&TUajymif; 0 if ; a e m if
aexkdifcGifhudkyg? oG,f0kduf&nfnTef;NyD; jzpfonf/ þokdYaom vdk ,cifvrStquf
tyfcsufrsm;twGuf? vlxkudk yk*¾vduvkyfykdifcGifhrsm; tyfESif;vkduf
jcif; jzpfonf/ rdrdwkdYuHMur®mudk rdrdwkdYudk,fwkdifzefwD;EkdifzkdY? rdrd a&G;cs,rf EI iS hf wm0ef,rl u
I kd jiif;y,fjcif;
wkdYb0pDrHcsufudk rdrdwkdYudk,fwkdif a&;qGJ'dZkdif;qifzkdY zGJUpnf; wm0ef a&G;cs,fp&mrsm; wpfpkHwpf&m&Sdygvsuf? bmrSr&Sd[k ,lq
ay;vkdufjcif;jzpfayonf/}} vkdufvQif qifjcifwkHw&m;twGufvnf; ae&mr&SdEkdifawmhyg/
ajym&vQif yk*¾vdu0g'opfrSm? tpOftvm"avhxkH;pHrsm;rS qkwf &So
d if&h x
dS udk af om qifjcifww Hk &m;\ae&mwGi?f xk;H wrf;pOfvmtjyK
cGmoGm;cJhNyDjzpfygonf/ ,cifuvdk aps;uGuf\MoZmcHoufoufrQ r[kwf trl? tawG;tjrifrsm;tay: rar;rprf;? rppfraq;vufcHvkduf
awmhbJ? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfBuD;\ oufa&mufrIwpfckvkH;udkyg? onfuom tpm;0ifvmygvdrfhrnf/ rnfrQyif uefYuGufqefYusif
tus,ftjyefYxnfhwGufonf/ a&TjynfomEkdifiHrsm;pDrHcsufrSm yk*¾vdu oifhaomt&myifjzpfap? tn§mvG,f
0g'opf\ tpdwftykdif;wpf&yftjzpf? qufvufyg0ifNrJ yg0ifaeygvdrfh vG,fESifh vufcHMuawmhrnfom jzpf
rnf/ pkaygif;0g'udk tNyD;wkdifpGefYvTwfvkdufonf r[kwfbJ? þ0g'udk ygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzif?h þokaYd om
OD;wnfaprnfh yk*¾vdupkpnf;rIrsKd; jzpfonf/ yk*¾vdu0g'opft& vuf&Sd tpOf t vmaemuf t&rf ; tuef ;
tajctaeudk? usifh0wfqkdif&m,kd,Gif;rIumvBuD;[k rjrif/ usifh0wfqkdif vkdufwwfonfh ]vrf;½kd;0g'}wGif? a&S;
&mtajymif;tvJ[líom oabm,lonf/ tpOftvm xuf,atmuf a[mif;xde;f tiftm;pkwYdk wpfpw Hk pf&m
zGJYpnf;ykHrsm;ESifh usifh0wfudk wnfaqmufykHazmfMu&mrS? yk*¾vduwm0ef,lrI yg0ifywfoufaewwfygonf/ "avh
ESihf usi0hf wfuykd aHk zmf,zl Ydk jzpfonf/ okt Yd wGuf yk*v¾ u
d 0g'opfrmS twå0g' xkH;pHa[mif;? tavhtxa[mif;rsm;
oufoufrQr[kw/f tzGt YJ pnf;abmifoiG ;f xm;aom yk*¾vdu0g'jzpfonf/ ud k tod Ó Pf y nmjzif h rpd p pf E k d i f
þonfwkdYrSm yk*¾vdu0g'ESifhywfoufaom jyefvnfpdppfcsuf atmif? 'kid ;f umxm;vdo k nfh &nf&, G f
rsm; jzpfygonf/ csuf r sm;vnf ; yg0if w wf y gonf /
qufvufazmfjyygrnf trSefpifppf trsd K ;orD ; rsm;tay:
ausmf 0 if ; wpf z uf o wf q uf q H j cif ; ? vl r sKd ; ?
100 101
tom;ta&mif ponftm;jzifh cGJjcm;qufqHjcif; paom tpOftvm tpOftvmqko d nfrmS vnf; r,dr;f r,kid f
rnDrQrIrsm;rSm? qkdcJhyg tar;tjref;tppfaq;r&Sd tn§mvG,fvG,f vufcH
ausmufpmwkid Bf u;D vd?k xm0&ckid cf idk Bf u;D
vkdufMuonfh tusifhqkd;aMumifhom? oufqkd;&Snfae&jcif; jzpfygonf/
tavhtxa[mif;rsm;ESifh? wpfcgu rSwf,lvufcHcJhMuaom &yfaeonfrsK;d r[kwyf g/
trSwftom; o½kyfa[mif;rsm;rSm? rsm;aomtm;jzifh jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwf tckid t f rmEkid if w
H pfck (okrYd [kw)f
jcif;? aphaphpyfpyf pdppfjcif;ponfrsm;jzifh wkHYjyefvkdufonfESifh? wpfppD ,Ofaus;rI"avUwpfck twGi;f rSmyif?
NydKusukefonfu rsm;yg;onf/ tpOftvmqkdonfrSmvnf; r,drf;r,kdif ajymif;vJEidk yf gonf/ vufawGw Y iG vf nf;
ausmufpmwkdifBuD;vdk? xm0& ckdifckdifBuD;&yfaeonfrsKd; r[kwfyg/ tckdif
ajymif;aeMuonfomjzpfonf/
trmEkid if wH pfck (okrYd [kw)f ,Ofaus;rI"avhwpfck twGi;f rSmyif? ajymif;vJ
Ekdifygonf/ vufawGYwGifvnf; ajymif;aeMuonfom jzpfonf/ þudpö
ESifhywfoufvQif? 1874 ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom *Refpwl;tyfrD;(v)\
]trsKd;orD;xkudk zdxm;jcif;} (The Subjection of Women) pmtkyfudk jyefvnfykHoGif;cJhMuonf/ þonf\ tusKd;qufum;? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
jyefnTef;vdkonf/ þpmtkyfrSm xkwfa0pOfu a&yef;rpm;cJhyg/ þpmtkyf wpfajrwnf;ae wpfa&wnf;aomufcJhMuolrsm;udk,fwkdif? aeYcsif;ncsif;
ESifhywfoufNyD;? rD;(v)udkyif iaygiaMumif[k? ,lqcJhMuonfrsm; &Sdonf/ NiKd ;ol&efbuftoGiaf jymif;Ny;D tcsi;f csi;f aqmfMu? ESuMf u? owfMu? jzwfMu
rD;(v)\pmtkyrf sm;xJwiG f xkwaf 0olt½I;H jyonfh wpftyk w f nf;aompmtkyf jcif;yifjzpfawmhonf/ i,fb0uwnf;u? uRefawmfESifh&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifcJh
jzpfygonf/ okdYESifhwkdif? ,aeYjzpfysufaeaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udkrl þ aom uReaf wmfyh wf0ef;usirf S vlawGrmS ? ½kww f &ufqo dk vdk tuGu
J tJG NyNJ yJ
pmtkyfu? t&if;twkdif;xif[yfazmfjyvsuf &Sdaeonf/ jzpfuek Mf uawmhonf/ þtajctaersK;d wGif qifjcifww Hk &m;twGuf b,f
vlrIa&;trSwftom;o½kyfwpfckudk tppfaq;? tar;tjref;r&Sd vkdrS ae&mr&SdEkdifawmhyg/ pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI trkef;rD;yGm;rsm;uom t&m&m
tvG,fwul vufcHvkdufMujcif;u? tpOftvm*,uf teufoufouf OD;aqmifaeawmhonf/
udkom? arG;zGm;ay;onf r[kwfyg/ trSwftom;o½kyfESifh ywfoufonfh
&,f'Du,foabmaqmifaom jyefvnfykHoGif;rIrsKd;udkyg? o,faqmifvm ,Ofaus;rIe&odef
wwfygonf/ þokdYaom qifjcifwkHw&m;rJh jyefvnfykHoGif;rIrsKd;udkyif? 1990 0ef;usifESpfrsm;twGif;? ynmavmuudk wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;
]topf&SmazGawGY&Sdcsuf}tjzpf tpGHxkwfAef;wifavh&SdMuonf/ tusKd; apcJah om ppfwrf;wpfc?k xGuaf y:vmcJyh gonf/ ygarmu© q,frsL&,f(v)
qufum; tvGeftEÅ&m,fBuD;onfESifhtrQ? xdwfvefYwkefvIyfp&m aumif; [efwifwef\ ],Ofaus;rIrsm;wkd;wkdufrdjcif;} (The Clash of Civiliza-
vSaom aoG;xkd;vIHYaqmfrIrsm;yif jzpfawmhonf/ þtwGuf oufaojyzkdY tion) ppfwrf;jzpfygonf/ usrf;&Sif [efwifweftaeESifh? A[ktajctae
qkv d Qi?f uReaf wmft
h wGuf txl;taxG&mS azGzYdk rvdak wmhyg/ ,ckxufwidk f xJrS {ut,ltqudk pdwful;<u,f<u,fjzifh tokH;jyKvkdufonfrSm? ajym
pGJpGJxifxifrSwfrdaeao;aom? 1940 tvGefESpfrsm;u tdEd́,wGif BuKHcJh& prSwjf yKavmufygayonf/ þ{ut,ltqESiyhf if trSwt f om;o½kyf tpk
onfh [dE´L-rGwfpvift"du½kPf;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ta0;rsm;udk tkyfpkcGJvkduf&m? ],Ofaus;rIvrf;aMumif;rsm;} (civilizational
xkdpOfuvnf;? tqkdyg trSwftom;o½kyf jyefvnfykHoGif;rIrsm;? lines) qkdaom? trSefwu,fr&Sdonfh pdwful;e,fedrdwfrsm; ay:xGuv f m
tawmfa&yef;pm;cJhzl;onf/ tdE´d,vlrsKd;? tdE´d,wkdufom;? tm&Som;? awmhonf/ þvrf;aMumif;rsm;udyk if tajcwnfí? taemufwkdif;,Ofaus;
vlYtpnf;t½kH;0ifpaom trsm;qkdiftrSwftom;o½kyfrsm;udk jiif;y,fí? rItkyfpk? tpövmrf,Ofaus;rItkyfpk? [dE´L,Ofaus;rItkyfpk? Ak', ¨ Ofaus;rI
[dE´L? rGwfpvif? qpf(c)paom *kdPf;*PtrSwftom;o½kyfrsm;udk? tkypf .k .. ponfjzifh trsK;d tpm;xyfrcH v
JG u
dk &f m? ,Ofaus;rIrsm; wkd;wkduf
102 103
 uReaf wmft h jrifuakd jym&vQi?f
qkcd yhJ g,Ofaus;rItyk pf rk sm;
trSew f u,fw;dk wku d rf jd cif;
&SdEkdif, r&SdEkdif tomxm;? wkd;wkdufrdzkdY
taMumif;zefjyaom cGjJ cm;enf;rSmyif
apm'u wufp&m&Sad eonf[?k
oabm&ygonf/
rdzkdY taMumif;zefvmawmhonf/ uRefawmfhtjrifudkajym&vQif? qkdcJhyg
,Ofaus;rItkyfpkrsm; trSefwu,fwkd;wkdufrdjcif; &SdEkdif, r&SdEkdif tomxm;?
wkd;wkdufrdzkdY taMumif;zefjyaom cGJjcm;enf;rSmyif apm'u wufp&m&Sdae
onf[k? oabm&ygonf/
trSefpifppf urÇmt&yf&yfwGif rSDwif;aexkdifMuolrsm;udk? wpfrsKd;
ruaom enf;vrf;toG,foG,fjzifh? tkyfpkcGJjcm;owfrSwfEkdifonfom
jzpfygonf/ vlrsKd;t&? aexkdif&ma'ot&? vlwef;pm;t&? tvkyftukdif
t&? vlrItqifhtwef;t&? bmompum;t&? EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsuft&
pojzifh tajrmuftjrm;&SdEkdifygonf/ þodkYaom cGJjcm;enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh buf
aygif;pkHcsOf;uyfEkdifrSom? uRefawmfwkdY\ b0taxGaxGudk trSefwu,f
xif[yfEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ 0da&m"drsm;ESifhorl[rsm;udk cGJjcm;pdppfEkdifp&m&Sd
ygvdrfhrnf/ cGJjcm;enf;wpfckt& vlrItkyfpkESpfckrSm 0da&m"djzpfaeonfh
wkdif? tjcm;aomcGJjcm;enf;wpfckt&rl orl[jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifygonf/
0rf;enf;zkdYaumif;onfrSm? þokdY cGJjcm;enf;rsKd;pkH&Sdaeygvsuf ,Of
aus;rI (wdwu d susajym&vQif bmoma&;)udo k m wpfcw k nf;aom cGJjcm;enf;
tjzpf? a&SUwef;wifajymqkdaeMujcif;jzpfygonf/ þokdY wpfpkHwpfckudk
taoukdifvkdufonfESifh? (wpfenf;) {ut,ltqvTrf;rkd;oGm;onfESifh?
tjcm;aomcGjJ cm;enf;rsm;udk acszsuv f udk o
f vd?k jzpfomG ;awmhonf/ ]vlom;}
qkdaom trsm;qkdif trSwftom;o½kyfBuD;udk? ,Ofaus;rI(bmoma&;)
qkdaom trSwftom;o½kyfi,frsm;jzifh? cGJjcm;vkdufovdk jzpfoGm;&awmh
onf/ þt"dyÜm,fESifh pdppfMunfhvkdufaomtcg? ygarmu©[efwifwef
104
o½kyfcGJjyonfh tpövmrfrpfurÇm? taemufwkdif;(c&pf,mef)urÇm? [dE´L
urÇm? Ak'¨urÇm... ponf ponfwkdYrSm? ]vlom;}qkdaom trsm;qkdif
bkjH cif;awmif;Bu;D udzk suí f ? usO;f ajrmif;usywf nf;vSonfh aowåmi,frsm;
xJokdY? vlawGudk cGJxnfhvkdufovdk jzpfaeygawmhonf/ okdYESifhtrQ csrf;om
ESiq hf if;&J? vuf&EdS iS v
hf ufr?hJ uGeqf maA;wpfEiS v hf pfb&,f? w½kwfESifh*syef?
ta&SUwkdif;om;ESifhtaemufwkdif;om; paom? tjcm;rwlnDrItm;vkH;rSm
tqkyd gaowåmBu;D rsm;ESihf uif;vGwNf y;D ? ikyv f QKd ;aysmufu, G o f mG ;&awmhonf/
okdYtwGuf? ,Ofaus;rIrsm;trSefwu,f wkd;wkdufrdEkdifjcif; &Sd,r&Sd
qkdaomudpöodkYra&mufrD? BudKwiftkyfpkcGJ owfrSwfcsufrSmyif jyóem
&SdaeNyD[k? qkd&jcif;jzpfygonf/ ajym&vQif? wpfckwnf;aom o½kyfcGJpdppf
enf;em (,Ofaus;rIupd o ö ufouf)udo k m? taoqkyu f idk v
f udk jf cif;onfyif?
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pifppf 0da&m"dcsnf;&Sdonfr[kwf? orl[yg&Sdonf/) ,Ofaus;rIrsufrSef
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qkHcsufxJwGif? rwlaom,Ofaus;rIrsm;Mum; tjyeftvSefwkHYjyefqufqHMu
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cs,fxnfhoGif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ þonfyif? qkdcJhygppfwrf;\ aemuf
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atmif rsufpdvQrf;apawmhonf/ rsufpdvQrf;oGm;aom yxrt&Sdw&m;
rSm? ,Ofaus;rItyk pf t k oD;oD;&Sd ya'ompkjH zpfryI if/ (,Ofaus;rItyk pf w k pfck
twGif;rSmyif ya'ompkHoabmaqmifaom "avhrsKd;pkH&SdEkdifonf/) 'kwd,
t&Sdw&m;um;? ,Ofaus;rItcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefwkHYjyefqufpyfrI jzpf
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rsm;udk owdrrlEkdifonfESifhtrQ? ,Ofaus;rIcsif; wkd;wkdufapvdkonfhtkyfpk
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105
 State Building
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qkyfukdifazmfxkwfvkdufaom ppfwrf;rSm? ,Ofaus;rIrsm; wkd;wkdufEkdifonfh EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDESifh qufpyfaeaom? yg0gtaysmhqdkif
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(By Amartya Sen) onf /
106 107
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ukyd if? rvdktyfbJ xyfausmhvkyfaeonfrsm;? &nfrSef;csufcsif; qefYusif
bufjzpfaeonfrsm;ukd? rMumcPqdkovkd MuHKawGYae&awmhonf/
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d euf½iId ;f ygonf/ þtwGuf om"uwif&vQi?f ]Ekid if w H umzGUH NzKd ;a&;
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Development), NED (National Endowment for Democracy), NDI txnfazmf&rnfqadk om uefo Y wfcsuw f pfck owfrw S x
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vlxka&;&moHcif;wrefcif;vkyfief;rSm? 'Drdkua&pDjr§ifhwifa&;ESifh awmhonf/
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108 109
 nd§EdIif;aqmif&GufEkdifap&eftwGuf? EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme vufatmuf
ppfyEJG pS yf vJG ;kH uku
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xrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf;? &Sd,r&Sd apmifhMunfh&ygvdrfhOD;rnf/
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H umzGUH NzKd ;a&;Xme}vdk yHpk rH sK;d jzpfygonf/ þXme
ponfh ae&mrsm;wGifvnf; EkdifiHwnfaqmufa&;qkdif&m tawGUtMuHK BuD;\wm0efrSm? EdkifiHwum&Sd tar&du\ zGHUNzdK;a&;vIyf&Sm;rItm;vHk;udk
tcsKUd ukd xyfr&H &Scd yhJ gonf/ okEYd iS w fh idk ?f Ekid if w
H nfaqmufa&;\ ta&;Bu;D BuD;MuyfzdkY jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif pOf;pm;zdkYvdkonfrSm? tar&duefuGef
qH;k tykid ;f [k qdEk idk o f nf?h tzGUJ tpnf;qdik &f m jyKjyifajymif;vJrt I ykid ;f udrk ?l *&uf vTwaf wmf taeESifh USAID vdak t*sipf w D pfcuk ?dk 0efBu;D tzGUJ ESifh
tjynfht0 em;rvnfEkdifao;[k? qdk&rnfomjzpfygonf/ uvifwef tqihw f t
l mPmrsK;d ay;tyfygrnfavmqdak omudpö jzpfygonf/ tu,fí
tpk d ; &taeES i f h þtm;enf ; csuf u k d jznf h q nf ; &ef & nf & G , f c suf j zih f ? xda&mufaom tusK;d qufrsm; zefw;D rjyEkid v f Qi?f þokaYd omtcGit fh mPm
]or®w\ qH;k jzwfcsuq f ikd &f mnTeMf um;csurf sm;(56)} qdo k nfu?kd xkwjf yef rsKd; ay;tyfvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k ,lq&ygonf/
jy|mef;ay;cJzh ;l onf/ þnTeMf um;csu(f 56)t&? ½Iyaf xG;aom y#dyu©veG f vufawGt Y vkyjf zpfEidk pf &m&So d nfrmS USAID ukd tqihjhf ri§ zhf x Ykd uf?
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;u@wGif? xm;&Sd&rnfh at*sifpDrsm;\ tcef; ¤if;\ xda&mufaomtpdwftydkif;tcsKdUukd qGJxkwfNyD;? jyefvnfwnf
u@ESihf rpf&Spfrsm;ukd owfrSwfay;cJhonf/ aqmufa&;at*sipf t D jzpf zGUJ pnf;zdjYk zpfonf/ þat*sipf u D vwfwavm
okEYd iS w
fh ikd ?f vuf&b dS (k &S)f tpk;d &taeESihf þtpDtpOfrsm;ukd ypfy,fNy;D ? EkdifiHwnfaqmufa&;wm0efukd aqmif&GufNyD;? a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;a&;udpörsm;
tmz*efepöwefppfyEJG iS fh tD&wfppfyw JG u Ykd kd qufwu kd q f o
kd vdk qifEcJT o
hJ nf/ twGurf l axmifpEk pS f pdeaf c:csuq f ikd &f m aumfyadk &;&Si;f okYd vTt J yfzYkd jzpf
ppfyEJG pS yf v
JG ;kH uku d m; ppfa&;t& Ekid cf o hJ nf[k qdEk idk yf gonf/ okaYd omf? tvGef ygonf/ þokaYd om zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajymif;tvJuom? ,aeY tD&wfEiS fh tmz
Bu;D rm;aom Ekid if w H nfaqmufa&; wm0efBu;D ESp&f yfu?dk wpfcsed w f nf; wpf *efepöwefwGif &ifqdkifae&aom tcuftcJrsm; ajz&Sif;a&;ESihf? a&&Snf
NydKifwnf; &ifqkdifcJh&awmhonf/ tajctaeukdykdíqdk;aponfrSm? bk(&S) zGHUNzdK;a&;twGufyg tusKd;rsm;p&m&Sdvdrfhrnf[k? arQmfvihf&ygonf/
tpk;d &uk, d w f ikd rf mS yif Ekid if wH nfaqmufa&;qdik &f m tawGUtMuKH EiS fh odjrif tar&duefjynfaxmifpktaeESihf tzGJUtpnf;wnfaqmufa&;ukd
em;vnfrIwdkY? csKdUwJhaejcif;jzpfygonf/ ajym&vQif? þtm;enf;csufukd txl;jyKNy;D ? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh Ekid if aH &;qdik &f mzGUH NzKd ;a&;ukd tm;ay;jri§ w hf ifvv kd Qi?f
bk(&S)tpkd;&ukd,fwkdif (w&m;0if0efcHajymMum;jcif;r&Sdonfhwdkif) odo tajccHt& vHk;0jcm;em;aom csOf;uyfrIwpfck trSefyifvdkygvdrfhrnf/
avmuf od[efwlygonf/ jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ESihf wnfNidrfa&;ukd vuf&Sd ]axmifpkESpfpdefac:csufqdkif&macs;aiG} (MCA) rSm? tajccHt&
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 vmEkdifp&m &Sdygonf/ okdYESihfwkdif? &efyHkaiG&&Sda&;twGufrl tjcm;EkdifiH
rsm;ukd yl;aygif;yg0ifvmap&ef? pnf;½H;k odr;f oGi;f zdYk vdyk gvdrrhf nf/ xkrd Qru?
tzGJYtpnf;qdkif&m wnfaqmufa&;rSm? tvSL&SiEf idk if rH sm;Mum; yl;aygif;aqmif&u G af &;qdik &f m jyóemrsm;udv k nf;?
EdkifiHa&;tcGifUomrItay:wGifvnf; ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&ygvdrfhrnf/ tar&dueftpkd;&taeESihf þ'ku©rsm;ukd
wnfrSDaeonfjzpf&m? cHvdk[efrwlyg/
þokdYjzpf&onfrSm? vkyfief;pOfwpf&yfvHk;ukd tar&duefwpfck
taumif;qHk;tajctaerSmyif wnf;u? xde;f csKyx f m;vdak omaMumifo h mru Ekid if w H umtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
tcsdefumvwpfck ,l&ygonf/ tay: txifao;aomaMumifv h nf;? jzpfEidk yf gonf/ bk(&S)tpk;d &\ pOf;
pm;csuft& urÇmhbPfvdk EkdifiHwumtzGJUpnf;trsm;rS wpfqihfoGm;
onfxuf? rdrw d Ykd wpfO;D csi;f wpfu, dk af wmfusw d o f nfu? ydí
k c&D;a&muf
ckdifrmonf[k qdkEkdifygonf/ okdYESifhwdkif?? tjcm;EkdifiHrsm; yl;aygif;yg0if vdrfhrnf[k rSef;qxm;[ef&Sdygonf/ wpfenf;qdk&vQif? tar&duefay:
vmEkid af &;twGu?f rufv;kH rsm;zefw;D ay;zdYk vdyk gvdrrhf nf/ þtwGuf 0g&Sif vpDrSm wpfukd,fawmfusdwf0g'rSvmaom? a&G;cs,frIjzpfygonf/
weftaeESihf vdktyfaom &efyHkaiGrsm; rwnfay;&ygvdrfhrnf/ wpfNydKif rnfoyYdk ifqadk p þa&G;cs,rf rI mS aumif;rGeaf om tay;t,lwpfck
eufwnf;rSmyif vufiif;csufcsif;tusKd;&Sdvdrfhrnf[k rarQmfrSef;tyfbJ? um; jzpfrvmchyJ g/ bk(&S)tpk;d & 'kw, d oufwrf;a&mufonftxd? MCA
pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf avhvmapmifhMunfhzdkY vdkygvdrfhrnf/ wpfESpfNyD;wpfESpf udpötaumiftxnfazmfa&;rSm? prf;w0g;0g;tqihfxuf rykdao;[k
xifomjrifomaom &v'fawG xGuaf y:vmvdrrhf nf[k rarQmrf eS ;f tyfyg/ qdk&rnfom jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfhoabmukd ajym&vQif? USAIDukd
tzGUJ tpnf;qdik &f m wnfaqmufa&;rSm? Edik if aH &;tcGio fh mrItay: jyefvnfjyKjyifonfxuf vuf&u dS rÇmb h PfEiS hf Edik if wH umtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
wGifvnf; wnfrSDaeonfjzpf&m? taumif;qHk;tajctaerSmyif tcsdef ukd jyefvnfjyKjyifonfu? tar&dutwGuf ykdítusKd;rsm;zG,f&Sdvdrfh
umvwpfck ,l&ygonf/ Ekid if rH sm;taejzihf MCA tultnD&zdYk tqihrf D, rnf[k ,lqygonf/ okdYESihfwkdif? vuf&Sdbk(&S) tpkd;&url rnfokdYaom
rrD rqHk;jzwfrDrSmyif? ¤if;wkdYbufrS jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;tpDtpOfrsm;xJrS Ekid if pH t
H zGt
J pnf;rsK;d ukrd ?S vdv k m;[efr&Syd g/ þokjYd iif;y,faeonfEsit fh rQ?
t"duusonfrsm;ud?k BudKwiftaumiftxnfazmfxm;zdkY vdkygvdrfhrnf/ urÇmhtpDtpOfwpfckvHk;ESihfqdkifaom jyóemrsm; ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf?
ta&twGuf rufv;kH rsm; zefw;D ay;zdv Yk ykd gvdrrhf nf/ ajym&vQif tvSL&Sif a&&Snw f nfwchJ ikd jf ro
J nfh zGUJ pnf;yHw
k pf&yf? jzpfay:vma&;rSmvnf; aESmifh
rsm;\ rdu k cf ½dpk rD cH efcY rJG yI a&m*suu
f ?dk MCA vufc&H ,lvo kd nfh Ekid if rH sm; aES;MuefYMumaeOD;rnf jzpfygownf;/
bufrS a&SUajy;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI tpDtpOfrsm;jzihf? qufpyfay;zdkY jzpfyg
onf / rdk;aumif;
tar&duefyg0gtaysmhqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; jyef
vnf'DZdkif;qif&mwGif? aemufqHk;wifjyvdkonfh jyóemrSm tar&duef pmnTe;f / / After the Neocons
at*sifpDrsm;ESihf usefurÇmhEkdifiHrsm;Mum; qufqHa&;ESifhywfoufygonf/ (by Francis Fukuyama)
MCA udpö 'DZi dk ;f qif&mrSmyif bk(&S)tpk;d &a&G;cs,cf o hJ nfrmS ? Edik if pH t
kH zGUJ
tpnf;rsm;rSwpfqihf oGm;a&;r[kwf? tar&duefat*sifpDrsm;oufouf
jzihof mvQif taumiftxnfazmfa&;jzpfonf/ trSepf ifppf? Ekid if pH kH tzJUG
tpnf;rsm;ESio fh m wm0ef,al qmif&u G Ef idk v f Qi?f MCA udprö mS ykrd u kd s,jf yefY
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Traveller's Tale

'ku©wkdY
uif;&mukef&m
AN END TO SUFFERING
PANKAJ MISHRA a&;í vif;xufaZmf bmomjyefonf/

,cifvrStquf olajymaom ]aomwkZe}qdo k nfh toH;k tEIe;f twGurf ?l uReaf wmfh

rpöwm&Sm;rm;ajymaom tdrfvcrSm pwdrQom&Sd&m? uRefawmfhrSm rSm rvHkrvJjzpf&onf/ trSefpifppf? uRefawmfonf bmrSr[kwf/
tHhMoae&awmhonf/ wpfvrS ½lyD; wpfaxmifom&Sdonf/ uRefawmf ausmif;pmukpd w d 0f ifpm;rIr&Sad om ausmif;om;wpfa,mufrQom jzpfonf/
arQmfvihfxm;onfu tawmfrsm;vdrfhrnfxifí? wwfrSwwfEkdifyghrvm; wuúov dk wf iG f uReaf wmf,cl o hJ nfu ]ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ynm}/ 'Dbmom
pkd;&drfrdcJhao;onf/ trSefpifppf rpöwm&Sm;rm;ukd,fwkdifonfyif? vGefcJh ukd ,ljzpfonfuvnf; 0goemygvSveG ;f ír[kw/f q&m0ef? (okrYd [kw)f
aom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu? uRefawmfhvdk pma&;pmzwfzdkY &nf&G,fcsufjzifh? tif*sief , D mjzpfr?S vlwpfv;kH olwpfv;kH jzpfrnfxifaeMuaom orm;½d;k us
þ½Gmav;okYd a&muf&v dS mjcif;jzpfonf/ þtwGuaf Mumifyh if? wrif tdrf pOf;pm;enf;rS? vrf;cGx J u
G vf í kd jzpfonf/ qdck NhJ y;D onft h wkid ;f ? uReaf wmfrh mS
vcavQmh,l[efwlygonf/ pmwdak yp tenf;i,frv S íJG ? bmwpfcrk S [kw[ f w k jf im;jim; a&;cJo h v
l nf;
rpöwm&Sm;rm;\ zcifBu;D rSm? qif;rvm;wGif yxrqH;k ooFu½du k f r[kwf/ yGihfyGifhvif;vif; 0efcH&vQif? bmtaMumif;a&;rnfqdkaom pOf;
aumvdyfausmif; wnfaxmifoljzpfonf/ rpöwm&Sm;rm;ukd,fwdkifonf pm;csufyif? cdkifcdkifrmrm &Sdonfr[kwfyg/ uRefawmfhvdk ]pmwdk½l;}wpf
vnf;? ooFu½du k f bmomESifh vpOfxw k rf *¾Zif;wpfapmif xkwaf 0cJzh ;l a,muftwGu?f aomwkZeqdak om a0g[m&Bu;D rSm Bu;D us,cf rf;em;vGe;f
onf/ ,ck? uReaf wmf iSm;&rf;aexkid &f m tdraf v;\ atmufxyftcef; vSygonf/
wpfcef;rSm? xkdpOfu rpöwm&Sm;rm;\ r*¾Zif;½Hk;cef;[kod&onf/ þ okEYd iS w
fh idk ?f rpöwm&Sm;rm;\ pum;toH;k tEIe;f uk?d taxGtxl;uefY
taMumif;ukd od&awmh? uRefawmfaysmfoGm;onf/ uRefawmhtdrf&SifESihf uGurf aejzpfawmhyg/ olu Y dk pdwyf surf oGm;apcsiaf omaMumifh jzpfygonf/
yk&d if;ES;D oGm;ovdv k nf; cHpm;&onf/ olpY um;ukd Mum;&awmh? uReaf wmf okaYd omf? aomwkZeqdak om pum;vH;k Bu;D ukd rcH,0l o hH nfw
h ikd ?f uReaf wmfh
wdkYESpfa,mufrSm ykdeD;oGm;ovdkyif&Sdonf/ wGif aomwkZepdwt f cH&o dS nfudk odxm;aomaMumifv h nf;? jzpfygonf/
]]uRefawmf 'Dtdrfuav;ukd aqmufcJhwm? pD;yGm;a&;twGufrS þokdY rdrdukd,fukd awGU&SdcJhonfrSm? rlqdk&DwGif aexkdifcJhpOfu jzpfonf/
r[kww f mAsm/ cifAsm;wdv Yk kd rjynfph w
kH hJ aomwkZeawG at;at;aq;aq; xkpd Ofu? uReaf wmf iSm;&rf;aexkid cf o hJ nfrmS c&pf,mefomoemjyKtzGUJ ykid f
tvkyfvkyfEkdifatmif &nf&G,fcJhwmyg/}} tdrfwpftdrfwGifjzpfonf/ tdrf&Sifu?? naecif;wdkif; uRefawmfESifhtwl
114 115
vrf;avQmufNy;D ? olwcYkd &pf,mefbmomokYd ul;ajymif;&ef qG,w f &m;a[m uReaf wmfarQmvf ifx U m;onfu
avh&Sdonf/ uRefawmfhrSm rd½dk;zvm [dE´Ljzpfonfhwdkif? rnfonfhbmom Munfvif0if;yaomtat;/
okdYrS ul;ajymif;zdkY pdwful;r&Sdyg/ rnfonfhbmomukdrS eufeuf½dIif;½dIif;
,HkMunfouf0ifvdkY r&ao;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ okdYaomf bmom
bmoma&;jyu©'ed rf sm;xJu [dr0EÅmtat;/
w&m;tm;vH;k ukrd l pdw0f ifpm;onf/ avhvmMunfch sio f nf/ xkpd Ofuwnf; ,ckawGaY e&onfu okeo f ek rf eI rf eI t
f at;/
u? uReaf wmfw h iG f bmomw&m;tay: nGwEf ;l pdwx f uf? okawoepdwf &ufpufaom tat; . . /.
tcHom&Sdonfukd qifjcifrdcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
,ck? rm(p)[kb d &m a&mufonftxdvnf; rnfonfb h momw&m;
urS? uReaf wmfu h dk qGaJ qmifEidk af o;onf r[kwyf g/ a'vDrS ,lvmaom ygao;onf/ [dr0EÅm½Icif;\ tat;"mwfaMumiho f m? þjyu©'ed af wGukd
pmtkyrf sm;wGio f m pdwu f Edk pS af erdygonf/ þokYd pmtkyaf wGEiS hf tvky½f yI f rMumrMum Munhfaerdjcif;jzpfonf/
aeaom uRefawmfhtoGiftjyifrSm? rpöwm&Sm;rm;twGuf aomwkZe ,ck? uRefawmfhwrf;wcJh&aom [dr0EÅmokdY? uRefawmfukd,fwdkif
wpfa,mufvdk jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/ &Sdapawmh.../ 'kw'f w
k xf d a&muf&adS eNyjD zpfonf/ okEYd iS w fh idk ?f ,cktcsed t f xd arQmv f ihcf hJ
rm(p)[kb d &mokYd a&mufcgpu? tjyifoyd rf xGujf zpfbJ pmawGom aom ]tat;}uk?d rcHpm;&ao;/ vGijf yifwpfcv k ;kH avmuf vTr;f jcKH aewwf
vdrS zhf wfaejzpfonfrmS ? &moDOwkEiS v fh nf; qkid yf gonf/ tom;rusao; onfh tjymazsmah zsmh tvif;wef;rsm;wGi?f wpfpw kH pfck vpf[maeovm;
aom uReaf wmft h wGu?f rm(p)[kb d &m\&moDOwkrmS at;vGe;f vSonf/ xif&onf/ [kd cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rS awmifxu G af wG\ t&dyaf Mumifh jrifuiG ;f u
trSepf ifppf ,ckvakd t;jronf&h moDOwkrmS ? uReaf wmfb h 0 wpfavQmufv;kH rMunfvif/ tcgcyford ;f rI&H rD iId ;f jyovdk &Sad eonf/ uReaf wmf tESpEf pS f
wrf;wrf;ww&Scd &hJ onfh taetxm;rsK;d ? jzpfonf/ NrKd Ujy\ aeyl? avyl tvv arQmfvihfcJhaom ]NidrfqdwfrI}onfyif?? aMuuGJp&mjzpfaeawmh
wGif BuD;jyif;cJh&aom uRefawmfhtwGuf? ]tat;"mwf}rSm wpfoufwm onf/ b,favmufrsm; Nidrfcsufom;aumif;vSoenf;qdkvQif? opfoD;jcH
tdyrf uf[í l yif qdEk idk af umif;ygonf/ uReaf wmfwq Ydk u D aEGaeYv,frsm;rSm xJrS tvkyform;rsm;\ acsmif;qdk;oHonfyif AHk;aygufuGJovm;xif&
qkv d Qi?f tdrtf jyifbuf uwå&mvrf;awGrmS taiGUwaxmif;axmif;xae onf/ pdwt f ajymif;tvJjzpfygapawmh &nf&, G í f ? xif;½SL;yifawGatmuf
ovd?k cspcf spaf wmuf ylvo S nf/ þokYd tyljyif;Nyq D o kd nfEiS ?hf b,forl S vrf;avQmufawmhvnf;? pdrd phf rd ahf t;jraom tawGUu? ta&jym;ukd jrm;wH
tjyifrxGufMuawmh/ tdrfxJrSmyif at;&mat;aMumif;&SmNyD;? aeYv,f awGvdk pl;0ifvmMujyefonf/
aeYcif; wpfa&;warmtdyfwwfMuonf/ Mumawmh? þonfyif tdE´d, &GmxJ&Sd vlaetdrfajcrsm;rS wufvmaom rD;cdk;aiGUawGaMumifh?
NrdKUBuD;om;wdkY\ tusihfwpfckvdk? jzpfvmonf/ rm(p)[kdb&m\ eHeufcif;ESihf naecif;wdkYrSm? rIefrIefrdIif;rdIif;BuD; jzpfae
tdyfraysmfaom uRefawmfhtwGufrl? pmtkyfawGESihfom tazmfjyK awmhonf/ 'Dtwdik ;f qdv k Qif uReaf wmfi,fi,fu usiv f nfc&hJ m NrKd Uae&yf
ae&onf/ Murf;jyifay: ajcypfvufypf vJavsmif;&if;? ]r[mbm&w}ukd uGuaf wGEG iS hf bmxl;awmhrnfenf;/ uReaf wmfarQmv f ihx f m;onfu Munf
om acgufwkHYacgufjyef zwfae&onf/ eH&HxufwGif csdwfqGJxm;aom? vif0if;yaom tat;/ bmoma&;jyu©'defrsm;xJu [dr0EÅmtat;/
bmoma&;jyu©'defrsm;xJrS ESif;qGwfawmifwef;awGudk? ai;aerdonf/ ,ckawGUae&onfu okeo f ek rf eI rf eI t f at;/ &ufpufaom tat;.../
NyD;awmh rkwfqdwfusifpG,f AvyspfESihf qm'l;BuD;rsm; w&m;xkdif&m Mumawmh tat;u tyljzpfvmonf/ tylxrJ x S u G v f mcJah om uReaf wmfh
[dr0EÅma&cJjrpfrsm;.../ þokaYd om rkwq f w
d u f sipf , G f Avyspo f nfyif? twGuf? tylxJu ½kef;rxGufEkdifjzpfaeawmhonf/
ÓPfynm\ trSwftom;[k yef;csDq&mu ,lqavonfvm;rod/ txl;ojzihf qnf;qmcsed o f aYdk &mufwidk ;f ? uReaf wmfrh mS bmvkyv f Ykd
uRefawmfhtwGufawmh olwdkYukd jrif&onfrSm? ykdíyif ylavmiftdkufpyf bmukdif&rSef; rodawmhatmif? *emrNidrfjzpf&onf/ awmifcg;yef;rsm;
116 117
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vmaom nOD;avu? a&cJwrQat;pufvSonf/ jywif;ayguftuf
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topfp&ayvdrfhrnf/ pcGihf&Sd&ayvdrfhrnf/ awG;rd&if; xkdaeYu tdrfjyef Plastic Rainbow Book Publication
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 þay:vpDtcif;tusif;rsm;udk pkpnf;vkduf½kHrQjzifh? ]vli,frsm;
Special Report twGuf tusKd;rsm;aprnfhay:vpDwpfpkH} (youth friendly policies) &vm
vdrfhrnf[k? cyfvG,fvG,f rrSef;qoifhyg/ taMumif;rl? vlYpGrf;tm; t&if;
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ac:csufrSm? ]tcGifhtvrf;rsm;}(opportunities) zefwD;ay;EkdifpGrf; &Sd, r&Sdyif
jzpfonf/ 0,fvt kd m;bufrS t"dupdeaf c:csurf mS vli,fw\ Ydk ]pGrf;aqmif

aemufvmr,fhrsKd;quf
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tm;bufrSyg? tcGifhtvrf;ESifh pGrf;aqmif&nfwkdY? tNydKiftm;aumif;ae
vQifyif aocsmayguf atmifjrifaom tusKd;quf ay:xGufvmvdrfhrnf
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ay;zkdYvnf;? vdktyfygvdrfhrnf/
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okdYtwGuf? pm;&if;csazmfjyNyD;cJhaom ay:vpDtcif;tusif;rSaeí?
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126 127
 yxrrSeb
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rlvwef;ynmudk qkH;cef;wkdifatmif oif,lEkdifcJhMuygonf/ (þtaMumif;
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ovdk jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
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qkdaom ]tqkd;ausmhoHo&m}rS? ½kef;xGufEkdifzG,f&m r&Sdyg/ ,aeYurÇmwGif
þtqkd;ausmhoHo&mrS azmufxGufEkdifaom EkdifiHrsm;onfom? a&SUwef;
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avQmufvSrf;vmEkdifMuygonf/
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rsm;udk awGYvm&ygonf/
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128
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t&nftcsif;jynfhrSDolrSm 20% yifr&Sd[k? od&onf/ tcsKdUaom uav;
rsm;rSm? rdcifbmompum;udkyif aumif;aumif; a&;wwf zwfwwfjcif;
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raMuonfudk? awGY&onf/ okdYtwGuf ta&twGufwkd;yGm;a&;ESifh (tedrfh
qkH;) t&nftcsif;jynfhrDa&;Mum;wGif? csdefcGifvQmrQEkdif&ef txl;ta&;BuD;
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rnf/
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rae&ynma&; jy|mef;oifhygonf/
„ yxrtqifh? 'kwd,tqifh? wwd,tqifh paom orm;
½dk;us twef;ynmESifhwGJbufí ausmif;raerD rlBudK? ausmif;
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ponfwkdYudk ysKd;axmifoifhygonf/ vufawGYokawoe awGY&Sd
129
 csufrsm;t& þokdYaom rlBudKtqifhudk jzwfoef;cGifh&onfh
uav;rsm;rSm? aemufykdif; twef;rsm;wGif ykdíynmxl;cRef
onfudk awGY&ygonf/
„ ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIESifhtwl q&m? q&mrrsm;\ oif
Mum;rIpGrf;&nfudk jrifhwif&efrSmvnf; tvGefta&;BuD;vSyg
onf/ tvm;wl ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYESifh rdbrsm;\ yHhydk;
ulnDrIrSmvnf; ta&;BuD;onfomjzpfonf/ þokdYta&;BuD;
aom pGr;f aqmif&nfEiS hf yHyh ;kd ulnrD rI sm;&ap&ef enf;vrf;&SmazG
BudK;pm;oifhygonf/
(2)'kwd,pdefac:csuf
'kwd,tqifU (tv,fwef;? txufwef;)ESifU? wwd,tqifU
(wuúokdvf aumvdyf) ynma&;okdh qufvufwufEkdif&ef? tcGifU
tvrf;rsm; vkHvkHavmufavmufr&Sdjcif;/
wkid ;f jynfrsm;taeESihf tajccHvtkd yfcsurf sm;twGu?f tonf;toef
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ESihf tjyKtrlqidk &f m uRr;f usirf rI sm;ud?k awmif;qkv d su&f adS eonf/ þt[yf
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tar&duvdk ydkYukeft"duEkdifiHrsm;wGif? NydKifqkdifrIrSm onf;oefjyif;xef
vm&m? uRrf;usifrIuJ wu©Ekdvdk*sDwDxGifrIrsm;rSm txl;vdktyfvmonf/
okdYESifhtrQ? þwDxGifrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf t&nftcsif;jynfhrDaomvli,f
ynmwwfrsm; arG;xkwfa&;rSmvnf;? tqkdygEkdifiHrsm;twGuf zdtm;wpfck
vdk jzpfvm&onf/
tu,fí? 'kwd,ESifh wwd,tqifh ynma&; tifpwDusL&Sif;rsm;
(txufwef;ausmif;rsm;? aumvdyfrsm;ESifh wuúokdvfrsm;)taeESifh?
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(okdYr[kwf) olwkdY oif,lcJh&onfrsm;u tvkyftukdifaps;uGuf\ vdktyf
csufESifh rqDavsmfvQif? tqifhjrifhynmwwfrsm;Mum;rSmyif tvkyfvufrJh
130
EIef;rSm? jrifhrm;NrJ jrifhrm;aernfom jzpfonf/
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odyÜHoifMum;Ekdifaom q&m? q&mrrsm;yif &Sm;yg;aeonf[kod&onf/
þokdYq&mbufrS tcuftcJ&SdaepOf? ausmif;om;rsm;bufwGifvnf;
ynmqufvufoifMum;Ekdif&ef tcuftcJrsm;&Sdaeonf/ zGHYNzdK;qJEkdifiH
trsm;pktwGuf t"dutcuftcJrSm? aiGaMu;rwwfEkdifrIyifjzpfonf/
bmvkyfMurvJ
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vdktyf csufudk qufpyfrI&Sdap&ef txufwef;tqifhavmuf
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nTef;wrf;opfu vufawGYusus pOf;pm;Ekdif&efESifh tjyKtrl
qkdif&m uRrf;usifrIrsm;udk t"dutav;xm;onf/ tuJ'rpf
ykdif;ESifh ya&mfzuf&Sife,fvkyfief;vdktyfcsufwkdYudk aygif;pyfEkdif
&efBudK;yrf;onf/ txkduftoifh atmifjrifrI&aeonf[k
od&ygonf/
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ynma&;tzGJYtpnf;rsm; (txl;ojzifh wuúodkvfrsm;)ESifh
yk*¾vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; yl;aygif;NyD;? yl;wGJokawoe
ya&m*surf sm;aqmif&u G jf cif;? ykrH eS n
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jcif; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ þenf;jzifh ynma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;udk
tjyeftvSef aus;Zl;jyKEkdifzkdY &nf&G,fonf[k od&ygonf/
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rSm rGrf;rHoifwef;rsm; zGifhvSpfoifMum;ay;½kHrQESifh rvkHavmuf
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&Sdap&ef rufvkH;rsm; zefwD;ay;zkdY vdkygvdrfhrnf/ þtwGuf
131
 vufwiftar&duEkdifiHrsm;wGif vufawGYusifhokH;aeonfh
enf;rSm q&m? q&mrrsm;\vpmudk ykHrSefrxm;bJ? pGrf;aqmif
&nft& twkd;tavQmhvkyfay;onfhenf; jzpfygonf/ t&nf
tcsif;jynfhrDonfh ausmif;om;ta&twGuf ydkarG;xkwfEkdif
av? vpmydkrsm;avjzpfonf/
„ pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJaMumifh ynmqufroifEkdifonfh ausmif;
om;rsm;udkulnDEkdif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;&SmazGoifhygonf/ tar
&duefwuúodkvfrsm;url? þtwGuf ynmoifaxmufyHhaMu;
rsm; &uf&ufa&ma&may;NyD;ulnDonf/ jyifyazmifa';&Sif;rsm;
ESifh csw
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(okrYd [kw)f yk*v ¾ u
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aponf/
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vkyfief;rsm;udk wkd;csJUaqmif&GufEkdif&ef &efykHaiG&&Sda&;udk enf;
vrf;aygif;pkHokH;NyD;? aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdMuygonf/ þvkyfief;
atmifjrifvmonfESifhtrQ ausmif;om;bufrS pkdufxkwf&
aom ynmoifp&dwu f kd avQmch sEidk v
f rd rhf nf[ak rQmv
f if&h onf/
a&SUwef;a&muf pufrIEkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif? taxGaxGynmoif
p&dwf\ 80%udk ausmif;om;bufrS uscHMu&onf/ qvdk
Aufor®wEkid if ?H csvD DESifh O½ka*G;wkdYwGif 20%om uscH&onf/
(3) wwd,pdefac:csuf
tvkyftukdiftcGifhtvrf;rsm; enf;yg;jcif;/
pD;yGm;a&;b0wpfckvkH;okdY oufa&mufapEkdifonfh ay:vpDrsm;
tm;aumif;vmonfEiS t hf rQ? vli,fv&l , G rf sm;twGuf tvkyt f ukid f tcGihf
tvrf;rsm; yGifhvef;vmEkdifygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;'Da& jrifhwufvmonfESifh
trQ? vli,frsm;\ b0avSrsm;udk qGJwifay;Ekdifonfhoabm jzpfygonf/
wkdif;jynfwpfjynf\pD;yGm;a&;wGif ydkYukefvkyfief;zGHYNzdK;vmonfESifhtrQ?
Ekid if jH cm;wku
d ½f u
dk &f if;ES;D jr§KyEf rHS I wk;d yGm;vmonfEiS thf rQ? vli,ftvkyo f rm;
132
rsm;twGuf 0,fvt kd m; jrifrh m;vmwwfygonf/ þtcsuu f kd ]ta&SUtm&S
tHhrcef;} (East Asian miracle) qkdonfESifh oufaojycJhNyD; jzpfygonf/
Oyrm-tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHqkdvQif? tDvufxa&mepfvkyfief;? csnf
xnfvyk if ef;paom yku Yd ek u
f @rsm;&S?d vli,frsm;\ tvkyt f ukid &f &SEd eI ;f rSm
wpfwkdif;jynfvkH; ysrf;rQtvkyftukdif&&SdEIef;\ ESpfqrQtxd &Sdonf/ okdY
twGuf þvkyfief;e,fy,frsm;udk ]vli,ftvkyftiftm;pkuJonfh u@
rsm;} (youth intensive section) [líyif ac:Muonfrsm;&Sdonf/ þu@
rsm; wpf[kefxkd; zGHYNzdK;vmrIaMumifh? ,cifu pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frS z,fxkwf
cHcJh&aom tiftm;pkrsm;twGufyif? tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zGHYNzdK;vmcJhonf/
þtwGufomru wifzkdYvdkrnfqkdvQif? yDeefESifh rav;&Sm;wkdYrS
vli,ftrsKd;orD; tvkyftiftm;pkrsm;udk? nTef;Ekdifygonf/ vGefcJhaomESpf
aygif; 20 ESifh 30 twGif; vli,ftrsKd;orD;rsm;? tvkyftiftm;pkxJokdY
yg0ifvmMu&m oufqkdif&mu@rsm;rSm? ododomom wkd;wufatmifjrif
vmcJo h nf/ odEYk iS t
hf rQ? trsK;d orD;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom tpOftvm? w&m;
ao taumuft,lrsm;rSmvnf;? ajymif;vJvmcJhonf/ tvm;wlyif vGwf
vyfaomukefoG,fa&;okdY OD;wnfay;Ekdifonfh? wHcg;zGifhpD;yGm;a&; ay:vpD
rsm;onfvnf; vli,frsm;twGuf tusKd;rsm;apygonf/ þonfwkdYum;?
tcGifhtvrf;rSefbDvl;ESifh csdefMunfhvkdufaomtcg? awGYjrifMu&rnfh
ay:vpD tm;aumif;csufrsm; jzpfygonf/
wpfzufrS þodkYaom ay:vpDtm;aumif;csufrsm; &Sdaeonfhwkdif?
tjcm;wpfzufwGifrl jyKjyifajymif;vJzkdYvdkaom ay:vpDrsm;vnf; &Sdaeyg
onf/ þae&mwGif ay:vpDwpfckcsif;pD\ vli,frsm;tay:oufa&mufrI
udkMunfhNyD;? jyKjyifajymif;vJzkdY vdk ,rvdk qkH;jzwfMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ Oyrm-
vkyftm;aps;uGufudk vdktyfonfxufydkí xdef;csKyfvkdufvQif? vli,fxk
twGuf tvkyftukdif&&Sda&;udk t[efYtwm;jyK&ma&mufEkdifonf/
tvm;wlyif? vkyfief;wpfckrSwpfckokdY ajymif;a&TUvkyfukdifrIrsm;tay: uefY
owfxm;onfhay:vpDrsm;rSmvnf;? taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh vkyfief;
aumif;udk pGefYcJh&olrsm;twGuf? aemufxyftvkyftukdifopf &SmazG&onfh
umvudk ydkí&Snfvsm;oGm;apygonf/
vufwiftar&duEkdifiHrsm;ESifh OECD EkdifiHtcsKdUwGif ]tvkyf
tukdif umuG,fxdef;odrf;rIqkdif&mOya'rsm;} (Employment Protection
Laws) &Sdonf/ þOya'rsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm tvkyftukdifwnfNidrfa&;
133
jzpfaomfvnf;? wu,fhvufawGYwGif vli,ftvkyfvufrJhEIef;udk yGm;rsm;
aponfuo kd m? awG&Y onf/ tvm;wlyif? wm0ef&o dS rl sm;taeESihf tedrfhqkH;
vkyfcudk? jzpfoifhjzpfxkdufonfxuf ydkjr§ifhvkdufvQifvnf;? qefYusifbuf
tusKd;qufrsm;om ay:xGufavh&Sdonfudk awGY&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh
uRrf;usifrI tqifhedrfhaomvli,frsm;twGuf? yxrqkH; tvkyftukdif
&&Sda&;udkyif wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;ovdk jzpfwwfygonf/ þodkYqkdonfESifh?
qkdcJhyg xdef;csKyfa&;Oya'tm;vkH;udk? vkH;0zsufodrf;ypf&rnf[k qkdvdkonf
r[kwyf g/ tvkyt f ukid f tcGithf vrf;rsm;udk uefo
Y wfyw d q f rYdk I rjzpfapbJ?
vkyfief;cGifwnfNidrfrIudk tumuG,fay;onfh Oya'rsKd; jzpfvmap&ef?
vdktyfovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJMuzkdYjzpfygonf/
bmuDemzmqkd? *rfbD,m? epfum&m*Gg? yg&ma*G;? &0rf'gpaom
qif;&JonfhEkdifiHrsm;&Sd vli,fvl&G,ftrsm;pkrSm? 4if;wkdY\ tvkyftukdif
b0udk ]pnf;vGwcf iG }f (informal section) rS pwifavh&o dS nfu?kd awG&Y yg
onf/ w&m;r0ifu@ (wpfenf;) pnf;vGwfcGifrSm? vli,frsm;tvkyf
tukdif&&Sda&;jyóemudk tjynfht0 rajz&Sif;Ekdifonfhwkdif? tawGYtBuKH
&SmrSD;a&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? aemif ydkrdkwnfNidrfonfhtvkyftukdif
&&Sda&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? avSum;wufckHoabmrsKd; tusKd;jyKEkdif
ygonf/ ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom avSum;xpfrsm;udk wufEkdifap&ef? yxrqkH;avS
um;qef[k qkdEkdifavmufygonf/
tcsKdUaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif qkdcJhygpnf;vGwfcGifhtvkyfrsm;udk? Oya'
t& ta&;,lMuonfrsm;&S&d m? tqkyd gavSum;wufcHk (okrYd [kw)f yxrqk;H
avSum;qefrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf&m a&mufEkdifygonf/ okdYESifhtrQ? ydkrkdjrifhrm;
aom avSum;xpfrsm;odkY qufwufEkdif&ef tcGifhta&;r&SdawmhbJ? tvkyf
vufrJhb0okdYom xkd;usukef&awmhonf/ odkYtwGuf? tvkyftukdif&&Sda&;
tjynft h 0tmrcHcsu&f adS om ay:vpDrsm;? rcif;Ekid af o;csed w f iG f pnf;vGwf
cGifrsm;udk tuefYtowfESifh cGifhjyKzkdYvdkvdrfhrnf[k? oabm&ygonf/ zGHYNzdK;
Ny;D Ekid if rH sm;&Sd tom;usNy;D pD;yGm;a&;rsm;wGirf ?l tvkyo f ifoabmrsK;d w&m;
0if&Sdygonf/ bdZeufvkyfief;BuD;rsm;u pwifcgpvkyfief;av;rsm;udk?
OazmufpufoabmrsKd; wGJzufulnDvkyfukdifay;Muonfrsm;vnf; &Sdyg
onf/ zGHYNzdK;qJEkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif? þokdYaom tm;omcsufrsm; r&Sd jzpfae&m?
vli,frsm; tvkyftukdif&&Sda&;twGuf? pnf;vGwfcGifudkom t"dutm;jyK
aeMu&onfhtaetxm; jzpfygonf/
134
vli,frsm;twGuf aemufxyfa&G;cs,fp&mwpfckrSm? udk,fykdif
vkyfief;rsm;? udk,fwkdifxlaxmifvkyfukdifMuzkdY jzpfonf/ okdYESifhwkdif? þokdY
aqmif&GufEkdif&efrSmvnf;? renf;vSaomtcuftcJrsm; &Sdaeonfomjzpf
onf/ touft&G,ft& tawGYtBuKHEke,fao;jcif;? bdZeuf tquf
toG,faumif;rsm;r&Sdjcif;? t&if;&&SdzkdYcufcJjcif; ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
txl;ojzifh? zGHYNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;rS vli,frsm;twGuf t&if;tESD;&&Sda&;rSm?
tvGeBf u;D aomtcuftcJ jzpfae&onf/ zGNYH zKd ;Ny;D Ekid if rH sm;wGirf l pGeOYf ;D wDxiG f
vli,frsm;twGuf ]rsKd;aphcst&if;}? (seed capital) &&SdEkdifonfhenf;vrf;
rsm;? azmfxkwfay;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ zGHYNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;rS vli,frsm;twGuf
vnf;? þuJhodkYaomenf;vrf;rsm; rdrdwkdYoufqkdif&m EkdifiHtajctae
tvkduf enf;vrf;&SmazGazmfxkwfoifhygonf/
a&Munf&mjrufEk&m a&TUajymif;aexkdifrIrSmvnf;? tvkyftukdif&&Sd
a&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;aumif;yif jzpfonf/ a&Munf&mjrufEk&m a&TU
ajymif;aexkdifMuonfqkd&mwGif? EkdifiHwpfcktwGif; awmrSNrdKUokdYvnf;
aumif;? tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;odkYvnf;aumif; ajymif;a&TUvkyfudkifMujcif;rsm;udk
qkdvkdonf/
w½kwfjynfrSmqkdvQif 118 oef;rQ&Sdaom aus;vufvli,fvl&G,f
rsm;rSm? rdrdwkdY &GmtjyifbufwGif oGm;a&muftajccs tvkyfvkyfaeMu
onf[k od&onf/ txl;ojzifh? olwkdYtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;ydkrsm;vdrfh
rnf[k rSef;q&aom NrdKUjya'orsm;odkY? oGm;a&muftajccsaexkdifavh&SdMu
onf/ odkYESifhwkdif? þrQrsm;jym;aomvlopfrsm;twGuf NrdKUtrsm;pkrSm
tqifoifhr&Sdao;&m? renf;vSaom vlrIjyóemrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifaeMu&
onf/ þokdYaom a&TUajymif;aexkdifMuolrsm;twGuf? tqifajyacsmarGU
onfh tcGit hf vrf;rsm; zefw;D ay;Ekid af &;rSm? ,aeY NrKd UjypDruH ed ;f rsm;twGuf
tBuD;qkH;pdefac:csufyif jzpfaeawmhonf/
,aeY e,fpyfjzwfausmf a&TUajymif;aexkdifMuolrsm;xJwGif? vli,f
vl&G,fOD;a&rSm trsm;qkH;jzpfygonf/ olwkdYwpfawG\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm?
ynma&;ESihf tvkyt f ukid tf cGit hf vrf;rsm; &SmazGzyYdk ifjzpfonf/ tu,fí
olw&Ydk nf&,G cf suf atmifjrifcv hJ Qi?f olwuYdk ,
kd w
f idk t
f wGuaf &m oufqidk &f m
rdcifwkdif;jynftwGufyg tusKd;rsm;Ekdifonfjzpf&m? olwkdYtwGuf tqifajy
acsmarGUEkdifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGazmfxkwfay;oifhygonf/
135
(4) pwkw¬pdefac:csuf
t&yfbufvt Yl zGt
YJ pnf;wGif yg0ifEidk &f ef yvufazmif;r&Sd jzpfaejcif;/
Desk Reference
ay:vpDqkdif&mqkH;jzwfcsuf cs&mwGifvnf;aumif;? taumif 137 *Refuufeuf(o)*Jvfba&Yof
txnfazmf&mwGifvnf;aumif;? vli,frsm; yg0ifaqmif&GufcGifh&a&;rSm? 148 aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkwmbmvJ(4)
rJqE´ay;cGifhxufyif ydkíta&;BuD;ygonf/ okdYtwGuf zGHYNzdK;NyD;EkdifiH
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGi?f þodyYk g0ifaqmif&u G Ef idk &f eftwGuf yvufazmif;rsm;
zefwD;ay;xm;Muonfrsm; &Sdonf/ zGHYNzdK;qJEkdifiHtcsKdUwGifvnf; tedrfhqkH;
t&yfbufvlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifap&ef? w&m;0ifcGifhjyK
xm;Muonfrsm; &Sdonf/ taemuftmz&durS Kafoolu aus;vufvli,f *Refuufeuf(o)*Jvfba&Yof
tpnf;t½kH;? b&mZD;(v)rS tm;upm;uvyfrsm; ponfwkdYrSm? þoabm
yifjzpfonf/ þokdY vli,frsm;? EkdifiHom;tjzpf wufwuf<u<uyg0ifvIyf John Kenneth Galbraith
&Sm;cGifh&vmonfESifhtrQ? vli,fvl&G,f &mZ0wfrIavQmhcsa&;? wkdif;jynf (1908 - 2006)
wnfNidrfa&;wkdYtwGufvnf;? ododomom tusKd;rsm;apygonf/ „ azjrifU
qufvufazmfjyygrnf/
t,f'DwmtzGJY *Reuf ufeuf(o)*Jvb f a&Uof\ pD;yGm;a&;t,ltq
a&SUvtnTef; - 'kwd,rSefbDvl; ESihf ta&;tom;rsm;udk ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;í&onf/ wpfydkif;u?
olwpfyg;\tjrifrsm;udk a0zefwdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfí? aemuf
wpfydkif;rSm rdrdtjrifudkwifjyjcif; jzpfonf/
Plastic Rainbow Book Publication
*Jvfba&Uofonf tpOftvm pD;yGm;a&;oDtdk&Dudk
tjyif;txef xdk;ESufavh&Sdoltjzpf xif&Sm;onf/ tpOft
ausm0f if; vmoDtdk&Dorm;rsm;onf aps;uGuftwGif; jydKifqdkifrI t
jynfht0(perfect competition)&Sdav[ef pOf;pm;rSwf,l
wwfMuNyD;? aumfydka&;&Sif;BuD;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;tiftm; (eco-
tawmifygaom nomic power) pkpnf;&&SdaerIudk vspfvsL½Ixm;Muonf[k
ol a0zefonf/ xdkYjyif? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;taeESihfvnf;
pum;vHk;rsm; trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf vkyfoihfvkyfxdkufonf
rsm;udk tm;xkwfaqmif&Gufjcif; rjyKbJ? aumfydka&;&Sif;BuD;
rsm;\ wefcdk;&Sdef0gatmufwGif 'l;axmuftnHhcHaeMuonf
Ref: Word Power, [k tjypfwifonf/ onft h jyif? rdrwd pYkd ;D yGm;a&;ynm&Sirf sm;
by Edward Debono
rSmvnf;? ½Iyaf xG;cufcaJ om ocsmF enf;emoH;k cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm
156^2003(2)
rIrsm;bufwGif avhusufuRrf;usifMuoavmuf? vufawGU
136 137
pD;yGm;a&;avmu\ oabmobm0rsm;udkrl em;vnfwwfuRrf;jcif; r&Sd
onfhwpfaMumif;? ayguform; vlEHkvlt(idiot savant)rsm; jzpfaeMu
onf[k uJh&JUajymqdkcJhonf/
ud,
k yf ikd t
f jriftydik ;f wGirf ?l pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yf trSew f u,f vnfywf
vIy&f mS ;aeyHu
k kd odem;vnfvu kd ? pD;yGm;a&; pdppfrrI sm; jyKvyk &f mü pD;yGm;a&;
tiftm;ESihf ¤if;wGiftajcjyKonfh qufEG,frIrsm;(power and power
relationships)wdkYudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef ta&;MuD;aMumif; ol tav;
teufwifjycJhygonf/
ÄÄÄ
uae'D,ef-tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif *Jvfba&Uofudk ajrmuf
tar&duwdkuf tD;&Da&tdkifMuD;\ajrmufydkif;? uae'gbufurf;ajc&Sd
tdkiftkdempaw&SifNrdKUuav;wGif 1908 ckESpfu arG;onf/ xdkYaemufwGif?
paumhcsfuae'g[kac:onfh tGefaw&D,dkawmifydkif;a'oü BuD;jyif;&
onf/ i,fpOfu v,f,mvkyfief;cGifwGif yg0if&ojzihf ausmif;udk ajzmihf
ajzmihw f ufciG rfh &aMumif;? xdaYk Mumihf ol\ynma&;rSww f rf;rSmvnf; tm;&
p&m raumif;cJhaMumif; *Jvfba&Uofu qdkonf/
1926 ckESpfwGifrl tGefaw&D,dk pdkufysKd;a&;aumvdyfodkY wufa&muf
Ny;D v,f,mpD;yGm;a&;(agricultural economics)bmom&yfukd oifMum;cGifh
&onf/ xdkYaemufü ¤if;bmom&yfudkyif bmuavwuúodkvfüqufvuf
qnf;yl;jy;D ? u,fvzD ;kd eD;,m;aumifweD ,frsm;\ toH;k p&dwrf sm;taMumif;
okawoejyKcsufjzihf yg&*lbGJU,lpmwrf;wifcJhonf/ onfpmwrf;ESihf ywf
oufívnf; olu taumif;rajym? bGJU&vdkaom &nf&G,fcsufoufouf
jzihf a&;om;cJhjcif;omjzpfí bmrSxl;jcm;rIr&Sd[kqdkcJhonf/
bGUJ &Ny;D aemufwiG f [m;Awfwuúov kd üf oifMum;a&;&mxl; wpfae&m
&&SdNyD; aemufydkif; wuúodkvfq&mb0wpfavQmufvHk; [m;AwfrSmyif wm
0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ odkYaomf tpOfrjywf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;um;
r[kwf? EdkifiHa&;wGifpdwf0ifpm;ol jzpfonfhtavsmuf rMumcPyif
ausmif;y&d0kPfrSxGufum EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGifyg0ifNyD; &mxl;wm0ef
tcsKUd üvnf; xrf;aqmifco hJ nf/ 'kw,d urÇmppfBuD;twGi;f 1941ckEpS w
f iG f
aps;EIe;f uGyu f aJ &;½H;k (Office of Price Administration) wGif 'kw,
d tBu;D
tuJtjzpf wm0ef,l&NyD;? tar&duefukefypönf;trsm;pk\ aps;EIef;rsm;udk
138
1943 ckESpftxd ol xdef;csKyfuGyfuJcGihf&cJhonf/ ppfjyD;p q,fpkESpfrsm;
twGif; olu EdkifiHa&;bufwGif ydkíxufoefpGm yg0ifvmonf/ 1950
ausmfESpfrsm;twGif;u a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcJhonfh 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD or®w
avmif; tuf'av pwDAifqifESihf 1960 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&
cJhonfh 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD or®wavmif; *Ref uae'DwdkYtwGuf rJqG,f
pnf;½H;k onfvh yk if ef;rsm;wGif tMuaH y;yk*Kd¾ vt f jzpfvnf;aumif;? rdecYf eG ;f a&;
om;oltjzpfvnf;aumif; ol yg0ifun l cD o hJ nf/ 1961 wGif tdE, ´d jynfoYkd
tar&duefoHtrwftjzpf apvTwfjcif;cH&NyD;? xdk&mxl;wGif 1963 ckESpf
txd xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ xdkYjyif? 1968 ckESpfwGif or®wavmif; ,l*sif;
ruúmoDESihf 1972 ckESpfwGif or®wavmif; a*smhcsf ruf*gAef wdkYtwGuf
rJqG,fpnf;½Hk;a&;rsm; yg0ifvkyfudkifay;cJhao;onf/
ÄÄÄ
pD;yGm;a&;bmom&yfEiS phf yfvsO;f í *Jvb f a&Uof txl;tm½Hpk ;l pdu
k cf hJ
onfu txufwGif qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;qdkif&m jyóem
taMumif; jzpfonf/
*Jvfba&Uofu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;MuD;rsm;taeESihf wpfpxufwpfp
tiftm;BuD;rm;atmif pkpnf;vmwwfaom oabm&SdaMumif;? ¤if;wdkY
tiftm; toHk;jyKjcif;aMumihf rnfodkYaomjyóemrsm; oufa&mufjzpfay:
aMumif;? xdkYaMumihf tpdk;&wdkYtaeESihf ¤if;wdkY\tiftm;udk wefjyefum?
trsm;jynfoltusKd;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwGif; 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfoifhaMumif; a&;om;wifjycJhonf/
1967 ckEpS f yHEk ydS o
f nfh The New Industrial State usr;f wGif ¤if;u?
tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;\ pufrIu@taetxm;onf ausmif;oHk;pD;yGm;a&;
ynmusrf;rsm;wGif yHkazmfa&;om;xm;onfrsm;ESihf vHk;0jcm;em;aeaMumif;?
¤if;usr;f rsm;ü vkyif ef;orm; trsm;pkwo Ykd nf trsm;jynfol pm;oH;k olw\ Ykd
oabmqE´vufatmufü tNydKiftqdkif tm;xkwfvkyfudkifaeMuonfh
oabma&;om;avh&SdMu&m xkdtcsufonf rrSefaMumif;? wu,fvuf
awGUü tcsKdUaom vkyfief;MuD;rsm;onf aps;uGufudk xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifMujyD;?
¤if;wdkY a&muf&Sdaeonfh vkyfief;e,fy,frsm;ü aps;uGufwGif; jydKifqdkifrI
uif;rJhouJhodkY&SdaeaMumif;? wpfzef? tqdkyg vuf0g;BuD;tkyfvkyfief;MuD;
rsm;\ xl;jcm;csufwpfcku? ¤if;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYvkyfief;wGif tpk&S,f,m0if
139
xm;olwdkY tjrwfaiGtjrihfrm;qHk;&&Sda&;xuf? aps;uGufudk ydkrdk,HkMunf tvGefacwfaemufusoGm;cJhNyD[k qdkonf/ vloHk;rsm;onfh ukefypönf;ESihf
pdwcf sxm;Edik af &;? ydí k wdusaocsmpGm csiw fh uG cf efrY eS ;f Edik af &;wdt Yk wGuo f m 0efaqmifrItrsm;pkudk zefwD;ay;aeaom vkyfief;BuD;rsm;onf uRrf;usif
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aomoabm &Sdygonf/
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pm;oH;k olrsm;tay: {&mraumfyakd &;&Si;f Bu;D rsm; MoZmtmPmoufa&muf
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142
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xJokdY a&TUajymif;,lrnfhoabm jzpfonf/
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143
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rsm;udk vspv f sL½Ixm;jcif;aMumihf pD;yGm;a&;ynmonf wpfaeYwjcm; ta&;
ygrIusqif;vm&aMumif; olu axmufjyajymqdkonf/
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taeESifh onfupd w ö iG f wpfpwkH pf&m 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufay;&rnfhoabm
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twGuf trsm;jynfol tusKd;jyKudpörsm;bufu 0ifa&muf&yfwnfay;zdYk
vdv k monf/ 1973 ckEpS x k f Economics and the Public Purpose usr;f
f w
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144
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axmufual &; ponfah y:vpDrsm; csrw S af qmif&u G &f ef olutMujH yKonf/
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of Price Control usrf;rSmuwnf;uyif? aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIudk xdef;csKyfEdkif
&eftwGuf vkycf ESiu fh ek af ps;EIe;f rsm;udk uefoY wfay;zdv Yk akd Mumif; wifjycJNh y;D
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[kcH,lMuonf/ tpdk;&u aps;EIef;rsm;owfrSwfjcif;? vkyfom;aps;uGufwGif
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfrnfqdku wefzdk;&Sdaomt&mrsm; ae&m
vGJrSm;a&muf&Sdjcif;om jzpfay:apvdrfhrnf[k ¤if;wdkYjrifMuonf/ xdkYjyif?
145
xdef;csKyfuefYowfrIrsm; jyKvkyfrnfqdkvQif? ¤if;uefYowfcsufrsm;twdkif; um enf;ynmzGUH jzKd ;a&;twGuf tm;ay;aqmif&u G w
f wfMuaMumif;?
trSefwu,fvdkufemrI &Sd,r&Sd apmihfMunfhrnfhtpdk;&Xmewpfck xm;&Sdvm ,if;tcsufonf pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfvHk; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf t
&Ny;D ? ukeyf pön;f rsm;udv k nf; cGw J rf; (ration) pepfjzihf jzefjY zL;vmMuvdrrfh nf[k a&;ygaom taxmuftyHhjzpfaMumif;? xdkYaMumihf vkyfief;BuD;wdkY\
a0zefMuonf/ *Jvfba&Uofurl ,if;ESihfqefYusifbuftjrifudk wifjy tiftm;udk jzdKcGJzsufqD;ypfjcif;xuf? ,if;\MoZm&Sdef0gudk wkHYjyef
onf/ olu? vlwpfpk vuf0g;Bu;D tkyt f aetxm; &&Sad eaom vkyif ef;Bu;D wm;qD;jcif;uom ydkítusKd;aus;Zl;&SdapEdkifaMumif;? tpdk;&wdkY t
rsm;(oligopolistic firms)onf aps;uGuu f jy|mef;xm;aom aps;EIe;f rsm;udk aeESihf tvkyform;or*¾rsm;udkvnf;aumif; aps;uGufwGif; NydKif
vkdufemavh r&SdaMumif;? ¤if;wdkYonf aps;EIef;udk cH,lolrsm;r[kwf aps;EIef; qdkifae&onfh vkyfief;i,frsm;udkvnf;aumif; tm;ay;ulnDjcif;
owfrSwfolrsm;om jzpfaMumif;? xdkYjyif? &SdNyD;aygufaps;udk aemufwpfrsK;d tm;jzihf vkyfief;BuD;rsm;udk &ifqdkifrnfh wefjyeftiftm; arG;jrL
ajymif;vJowfrw S &f onfrmS vnf; rcufcv J aS Mumif; azmfjycJhonf/ wnfaqmufay;oihfaMumif; wifjycsuf jzpfonf/
olu NyKd iq f ikd rf I jynfjh ynf0h 0r&So d nfah ps;uGuf (imperfect market) wwd , u tpd;k &wdu Yk ,
kd w
f ikd t
f aejzih?f trsm;jynfoo l ;kH ypön;f rsm;
rsm;wGif xH;k pHtm;jzihf aps;EIe;f rsm;udk xkwv f yk rf pI &dwf tajccHay:wGif aps; jynfh0pGmpDrHzefwD;ay;a&;? obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;apmihf
wifowfrSwfavh&SdNyD;? wifrnfhyrmPESihfywfoufívnf; tpOftvm a&Smufa&;? vufeuftjydKiftqdkif wyfqifrIrsm;wGif ryg0ifa&;?
pHEIef;rsm; &SdMuonf[k qdkonf/ xdkYaMumihf? tpdk;&u aps;EIef;uefYowfrI vlwdkif; tvkyftudkif&&Sd&efESihf vkyfom;rsm; oihfwifhavsmufywf
jyKvkyfonfhtcgü ,if;pHEIef;udkyg ajymif;vJoGm;apNyD;? aps;EIef;rsm;avsmh aom vkycf aiG&&S&d ef tmrcHa&;? ukeaf ps;EIe;f rsm; uefo Y wfxed ;f csKyf
usum xdrk w S pfqifh aiGaMu;azmif;yGryI g avsmeh nf;oGm;aponf[jk rifonf/ a&;? ponfhvkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaomenf;tm;jzihf
aps;EIe;f uefo Y wfcsurf sm;twdik ;f vdu k ef mrI&,dS r&Sd apmihMf unf&h aom tvkyf aumfyakd &;&Si;f Mu;D wd\
Yk pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;ESifh MoZm&Sed 0f gudk wefjyef
rSmvnf; xifoavmufrcufcJ[k *Jvfba&Uofu qdkonf/ olu? aps; &ef tMuHjyKwdkufwGef;jcif; jzpfonf/
EIe;f xde;f csKyo f nft
h vkyu f kd vlwpfpk vuf0g;Bu;D tkycf iG &fh xm;aom vkyfief; *Jvfba&UoftaeESihf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifwdkY\ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif
u@(oligopolistic sector)wGio f m vkyu f ikd zf v
Ykd &kd m? Munf½h &I rnfu
h rk P
Ü D (economist's economist) wpfa,mufum; rjzpfcJhyg/ pifppf? pD;yGm;a&;
ta&twGufonf wpfaxmif0ef;usifcefYom &SdvdrhfrnfjzpfaMumif;? ¤if; ynm&Sif tawmfrsm;rsm;uyif *Jvfba&Uofonf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifwpfOD;
ukrÜPDrsm;rSmvnf; vltrsm; rsufpda'gufaxmufMunfhaeonfh vkyfief; r[kwf [lí qdkcsifMuygao;onf/ odkYaomf vkyfief;MuD;rsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;
rsm;jzpfojzihf xde;f odr;f uGyn f y§ af &;twGuf taxmuftul &&SEd ikd af Mumif; tiftm;taMumif; xkwfazmfwifjycsufESihf ,if;tiftm;udk xdef;csKyf&ef
ajymqdkonf/ tpdk;&wdkYu ay:vpDcsrSwf aqmif&GufoifhyHktaMumif; tMuHjyKcsufrsm;
ÄÄÄ onfum; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfe,fy,ftwGuf ta&;ygaom jznfhqnf;csuf
rsm;yif jzpfygonf/
*Jvfba&Uof\a&;om;csufrsm;udk pdppfMunfhvQif ol txl;tav;
xm;wifjycJo
h nfh taMumif;t&mtcsKUd udk xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awGUjrifEikd of nf/ azjrif h
yxr wpfckrSm? ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;taMumif;
jzpfonf/ tcsKdUaom ukrÜPDvkyfief;BuD;rsm;onf tiftm;t&Sdef
t0g tvGefMuD;rm;MujyD;? ,if;udk toHk;jyKum pD;yGm;a&;avmuudk
BuD;pdk;&ef ¤if;wdkY tm;xkwfwwfMuaMumif; olaxmufjyonf/
'kwd, u? ukrP Ü MD u;D rsm;onf xdpk ;D yGm;a&;tiftm;udyk if toH;k jyK
146 147
 a½G;cs,fp&mrsm;
a&SUtcef;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhzl;aom? plygrm;uufokdY vdar®mfoD;
0,fxGufNyD; vdar®mfoD;aps;BuD;onfhtwGuf yef;oD;0,fjyefvmcJhMuaom
rdom;pktaMumif;udkyif? OyrmwifMunfhygrnf/ naepm pm;tNyD; om;
orD;awG tdyf&m0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf? cifyGef;onf a&mbwf (ol-ruúif;epf
wpfa,mufjzpfonfudk owd&vkdufyg)ESifh? ZeD;onfrm&D,m (olru
q&mrwpfa,muf)wkdYrSm olwkdY\vkyfief;cGiftaMumif;udk? pum;pjrnf
ajymjzpfMuonf/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&Sd olwkdY\ tvkyftukdifb0wGif?
tjcm;tvkyfrsm; a&G;cs,fEkdifzkdYtwGuf? wHcg;zGifhxm;NrJ jzpfygonf/ þokdY
tvkyftukdifESifhywfoufNyD; a&G;cs,fqkH;jzwfMu&onfrSm? b0\ ykHrSef
tjcif;t&m r[kwfonfhwkdif? ta&;BuD;aomydGKifhrsm;um; trSefyif jzpfyg
onf/ ,ck? olwkdYvifr,m;ESpfa,muf\ tvkyftukdifb0wGif? þokdY
aom ydGKifhrsKd;a&muf&SdaeNyD jzpfonf/ þtwGuf olwkdYwkdifyifaeMujcif;jzpf
ygonf/
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;rSm? olwkdY\ tvkyftukdifESifh
aps;uG u f p D ; yG m ;a&;qd k w mbmvJ ( 4) ywfoufNyD; ta&;BuD;aomqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk? udk,fwkdifcsrSwf&ygonf/
bmaMumifh þokdYqkH;jzwfMu&oenf;qkdvQif? b,folurS olwkdYtwGuf
What Is a Market Economy? 0ifa&mufqkH;jzwfray;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ trdefYay;pD;yGm;a&;rSmvdk?
t,f'w
D mtzGYJ ]b,folu b,fae&mrSm vpmb,favmufESifhvkyf}[k? qkH;jzwf owfrSwf
ay;aom A[kdpDrHudef;tzGJYtpnf;r&SdaomaMumifh? jzpfygonf/
,cifvrStquf a&mbwfwpfa,muf pkd;&drfruif;jzpfaerdonfrSm? ruúif;epfwpf
tcef; (4) a,muftaeESifh olYtwGuf wkd;wufzkdYtcGifhta&;rSm? tuefYtowf&Sdae
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; jcif;jzpfygonf/ okdYESifhtrQ? olYtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm; xGufay:vm
Workers in a Market Economy Ekdifp&m&Sdonfh? uGefysLwmy½kd*&rfrmoifwef;wuf&rnfvm;-pOf;pm; ae
jcif; jzpfygonf/ rm&D,m pOf;pm;aeonfrSmvnf; þtwkdif;yifjzpfyg
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;jzpfap? trdefYay;pD;yGm;a&;jzpfap? rnfonfh onf/ olrtaeESifh ,ckvuf&Sd oifMum;a&;tvkyfr[kwfbJ? ausmif;tkyf
pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGifrqkd eHeufcif;wkdif; vkyfief;cGif&Sd&mokdY tvkyfqif;oGm; csKyfa&;tvkyfodkY ajymif;ekdifvQif? tcGifhtvrf;aumif;awG ydk&Ekdifavrnf
Muaom tvkyform;awGudk? jrifawGYMu&rnfomjzpfygonf/ þae&m vm;? pOf;pm;aejcif;jzpfygonf/
wGifvnf;? pepfESpf&yf\ jrifomxifom&Sdaom wlnDcsufrsm;xuf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&Sd axmifESifhaomif;ESifhcsDaom tvkyform;
ydkta&;BuD;onfrSm? rjrifom rxifomaom jcm;em;csufrsm;om? jzpfyg rsm;rSm? þodkYaom pD;yGm;a&;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;avmufyif
onf/ þtcef;wGif ajymvdkonfrSm? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&Sd tvkyform;wkdY &ifqkdifMu&avh&Sdygonf/ þokdY&ifqkdifMu&onfhtcgwkdif;vnf; tcsuf
\taMumif; jzpfygonf/ tvufaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk tajccHNyD;? pOf;pm;wGufcsufMu&ygonf/
148 149
okdYESifhwkdif? xGufay:vmaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSmvnf;? wpfa,mufESifh
wpfa,muf wlnDMuonfr[kwfyg/ Oyrm-om;orD;&Sdaom vlvwfwef;
pm;ZeD;armifESH\qkH;jzwfcsufrSm? ausmif;NyD;cgp vlvGwfwpfOD;\ qkH;jzwf
csufESifh rwlEkdifovdk? yifpif,lcgeD;vlwpfa,muf\ qkH;jzwfcsufESifhvnf;
wlvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
rm&D,mtwGuf t"dupOf;pm;ae&onfrSm? uav;awGudk pmoif
ay;&onft h wGuf &&So d nfph wd cf sr;f omaysm&f iT rf u I ?kd ydrk rkd sm;jym;aom vkycf
vpmESihf vJoif,h rvJoifyh ifjzpfonf/ olr arQmv f ifx h m;aom tvkyo
vcydkrsm;ovdk zdtm;vnf; ydkrsm;vdrfhrnf/ tvkyfcsdefvnf; ydkvdrfhrnf/
okdYtwGuf? rdom;pkb0xJrS tcsdeftcsKdUudk? zJhay;&zkdY&Sdonf/ yk*¾dKvfa&;t&
a&m pD;yGm;a&;t&yg? bufaygif;pkHrS wGufcsufpOf;pm;ae&jcif; jzpfonf/
a&mbwf &ifqkdifae&aomjyóemrSmvnf;? þenf;ESifESifom
jzpfygonf/ ,cktvkyfxuf ydkrdkwufvrf;&SdEkdifonfh tqifhjrifhtvkyf
wpfck&&ef? olYtaeESifh ol\ynm&nfudk jznfhvdkonf/ þtwGuf? uGefysL
wmy½k*d &rfrmoifwef; wufzv Ydk v
kd rd rhf nf/ okrYd [kwf aumvdyw
wufa&mufoifMum;&vdrfhrnf/ pD;yGm;a&;½IaxmifhrSMunfhNyD;? þonfrSm
jzpfoifhjzpfxkdufaom &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI [kwf,r[kwf? wGuf&ayvdrfhrnf/
þokdYqkdvQif? olbmawGudk tajccHpOf;pm;rnfenf;.../ atmufyg
zufwmrsm;tay: tajccHwGufcsuf&rnfjzpfygonf/
„ a&mbwf\ ,ckavmavmq,fvpm.../
(a&mbwftaeESifh oifwef;wuf okdYr[kwf aumvdyfwuf
rnfqkdvQif tvkyfxGuf&awmhrnfjzpf&m? ol avmavmq,f
&aeaomvpmrsm;av? olYtwGuf pGefYvTwfrIBuD;av jzpf
vdrfhrnf/)
„ a&mbwfoifwef;wufrnf (odkYr[kwf) aumvdyfwufrnf
qkdvQif ynmoifp&dwfESifh tjcm;taxGaxGukefusp&dwf/
(ukefusp&dwfBuD;av ol\ ynma&;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrS &Ekdifaom
tusKd;tjrwfrSm enf;avjzpfvdrfhrnf/)
„ a&mbwftwGuf aemif&vmEkdifp&m&Sdonfh tvkyftukdifopf
twGuf jrKyEf &HS rnft h csed u f mv/ wpfenf; oifwef;(okrYd [kw)f
aumvdyfwufcsdef/
(wuúov kd wf pfcck w
k iG f bGBYJ uKd oifwef; ESpfESifhcsDwuf&onfxuf?
150
ayghayghyg;yg; ajcmufvoifwef;rsKd;jzpfvQif? a&mbwftwGuf
ydktqifajyvdrfhrnf/)
„ a&mbwf\ touf/
(tu,fít&G,&f adS o;vQif tvkyx f uG &f onft h wGu?f ynm
oifp&dwftwGuf ukefuscJh&onfhaiGrsm;udk? jyef&SmzkdYtcsdef
ydk&Sdvdrfhrnf)
„ oifwef;tNyD; &&Sdrnfhtvkyfopfu &Ekdifonfhvpm/
f pfrmS ? (,ckvpmESifh aemif&rnfhvpm uGmjcm;csufBuD;av? ynm
qufoifzkdY ydktav;xm;pOf;pm;av jzpfvdrfhrnf/)
„ oifwef; (odkYr[kwf) aumvdyfwufNyD;aemuf? &Ekdifp&m&Sd
onfh tvkyftukdiftvm;tvm/
(tu,fí? tvm;tvmodyfr&SdvQif? pGefYpm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESH&usKd;
eyfrnf r[kwfay/)
vlwpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf b0taetxm;csif; rwlMuonfh
f pfcck o
k Ydk twGuf? qkdcJhygzufwmrsm;tay: pOf;pm;csufrsm;rSmvnf;? wlvdrfhrnf
r[kwfygacs/ okdYtwGufaMumifhyif? vlwkdif;tvkyfxGufNyD; qufvuf
ynm roifMujcif; jzpfygonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;twGuf arQmfvifhxm;aom
tusK;d tjrwfEiS Ehf iId ;f ,SOv f u dk vf Qi?f ukeu f sp&dwrf mS rsm;vGe;f aeayvdrrhf nf/
tcsKdUaomolrsm; (Oyrm-avmavmq,f vkyfcrsm;rsm;r&ao;olrsm;? t
&G,f&Sdao;olrsm; ...ponf)wkdYtwGufrl? ynmqufvufoifMum;a&;
rSm taumif;qkH;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI? jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
ukrÜPDwpfcktaeESifh aemufxyfpuf½kHwpfckwnf&ef? (okdYr[kwf)
aemufxyf ud&, d mwefqmyvmrsm;xyfjznf&h ef? &if;ES;D jrKyEf zHS Ydk oifh,roifh
qkH;jzwf&mwGif? &vmrnfhtusKd;tjrwfESifh pGefYpm;&rnfhtEÅ&m,fwkdYudk
tcsKd;cswGufcsufMu&ygonf/ tvm;wlyif? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&Sd tvkyf
orm;rsm;rSmvnf;? rdrd\ynm&nfudk xyfjznfh&ef (wpfenf;) ynma&;
&if;ES;D jrKyEf rHS v
I yk &f ef? oifh,roifq h ;Hk jzwf&mwGi?f tusK;d tjrwfEiS hf tEÅ&m,fukd
tcsKd;cswGufcsufMu&onfom? jzpfygonf/ þae&mwGif ra&&monfh
tEÅ&m,frSm? vkyftm;aps;uGufrwnfNidrfrIESifh tvkyftukdif&&SdEkdifpGrf;
ponfwYdk jzpfygonf/ ukeu f sp&dwq f &dk mwGiv f nf; b@ma&;ukeu f sp&dwf
omru rdom;pkb0? tcsdefESifh0goemponfwkdYudk pGefYvTwf&onfrsm;udk
vnf; xnfhwGufMu&ygonf/
151
 rnfodkYyifqkdap? urÇmvkH;pD;yGm;a&;udk,fwkdifu ynmoabmokdY
a&mufvm&m? ynma&;&if;ES;D jrKyEf rHS rI mS a&&Snt
f wGuf tusK;d rsm;aponf[?k
a,bl,s,lqvmMuonfu rsm;ygonf/
tvkyform;ESifh tvkyf&Sif
a&mbwfESifh rm&D,mwkdYvdkyif? oef;ESifhcsDaom tvkyform;xk\
b0taxGaxGu? aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;\ tjcm;aom tjcif;t&mwpf&yfu?dk
nTefjyvsuf&Sdaeygonf/ tvkyform;ESifh tvkyf&SifwkdY\qufqHa&; jzpf
ygonf/ trdefYay;pD;yGm;a&;rSmvdk A[dkpDrHudef;tzGJYtpnf;r&SdonfhtwGuf?
tvkyo f rm;ESihf tvky&f iS w
f rYdk mS ? ¤if;wk\
Yd qufqaH &;ukd ¤if;wku
Yd ,
kd w
f idk yf if
qkH;jzwfowfrSwf&ygonf/ ¤if;wkdYtcsif;csif; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfnd§EdIif;NyD;?
qkH;jzwfowfrSwfMu&jcif; jzpfonf/ þokdYqkdonfESifh aqG;aEG;ndEDIif;rI
tm;vkH;rSm? tcgcyfodrf; wef;wlnDrQonf[k qkdvkdonfawmh? r[kwfyg/
tvkyform;rsm;bufrSvnf;? ¤if;wkdY\tvkyftukdifESifh &&Sdaom vkyfc
vpmudk? tNrJwap auseyfaysmf&TifaeMuonfr[kwfyg/ rdrdwkdY ouf
qkdif&m tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh,SOfí? vGwfvyfpGmndEdIif;qkH;jzwfMuonfh
oabmudkom? &nf&G,f&if; jzpfygonf/
þwGif? tajccHusaom tar;ykpämwpf&yf? ay:xGufvmygonf/
]aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;wGif? tvkyform;ESifhtvkyf&SifwkdY\ awmif;qkdndEdIif;rI
taetxm;rSm? rnfonfhtcsufrsm;tay: tajccHygoenf;} [laom
tar;ykpämjzpfygonf/
a&mbwfESifh rm&D,mwkdY\ Oyrmtwkdif;yif? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&Sd
tvkyform;wpfa,muf\ tvkyftukdiftrsKd;tpm;rSm? yxrqkH;ESifh t
a&;tBuD;qkH;taeESifh ol\yk*¾dKvfa&;tusKd;pD;yGm;? avhusifhoifMum;xm;rI
ESifh uRrf;usifrItajctaeay: wnfrSDygonf/ rnfolrqkd rdrdESpfouf&m?
pdwf0ifpm;&m? toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyftukdifwpfckudk a&G;cs,fcGifh
&Sdygonf/ odkYaomf? rdrda&G;cs,fvkdufaomtvkyfu vdktyfonfh tajccH
pGrf;aqmif&nfEIef;pHudkrl? rdrdbufrS jynfhrSD&ygvdrfhrnf/ þEIef;pH tedrfh,
tjrifhudkMunfhí? tvkyf&SifbufrSvkyfcEIef;xm; owfrSwfay;ygvdrfhrnf/
NydKifqkdifrI&Sdaom aps;uGuftaetxm;wGif rnfhonfhtvkyf&Sif?
rnfonfhukrÜPDurS tvkyfrvkyfaom (okdYr[kwf) tvkyfrvkyfEkdifaom
tvkyform;udk? vkyfcay;xm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ olwkdYvkyfcay; iSm;&rf;
152
xm;onfudku tvkyfvkyfapcsifí jzpfonf/ þtwkdif;yif? ukrÜPDwpfck
\xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;wGif? tjynfht0 tvkyfvkyfay;xm;aom tvkyf
orm;bufuvnf;? rdrdpGrf;aqmif&nfESifh avsmfnDonfhvkyfcudk &csifrnf
omjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf? þokdY tvkyfvkyfaom tvkyform;rSm? tvkyf
&SiftwGuf tzkd;wefpD;yGm;bufjzpfaeí? rnfonfhukrÜPDurqkd olYvdk
vlrsKd;udk? tvkyfay;csifMurnfom jzpfygonf/ tjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh aps;
NydKifvkyfcay;í ac:Murnfvnf; jzpfygonf/ þodkY tvkyform;rsm;Mum;
tvkyftukdifaumif;aumif;&atmif tNydKif&SmazGMujcif;? tvkyf&Sif (ukrÜ
PD)rsm;Mum; tvkyform;aumif;aumif;&atmif tNydKif&SmazGMujcif;
onfyif? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&Sd vkyftm;aps;uGuf\ edpp"l0vkyfaqmifrI
jzpfygonf/
tvkyf&Sifu tvkyform;okdYay;aom vkyfcvpmEIef;rSm? t"du
tm;jzifh tvkyform;\ukefxkwfowÅday: rlwnfowfrSwfavh&Sdygonf/
tvkyo f rm;wGi&f adS om uRr;f usirf \ I EdiI ;f ,SOcf sut
f &? &Sm;yg;rI (okrYd [kw)f
aygrsm;rItay: rlwnfowfrSwfonfvnf;? &Sdygonf/ a,bk,soabm
ajym&vQif? pm;okH;oltrsm;pkBudKufypönf;rsKd;udk zefwD;xkwfvkyfEkdifvQif
(okrYd [kw)f vltenf;i,frQom vkyEf idk af omtvkyrf sK;d zefw;D Ekid v f Qi?f xkd
tvkyform;taeESifh vkyfcjrifhjrifhrm;rm;&&SdEkdifygonf/
EdIif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh? &Sm;yg;rIqkd&mwGif tjcm;aomzufwmrsm;ESifh
vnf;? qufpyfEkdifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ESpfNrdKUzG,f&mraumif;aom?
tEÅ&m,fBuD;aom vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;qkdvQif? vkyfcsifonfhol odyf
r&Sdí? vkyfcvpm aumif;aumif;&onfrsKd; jzpfonf/ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;
tvkyform;rsm;rSm? pma&;pmcsDrsm;xuf vpmydk&Ekdifonf/ rkd;ysHwkdufBuD;
rsm;aqmufaom oHrPdtvkyform;u? xkdtaqmuftODrsm;twGuf
tkwfjrpfusif;wl;aom tvkyfMurf;orm;xuf? vpmydk&Ekdifygonf/
ynma&;ESifh avhusifhoifMum;rI
ynmESifh avhusifhoifMum;rI ydkívdktyfaomtvkyfrsm;onfvnf;?
vcvkypf m ydrk sm;rsm;&Ekid yf gonf/ þtvkyrf sm;udk vkyu
f idk Mf uonfh tvkyf
orm;rsm;rSm? vdktyfaomuRrf;usifrIudk &&Sdapa&;twGuf? tcsdefumv
tcsKdUudk ay;qyf&onfhtwGuf? vcvkyfpmydk&jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYxuf
ynma&;udk,fwkdifu? BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIESifh todÓPfxujfrufrIudk
153
vdtk yfonfjzpf&m? ynmuJaomtvkyrf sm;rSm obm0uspmG yif vkycf vpm
jrifhrm;avh&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/ aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf usifhokH;onfhEkdifiHt
rsm;pkwiG ?f tif*sief , D mrsm;ESihf Adou
k mynm&Sirf sm;? vctjrifrh m;qk;H jzpf
aeonfrSm þoabmyifjzpfygonf/
avhusio hf ifMum;rI? ynma&;ESihf BuKd ;yrf;tm;xkwrf I tqifw h oYdk nf?
0ifaiGtay: MoZmoufa&mufrI&SdonfrSm rSefaomfvnf;? aemufxyf
ta&;BuD;onfhtcsufwpfck &Sdygao;onf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpfckvkH;u
vdktyfaom? tckdiftrm uRrf;usifrIESifh,SOfonfhtvkyfrsm; jzpfonf/
þtvkyfrsm;onfvnf; vkyfcvpmydk&Ekdifygonf/ Oyrm-uRrf;usifaom
ykdufquform;ESifh vQyfppfuRrf;usifolwkdYu? vuform;q&mESifh um;
pufjyifq&mwkdYxuf? vkyfcvpm ydkaumif;onfrsKd; jzpfonf/ þodkYjzpf&
onfrSm? ykdufqufykdufjyiftvkyfESifh vQyfppftvkyfwkdYu? vlYtzGJYtpnf;
twGuf ydí k vdt
k yfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ okjYd zpfvifu h pm;? vuform;
q&mrSm ½kH;okH;AD½kdBuD;rsm;vkyf&mwGif txl;uRrf;usifvQif? (okdYr[kwf) armf
awmfum;pufjyifq&mrSmvnf; olYtvkyfwGif emrnfwpfvkH;&avmuf
atmif txl;uRrf;usifvQifrl? vkyfcaumif;aumif; &Ekdifp&m&Sdygonf/
ajym&vQi?f jrifrh m;aom vkycf vpmqko d nfrmS ? oufqidk &f m tvkyform;\
uRrf;usifrIwefzkd;udk? azmfjy&m a&mufygonf/
nDrQjcif;\ a&mif;vdktm;bufwGifvnf;? þoabmtwkdif;yif
jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;&S?d wuúov kd t
f rsm;pkwiG f 'óe
aA'ESifh bmomaA'ygarmu©rsm;\vpmrSm? tif*sifeD,mynmESifh odyÜH
ygarmu©rsm;\vpmxuf? ydek nf;avh&ydS gonf/ taMumif;rl tqkyd g'óe
ynm&SifESifh bmomaA'ynm&SifwkdY\ ta&twGufrSm? vlYtzGJYtpnf;u
vdktyfaom olwkdY\0efaqmifrIxuf? ydkrsm;aeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
tvm;wlyif pwk;d qkid rf sm;wGiv f nf;? vufvt D a&mif;pma&; t&nftcsi;f
jynfrh o
D rl sm;\ ta&twGurf mS ? tawmfukd rsm;jym;vSygonf/ okdYaomf?
pDrHcefYcGJrItvkyftwGuf t&nftcsif;jynfhrDolum;? &Sm;yg;vSonf/ okdYESifh
trQ ta&mif;pma&;\vcrSm? pDrHcefYcGJrItykdif;rS 0efxrf;rsm;xuf? odod
omomavsmhenf;aejcif; jzpfygonf/
qufvufazmfjyygrnf/
t,f'DwmtzGJY
pmnTef; - What Is a Market Economy. (By Michal Walts)
154
Special Section
jrefrmEkdifiH
a&S;acwfbmomjyeforkdif;tcsKyf
(yk*Hacwf)tcef;Ä
wifjyol
OD;0ef
acwfNydKif? ausmufpm? rifpm? tkwfcGufpmtaxmuftxm;? a&S;
a[mif; okawoeawGY&Sdcsuftaxmuftxm;? bmomaA'taxmuf
txm;? &yf&mG trnfemr taxmuftxm;? vlrsK;d pkEiId ;f ,SOyf nmtaxmuf
txm;paom ckdifrmaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& jrefrmwkdYtaMumif;
udk pwifawGY&Sd&aomtcgwGif jrefrmwkdYonf rdrdwkdYcsnf;oufoufaexkdif
Muonfr[kwf/ wjcm;vlrsm;ESifh axG;a&m,Sufwif qufqHaygif;oif;
aexkdifaeMuNyD/ xkdwjcm;olwkdYrSm (1) u&if? (2) ukvm;? (3) uefwl;?
(4) urf;,H? (5) *Rr;f ? (6) csi;f ? (7) pMu0f? (8) awmifo?l (9) ysL? (10) rGe?f
(11) v0? (12) o0f? (13) ouf? (14) &Srf;polwkdYjzpfMuonf/ xkdwjcm;
vlwkdYonf oD;jcm;bmompum;rsm;udk ajymqkdolrsm;jzpfMuonf[k ,lrSwf
&rnfxifonf/
bmompum;rwlow l Ydk axG;a&m,Suw f if qufqaH ygif;oif;aexkid f
Muaomtcg bmomjyefrIudpörSm ay:aygufvm&ayrnf/ vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;
Ä jrefrmEkdifiH a&S;acwfbmomjyeforkdif;tcsKyfqkdaom pmwrf;udk 1962 ck? Zefe0g&Dv
26 &ufaehwGifusif;yaom jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif; ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;ü
OD;0efzwfMum;wifjycJo h nf/ ,if;pmwrf;udk jrefrmEkid if o
H ak woetoif;*sme,f? 1962ck?
'DZifbmvxkw?f twGJ 45? tykid ;f 2 ESihf 1963 ck? Ek0d ifbmvxkwf aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;wkw hd iG f
zwf½EI idk o
f nf/ ,ckwifjyonfpU mwrf;rSm xkpd mwrf;\ wpfpw d w
f pfyidk ;f udk zGiq
Uf jdk znfpU u G f
aompmwrf;jzpfonf/
155

a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? EkdifiHa&;? ppfa&;rufa&;paom ta&;trsKd;rsKd;udk vkyf
aqmif&mwGif vufjyajcjyrQjzifh udpöNyD;Ekdifrnfr[kwf/ wpfOD;pum;udk
wpfOD;u tawmfBuD;em;vnfrS NyD;Ekdifayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh rsm;pGmaom
jrefrmwkdYonf bmomjcm;avhvmrIESifh bmomjyefrIwdkYudk wrifoufouf
jzpfap? c&D;oGm;[efvTJjzpfap vkyfaqmif ae&rnfrSm rvGJ[kxifEkdifonf/
jrefrmwkYd a&maESmqufqaH eaom tjcm;vlww Ydk iG f pmayta&;tom;&Sad e
NyDjzpfaom vlrsKd;wkdYyg0ifaeonf/ xkdolwkdYrSm wkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif ysLrsm;
ESifh rGefrsm;jzpfMuonf/ EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdYwGif ukvm;trsKd;rsKd;wkdYjzpfMu
onf/ (trSefrSm pmayta&;tom;ynmudk xkdukvm;rsm;xHrSyif wkdif;
&if;om;rsm;u oif,lcJhMu&onf/)
xkpd Ofu jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f pmayta&;tom;&Sad om bmompum;
wkdYudk pm&if;vkyf&ygvQif ygVdbmom? ouúwbmom? ysLpum;? rGefpum;
wkdYjzpfMuonfudk awGY&onf/ xkdbmompum;wkdYudk a&;om;tu©&mwif
&mwGif tu©&mwpfrsK;d wnf;udrk ok;H / em*&Dtu©&m? ysLtu©&m? rGet f u©&m
[lí tu©&mokH;rsKd;udk okH;aeMuonf/
wpfzef xkdpOfu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xGef;um;aeaom bmom0g'
wkdYudk MunfhjyefvQif txift&Sm;tm;jzifh awGY&onfrSm r[m,me? ax&
0g'? w`E?Å jAm[®P0g'wkjYd zpfMuonf/ ,if;0g'wku Yd kd ,kMH unfav;pm;aom
&[ef;? ykPÖm;wkdYonf tNidrfaeMurnfr[kwf/ rdrdwkdYavhvmwwfuRrf;
orQjzifh a[mMuajymMu oifMum;ydkYcsvsuf&SdMurnfjzpfonf/ ynm&Sd
ysLtrsKd;om;rsm;? ynm&Sd rGeftrsKd;om;rsm;? ynm&Sd ukvm;trsKd;om;rsm;
onf {&m0wDjrpf½kd;wGif pkefumqefum vl;vmvIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdvdrfhrnf
[k ,lrSwf&ef&Sdonf/
156
jrefrmwkdYonf txufwGifazmfjycJhaom bmompum;trsKd;rsKd;?
bmom0g'trsKd;rsKd;wkdYudk awGYae&NyD/ rdrdwkdYbmvkyfMurnfenf;/ ukvm;
,Ofaus;rI? ysL,Ofaus;rI? rGef,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk awGYae&NyD/ rdrdwkdYbmvkyf
Murnfenf;/ &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;t&vnf;aumif;? tjcm;aomoufao
taxmuftxm;rsm;t&vnf;aumif; ajym&rnfqkdvQif jrefrmwkdYonf
rGefwkdYtay:wGif txl;wvnftm;xm;í rGefwkdY,kHMunfqnf;uyfaom
ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom? rGefwkdYavhvmvkdufpm;aom ygVdusrf;*ef? rGefwkdY usifh
ok;H apmifah &Smufaom ½k;d &m,Ofaus;rIponfwu Ydk kd vufc&H ,lvu dk Mf uonf/
þokdYqkdjcif;jzifh ysL,Ofaus;rI? ukvm;,Ofaus;rIponfwkdY\ MoZmudkvkH;0
rcH,l[krqkdvdk/ ,if; ,Ofaus;rIwkdYudkvnf; tenf;ESifh trsm;qkdovdk&,l
rnf[k rSwx f ifp&mtaMumif;rsm;&So d nf/ okaYd omfvnf; rGew f \
Ydk ,Ofaus;rI
MoZmudk txl;wvnfta&;ay;cH,lonf[k qkdvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
yk*jH ynf taemf&xmrif;apmvufxufrwkid rf D anmifO;D apm&[ef;
ESifh uGrf;aqmfausmif;jzLrif;wkdYvufxuf c&pfESpf at'D 1000 qDwGif
jreffrmwkdYonf Ak'¨0g'udkcH,lí ygVdusrf;*efudk pwifavhvmonf[k qkdMu
onf/ taemf&xmrif;apmvufxufwGif yifv,f&yfjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh
wkduf½kdufqufoG,frI&Sdonf/ xkdtcg jrefrmwkdYonf topftopfaom
tawG;tac:rsm;? topftopfaom trlt&mrsm;? topftopfaom
t&m0w¬Krsm;? topftopfaom trnfemrrsm;udk aeYpOfESifhtrQ awGYqkH
ae&rnfrSm rkcs[k xifonf/ xkdtopftopfaom tjcif;t&mwkdYudk
jrefrmpum;jzifh awG;awmajyma[m avhvmBuHpnfEkdifatmifolwkdY tm;
xkwf&csdrfhrnf/ þwGif bmomjyefqkdrI ta&;BuD;vmonf/
Ak'¨0g'udk rdrdwkdYcH,lMuNyD/ ygVdusrf;*efudk rdrdwdkYavhvmoif,l
MuNy/D okaYd omfvnf; rdrw d \Ydk ud, k yf idk b
f mompum;udk tu©&mrwif&ao;/
rGefwkdYrSm pmESifhayESifh/ ysLwkdYrSmpmESifh ayESifh/ rdrdwkdYrSm pmayr&Sdao;/
xkaYd Mumifh jrefrmwkoYd nf rdrw d \
Ydk pum;udk tu©&mwif&ef tm;xkwfMuonf/
em*&Dtu©&m? rGeftu©&m[lí rdrdwkdYa&SUü tu©&mokH;rsKd;&Sdonf
wGif rGepf mayESihf tawmf&if;ES;D aeyk&H aom jrefrmwko Yd nf rGet f u©&mudk
,lMuonf/ wpfcgzl;rQ tu©&mrwif&ao;aom jrefrmpum;udk rGefwkdY
tokH;jyKaeaom ukvm;tu©&mrsm;jzifh tu©&mwif&aomtcg jyóem
trsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqkdifcJh&ykH&onf/
157
 bmompum;wkdYrnfonf wpfbmomwnf;wGifyifvnf; toH
tu©&mwGifvnf;aumif;? o'´gt&mwGifvnf;aumif;? a0g[m&t&mwGif
vnf;aumif;? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;? wpf&yfESifhwpf&yf? wpfacwfESifhwpfacwf
rwlbJ uGJuGJjym;jym;jzpfaewwfonf/ þtuGJuGJtjym;jym;xJrS pHwpfckck
udk xkwf,lí xkdpHudk rSwfwrf;wif&rnf/ þudpöonf rvG,ful/ q&m
toD;oD;? tBudKuftoD;oD;? tpGJtoD;oD;? t,ltoD;oD;wkdYjzifh >yrf;aom
udpöjzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdYonf rdrdwkdYpGrf;aqmifEkdiforQ tm;
xkwfum rdrdwkdYpum;udk tu©&mwifcJhMuonf/ þokdYtu©&mwifMu&m
wGif rdrdwkdY\ a&SUajy;rsm;jzpfMuaom ysLwkdYxHrSvnf;aumif;? rGefwkdYxHrS
vnf;aumif;? ukvm;wkdYxHrSvnf;aumif; oifhEkd;&m&maom enf;eme,
wkdYudk &,lcJhMuonf[k ,lrSwfp&mtaMumif;rsm;&Sdonf/
þodkYpum;udk tu©&mwifckduf wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif ygVdusrf;*ef?
ouúwusrf;*ef? yd#uwfpmay? aA'ifpmay? rGefpmaywkdYukdvnf; oif,l
avhvmum rdrdwkdYpum;jzifh em;vnfEkdifatmif tm;xkwfMu&onf/ þ
0efxkyfBuD;ESpfxkyfudk OD;qkdif;yJhqkdif;jzifh xrf;aqmifum a&SUodkYcsDwufaom
yk*Hacwfjrefrmonf csD;usL;zG,fjzpfonf/
topftopfaom tawG;tac:? topftopfaom trlt&m?
topftopfaom t&m0w¬K? topftopfaom trnfemrwkdYudk bm
omjcm;rS jrefrmbmomokdY yk*HacwfjrefrmwkdY ,liifoGwfoGif;ykHudk þwGif
pwifpOf;pm;&avrnf/
tapmqkH;jrefrmpmwkdYwGif jrefrmhtoGif jrefrmhtqifjzifh jrefrmESifh
ruGrJ jym; rxl;rjcm; a&maESmyg0ifaeaom ukvm;pum;wku Yd kd awG&Y onf/
Oyrmtm;jzifhqkd&aomf rD;zkdaqmifu jiKwf(aumif;) rSm ouúw bmom
r&d prSaomfvnf;aumif;? rGefpum; ajrufrw S pfqifhaomfvnf; aumif;?
ukvm;pum;wpfckckrS wpfqifhaomfvnf;aumif; jrefrmpum;twGif;odkY
0ifa&mufvmaom pum;jzpf&monf/ xef ; yif rSmvnf; ygVd? ouúw
wmv
wmvrS qif;oufvmaompum;jzpf&monf/ tdrfokH;ypönf;wkdYESifh ywf
oufaom zef (yg? zvdu)? jywm (o? yg&')? ywfwjrm (o? y'®&m*)?
Owf (yg? £|u)? avmu"mwfESifhywfoufaom uyf (yg? uyÜ)? urÇm
(o? uvÜ)? i&J (yg? o? ed&,)? ouf&SdavmuESifhywfouf aom
wd&dwfqef (yg? wd&päme)? owå 0 g (o? owG)? e*g (yg? em*)? uvkef
(yg? *½kV)wkdYrSm ukvm;toGifraysmufwwfaomfvnf; jrefrmtoGif
158
aygufaeaom pum;wkdYjzpfMuonf/
jrefrmpum;udk tu©&mrwifcifuyif þa0g[m&wko Yd nf jrefrmwkEYd w
I o
f Ydk
a&mufaeMuNyD[k xifrSwf&ef&Sdonf/ þbmomjcm;pum;wkdYudk jrefrm
pum;jzifhzvS,fum bmomjyef&ef tm;rxkwfawmhbJ emrowfenf;jzifh
vufcHvkdufMuonfrSm þt&m0w¬K? þtawG;tac:wkdYonf xkdacwf
jrefrmwkdYtzkdY bmomjyef&ef rvG,fulaomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/ ,ck
acwfwGifyifvnf; þpum;vkH;wkdYudk jrefrmpum;oufoufjzifh zvS,f&ef
vG,fulrnfrxif/
ygVd? ouúwpum;vkH;wkdYudk emrowfjyef,lvufcH&mwGif pdwf0if
pm;zG,ftcsufwpf&yfudk owdjyKEkdifonf/ tpOftvmt& ajym½kd;qkd½kd;
&SdonfrSm jrefrmbmompum;ü 0*f Asnf; tu©&mwkdYwGif wwd,u©&m
(toH)ESifh pwkw¬u©&m (toH) r&Sdjcif;? odkYr[kwf r&Sdoavmuf enf;yg;
jcif;jzpfonf/ rsufarSmufacwf vufawGYtm;jzifhvnf; &ckdif? xm;0,f
paom toHuGJjrefrmpum;wkdYwGif þtoHwkdYudk tokH;enf;onf[k od&
onf/ ygVd? ouúwbmomwkdYwGif þtoHrsm;&Sdonf/ yk*Hacwf jrefrmwkdY
onf þtoHrsm;udk yDoatmif &GwfqkdEkdifykHr&acs/ odkr[kwf &Gwfqkdcsif
ykHr&acs/ odkYr[kwf &GwfqkdykHr&acs/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf ygVd? ouúw
oufpum;wkdYtwGuf olwkdYvufcHa&;om;cJhaom pmvkH;aygif;wkdYudk ouf
aotjzpf awGY&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jy&rnf qkdvQif
uvkef (yg? *½kV)? ul (yg? *k[m)? wóyg&rD (yg? 'o yg&rD)? wkuúpd& sm
(yg? o? 'ku&ú p&d,m)? xwfw0f (yg? "mwk)? z0uf (yg? b0*¾)? zd,f (yg?b,)?
oifBudKif (o? oN*F[)? ocF g (yg? oHC) ponf wkdYjzpfMuonf/
wpfzef yk*HacwfjrefrmwkdYonf pma&;aomtcg (txufygenf;
twkdif;vkdyif) rdrdwkdYzwf&Gwfajymqkdonfh toHxGuftwkdif;a&;vdkaom
qE´bufodkY rMumcP,drf;avh&SdMuonf/ ygVd? ouúwbmomwkdYwGif
jrefrmrlt& tu©&mwpfvkH;csif; pmvkH;aygif;xm;aomfvnf; a'G;abmfoH
,kwfoHzwf&aom yk'frsm;&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkdaomf 0gusudk 0ufus
[k zwf&jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf/ a&;awmhtrSef zwfawmhtoHqadk om pum;t&
a&;jcif; zwfjcif;jzpfonf/ yk*HacwfwGifum; tcsKdUaomt&mwkdYü rlva&;
xk;H ud*k ½krjyK/ zwf&w
G o
f t
H wkid ;f a&;onfukd awG&Y onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhum;
p~uú 0Vm (o? pMu0gV)? p~uú0wd,f (o? yg? pMu 0wå)D ? "r®p~uúmMw smOD
(yg? o? "r®pMu)? yw¬r&m (o? y'®&m*)? &wåem (o? &wé)? owå 0 g
159
(o? owG) wkdYjzpfMuonf/ uuúKoef? aumufukoef (yg? uukoE¨)
uEém &dw f (yg? umPm&d|)paom trnfemrwkdYonfvnf; þoabm
rsKd;yif jzpfrnfxifonf/
odkYaomfvnf; rlvbmomwGif a'G;abmfoH,kwfjzifh a&;&if;jzpfí
jrefrmbmomwGifvnf; a'G;abmfoH,kwfjzifhyif a&;oifhvsuf a'G;abmf
oH,kwfoH r&GwfrzwfaomaMumifh a'G;awmfoH,kwfrJha&;onfrsKd;udkvnf;
awGY&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkdaomf pr® c @ @rS qif;oufvmaom jrefrm
pum;udk pr® c Pf[k a&;oifhvsuf yk*Hom;wkdYonf prcef [komvQif
½kd;½kd;a&;onfudk awGY&onf/ (yv’ yv’uFrS qif;oufvmaom pum;vkH;udk
,cktcg yv’ i f
[k vtu©&ma'G;abmfESifh jrefrmwkdYa&;aeMuaomfvnf;
yk*Hom;wkdYum; zwf&GwfoHokdY vkdufum yefvif [k a&;cJhMuonf/ þum;
tjriftm;jzifh a'G;abmfoH,kwfrJhykH om"ujzpf&monf/)
wpfzef jrefrmwkdYonf rGefwkdY\ enf;eme,udkvkdufí tcsKdUaom
ygVd? ouúwpum;wkdYudk emrowf jyef,lcJhonf[k xifzG,f&Sdaom
taxmuftxm;wkdYudkvnf; awGY&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkdaomf ,ckacwf
a&; uxdef (yg? uxde) udk uxdkef? aumPm*kH (yg? aumPm *re)udk
a*gem*kdrf? y&dwf (yg? y&dwå)udk y½kdwf? Asmu½kPf; (yg? Asmu&P)udk
Asmu½k d P f ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
xkdYjyifvnf; ukvm;wkdY\ MoZmruif;[kxif&aom emrowfjyef
enf;wpfck&Sdao;onf/ ,if;rSm ygVd? ouúwtrnfemrrsm;wGif y'EÅ
tu©&mudktowfjyKum jrefrmjyKenf;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkd&aomf
c@[mvykPÖm;udk ,ckacwfwGif&Sd&if; ygVdtwkdif; jrefrmwkdYa&;om;ac:
a0:Muonf/ yk*HacwfwGifum; y'EÅvtu©&mudk towfjyKí uE´
[mvfykHemm[k a&;onf/ xked nf;wlpmG ZmvDukrm&f? aZ,sol&f? "r®*rÇD&f?
jA[®ygvf? rCa'0f? &mZukrm&f? t&dr'´eyl&f ponfjzifh a&;onfwkdYudk
awGY&onf/ odkYaomfvnf; jrefrmpum;\ obm0ESifh roifhavsmfojzifh
xifonf/ þenf;onf tjrpfrwG,fcJhacs/
ESpfusdyf&Spfqlbk&m;wkdY\ bGJYtrnfrsm;udk ,ckacwf ajym½kd; qkd½kd;
a&;om;½kd;ESifhrnD edyæEéyk'ftjzpfjzifh Moum&efESifha&;onfrSmvnf; pdwf
0ifpm;zG,fwpf&yfjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkd&aomf wPS u F a &m? ar
xuFa&m? o&PuFa&m? 'DyuFa&m? ruFavm? okraem? a&0awm?
aombdawm? y'karm? em&a'g ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ þenf;udk ukvm;
160
rsm;xHrS &avovm;/ oD[dkVfom;rsm;xHrS &avovm;/ ,cktcg plum
&Ekd? pl[m&wkd ponfjzifh ouúwouftrnfrsm;udk okH;aeMuaom tif'kd
eD;&Sm;wkdY\tavhtvmESifh tquftoG,f&SdcJhavovm;/ pkHprf;&efvkd
onf /
wpfcgwpf&H rGefpum;vkH;rsm;udkyif ,liifjrefrmjyKxm;onfudk awGY
&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkdaomf ,cktcg uGrf;&Guf[kqkdvQif oHo, jzpf
&efr&Sd/ rnfonfhtyifrSt&Guf[lí odNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; yk*Hacwf jrefrm
wkdYurl oHr’L[laom rGefpum;vkH;udk okH;pGJa&;xkd;Muonfudk awGY&onf/
ur,f (rk q k d ; r)? aoh u f (oefvsuf)qkdaom rGefpum;wkdYudkvnf;
yk*Hacwfjrefrmpum;xJwGifcsyfí awGY&onf/ ra[mfo"mZmwfurÜnf;
wGif okcrdefav;a,muf rpifwGif;? bifwGif;üusaeonfhtaMumif;udk
urÜnf;xkd;&mü usifBuD;? acs;? bif[laom yk*HacwfokH;jrefrmpum;wkdYudk
rok;H bJ [½kuq f adk om a&S;a[mif;rGepf um;udk ok;H xm;onfrmS bmomjyef
udpör[kwf? ,Ofaus;zG,f&mrIudpöjzpfonf[k xifrSwfp&m&Sdonf/
rGefpum;vkH;udk,l½kHrQru rGefwkdY\ pum;vkH;pDpOfykHudkvnf; ,liif
ok;H pG&J efBupH nfyuHk kd awG&Y ao;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifq h adk omf ykPmÖ ;jzpfaom
au0#fukd au0#fyP k mÖ ;? bDv;l jzpfaom ykPuÖ udk ykPu Ö bDv;l ponfjzifh
jrefrmpum;pDpOfxm;odkykH&Sdvifhupm; yk*HacwfZmwfurÜnf; tcsKdUwGif
ifz’Lyvvnf? ykHemau0wf? zdvlykEé,uf? rifumodu&pf? rifplved
NAKHrS'wf? rifydv,uf ( yv vnf;qifjzL? au0#f ykPmÖ ;? ykPÖ ,u©bv D ;l ?
umodu&mZfrif;? pl|eD jA[®'wfrif;? yd|d,u©rif; [lí ,cktcg a&;Mu
rnf/) ponfjzifh rGefqHqHa&;xkd;xm;onfudk awGY&onf/ odkYaomf
þpepfonfvnf; tjrpfrwG,fcJhacs/
bmomjyefudpöwGif teufudkjyef,l&onfhudpöenf;wl bmom jcm;
trnfa0g[m&wkdYudk aumuf,larG;pm;&onfhudpöonfvnf; ta&;BuD;ykH?
cufcJ½IyfaxG;ykHwkdYudk txufygwifjycsufwkdYjzifh odomEkdifonf/ rsuf
arSmufacwfbmompum;wkdYqkdif&m tbd"mefrsm;udk avhvmMunfhvQif
udwådrarG;pm; pm;pum;vk;H wku Yd kd trsm;tjym;awG&Y rnf/ <u,f0aom bmom
jzpfav udwådrpum;vkH; t&Sdrsm;av[kqkdvQif rSm;Ekdifrnfrxif/ jrefrm
tbd"mefwGifvnf; udwådrpum;tawmfrsm;rsm;awGY&onf/
udwådrpum;arG;pm;&mwGif tu©&mvS,fenf;? toHvS,fenf;
ponfwkdYudk okH;avh&SdMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; tpueOD;ü þenf;wkdYonf
161
ykHaoum;us r&SdwwfMuacs/ udwådrpum;vkH;wpfvkH;wnf;udkyif [kdokdY onfrSm ygVdudkzwfí jrefrmrjyefwwfvQif jzpfEkdifp&m taMumif;r&Sday/
a&;vQif oifhEkd;Ekd;? onfodkYa&;vQif oifhEkd;Ekd;ESifh Za0Z0gjzpfaewwfMu rGeb
f mom? jrefrmbmomwkjYd zifh yef;csu D m;taMumif;udk xkwaf zmfxm;onfh
onf/ umvMumí udk,f&nfppfrSomvQif 0d0g'enf;yg;oGm;&onf/ yk*H ZmwfurÜnf;rsm;uvnf; rGefjrefrmwkdY\ bmomjyefvkyfief;udk wpfpGef;
acwftcgu þudpörsKd;rsm;pGm ay:aygufcJhonf/ pepfrusao;aom wpfpwifjyxm;vsuf&Sdonf/ þurÜnf;rsm;ESifh ausmufpmrsm;udk Munfhí
udwådrpum;a&;xkH;tcsKdUudk atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onf/ jrefrmjyefrIpGrf;&nfudk oJvGefpxkwfjyEkdifp&mtaMumif;&Sdonf/ atmufyg
trSwfpOf ,cka&;ykH yk*Ha&;ykH Z,m;udk½I/
1 aumuúoef uuúKoef? aumufukoef trSwfpOf yk*H ,ck
2 i&J i&J? i&,f? ji,f 1 aumifavStFaw[f om"k
3 pMum pMum? pufMum? p~uúm (aumif;avSifhwnf;)
4 q&m q& sm? qd& sm? Bqdsm 2 ppfBuDvDyg (ppfBuD;av;yg;) ppft*Fgav;yg;
5 wm0wdefom wm0wdif? wm0wð? wm0wdefom 3 z’pfoqkd0fji,f Zmwd'ku©? y#doaE¨
6 wd&pämef wd&dwfqef? Bwdpäef (jzpfaomqif;&J) aejcif;qif;&J
7 edAÁmef ae&yef? ed,f&yef? ed&Aef? edAÁef 4 rifw& sm 10 yg; rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;
8 y[dk&f y[dkvf? y[dktf? ayD[&f (rif;w&m; 10 yg;)
9 ywåjrm; ywfwjrm? ywår&m 5 r’d,fykHavmef (ajrykHvGef) oJvGef
10 Asm'dwf Asmwdwf? Asma'of? Asma'ó 6 &G,fr’wf 9 yg e0&wfudk;yg;
11 jA[®m jA[®m? jArSm? jAKH[®m (&GJjrwf 9 yg;)
12 &wem &wem? &wåem 7 odpyfjrifEtSrfaom oAÁnKw
13 oH0pä& oH0apä&f? oH0pfBqdK&f nmef (odpyfjrifESHYaom) oAÁnKwÓPf
14 trwf trwsm? trwå sm? trwf& s 8 twnfr,faomMw sm tedpöw&m;? rNrJaom
15 t&darwå,s t&d,arwånf? t&drdwåd& sm? (twnfrJhaomw&m;) w&m;
r[mrdwå& sm 9 trkduf trsuf &Hruf arm[? a'go? avmb
16 t0Dpd t0Dpd? t0dpd,f? t0pd,f
txufwiG f bmomjyefupd \ ö ta&;Bu;D aom t*Fgwpf&yfjzpfonfh yk*Hacwf jrefrmwkdYonf tcsKdUaom ygVd ouúwpum;vkH;wkdYudk
udwådr pum;rsm;taMumif;udk qkdcJhNyD/ þpum;wkdYonf yd#uwfpmay? rdrdwkdYudk,fykdif pum;vkH;uJhokdYtokH;jyKvsuf&SdMuykHudk txufwGifqkdcJhNyD/
aA'ifpmay? rGefpmaywkdYudkavhvmum jrefrmpum;jzifh jyefvnf azmuf odkYaomfvnf; tcsKdUaompum;vkH;wkdYum; jrefrmyDyDjyefqkda&;om;Muonf
onfcs&ef tm;xkw&f mü y#doaE¨wnfae aygufymG ;cJah ompum;wkYd jzpfonf/ udk txufygZ,m;ü awGYEkdifonf/
yk*Hacwf jrefrmwkdYonf bmomjyefvkyfief;udk tifwkduftm;wkduf vkyfcJh& usefppfom;rif;onf om;awmf&mZukrm&f\ aumif;rIudk tEk
vdrrhf nf[xk ifonf/ rsujf riftaxmuftxm;udk jy&rnfqydk gu yk*jH ynf&dS arm'emjyKaomtcg ,ckumvwGifuJhodkY om"k[lí ygVdpum;udkrokH;bJ
*l ausmif; eH&HwkdYwGif a&;qGJxm;aom aq;a&;yef;csDum;wkdYudk vufn§dK; aumifavStFaw[f [lí jrefrmyDyDqkdcJhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; aemifvm
nTefjy&ef&Sdonf/ Ak'¨0if? r[m0if? 'Dy0if? bkHcef;? i&Jcef;? 550? 0drme aemufom;wkdYum; usefppfom;rif;\aemufodkY rvkdufcJhacs/ om"k om"k
0w¬Kpaom tw¬KyÜwådygonfh0w¬KtaMumif;rsm;udk a&mifpkH a&;jc,fxm; [líom qkdvsuf&SdMuonf/
162 163
 tedpöoabmw&m;udk ,cktcgrNrJaomw&m;[lí jrefrmjyefqkd
ajyma[maeMuaomfvnf; yk*HacwfwGifum; twnfrJhaomw&m; [lí
a&;MuonfudkawGY&onf/
arm[? a'go? avmbwkdYudk awGa0jcif;? trsufxGufjcif;? tvdk
BuD;jcif;ponfjzifh ,ckacwfwGif jyefqkdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; yk*Hacwfq&m
wkdYum; jrefrmyDyD odyfodyfonf;onf;ESifh trkduf? trsuf? &Hruf [lí
jyefqkdcJhMuonf/ þokdY odyfonf;aom tqkdtrdefYrsm;udk aemufom;wkdY
rvdu k ef mrok;H pGo
J nfrmS qk;H ½I;H jcif;wpf&yfjzpfonf[k qko
d ifrh nfxifonf/
oAÁnKwÓPfawmfudkvnf; odpyfjrifESHYaom om[lonfh emr0dao oeyk'f
jzifh txl;jyKzGifhqkduma&;om;onfrSm rSwfzG,faumif;onf/
e0&wfu;kd yg;udk &GJjrwf 9 yg;? rif;usiw
10yg;? Zmwd'u k u
hf &m;q,fyg;udk rif;w&m;
© kd jzpfaomqif;&J? ppft*Fgav;yg;udk ppfBuD; av;yg;?
ra[mfo"mZmwfvm ygVdpum; 0gvk u a,mw¬ ? oJvGefudk ajryk H v G e f
ponfjzifh jrefrmyDyD jyefqkda&;om;MuonfrSm csD;rGrf;zG,fjzpfonf/ ,if;
yk*HacwfjyefqkdcsufwkdYudk aemifvmaemufom;wkdYu vufcHonfvnf;
&Sdonf/ vkH;vkH;pGefYypfonfvnf; &Sdonf/ tenf;tusOf;jyKjyifíjzpfap?
pum;vkH;tydkjznfhpGufí jzpfap qufvufokH;pGJaeonfvnf; &Sdonf/
odkYaomfvnf; yk*HacwfjrefrmwkdY\ tm;xkwfrIum; tv[órjzpfay/
trsKd;av;yg;t,l0g' jyif;xefaomukvm;wkdY\ ygVdpum; uk v yk w ¬ ?
uk v rD w mmwkdYudk yk*HacwfjrefrmwkdYu trsKd ; om;? trsKd ; orD ; [líyif
pwifjyefqkdcJhonf/ a'0ykwå ewf o m; m;? a'0rDwm ewf o rD ;? &mZykwå
rif; om;
om;? &mZ"Dwm rif ; orD ; qkdonfwkdYonfvnf; yk*HacwfwGif ayguf
zGm;cJhEkdifonf/ ygVdbmomudkrSDí þpum;rsm;udk rzefwD;rjyefqkdcJhvQif
,cktcg þyk*¾dKvfwkdYtwGuf rnfonfhpum;vkH;rsm;udk jrefrmwkdY okH;aeyg
rnfenf;[k pOf;pm;p&may:onf/ txl;tm;jzifhum; trsKd;om; [laom
pum;vkH;r&SdvQif ,cktcg okcrdefrsm;pnf;a0;í wkdifyifzefwD;ae&
vdrfhrnf xifrdonf/ yk*Hacwf\ bmomjyefpmay vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI
aMumifh ,ckacwfwGif yd#uwf okH;ykHudkyif jrefrmjyefEkdif&onf[kqkdvQif
yk*aH cwf\aus;Zl;udk wpfpw d w f pf0ufazmfjy&m a&mufvrd rhf nf[k ,kMH unf
rdygonf/
OD;0ef
164
Dr Than Tun
(Memoirs & Observations)
165 acwfopf
170 Ekdif (urÇmht&SnfqHk;jrpf)
188 A Modern History of Myanma
acwf o pf
a & ; ol - o ef ; xG ef ;
&efukefaumvdyfrSm? orkdif;oif½kd;udk uvyfppfu,f(classical)eJY armf'if
(modern)vdkY? ESpfydkif;ydkif;NyD;oifcJhw,f/ tckwuúodkvfawGrSmvdk ordkif;
oif½dk;u trnfrrsm;yg/ uvyfppfqdk&if a&S;acgr(Greek)? a&S;a&mr
(Rome) pmaytEkynmeJq Y ikd w
f Jh taMumif;t&mawGjzpfw,fvYdk t"dymÜ ,f
&NyD;om;jzpfvkdY? orkdif;oif½dk;rSm acgrordkif;? a&mrordkif;udkoif&ygw,f/
uvyfppfynm&Siq f &kd if? acgrpmay vufwif(Latin)pmayawGu?kd avhvm
olvkdYod&w,f/ tJ'Doabmxm;eJYqufpyfNyD; uvyfppfu,fqdk&if a&S;
a[mif;pmay? tEkynmorkdif;udk &nfñTef;w,fvdkY odvmMuw,f/ 'gayrJh
w½kwaf &S;a[mif;? ukvm;a&S;a[mif;? rufqykd akd wrd,(Mesopotamia) a&S;
a[mif;? tD*spf(Egypt)a&S;a[mif;orkid ;f udk avhvmoifMum;wmud?k uvyf
ppfu,fvaYkd c:&ifvnf; jzpfw,fqadk yr,f?h acgr a&mroufouf r[kwf
avawmh? tdef&SJefY(ancient)qkdwJha0g[m&udk oHk;vmw,f/ tde&f eJS q Yf &kd if
tvGet Yf vGeaf &S;uswt hJ csed u
f kd qdkvkdw,f/ &efukef ,leDAmpDwD aumvdyf
rSm 1923 avmufupNy;D ? uvyfppfu,fordik ;f ae&mrSm a&S;a[mif;ordik ;f
(ancient times)udk ajymif;vJoifMum;cJhw,f/
urÇmorkdif;udkoifMum;wJhtcg urÇmwnfpuyJ pwifoifw,f/
blrad A'tcsed yf ikd ;f yHk(geological time-scale)udk tusO;f odxm;zkYd vdyk gw,f/
ajrvTmteufudk ,k*f(period)eJYwGJNyD;rSwf&ygw,f/ t&ifESpf oef;aygif;
trsm;BuD;MumwJhtcsdefudk uyf(era) vdkYac:w,f/ Oyrm-
165
 oufOD;tBudKuyf t&ifESpfoef; 4500 - 600 *latmif;vl(cave men)ud?k yvdik pf wdq k if;aESmif;ydik ;f rSm awGUygNy/D u½drk aemif
(proterozoic era) (cromagnon) awGeYJ tvm;wl vlawG[m? tckacwfva l wGyJ jzpfvmygw,f/
oufOD;uyf t&ifESpfoef; 600 - 225 [dkvdkqif,k*fi,fu? t&ifESpfwpfaomif;u pw,f/ a&cJjyifBuD;
(palaeozoic era) awG aysmufuG,fNyD;? t&ifopfawmBuD;awG aygufvmw,f/ opfyif
oufv,fuyf t&ifESpfoef; 225 - 70 0wfreI 0f wfqH(pollen-grain) udk? opfaqG;usif; (peat-beds) u azmf,Nl y;D
(mesozoic era) ppfaq;wht J cg? opfyifawGrmS vnf; tajymif;tvJ&Sdw,f/ b,fvkdajymif;
oufaESmif;uyf t&ifESpfoef; 70 - 1 vkdY? a&S;a&S;tyifrsKd;u tcktyifrsKd;jzpfvmw,fvdkY odEdkifw,f/ &moDOwk
(caenozoic era) tat;vGefuJ&mu ylvmwm? rdk;apG&mu rdk;yg;vmwmawGudk tyifawGu
aemufqkH; oufaESmif;uyfudk ,k*feJY cGJxm;jyefw,f/ azmfjyaeygw,f/ a&cJpdrfhajr(tundra)ayguf opfyifrsKd;(vecetation) awG
wwd,,k*f t&ifESpfoef; 70 - 1oef;xd uaysmufNyD;? xif;½SL;(birch, pine)yifawG aygufvmw,f/ t&ifEpS f 9000
(tertiary period) avmufrSm opft,f(hazel) yifawG aygufvmw,f/ t&ifESpf 7000
pwkw¬,k*f t&ifESpf 1 oef; - ,ckxd avmufrmS 0ufopfcs(oak, alder)yifawG aygufvmw,f/ 'Dvdk opfyifawG
(quaternary period) aygufpu yifv,fa&rsuEf mS jyif[m ckxuferd w hf ,f/ 'gaMumifh jyifopfu
pwkw¬,k*fudk ,k*fi,fESpfck xyfNyD;cGJjyefw,f/ t*Fvefudk ukef;vrf;oGm;vdkYjzpfw,f/ rav&Su tif'dkae&Sudkvnf; vrf;
yvdkifpwdkqif; t&ifESpf 1 oef; - 1aomif;xd avQmufomG ;vd&Yk w,f/ t&ifEpS f 8000 avmufupNy;D yifv,fa&rsuEf mS
(pleistocene) wufvmvdkY? ukef;vrf;awGa&jrKyfNyD; yifrajr (mainland)eJ Y uRef ; pk
[dkvdkqif; t&ifESpf 1 aomif; - uaeYxd (archpelago)awG jzpfay:vmygw,f/ &moDOwkuawmh ydkNyD;yl(aEG;)vm
(holocene) w,f/ awmifbuftylydkif;a'oawGrSm rdk;apG (pluvial) &mu rdk;yg; (in-
tJ'D,k*fi,fESpfckwGif;rSm vlowå0g ay:aygufBuD;yGm;cJhygw,f/ ter-pluvial)vmw,f/ 'DtcsdefrSm vlawGu aumufyJoD;ESHpkdufysKd;NyD;?
yvdik pf wkqd if;,k*if ,ftp t&iftESpw f pfoef;ausmuf ? arsmufBu;D qefqef wd&pämefudk ,OfatmifarG;wwfvmw,f/ vlawGvnf; t½dkif;(savage)
(ape-like)vl[m ausmufcu J kd vufeuftjzpf toH;k csEikd w f t
hJ od&dv
S mw,f/ tMurf;(barbarous)b0u t,Of(civilized)b0udk ul;cJhygw,f/ 'Dtqifh
ausmufvufeufeJY wd&pämefudkowfNyD;pm;w,f/ 'Da&S;vl (primitive men) awGrmS awmh oabmobm0tqifw h pfcu
k wpfckudkul;wmudkodzdkY? a&S;
awG pwifaexdik o f mG ;w,fvYkd xif&wJah e&mawGu?kd tmz&du (Africa) ta&SU a[mif;okawoe (archaeology ajrxJordkif;)udkyJ tm;udk;&ygw,f/
jcrf;rSmawGUw,f/ yvdik pf wdq k if tv,favmuf a&mufawmh? 'Da&S;vlawG[m a&cJacwf(ice age)awG trsm;BuD;&SdcJhzl;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh yvdkifpwdk
urÇm[mif;(old world)rSm tESt YH jym;a&muf &SdaeMuygNyD/ olwdkYoHk;pGJoGm;wJh qifrmS av;acwf&w dS ,f/ yxra&cJacwfavmufupNy;D ? awmiftmz&du
ausmufa[mif;vufeuf (palaeoliths) awGukd tmz&du(Africa)? tm&S rSm a&S;vlawGay:NyD;? ausmufcJvufeuf pvkyfwwfaeNyD/ t&ifESpf
(Asia) eJY Oa&my (Europe) ae&mtESYH awGU&w,f/ 'Da&S;vlawG awGU&m 600ç000 uvkdY qkdEdkifygw,f/ ausmufa[mif;acwf (palaeolithic age)
t&yfuv kd uk d Nyf ;D ? yDuif; (Bejing) vl? *smAm (Java) vl? a['JvAf wf (Heidelberg)? jzpfygw,f/ vlawGwkd;wufvmyHkudk acwf (age)tpOfvdkufajym&&if?
ae,ef'gomvf (Neanderthl)? ½dak 'oQ (Rhodesia)? qGrpf ukr;f (Swanscomb) ausmufa[mif;acwff(palaeolithic age)t&ifEpS f ajcmufoed ;f u t&ifEpS f
vkaYd c:w,f/ tckawmh aygif;pyfNy;D [drk {kd &ufwyfpf (homo erectus) ac: 12000 (wpfaomif; ESpfaxmif)xd jzpfw,f/ NyD;awmh ausmufv,facwf
w,f/ 'Dval wG&UJ t½d;k [m? ausmufjzpf½yk <f uif; (fossil) tjzpfeYJ tptydik ;f (mesolithic age)u? t&ifEp S f wpfaomif;ESpaf xmifu t&ifEpS f ud;k axmif
enf;enf;yJawGUae&vd?Yk olwt Ykd aMumif;udk jynfjh ynfph pkH kH rajymwwfao;yg/ xd jzpfw,f/ ausmufopfacwf(neolithic age) u t&ifESpf udk;axmifu
166 167
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jzpfw,fvYkd rajymEdik yf g/ wcsKUd a'oawGrmS ? uaeYxd ausmufacwff (stone acgif;aqmif oDtakd 'g&pf(Theodoric)udk eef;wifvu kd af wmh? taemufa&mr
age)yJ &Sdao;w,f/ ausmufacwfuyJ owåKacwfudk csufcsif;rajymif;bJ? tifyg,m&JUZmwford ;f jzpfomG ;w,f/ ta&SUtifyg,mrSmawmh [ef (Huns) awG
ausmufeJYowåKypönf; wGJoHk;wJh ausmufaMu;acwf(chalcolithic age)/ udk ESppf Of tcGefb@may;oGif;NyD;? ig;&mpkESpfukefxd qufvufwnf&SdcJhyg
Ny;D awmh ,Ofaus;rI(civilization)pwifxeG ;f um;whJ aMu;acwf(f bronze age)/ w,f/ taemufOa&myudak &mufvmwJh vlMurf;awG[m? c&pfajcmuf&mpkESpf
NyD;awmh oHacwf(iron age)qdkwJhacwfawG jzwfoef;cJhMuygw,f/ rSm vGwv f yfwt hJ rsK;d om;Ekid if aH wG xlaxmifMuw,f/ trsK;d om;a&;qdw k m?
acwf(f age)qdw k ahJ 0g[m&u ygVd? acwå/ udpw ö pfck tmPmwpfck Oa&myrSm tJ'DtcguyJ EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufBuD; jzpfvmcJhygw,f/ ta&SU
MoZmoufa&muf&m tcsed t f ydik ;f tjcm;udk &nfñeT ;f ygw,f/ vlawGo;kH pGw J Jh bufu AdkifZHwif(Byzantine) tifyg,m[m 1453 xd qufvufwnf&dS
vufeufudkvdkufNyD;? a&S;u acwfwdk;wufajymif;vJwm aES;w,f/ aemuf aecJhygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh? acwfa[mif;uaeNyD; acwfv,fudk b,fawmh
awmh jrefvmw,f/ NyD;awmh a'otvdkuf ydkaES;wmvnf;&Sdw,f/ NyD;awmh ajymif;ovJ qdw k m? ajymzkcYd ufw,f/ apmapmu ajymovdk c&pfajcmuf&mpk
wpfa'orSmay:xGe;f wJh todynmwpf&yfu?kd wjcm;a'ou &,lvYkd tajc ESpfvkdYyJ tvG,frSwfoifhw,f/
ajymif;vmwmvnf; &Sdw,f/ tJ'gawGtukefvkH;udk wwfEdkiforQ tusOf; acwfv,fu?kd c&pfomoem Oa&myrSm tajcpdu k w f hJ tcgupw,f
csKHUNyD; ajymcJhNyD;ygNyD/ &efukefwuúodkvf ordkif;oifMum;a&;rSm acwfydkif; vdkY? vG,fvG,frSwfapcsifw,f/ c&pfawmfudk at'D 29 cefrY mS vuf0g;uyf
yHkudk? wuúodkvfay:pu pNyD; tusOf;ajymchJNyD;ygNyD/ tckqufNyD; ajymvdk twifc&H Ny;D rSm? c&pfomoem[m taemufbufudkysHYvmygw,f/ rdvef
wmu? acwfa[mif;udk c&pfajcmuf&mpkESpfrSm? tqHk;owfygw,f/ acwf trdeaYf wmf (Edict of Milan) at'D 313 t&? c&pfomoem[m w&m;0if
a[mif;tqHk;owfykHudk ajymyg&ap/ &yfwnfEikd cf iG &hf cJyh gw,f/ tJ't D cgupNy;D acwfv,fjzpfw,fv?Ydk ,lqvdkwJh
tifrweftm;BuD;wJh a&mrvufeufEdkifiH[m? at'D 395 rSm ynm&SifawG &dSw,f/ taemufOa&myudk 0ifa&mufvmMuwJh *smrefvo l pf
{`E, d´ wpfyifv,f(f Adriatic sea)tv,fxm;Ny;D ? ta&SUydik ;f taemufyikd ;f cGNJ y;D ? awGuvnf;? c&pfomoemudk ul;ajymif;vmMuawmh? c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifwhJ
{u&mZfwpfyg;pD tkycf sKyyf gw,f/ ta&SUydik ;f tifyikd , f mudk aemuf Adik Zf w
H if tkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ tpnf;awGay:vmNy;D ? tkypf Bk u;D wpfcktaeeJY BuD;xGm;vmwJh
(Byzantine)tifyi kd ,
f mvdYk ac:Muw,f/ taemufyikd ;f tifyg,m&JU tqd;k 0g;qH;k tpfpvrf (Islam)udck ck zH Ydk pnf;½H;k Mu&wmaMumif?h tm;rysuf wnfaeovdk
tEÅ&m,fuawmh? vlMurf;(Bhrbarians)awG rMumcP 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf &Syd gw,f/ 'gayrJ?h c&pfu;kd &mpkEpS rf mS ajrmufyikd ;f om;awG Oa&myudk 0ifa&muf
MuvdkY? 'ku©trsKd;rsKd;BuHK&w,f/ ADpD*dkYof(Visigoths)awG tDwvDukd 0ifwu kd f wdu k cf u
kd af e&m,lMuvd?Yk tpnf;t½H;k tiftm; trsm;Bu;D qkw, f w k &f ygw,f/
w,f/ at'D 410 rSm a&mrNrKd Uawmfu0kd ifNy;D vk,ufEikd w f t
hJ xd jzpfvmw,f/ Oa&myrSm Edik if t H opfawGay:vmw,f/ t*Fvef? pyde?f jyifopf? MopBwD,
aemufawmh 'DvlMurf;awG a*gvf(Gaul)e,feYJ pydef(Spain)rSm tajccsNyD; qdkwmawGygyJ/ 'DvkdeJY c&pf 1500txd? tv,facwfudk½IyfvGef;vdkY
aexdkifMuw,f/ at'D 450 rSm [ef (Hun) acgif;aqmiftwfwv D m tarSmifacwf (dark age) vdaYk wmif ac:Muyg ao;w,f/ 'Dawmh? Oa&myrSm
(Attila)[m? a&mrNrKd Uawmf0txd a&mufvmEdi k wf ,f/ Aif'v J f(Vandal)awG acwfopf[m c&pf 1500 a&mufraS y:w,f/ jrefrmEdik if rH mS awmh t*Fvdyf
u at'D 455 rSm tmz&duajrmufyikd ;f udk 0ifw,f/ umaohcsf (Carthage) a&mufwt hJ csed u f pNy;D ? acwfopfvYdk ajymcsio f al wG&o dS vk?d vGwv f yfa&;&rS
txd a&mufw,f/ aemuf pDpvD(Sicily)uwpfqifh tDwvDudk vma&muf acwfopfvYkd ajymcsio f v l nf;&Syd gw,f/ jrefrmhacwfopfqw dk m *syefacwfuyJ
vk,ufzsuq f ;D w,f/ a&mrwyfrawmfac:&wJw h yfrS trsm;pku *smrefawG pw,fvaYkd jymvnf;&w,f/ 'ghxuf apmw,fq&kd ifvnf;jzpfygw,f/ bmjyK
jzpfvY?kd at'D 476 rSm tJ'w D yfu a&mr aemufq;kH {u&mZf a&mjrLvyfpf vdv Yk qJ akd wmh jrefrmhrsK;d csppf w d ef YJ jrefrmhacwfopf[m cGrJ &Edik bf ;l vdYk xifygw,f/
Mo*wfpf wkvyfpf (Romulus Augustulus)udk eef;csNyD;? olYwdkYacgif;aqmif oef;xGe;f ?
Mo'dkAmpm (Odovacer)udk eef;wifcJhMuw,f/ MopBxdK*dkYof (Ostrogoths) 11 rwf 1997
168 169
 ,kaumif (Yukon) tvpu 1979
pdeaf vm&ifh (St. Lawrence) uae'g 1900

Edkif (urÇmht&SnfqHk;jrpf) yk½kUpf (Purus)

&Dt*kd &ef' (Rio Grande)
awmiftar&du
ajrmuftar&du
1850
1800
qmtdkz&efppöudk (Sao Francisoco) awmiftar&du 1800
o ef ; xG ef ; oHviG f (Thanlwin) jrefrm 1750
'ife,k (Danube) Oa&my 1725
,kza&wDp (Euphrates) tD&wf 1700
EdkifjrpftaMumif;a&;csifw,f/ Edkifjrpf[m urÇmrSm t&SnfqHk;jrpfvkdY yx0D
tdE´K (Indus) yupfpwef 1700
0ift& od&w,f/ Edkifjrpf0Srf;[m urÇmrSm ,Ofaus;rItapmqHk; pwif
atmf&ifeu kd kd (Orinoco) awmiftar&du 1700
xGef;um;wJhae&m&,fvdkY orkdif;t&od&w,f/ yx0D0ifrSm azmfjyxm;wJh
wkduefwif (Tocantins) awmiftar&du 1700
urÇmhjrpfBuD;wcsKdUeJY jrefrm&JUjrpfawG t&Snfpm&if;Z,m;udk Munfh&if
jA[®ykw¬& (Brahmaputtra) tdE´d, 1680
jrefrmEdkifiH&JUjrpfawGxJu t&SnfqHk;{&m0wDawmif odyfr&Snfbl;qdkwm
qm'g&, (Syrdarya) yupfpwef 1680
awGUr,f/
pd (Si) w½kwf 1650
trnf a'o rdkif e,fvqif (Nelson) uae'g 1600
Edik f (Nile) tmz&du 4159 ZHbZD D (Zambezi) tmz&du 1600
t,frZef (Amazon) awmiftar&du 4000 ,l&,f (Ural) ½k&S 1574
rpfppdyd (Mississippi) ajrmuftar&du 3892 trl'g&, (Amudarya) ½k&S 1550
atmhzftmwfpf (Ob-Irtish) qdkifbD&d, 2300 **Fg (Ganges) tdE´d, 1540
,HZD (Yangtze) w½kwf 3100 atmaveuf (Olenek) ½k&S 1500
uGef*dk (Congo) tmz&du 2900 yg&ma*G (Paraguay) awmiftar&du 1500
trl (Amur) refcsL&d, 2704 {&m0wD (Ayeyarwady) jrefrm 1250
[Grf (Hwang) w½kwf 2700 'Gef (Don) ½k&S 1222
avem (Lena) qdkifbd&d, 2648 wd*&pf (Tigris) tD&wf 1150
rJacgif (Mekong) ta&SUawmiftm&S 2600 csif;wGif; (Chindwin) jrefrm 450
ed*g (Niger) tmz&du 2600 rJerf (Menam) xdkif; 400
rufuifZD (Mackenzie) uae'g 2514 ukvm;wef (Kaladan) jrefrm 220
y&e (Prana) awmiftar&du 2450 ppfawmif; (Sittaung) jrefrm 220
,,fedaq (Yenisei) qdkifbD&d, 2364 av;NrdKU (Laymyo) jrefrm 140
rma&; (Murray) MopaMwv, 2310 y*dk; (Bago) jrefrm 120
aAmv*g (Volga) qdkifbD&d, 2290 r,l (Mayu) jrefrm 60
ra'& (Madeira) awmiftar&du 2000 ewf (Naff) jrefrm 40
170 171
 Edkifjrpfaus;Zl;
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jrpfa&udkcyf,lNyD; ajrmif;eJY pdkufcif;udka&oGif;&w,f/ ajrmif;a&aomuf
pdkufysKd;a&;jzpfygw,f/ jrpfxJua&udk a&wGif;a&iifovdk armif;wHeJYcyfNyD;
jrpfurf;apmuf oH;k csK;d wpfcsK;d uef(1) udjk znf?h oH;k csK;d ESpcf sK;d uef(2) udjk znf?h
urf;xdyfu uef(3) ukdjznfh? uef(3) uajrmif;eJYoG,fNyD; pdkufcif;udk a&ydkY
ygw,f/ tJ'Denf;udk a&S;a&S;upNyD;? cka&pkyfpufray:rDtxd oHk;w,f/
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wpfEdkifiHvHk;twkdif;twmeJY a&&&Sda&;udk pnf;pepfusus vkyfaqmifvm
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usOf;txd rdkifig;&mausmf&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvdk ESpfEdkifiH&SdcJhwm[m apmapmu
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172
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vlMurf; (barbarous) acwfuek Nf y;D vl,Of (civilized)acwf a&mufygw,f/
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avmufatmif bmawGrSm wdk;wufvmovJqkdwm ajymygr,f/
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p&m xGef(hoe)&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dtcg pdkufcif;uvnf; usOf;r,f? xGef&Sd&if
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pdkufysKd;a&;EdkifiHBuD; jzpfcJh&ygw,f/ pdkufysKd;vkdY&wJhoD;ESH[m yxrqHk;ay:wJh
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ygw,f/ wpfESpfumvudk oHk;&moDydkif;NyD; a&BuD;csdef? ajray:csdefeJY aumuf
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173
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180
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181
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183
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oef;xGe;f ( M.A., B.L., Ph.D., D.Lit. London)

1 ZGef 1994
azazmf0g&D 2008

186 187
 A Modern History of
Myanma
[1752-1948]
Than Tun
M.A.,B.L.,Ph.D.,D.Lit.(London)
INTRODUCTION
It is true that Myanma has their own system of making Calendar
and reckoning time but we prefer using the Julian Calendar until
14 September 1752 and the Gregorian Calendar afterwards in
dating the Myanma history because we would like to compare
events here against developments elsewhere and know or gauge
our own progress as to how far we were ahead in some aspects
or how much we lagged behind time in such things like explorations
and economic expansions through industrialization. In looking
the Myanma politics in the international context we find the
following. The last decade of Aniruddha’s reign coincides with
the first decade of William I’s rule in England. It means that
while Bagan’s control over the Myanma plains was firmly
established, the Britons were conquered by foreigners called
Normans whose control they never could shake off. The idea
that every bit of land in the country belongs to the king prevailed
in both countries though in Myanma the king had no control
what soever on the religious land. The beginning of Modern
Age was seen in Europe in the 15th century together with several
states asserted their national entity with separation from the
Papal Church. In Myanma more closer contact between the
Order of Buddhist Monks in Srilanka was made with that of
Ramannadesa to make monastic reorganization on 24 February
1480 by King Ramadhipati, popularly known as Dhammazedi.
Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 22nd
188
November 1496 and that somehow or other brought closer
contact with Europe and Southeast Asia. Persian seamen were
trading in the Indian Ocean from the 11th century and Myanma
probably got for example Arak (distilled liquor) from them among
others, in the 16th century. On 4 March 1510 Albuquerque
annexed Goa for Portugal and mercenaries form Goa found their
service under Myanma kings. Eventually guns and cannons
were introduced in battles in Myanma.
The Chinese know using gunpowder for incendiary weapons
by the 11th century. The formula for making explosives was
brought by Arabs to Europe in the 13th century. At the end of
the first quarter of the 14th century, knowledge of guns was
fairly widespread. In the middle of the 16th century the musket
appeared. The matchlock musket was cheap and easy to make
and it required little maintenance. The Portuguese came to
India and went further until they reached Japan in 1542. They
came with the matchlock guns and soon a village blacksmith in
India could fashion a matchlock with ornate native designs for
decoration. In China, Thailand and Myanma, crude hand cannons
were manufactured from the 16th to the 19th century. The wheel
lock gun was known from about the end of the 15th century.
King Narapati II (popularly known as Shwe Nan Kyawt
Shin) died of a cannon shot on 28 March 1527. The Shan took
Ava and Sohanbwa became king of Ava. It was not a coincidence
that Myanma nationalism was heightened at that time. When
Sohanbwa told Min Gyi Yan Naung who was his Myanma advisor,
that he would fight and take Pyay and Taung U, Min Gyi Yan
Naung persuaded him to wait for some time. Because he thought
“Pyay and Taung U might became an easy prey. When they
fell Myanma would have no chance to survive”. He sent secretly
messengers to Pyay and Taung U to send envoys with plenty
gifts to negotiate peace with Sohanbwa. In the meanwhile he
led a conspiracy and Sohanbwa was assassinated on 13 May
1542. This helped the Myanmas control of the plains later by
Tabinshwehti who had his centre in Bago. After Tabinshwehti
was assassinated on 21 May 1551 during a drunken spree with
a Portuguese companion, the Portuguese mercenaries helped
189
Bayinnaung to conquer Bago on 12 March 1552 and later to CHAPTTER ( I )
make expeditions north and conquer Momeik on 10 January
1557, Monhyin on 6 March 1557 and Mogaung on 26 March POLITICS OF THE KONBAUNG PERIOD
1557. It was during these expeditions that Bayin Naung (later (1752-1885)
known as Sinbyushin) converted the Shans into Buddhism.
During that year 1557, the Portuguese settled at Macao. In (1) Alaungmintaya
1579 they started a trading station in Bengal. Subsequently 1752-1760
Tanyin (Syriam) became another Portuguese port in the Bay
of Bengal from about 1603 until 1613. Between 15 November
1577 and 30 November 1580, Francis Drake circumnavigated (2) Tabayin Min (3) Myaydu Min (6) Badon Min
the world. Potatoes were first introduced into Europe in 1584. ( Naungdawgyi) (Sinbyushin) (Bodawpaya)
Akbar invaded India, annexed Kashmir in 1587, conquered 1760-1763 1763-1776 1782-1819
Orissa in 1590 and Sind in 1592. He started campaigns in
Deccan in 1599. The Dutch began to colonize East Indies and
Sunda Islands in 1595. In the meanwhile King Nyaung Yan (4) Singu Min Crown Prince
acceded the throne of Ava on 13 February 1600 and it was the 1776-1782 died 1808
beginning of the consolidation of Myanma power again. The
English East India Company was established on 31 December
1600, the Dutch East India Company on 20 March 1602 and
the French East India Company in 1604. The Dutch ejected (5) Phaunggasa
the Portuguese form Moluccas in 1602. So were they from Maung Maung
Tanyin on 28 March 1613 when de Brito, Portuguese chief at (1782)
Tanyin was executed by order of King Anaukhpetlun. Myanma
English relation was based perhaps for Myanma on getting
foreign arms and ammunication because Myanma was engaged
(7) Sagaing Min (8) Thayawady Min
in the throes of war. Supply of arms to both parties of the contest
(Bagyidaw) 1837-1846
was considered as treachery and perhaps this led to the “ Tragedy
1819-1837
of Negrais” on 6 October 1759. All these instances were given
here just to make obvious the fact that however Myanma tried
to isolate itself from outside contact from time to time, it was
(9) Pagan Min (10) Mindon Min
inevitable that it abided time more or less by the march of
1846-1853 (1853-1878)
world events.

n
(11) Thibaw Min
(1878-1885)

190 191
CAPITALS 1752. Against the counsels of his parents and uncles Alaung-
mintaya decided to raise the standard of rebellion. People from
1752 - 1765 Shwebo(New name of Moksobo) was forty six villages joined him and when a small detachment of
made capital by Alaungmintaya. Mons came to administer the oath of allegiance, he was ready
for resistance. The detachment was ambushed on 20 April 1752
1765 - 83 Ava was made capital by Myaydu Min in the jungle on the south of Halin in Shwebo district. A second
(Sinbyushinpaya) and much larger detachment was also led into a trap and destroyed
on 24 April 1752. So the Mon sent the third detachment several
1783 - 1823 Amarapura was founded by Badon Min thousands strong and Moksobo was sieged on 28 April 1752.
(Bodawpaya) But the Mons were repulsed on 5 May 1752 when Alaung-
mintaya himself took the command and broke the siege. All their
1823 - June 1837 Ava was again made capital by Sagaing camps and equipments fell into Alaungmintaya’s hand, and this
Min (Bagyidaw) greatly strengthened his forces because the Mons left many
muskets (guns). From that time onwards Alaungmintaya took
June1837 - December 1837 Kyaukmyaung was the first capital the initiative and started an offensive war. He became more and
under Thayawady Min more popular and his followers were greatly increased in number.
There were three reasons for this increase in Alaungmintaya’s
December 1837 - 1857 Amarapura was the second capital under troops.
Thayawady Min Firstly Myanmas did not want any foreign domination
and were earnestly awaiting for an able mantolead them.
1857 - 1885, Mandalay was founded by Mindon Min and Secondly there was a great promise for developing the
Thibaw Min continued to live there until he nation after unification.
was captured by the British. Thirdly soldiers and officers of the ex-king of Ava were
ready to join the forces of Alaungmintaya.
All these six capitals are in the dry zone and except Ava, So from 1752-57, we find a great surge of Myanma nation-
none of these places are good enough for being made a capital. alism. Other centres of resistance were Mogaung in Myitkyina
district and Salin in Minbu district. Many of their leaders seemed
NATIONAL UNIFICATION to have much better chances than Alaungmintaya. But they did
not have Alaungmintaya’s ambition and courage. Sooner or later
ALAUNGMINTAYA (1752 - 1760) they became his followers. There were also some Myanmas,
Alaungmintaya was born on 24 August 1714 in a village of Shans and Kadus who joined the Mons but they quickly realized
three hundred small houses which was known as Moksobo. their mistake and took the water of allegiance sent from Alaung-
Alaungmintaya was born from the family of landed gentry and mintaya after he conquered the third detachment of Mons at
many of his ancestors were Myothugyis. He claimed his descent Moksobo. The Alaungmintaya movement was getting stronger
from Monyinmintaya of Ava (1427-1440). At thirty six years day by day and the Mons failed to understand how he could
of age, he was made a hereditary Lord of Moksobo and surroun- have such followers. On the other hand they believed that his
ding places. Soon after that Mons captured Ava on 22 March popularity would wane soon. Therefore no reinforcement was
192 193
sent to the Mons under Talaban in Ava. For his failure to defeat
Alaungmintaya, Talaban was recalled and was replaced by Taung
U, Ngwegun Hmu, who was not even as good as Talaban.
Ngwegun Hmu recalled all the small Mon forces operating in
the northern places like Wuntho, Kawlin and Okpho and with
the combined strength of these forces, Alaungmintaya was
attacked from many directions. Alaungmintaya suffered many
failures but his spirit never failed. His followers were also
persistent. By October 1752, Mons abandoned all offensives.
By December 1753, Alaungmintaya besieged Ava. Mons silently
abandoned Ava at night on 23 December 1753 because of two
reasons :
(1) They lost all contact with the Bago Government,
(2) They were afraid that Myanmas and Shans living
within the town might rebel.
So by January 1754 the whole of Upper Myanma was
cleared of Mons and came under Alaungmintaya’s control. He
received homage from many Shan Sawbwas. It was only in
March 1754, that the Mon government sent its whole army against
Alaungmintaya. Mons besieged Ava on 24 April 1754 and
destroyed the surrounding places. Alaungmintaya ministered all
the forces available and with much difficulty he defeated the
Mons who withdrew only because the rainy season had begun.
If not, they would have prolonged the fight. During this time,
Myanmas living in the delta were eagerly awaiting his advance
to join him. Unfortunately their plans were betrayed and as a
result many of them were killed. Ex-King of Ava, Mahadama-
razadipati was put to death together with his family on 13 October
1755. As the news of this reached Alaungmintaya, he hastily
prepared for the delta campaign. Before he marched Pyay
rebelled but the Mons who fled from Ava besieged the city and
fortunately Alaungmintaya arrived before they surrendered.
So on 4 February 1755, Mons left Pyay. At Pyay Alaung-
mintaya received the homage of all chiefs in the central Myanma.
Among great festivities Alongmintaya honoured especially the
Lord of Salay and Myothugyi of Pahkannge and soon after that
he captured Lunsay in the Hinthada district and renamed it
194
Myanaung. At Myanaung he received the homage of Taung U,
Hinthada, Myaungmya, Pathein and Thandwe. On 15 May 1755,
Dagon was taken and it was named Yangon (the End of Strife).
At that time there were in the port of Dagon, Three small English
ships belonging to the East India Company and two others
belonging to two private Englishmen. Alaungmintaya took all the
guns and cannons from these ships but Captain Jackson protested
this under international law that neutral ships must not be
molested. French people at Tanyin sided with the Mons and
English remained strictly neutral.
After capture of Dagon, Alaungmintaya returned north
because Manipuris invaded Myanma. Alaungmintaya sent
Minhla Mingaung Kyaw, the Captain of the Musketeers to subdue
the Manipuris. By the end of the year after restoring law and
order in northern Myanma, Alaungmintaya returned to the delta
and attacked Tanyin. The Mons got the help of French artillery
and therefore Alaungmintaya suffered heavy losses. The siege
of Tanyin lasted a year. At last Alaungmintaya selected ninety-
three volunteers and stormed the town. Tanyin was taken on 26
July 1756. The town was completely destroyed and Alaung-
mintaya built Yangon to take the place of Tanyin as the major sea
port of Myanma. Then Alaungmintaya advanced to Bago. He
got the help of Shan levies who marched down from Taung U.
The Mons stoutly defended their city. Alaungmintaya increased
the ninety three volunteers to three hundred. Because of a long
siege the people within Bago were almost starved to death.
Therefore the Mon King sent a deputation of prominent Shans,
Myanmas and Mon Phongyis to plead peace as Mingaung had
once sent a similar deputation to Razadarit, when Razadarit was
surrounding Ava. But Alaungmintaya replied in the noblest
language that he desired nothing but complete surrender and
gave the deputation to take back two bunches of flowers saying
that one was for offering and the other was for adornment. The
deputation went back and offered one bunch of flowers to
Shwemawdaw pagoda and gave the other to the King’s daughter.
This made Talaban very angry as he had a mind to take the
princess as his wife. He was the Supreme Commander of the
195
Army and therefore he had no mind to surrender. He wanted to
fight till the end and die like a man. So with some of the best
troops he broke through the Myanma lines and established
himself at Sittaung. The Mon princess, the daughter of the King,
was sent to Alaungmintaya and Mon crown prince and many
other leaders came to pay homage to Alaungmintaya. In spite of
all these Alaungmintaya ignored to offer any terms of peace. So
Mons renewed their defence. On 6 May 1757, Bago was taken.
King Byinnyadala, his son Thado Uparaza, his queen, sons, and
daughters and all the palace treasures were seized. And most
of the buildings were set to fire. Many fled to Changmai and
Thailand. Hundreds and thousands of people lost their lives
during the fightings. Accordingly population was reduced greatly
and many cultivated lands relapsed into jungle. The delta, one
of the most fertile areas was left and uncultivated waste.
Alaungmintaya was lavish in his praise and rewards, but
he was merciless to failure. Unsuccessful officers were execu-
ted. He was a best leader for guerilla warfare. He got no time to
train his men in pitchbattle tactics. But they showed their worth
in stockade fighting and ambushes, because in these sort of
warfare individual initiative and cunning cane be used to a fullest
advantage and generally Myanma were smart for such purposes.
Not one in twenty got guns. Men in the levies had to bring their
weapons, mostly dahs and pointed bamboo and they were not
paid except the daily ration. In stockade building they were the
best. Even the English sappers had to admire their work for its
efficiency and the quick construction. A Myanma soldier was
individually very brave and skilful in the use of his sword. In
spite of having no proper military training they fought well. They
were among the best in Southeast Asia.

to be continued

Than Tun

196