OPINION xkwaf 0ol

10 armifp;l prf; OD;ausmf0if;

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. . . .&xm;vHk;tusdK;oufa&mufjcif;
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14 OD;csrf;at;
urm&GwfNrdKYe,f? &efukefNrdKY/
tdyfrufwdkY\ed*Hk; . . .
18 ud[ k ef yHEk ydS o
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23 pdik ;f xGe;f at; rHak &G;yHEk ydS w
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28 pd;k &drf
tjyiftqif
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Plastic Rainbow

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D mtzGYJ
DESK REFERENCE ausmf0if;
SPECIAL SECTION 126 OD;[efxeG ;f a&Tausmf
152 OD;0ef zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifUwnfNidrfrI armifaZ,sm
omrefa0g[m& bmomjyefjcif; 131 azjrifU aersKd;ol&
rpfvwefz&D;(')rif; pDrH
144 t,f'w D mtzGYJ a': MuLMuLjrifh
SPECIAL REPORT aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;qdkwm bmvJ (5)
5 EDITORIAL
tkyaf &
77 - 97 em*pfu,
kd af wGEY iS Uf qufpyftawG;rsm; 1000
6 EDITOR’S
CHOICE FEATURES wefz;dk
(Economy, Society, Culture, etc.) Dr. Than Tun 1300 usyf
98 rd;k aumif; Memoris & Observations rsufEmS zH;k cGiUf jyKcsuftrSwf
COVER THEME urÇmhtpDtpOfESifhEdkifiHwumtzGJYtpnf;rsm;
5405770608
34 *sufz&D'qD mh(cs) 104 0if;aemif 157 oef;xGe;f
bHkb0twGuf bHk"e tawG;rSm;? t,HkrSm;? tpGJrSm;rsm;\ zwfpmtkyfordkif; qufo,
G &f efvyd pf m
51 zm&dZmcg&D,m tMurf;zufrI (4) 178 Than Tun trSwf (217)? yxrxyf(0J)?
tar&duvGefurÇm 108 ausmf0if; A Modern History of Myanma
qdyfurf;omvrf;(tv,f)?
wwd,vrf; ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,f?
(1752-1948)
118 vif;xufaZmf &efukefNrdKY /
'ku©wkdhuif;&mukef&m zkef; 095193106? 384199

2 3
 Editorial

JOSEPH E STIGLITZ

MAKING GLOBALIZATION WORK

vufawGYtoHk;cs *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;
yxrwGJ
Come, Holy One
ausmf0if; bmomjyefonf
á To the deafening and perilous city streets,
'kwd,wGJ (aemufqHk;wGJ) rMumrDqufvufxkwfa0ygrnf/ To the scorched and parched fields of famine,
Come, Emmanuel, and bring us the hope of
abundance.

á Among those who mistrust each other, those

who hate each other,
Among those who do not know the way out of the
chaos,
Come, Lord Jesus, and teach us how to love.

á To our world of shattered dreams and constant

sorrow,
Come, Holy One, and dwell among us.
Bring your dream of peace and plant it in our
hearts.
4004570408

Katie Cook

Plastic Rainbow Book Publication

zkef; 095193106 ^ 384199

4 5
Editor's Choice
tar&du tvGef urÇm
e,l;0d(c)r*¾Zif;? t,f'w D mtzGUJ 0ifEiS hf yifwidk af qmif;yg;&Sif
zm&dZmcg&D&mrSm jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfESifh rpdrf;vS[k xifygonf/
ol\pmtkyf ]vGwv f yfrt
I em*wf} (The Future of Freedom) qkv
e,l;a,mhwkdif;(r) ta&mif;oGufpmtkyfpm&if;wGif? umv awmf
awmfMuatmif &yfwnfEkdifcJhonf/ þpmtkyftaMumif;ukd? pma&;
oltygt0if jrefrmpma&;q&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u? rdwfquf
azmfjycJhNyD;ygNyD/ ,ck? Zmcg&D&m\ 2008 ckESpf pmtkyfopf xGufvm
onf/ ]tar&dutvGefurÇm] (The Post American World) [k
trnfay;xm;onf/ a&;azmfa&;zuf rdwaf qGwpfO;D \aus;Zl;aMumif?h
þpmtkyfukd OD;OD;zsm;zsm; jrnf;prf;cGifh&cJh&m? pmzwfolrsm;twGuf
tñTef;oabmrsKd;? rdwfqufvkdufygonf/
- The Post American World
- Fareed Zakaria
- W.W. Norton : 292 Pages.
6 7
yg0ga&TaY jymif;rIBu;D oH;k &yf
Zmcg&D&m\tvkdt&? acwfopforkdif;wGif yg0ga&TUajymif;
rIBuD;oHk;&yf? &SdcJhNyD[k qkdygonf/ yxrtBudrf yg0ga½TUajymif;rIrSm
15 &mpk0ef;usifu BuHKcJh&aom? taemufEkdifiHrsm; (Oa&my) tif
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awmfwkdYodxm;Muaom acwfopfurÇmukd? arG;zGm;apvkdufjcif;jzpf
onf/ odyÜHESifhenf;ynm? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifht&if;&Sifpepf?
ajr,mESifhpufrIawmfvSefa&;rsm;jzifh? o½kyfxifcJhaom urÇmh½Icif;
jzpfygonf/ þurÇmh½Icif;uyif? taemufEkdifiHrsm;\ &SnfMumaom
EkdifiHa&;vTrf;rkd;rIumv&SnfBuD;ukd? OD;wnfapvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf/
d Qi?f 'kwd,tBudrf yg0ga&TUajymif;rIrmS ? 19 &mpktqH;k ESihf 20 &mpk
acwfO;D u BuKH c&hJ aom? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tiftm;Bu;D rm;vm
jcif;yif jzpfonf/ vGwv f yfa&;ppfy?JG 19 &mpk pufraI wmfveS af &;?
jynfwGif;ppfESihf urÇmppfBuD;ESpfckukd jzwfausmfNyD;aomtcg? tar
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ESpfq,ftwGif;? e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif plyg, yg0gtaetxm;ukd
a&mufvmcJhNyD;? vGefcJhaomq,fESpf ppfat;wkdufyGJtNyD;wGif? wpfck
wnf;aom plyg,yg0gjzpfvmcJo h nf/ þumvtwGi;f ? owif;tcsuf
tvufenf;ynm awmfveS af &;Bu;D ESit hf wl? yx0Dujkd zwfausmaf om
urÇmvHk;pD;yGm;a&; ay:xGufvmonf/ onfvkdESifh? ,aeY acwfNydKif
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;BuD; t&Sdef&vmNyD;? þt&Sdeft[kefBuD;uyif
aeufxyfyg0ga&TUajymif;rIBuD;ukd? arG;xkwfvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf/
wwd ,yg0ga&TUajymif;rIrmS ? ,aeY uReaf wmfwrYdk suaf rSmufjyK
ae&aom w½kwf? tdEd´,? b&mZD;(v)? ½k&Sm;? awmiftmz&du?
uifnm paom? taemuf (Oa&myESihf tar&du) rStyjzpfonfh
useu f rÇmhEkdifiHtoD;oD;? tiftm;BuD;rm;vmjcif;jzpfygonf/ þa&TU
ajymif;rIBuD;uyif? tar&duvTrf;rkd;aomurÇmh½Icif;ukd qHk;cef;wkdif
apí? tar&dutvGefurÇmukd arG;zGm;apvkdufjcif;? jzpfygonf/
tqkyd g tar&dutvGeu f rÇmonfyif? uReaf wmfwEYdk iS hf r,Ofyg;ao;
aom urÇmvHk;twkdif;twm½IjrifuGif;opf[k qkdygonf/
 taemufrt
S y jzpfaom? useu f rÇmEh idk if rH sm;
tiftm;Bu;D rm;vmjcif;
tar&dutvGefurÇmopf ay:xGufvmonfrSm? tar&duefjynf
axmifpk\ bufaygif;pHkusqif;rIrsm;aMumifh r[kwf/ tar&du tygt0if
taemufr[kwfaom usefurÇmEkdifiHrsm;? tiftm;BuD;rm;vmaomaMumihf
jzpfonf/ tqkdygEkdifiHrsm; tiftm;BuD;rm;vmonfrSmvnf;? acwfNydKif
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;\aus;Zl;aMumihyf if jzpfonf/ rdrw d EdYk idk if EH iS hf t[yf
nDaompD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDukd? orkdif;wGif yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf vufawGU
csrSwfusifhoHk;Ekdifjcif;? acwfrDwu©Edkvkd*sDrsm;ukdukdifpGJNyD;? *vkdb,fvkduf
aZ;&Sif;vIdif;vHk;BuD;rsm;tay: ususeewufpD;Ekdifjcif;ESifh? tkdif'D,mvdk*sD
tpGt J vrf;a[mif;rsm;rS uRwv f w G v
f mjcif;...? ponfw\ Ydk tusK;d qufyif
jzpfonf/ ajym&vQi?f vGecf ahJ om tESpEf pS q f ,ftwGi;f ? þjzpfpOftm;vH;k rSm
tar&du\OD;aqmifrIESifh qufpyfaeonfomjzpf&m? tar&dutvGef
urÇmukd zefwD;vkdufolrSm? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkukd,fwkdifyif jzpfonf/
okdYESifhwkdif? tar&dutvGefurÇmwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkt
aeESifh? ,cifuvkd rdrw d pfO;D wnf;pdwBf uKd uf pk;d rk;d cs,v f , S cf iG &hf adS wmhrnf
r[kwyf g/ ]r[mtar&duacwf} (Pax Americana) qH;k cef;wkid cf NhJ y[
vdrfhrnf/ þokdYjzpf&onfrSm? taemufrStyjzpfaom usefurÇmhEdkifiHrsm;?
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmonfESifhtrQ? ¤if;wkdY\Zmwdyknrsm; jrifhrm;
vmaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ urÇmha&;&mrsm;wGif? ,cifuvdk tjyKcHoabm
r[kwfawmhbJ? ukd,fwkdifzefwD;yHkazmfoltjzpf wufwuf<u<u yg0ifvkd
vmMujcif;onfyif? tqkdygZmwdyknrsm;\ t"dutusqHk; azmfjycsuf
jzpfayvdrrhf nf/ wpfenf;qk&d vQi?f acwfNyKd i*f vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f ESit
yHko@mefopftrsKd;om;a&;0g' (New Nationalism) ay:xGef;vmjcif;yif
jzpfygonf/
tar&dutvGeu f rÇm\ taumif;,tqk;d rSm? qkcd yhJ g tNyKd ijf zpfxeG ;f rI
ESpf&yf(*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ESifh trsdK;om;a&;0g'opf)ukd? csdefcGifvQmrQ
Ekdif,rrQEkdiftay: rlwnfayvdrfhrnf/ csdefcGifvQm rQEkdifvQif? topfay:
xGef;vmaom trsKd;om;a&;0g'opfrSm? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;\wGef;tm;
jzpfvmygvdrrhf nf/ tu,fí csed cf iG v f QmusK;d aygufomG ;vQirf ?l urÇmBu;D \
uHMur®mrSm twdwf\tqdk;ausmhoHo&mxJrS ½kef;xGufEkdifzG,f&mr&Sd[k
8 9
qkdygonf/
ywd½ly tem*wfokdh
cufaeonfrSm? þrQta&;BuD;vSaom yg0gvSnfhajymif;rIBuD;ukd?
tar&duefay:vpDrw d u f mrsm; uk, d w
f idk u
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Muao;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,aeY tar&duefay:vpD\ t"duzkd;uyf(p)rSm?
tMurf;zuf0g'ESifh vHkNcHKa&;om jzpfNrJjzpfvsuf? &Sdaeonf/ wpfenf;qkd&
vQi?f tm;enf;aom a[mha[mh&rf;&rf;Ekid if rH sm;rSvmonfh pdeaf c:csurf sm;
ukdom? tav;xm;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ trSefpifppf wu,fhpdefac:csufrSm?
þEkid if rH sm;rS vmvdrrhf nfr[kw/f ,aeY tiftm;Bu;D rm;vmaom Ekid if rH sm;rS
vmzkdY rsm;onf/
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wdwrf o S ifcef;pm ,lzv Ydk ydk gonf/ orkid ;f ukjd yefMunhv
f u
dk vf Qi?f NAw d o
d Qw\Ykd
pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;usqif;vmrIaMumihf? 'kwd,yg0gvSnfhajymif;rIBuD; (19
&mpktqHk; tar&dutiftm;BuD;rm;vmjcif;) ay:xGufvm&onfukd? awGU
Ekdifygonf/ ,aeY wwd,yg0gvSnfhajymif;rI ay:xGufvm&onfrSm? t
ar&du\pD;yGm;a&;tiftm; usqif;vmaomaMumifh r[kwf/ (tar&duef
D k qk&d yg pD;yGm;a&;rSm ,aeYxufwidk f eHygwfwpftqif&h adS eqJjzpfonf/) tar&duef
EkdifiHa&;MoZm usqif;vmrI\tusKd;qufomjzpfonf/
tar&dutaeESifh? tqkdyg EkdifiHa&;MoZmusqif;rIukd jyefvnf
tzwfq,fNy;D ? tar&dutvGeu f rÇmwGif qufvuf&iS o f efvv dk Qi?f Zmwd
yknukd ZmwdyknjzifhrwkHYjyefbJ? tajrmftjrifBuD;zkdY vkdygonf/ topfjzpf
xGef;vmaom tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;ukd? wnfqJurÇmhtpDtpOfwGif xdkuf
hf NyKd if wefpGmae&may;NyD;? EkdifiHpHkyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; pmrsufESmopf zGifhzkdYyif
jzpfonf/ þokdYqkdvQif tar&dutvGefurÇmwGif? *vkdb,fESifhvkdu,f
(wpfenf;) EkdifiHwum0g'ESifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'ukd csdefcGifvQmrQapNyD;?
tar&dutygt0if urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf? ywd½ly tem*wfukd
OD;wnfoGm;apEkdifvdrfhrnf[k qkdygaMumif;.../
ÄÄÄ
 Opinion
10 bk&Sfrl0g'? bk&SifvGefacwf
14 tdyfrufwdkh\ed*Hk;
18 tm&S&JY *sDeDAm
23 aomrwfz&D;rif;arUusefcJUaomtjym;urÇm
28 qif;&JrIaxmifacsmuf
bk&Sfrl0g'? bk&v
fS eG af cwf
&xm;vH;k tusKd;oufa&mufjcif;
a r m if pl ; p rf ;
bk&Sfrl0g' (Bush Doctrine) onf? Ek0d ifbmvtvGeüf bm
jzpfoGm;rnfenf;/ vHk;0uG,faysmufoGm;rvm;? okdYwnf;r[kwf yHkpH
wpfrsKd;jzifh quf&SdaerSvm;[k ar;onf/ ppfat;acwfNyD;onfESifh
yxrOD;qHk;csrSwfaom r[mr[mAsL[m (grand strategy) tjzpf?
bk&Sfrl0g'ukd jrifMuonf/ bk&Sfrl0g'wGif atmufygajcmufcsuf
yg0ifzGJUpnf;onf/
(1) tar&duefonf *vkb d ,ftMurf;zuf0g'ESihf ppfqifEJT
ae&onf/ þppfyGJonf EkdifiHtpkd;&wkdYu urux
jyKaom tMurf;zuf0g'ukd qefYusifwkdufckduf&rnf/
tMurf;zuf0g'orm;wkdY\ uGef&ufwkdYukdvnf; qefY
usifwkdufckduf&rnf/
(2) xkd;ppfonf taumif;qHk;cHppfjzpfonf/ Ncdrf;ajcmufrI
wkdYray:rD wm;qD;&eftvkdYiSm BudKwifwkdufcdkuf&ef
vkdonf/
(3) tar&duefonf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&GufcGifh&Sdap
&rnf/ tjynfjynfqkdif&mtzGJUtpnf;wkdYonf tMurf;
zufrItEÅ&m,fukd wm;qD;&mü aES;auG;vGef;onf/
(4) atmifyGJonfatmifyGJukd arG;xkwfonf/ tar&duef
10
tar&duefyg0gonf? 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;tNyD;ü
*smreDESifh*syefwkdYukd 'Drkdua&pDpepftay:?
qGw J ifay;cJ&U onf/
ppfat;acwftNyD;üvnf;?
uGejf rLepfEidk if t
H a[mif;wku
Yd dk
'Drkdua&pDtay:? qGJwifay;cJU&onf/
&v'fu ukd,fhpdwfBudKufjzpfcsifrS jzpfcJUonf/
yg0gukd &J0HhpGmtoHk;jyKjcif;jzifh? r[mrdwfjzpf&ef tvm;
tvm&Sdaom olwkdYvnf; jrefjrefr[mrdwfjzpfvmrnf/
&efolwdkYuvnf; olwkdY\ raumif;qkd;0g;tMuHtpnf
wkdYukd jrefjrefpGefYvTwfrnf/
(5) *vkdb,f*sD[wf0g'ukd qefYusif&ef taumif;qHk;enf;
vrf;rSm 'Drkdua&pDukd tdwfpydkYwifykdYjcif;jzpfonf/ tm
Pm&SifEkdifiHwkdYESifh qufqHrI&yfwefYí urÇmwpf0ef;
'Drkdua&pDukd jr§ifhwiftm;ay;&rnf/
(6) tiftm;BuD;vmaom *&dwfyg0gwkdYu? plygyg0g tar
&duefESifh ycHk;csif;r,SOf&ef owday;&rnf/
yx0DEiS o
hf rkid ;f tumtuG,f
þr[mr[mAsL[monf 9^11 tMurf;zufwkdufckdufrIBuD;
aMumifh pwifyGJOD;xGufcJhav&m tmz*efepöwefppfyGJ qifETJonf/
xkdYaemuf tD&wfppfyGJqifETJonf/ 9^11 tMurf;zufwkdufckdufrI
BuD;onf tar&duef\ckcHEkdifrItm;enf;jcif;ukd jyvkdufí a&Smhcf
jzpfoGm;onf/ Shock of vulnerability [k ac:onf/ tar&duef
onf ork'´&mBuD;ESpfpif;Mum;xJ wnfaeaomEkdifiHjzpfí obm0
tumtuG,f &Sdaeonf/ xkdYtjyif tdrfeD;csif;ESpfEkdifiHu rdwfaqG
yDoaeonf/ ppfat;acwfwGif qkdAD,uf,leD,Htay: atmifyGJ
qifvkdufonfhtwGufvnf; orkdif;\aumif;csD; ay;cH&onf/
qkv
d o
dk nfrmS tar&duefonf yx0DEiS o hf rkid ;f wkjYd zifh aumif;
csD;jyKcHxm;&aom EkdifiHjzpfí? ab;r&SdEkdif[k ,lqxm;&mrS 2001
11
ckESpf pufwifbm 11 &ufaeYwGif tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform;
wdkY\wkdufckdufjcif;ukd cHvkduf&onf/ ckcHEkdifrItm;tay: yxrOD;
qH;k tBurd f xk;d ESucf v
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dk &f mrS? bk&\
fS rl0g'onf txufqcdk yhJ gtwkid ;f
ay:vmcJ&h onf/ 9^11 wkdufckdufrIonf tar&duef vlU,Ofaus;
rI\ tonf;ESvHk;ae&mudk wkdufckdufjcif;jzpfonf/
ESpyf g;ta&;edrhf
þokdY BuD;us,fvSaom r[mAsL[mjzifh? tar&duefor®w
bk&Sftpkd;&u ppfyGJESpfyJGukd wpfNydKifeufwkdufjyNyD;? tar&duef\
tckdiftrm &Jwif;jywfom;rI (assertiveness) ukjd yvku d o
f nf/ yg0g
trmxnf (hard power) ukdoHk;jyvkduf&m ,ck tusyftwnf;awG
rsKd;pHkqkdufvmonf/ xifovkd rjzpfay/ jyóemrsKd;pHkjzifh &ifqkdif&
ojzifh? &xm;vHk;tusKd;oufa&mufrI (bandwagon effect) ay:vm
onf/ tar&duefr[mrdwfwkdYonf tar&duefay:vpDwkdYrS cyfcGm
cGm aevmMuonf/ wpfzufü tMurf;zuform;wkdYu ykd&Jwif;vm
onf/ ¤if;ukd a&yef;pm;&m vkdufvkyfaomvu©Pm (&xm;vHk;
tusKd;oufa&mufrI)tjzpf ajymqkdonf/
tD&wfppfyGJwGifta&;edrfhrIaMumifh tar&duef\trmxnf
yg0g(ppftiftm;)tay: oHo,awG0ifvmonf/ trmxnfyg0g\
tuefYtowfwkdYu txift&Sm;ay:onf/ xkdYtjyif tD&wfppfyGJ
ajcmufESpfMumvmaomtcg? tjcm; tajccHtm;enf;csuf ESpf&yf
uvnf;? Al;av;&mz½kq H ifq
h o
dk vkd xyfNy;D ay:vmjyefonf/ ¤if;wkrYd mS
tMurf;zufqefYusifa&;ppfyGJ (war on terror) ESihf 'Dru dk a&pD{*si'f g
wkdY jzpfMuonf/ ESpfrsKd;pvHk;ü ta&;edrfh&onfrSm tajctaepdppf
oH;k oyfrn I zHh si;f jcif; (poor analysis) aMumifv h nf; jzpfonf/ nhzH si;f
aomr[mAsL[m (poor strategy) aMumifhvnf; jzpfonf[k? b½kwf
uif;tifpwDusLUrS ynm&Sif zD;vpfa*:'Grfu axmufjyonf/
zD;vpfa*:'Gru f yif bk&\ fS rl0g'onf? trsK;d om;a&;&yfwnf
rI (national assertiveness) ESifh 'Drkdua&pD pdwful;,OfrI (demo-
cratic idealism) wku Yd dk a&maESmaygif;pyfxm;aomaq;enf; jzpfonf/
,ck þta&mtpyfonf ratmifjrifaomtcg? tar&duefpyl gyg0g
\MoZmESifhyHk&dyfwkdYonf xkd;usvmNyD/
12
obifonfvufpJG
,ck tar&duefor®wavmif;awG Ekd0ifbm or®wa&G;
aumufyGJtwGuf rJqG,faeMuonf/ 'Drkdu&ufor®w jzpfrvm;?
&DywfbvDuefor®w jzpfrvm;qkdNyD;? tavmif;tpm;vkyfaecsdef
wGif jyóemwpf&yfukd a&SUwef;wifyGJxkwfNyD;oHk;oyfMuonf/ þ
jyóemrSm bk&Sfrl0g'onf? topfwufvmrnfhor®wacwfü tokdY
jzpfomG ;rnfenf;[laom ar;cGe;f jzpfonf/ bk&rfS 0l g'onf vH;k 0 uG,f
aysmufoGm;rnfavm (okdYr[kwf) yHkpHwpfrsKd;jzifh topf jyefay:vm
rnfavm[lí ar;cGef;xkwfonf/
þudpöESifhywfoufí? &DywfbvDuefor®wavmif; *Ref
rufued ;f or®wtjzpf ta&G;cH&vQi?f þar;cGe;f ukd ajzMum;p&myif
vkdrnf r[kwfacs/ rufudef;onf bk&Sfrl0g'ukd qufvufukdifpGJrnf
rSmaocsmonf/ okdY&mwGif 'Drkdu&ufor®wavmif; bm&uftkdbm;
rm; or®wjzpfvmvQif? olwkdYu bk&Sf\tajccHrl0g'ukd tokdYukdif
wG,frnfenf;[k pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmonf/ 'Drkdu&ufor®wu
bk&Sf\rl0g'udkpGefYypfvdrfhrnf[k trsm;u xifaMu;ay;onf/ okdY&m
wGif ,ck tav;teufpOf;pm;vm&onfu h pd rö mS ? bk&rfS 0l g'ukd or®w
topfu csufcsif;pGefYypfvdkY&,r&/ csufcsif;trIdufyHkxJ xnfhypfvkdY
&, r&[lí jzpfvmonf/ bk&rfS 0l g'u? b,favmufyJ tusn;f wef
t½kyfqkd;aeapumrl? 'Drkdu&ufwpfor®wopfonf bk&Sfrl0g'ukd
tarGtjzpf vufcH&rnfomjzpfonf[k? axmufjyvmMuonf/
txl;ojzifh 'Drkdua&pD{*sif'gukd tarGtjzpf qufcH&rnf/ tar
&duefyg0gonf? 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;tNyD;ü *smreDESifh*syefwkdYukd 'Drkd
ua&pDpepftay:? qGJwifay;cJh&onf/ ppfat;acwftNyD;üvnf;?
uGejf rLepfEidk if t
H a[mif;wku Yd dk 'Drudk a&pDtay:? qGw J ifay;cJ&h onf/
&v'fu uk, d phf w
d Bf uKd ujf zpfcsirf S jzpfco
hJ nf/ ok&Yd mwGif tpOftvm
jzpfaeojzif?h aemufwufrnfh tar&duefor®wopf\ Ekid if jH cm;a&;
ay:vpDtpkpkwGif? 'Drkdua&pDjr§ifhwifa&;onf wpfyg;tjzpf yg0if
aeOD;rnfom jzpfonf/ bk&Sf\rl0gxJrS usef&Sdrnfhtykdif;onf 'Drkd
ua&pDjzpfzG,f &Sdonf/ obifonf\vufpGJ jzpfwef&monf/
armifpl;prf;
Ref: The Economist, 13-4-08
13

tdyrf ufw\
hkd ed*;kH
azmfjrLvmtvG,fr&SdNyD
OD; csrf; at;
z&efppfzlul;,m;rm;u ]orkdif;\ed*Hk;} ukd a&;cJhonf/ vpf
b&,f'Drkdua&pDu tNyD;owfatmifyJcHvkdufNyDjzpfí? orkdif;onf
blwmtqHk; c&D;tqHk;a&mufNyD[k? aumufcsufqGJonf/ rMumao;
rDu urÇmah &;&moDt&dk o D rm;jzpfol a&mfbwfum*efu? ]orkid ;f jyef
vmNyD? tdyfrufwkdY\ed*Hk;} rnfaomusrf;ukd a&;om;xkwfa0onf/
z&efppfzu l ;l ,m;rm;\ aumufcsuu f adk 0zefonfo h abm jzpfonf/
orkdif;u ed*Hk;rcsKyf? ed*Hk;csKyfawmhrvkdvdkESifh jyefvnftouf0ifvm
onf/ wu,fed*Hk;csKyfoGm;aomt&monf orkdif;r[kwf? tdyfruf
wkdYomjzpfonf[k qkdonf/ end of dreams [k oHk;onf/ tdyfruf
rufzkdY pdwfrul;ygESifh/
ppfat;acwftvGef umvwkdwkdav;twGif;ü tkdif'Dtkdvkd*sD
ed*;kH w&m;a[monf/ tkid 'f t D v
dk *dk scD si;f wku
d yf NJG y;D qH;k oGm;Ny/D vpfb
&,f'Drkdua&pDwpfckwnf;uom vTrf;rkd;NyD[k a[mudef;xkwfcJhMu
onf/ þa[mudef;onf ynm&Sif a&mfbwfum*ef\ tjrift&
rIdif;rdjcif;omjzpfonf/ vSnfhpm;cH&jcif;? xifa,mifxifrSm; jzpf
jcif;omjzpfonf/
,ck NyD;cJhaomorkdif;vrf;aMumif;xJ jyefvnfOD;vSnhfae
onf/ tkdif'Dtkdvdk*sDy#dyu©wkdY\ae&mwGif trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;
csif;y#dyu©wkdYu jyef0ifa&mufvmonf/ Clash of national am-
bitions and national interests [k ajymonf/ þy#dyu©rsKd;onf
19 &mpkESpfESifhwlaponf/ 1990 jynfhESpfESifh rwlay/
14
w½kw\ f wk;d wufBu;D rm;rIudk
tuJjzwf&mü?
w½kwfonf rdrdpnf;rsOf;ESifhom
rdrdwkd;wufBuD;rm;rnfhyHko²mef &Sdonf/
tjcm; urÇmhpnf;rsOf;wkdYESifhtnD
wk;d wufBu;D rm;vdrrhf nfr[kw[ f k qkod nf/
r[mtvG,rf sm;
trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh tifyg,mtusKd;pD;yGm; EIdif;,SOf
Munhjf cif;onfvnf;? ,ck acwfpm;vmonf/ orkid ;f ukd tifyg,mwkYd
tay:tajccHí pOf;pm;cJhMuonf/ orkdif;qkdonfrSm tifyg,m?
[D;½dk;ESifh ynmwkdY\'&rfrmrsm;tjzpf jrifcJhonf/ tifyg,mwkdY\
usq;kH cef;ukd orkid ;f q&mwdu
Yk rSww f rf;wifcMhJ uonf/ okjYd zifh acwf
opforkdif;ukd tifyg,mtajccHjzifhoHk;oyfrI arS;rSdefoGm;cJh&onf/
okdY&mwGif ,cktifyg,mtajcpkduforkdif; jyefay:vmjyef
onf/ orkdif;onf tifyg,mwkdYtay:tajccHcJh&mrS? aemufykdif;
ynmESifhyg0g (knowledge and power) wkdYudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&if;?
topfay:xGef;vmaom *&dwfyg0goHk;ckudk? pHcsdeftopfwkdYjzifh
vu©PmzwfMunhfonf/ ]'kwd, urÇmhEkdifiHwumqufqHa&;pepf
opfwGif? tifyg,mESifh MoZm}qkdaom usrf;opfukda&;ol y&uf
cef;em;u w½kwf? tdEd́,? Oa&myor*¾wdkYukd *&dwfyg0gtjzpfom
rowfrSwf? tifyg,mrsm;tjzpfvnf; owfrSwfonf/ txl;ojzifh
tifyg,moHk;cku urÇmukdpkd;rkd;vmNyD[k ajymonf/ þtifyg,m
oHk;ckrSm tar&duef? w½kwfESifhtD;,lwkdY jzpfMuonf/
y&ufcef;em;\pmtkyfukd a0zefolwpfOD;u ]r[m tvG,f
oH;k oyfrrI sm;}(grand simplicities) [k oH;k oyfonf/ acwfopf *&dwf
yg0grSeforQukd tifyg,mtjzpf½Ijrifjcif;onf? tvG,fajymvGef;&m
a&mufonf/ NyD;pvG,f oHk;oyf&ma&mufonf/ 21 &mpkESpfwGif
r[mtrsKd;rsKd;&SdonfhtxJ NyD;pvG,f t½kd;cHoHk;oyfrIwkdYvnf; ay:
vmonf[k axmufjyonf/ rsOf;wkdYukd tvG,fxm;? tvG,fqGJ
xm;aom rsOf;awGxJ? [kdbufonfbuf tvG,fxnfhjcif;rsKd;onf
15
rrSefEkdif? vufawGUo½kyfESifh a0zefEkdifonf/ vuf&SdurÇmha&;&m tvG,af zmfjrLvmr&Sd
wko
Yd nf tvGew f &m½Iyaf xG;vSav&m ]wpfEiS whf pfaygif; ESp}f qkad om tar&duef-tD;,lESifhw½kwfwkdYukd tifyg,mrsm;tjzpf ,lq
tvG,fazmfjrLvmrsKd;wdkYESifh rwGufEkdifay/ owfrw S Nf y;D aemuf? tifyg,mwpfcpk \ D taetxm;ukd oH;k oyfMunhf
onf/ tar&dueftifyg,monf usqif;aeonf/ okaYd omf armuf
tifyg,mjyefwu
dk f
rmaeao;onf/ w½kwftifyg,monf wkd;wufaeonf/ okdYaomf
a&mfbwfbm*efu tvG,af wG;rIyo kH @mefwu Ydk dk a0zefwu dk f
jyóemESifhjzpfonf/ tD;,lurl Oa&mywkdufom;awG xifonf
ckdufvkdufNyD;? urÇmha&;&mwkdYukd em;vnf&efcufonfh azmfjrLvm
xufykdNyD; tiftm;BuD;aeonf/ ykdNyD;ayGUzufcsifp&m &Sdonf/ ykdNyD;
yHkpHcsNyD;? oHk;oyf&ef&nf&G,fonf/ ½IyfaxG;vmaomyHkoP²mefwkdYukd
vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sdonf/
,xmblwususqkyfukdifNyD; oHk;oyfMunhfvQif? wpfurÇmvHk;ü 'Drkd
½k&mS ;,tdE,´d ,b&mZD;wko Yd nf *&dwyf g0grsm;jzpfvmaomfvnf;?
ua&pD rjyefY/ atmfwkdua&pDtmPm&SifpepfawG jyefay:vmEkdif
eHygwf wpf,ESp,f oHk; ae&mü rcsdwfEkdif[k tuJjzwfonf/ w½kwf\
aMumif;ukdawGU&rnf[k qkdonf/ 'Drkdua&pDESifhatmfwkdua&pD 'Gef
wkd;wufBuD;rm;rIukd tuJjzwf&mü? w½kwfonf rdrdpnf;rsOf;ESifhom
wGaJ y:vmEkid af jc&Sjd cif;ukd ñTe;f onf/ atmfwu dk a&pDonf w&m;0if
rdrdwkd;wufBuD;rm;rnfhyHkoP²mef &Sdonf/ tjcm; urÇmhpnf;rsOf;wkdY
aom pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIyHkoP²meftoGifyif aqmifvmEkdifonf/
ESifhtnD wkd;wufBuD;rm;vdrfhrnfr[kwf[k qkdonf/ usrf;a0zefol
okdYaomf? 'Drkdua&pDESifh atmfwkdua&pDqkdNyD; jywfjywfom;
wkdYu? þvkd uwåm;jcm;tuJjzwfrIonf eufeJrIr&Sd wdrfvGef;onf?
om; jcm;em;onfhwkdifatmif? (pifppf odyfrjywfom;) EkdifiHjcm;a&;
*avmif*vif jrnfvGef;onf? ½kd;pif;vGef;onf[k a0zefonf/
ay:vpDukd vG,fulacsmarmpGm ukdifwG,fEkdifvdrhfrnf[k? r,lqEkdif
,cktcg? urÇmah &;&mwku Yd dk ½k;d ½k;d vG,v f ,
G pf Of;pm;rIawG odyf
ay/ jywfom;aomrsOf;&Sdapumrl EkdifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDwdkYukd udkif
rsm;vmojzifh? urÇmha&;&myg&*lwkdYu vuf&Sdacwfukdyif r[mt
wG,f&mü cufcJaeMuOD;rnfjzpfonf/ þtcsufu? ½kd;pif;NyD; vHkNcHK
vG,foHk;oyfrIrsm;acwf[k qkdonf/ wu,fvufawGUü jzpfxGef;rI
pdwfcs&aomurÇmBuD;udk arQmfvifhaomtdyfrufonf? tNyD;tykdif
wkdYonf tvGef½IyfaxG;av&m? urÇmha&;&mwkdYESifhywfoufí pdwf
aygufuGJoGm;NyD[k &Sif;jyonf/ Simple, safe world r&SNd y/D
ul;,OftdyfrufwkdYyifvQif aygufNyJxGufaeonf/ ½kd;½kd;pOf;pm;vkdY
tcsKdUusrf;&SifwkdYu? rsufarSmufacwfurÇmhtaetxm;ukd
r&/ NyD;pvG,fpOf;pm;vkdY r&/ tdyfruf rufvdkY r&/
oHk;yGifhqkdifcsdefcGiftjzpf? yHkazmfonf/ tar&duef? Oa&myESifh w½kwf
tajctaewkdYu ½IyfaxG;NyD;? tdyfrufawG ed*Hk;csKyfaeaom
wdMYk um; tiftm;csed cf iG v f Qmtaetxm;u? urÇmah &;&mwku Yd dk t"du
tcgor,wGi?f trsK;d om;tjyKtrlwu Ydk dk BuKd wifa[m&efcufonf/
yHkavmif;vdrfhrnf[k a[monf/ þokdY oHk;oyfaomynm&SifwdkYu
trsK;d om;tjyKtrlwu Ydk dk pDrcH efcY &JG ef? vG,u f ½l ;dk pif;aom azmfjrLvmwkYd
tifyg,mpepfukdpGJvrf;um? oHk;yGifhqkdifukd tifyg,moHk;yGifhqkdif
r&SdEkdifNyD/ cyfvG,fvG,fazmfjrLvm (simple formula) awG r&SdEkdifNyD/
tjzpf ajymonf/
tar&duefyg0gESifh MoZmusqif;aeaomumv jzpfonf/ oHk;yGifh
tcsKdUu? ,aeY urÇmhtajctaeü EkdifiHwkdif;u tiftm;BuD;
qkdifcsdefcGif (tar&duef,w½kwf,Oa&my) u MoZm&Sdvdrfhrnf[k t
xGm;atmif? BudK;yrf;aeMuonf/ tifyg,mtqifhtwef;a&muf
ckdiftrmrajymEkdif/ xkdtajctaeü atmfwkdua&pDwkdYu 'Drkdua&
atmif BudK;yrf;aeMuonf/ tcsKdUu *&dwfyg0gtqifhukd csdefaeMu
pDESifh pifNydKifjzpfvmEkdifonf/ þum; EkdifiHtvkduftjyKtrlwkdYukd
onf/ xkdtcsufukdaxmufjyNyD;? rD'D,mwkdYu tifyg,mwkdYukd jyef
BudKwifyHkzrf;&ef cufcJvmjcif;ukdjyonf/
vnfwu dk cf u
kd jf cif; (The empires strike back) [k acgif;pD;wyfonf/
OD;csrf;at;
Ref: The Economist, April 28, 2008.
16 17
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18
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19
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ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'ou qif;&JrGJawrI? vmbfay;vmbf,lrIESihf
EkdifiHa&;rwnfNidrfrIrsm;&Sdaeonf/ xkdtcg tif'dkeD;&Sm;? rav;&Sm;zGm;
w½kwfola|;awGtwGuf pifumylu uGef;ckd&mjzpfvmonf/ pifumylrSm
usef;rma&;apmihfa&SmufrI aumif;aumif;&Sdonf/ ausmif; aumif;aumif;
wufEkdifonf/ tajccH taqmufttHkaumif;rsm;? xda&mufaom AsL½kdu
a&pDESihf wnfNidrfaomtpdk;&pepfwkdYu owif;vGwfvyfcGifh? EkdifiHa&;qkdif
&mjiif;cHkcGifh? tEkynmqkdif&m vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;enf;onf qkdaomfvnf;
axvdkY&Ekdifao;onf/
20
olaX;ol<u,fawG waomaoma&mufojzifh aps;EIef;rsm;wufvm
onfqkdaomfvnf;? ykdifqkdifrIypönf;rsm;aps;EIef;u vef'ef? e,l;a,mufwkdY
xuf edrfhaeao;onf/ tcGefuvnf; edrfhonf/ pifumylu t&if;tEDS;
rwnfaiGESifh twkd;&aiGwkdYukd tcGefraumuf/ tjrifhqHk;0ifaiGcGefu 20
&mckdifEIef;jzpfonf/ pifumyljyifyu &&Sdonhf0ifaiGudkvnf; tcGef
raumufay/
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vmjcif;aMumihf? bPfvkyfief;buf tm½kHpkduf&ef 2002 ckESpfu cscJhonhf
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;aMumihf? pifumylü yk*¾vdu bPfvkyfief;rsm;ukd wkd;wuf
vmjcif;jzpfonf/ pifumylu yk*v ¾ u d ESit hf pk;d &aygif;í pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf
oHk;oyfa&; aumfrwDwpfckukd zGJUpnf;NyD;? avQmuf&rnfhvrf;opftwGuf
jyifqifcJhMuonf/
aumfrwDu pifumylonf Hedge Funds, private equity firms, insurers
and private banks ukd qGJaqmif&ef tm½kHpkduf&rnf[ktBuHjyKcJhonf/
xkdYaemuf EkdifiHjyifyrS&&Sdvmonhf 0ifaiGrsm;ukd tcGefraumuf&efESifh
,HkMunftyfESHrIOya'ukd jyefvnfrGrf;rH&ef? trust holders rsm;\ tcGifh
ta&;rsm;ukd tmrcHay;&efEiS fh ykid q f idk rf rI sm;ukd pdww f idk ;f us vTaJ jymif;cGihf
&&S&d efrsm; cGihfjyKcJhonf/
Oa&myü wpfcgwpf&H ykdifqkdifrItcsKdUukd aqGrsKd;rsm;odkY vTJajymif;ay;
&ef w&m;½kH;u qHk;jzwfcsufcsonf/ ta&SUtv,fykdif; rGwfpvifEkdifiHrsm;
wGif tz (okdYr[kwf)tpfukdBuD; aoqHk;ygu? ¤if;wkdY\ykdifqkdifrIrsm;ukd
ZeD;ESifhuav;rsm;okdY vTJajymif;ay;&ef w&m;½kH;u trdefYcswwfonf/ pif
umylu rdrdykdifqkdifrIukd pdwfBudKufvTJajymif;ay;EkdifonfhOya' jy|mef;vkduf
aomtcg? pifumylbPfrsm;odkY Oa&myESihfta&SUtv,fykdif;wkdYrS azmuf
onfrsm;ukd waomaom a&mufvmawmhonf/
2001 ckEpS w f iG ?f pifumylu bPfvyk if ef;qkid &f m vQKdU0SuOf ya'ukd
wkd;jr§ifhcJhonf/ xkdpOfu bPftrsm;pk ¤if;wkdY\½kH;rsm;ukd tdEd́,wGif pkduf
aecsdefjzpfonf/ pifumylu bPfvQKdU0SufOya'ukd wif;usyfvkdufaom
tcgwGi?f yk*v ¾ u d bPfrsm;onf tdE, ´d rSpifumyloYkd ajymif;vmMuawmhonf/
xkdOya'rsm;aMumihf? rdrdwkdYOpöm"ersm;ukd okdokdodyfodyfjzifh xm;vkd
olwkdYuvnf;? pifumylbPfrsm;okdY a&mufvmonf/
tDwvD\ Banca Popolare Italian trIaqmift&m&Scd sKyf Gianpiero
21

Fiorani onf? 2005 ckESpfwkef;u vmbfay;vmbf,lt½IyfawmfyHkjzifh
tzrf;rcH&rDu? ol\ assets tcsKdUukd pifumylokdY a&TUxm;onf/
*syef MAC Asset Management \ Fund refae*smESifh &S,f,m&Sif
jzpfol ,kd&Sd,muDrl&mumrD qkd&ifvnf;? asset a&mif;0,fa&; t½IyfawmfyHk
jzifh tzrf;rcH&rD? ol\aiGrsm;ukd pifumylokdYa&TUcJhonf/ NyD;cJhonhfESpf
'DZifbmvwkef;uqkdvQif? w½kwfESifhpifumylMum; aiGrsm;w&m;r0if vTJ
ajymif;rIaMumihf trnfrazmfvo dk l pifumylEidk if o H m;wpfO;D uk?d &Se[
f idk ;f wGif
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awGudk qGaJ qmifzaYdk wmh rBuKd ;pm;yg[k? pifumyltmPmykid af wGu qko
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onf/)
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urf;vSrf;csufukd? pifumylu taMumif;rjyef/
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awmiftm&SeYJ eD;eD;uyfuyf &Sad ejcif;uvnf;? pifumyludk cse'f &efvdk
tdEd´,EG,fzGm;awG? tBudKufawGUae&jcif; jzpfonf/
ukd[ef
Ref: In Singapore, a local Switzerland for Asia's wealthy
By Wayne Arnold
22
Letter
aomrwfz&D;rif; arUusefcJUaom *
tjym;urÇm
*
pkd if ; xG ef ; a t ;
,aeYurÇmBu;D onf? vlO;D a&oef;aygif; 6500 ukd xifovkd vkycf iG hf
ay;xm;onhf? aeukdA[kdjyKívnfywfaeaom pMu0Vmrdom;pkBuD; t
wGi;f rS N*Kd [w
f pfv;kH jzpfonf/ ,aeYtcsed w f iG ?f vlom;rsm;onf urÇmBu;D ukd
d nf/ tusKd;jyKaponfxuf? qkd;usKd;ukd ykdíarG;zGm;apaom tiftm;pkrsm;ukdom
ay:aygufap&ef? wGe;f ykv Yd su&f ydS gonf/ ,aeYurÇmBu;D wGif vlO;D a& xlxyf
vmaomjyóemu? urÇmBuD;ukd jym;apawmhrnf jzpfonf/
,aeYtajctaeü? urÇmhvlOD;a& trsm;qHk;zvm;NydKifyGJwGif w½kwf
u oef;aygif; 1350? tdEd´,u oef;aygif; 1200? tif'kdeD;&Sm;u
S f oef;aygif; 250? ygupöwef? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf? *syefwkdYu oef;aygif; 100
txufukd,fpDjzihf? tm&SwkdufrS NydKifbufuif; AkdvfpGJvsuf&Sdygonf/ ,ck
d f vmawmhrnhf &mpkESpfukd? tm&Spepfjzpfrnf[k tem*wådq&mrsm;? pD;yGm;
a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u? wnDwñGwfwnf;a[mMuonf/ udef;*Pef;awG?
a'wmawGu ynm&Sifrsm;\ta[mukd OD;ñTwfvmMuonf/
a&S;OD;pGm w½kwef *g;Bu;D u? ]csr;f omwmaumif;} [k wkw d w dk w
k w
f w
k f
pajymonf/ þonfu?dk tdE, ´d qifu ]ta&SUarQm0f g'}(Look East Policy)
jzihf? 0ifa&mufaxmufcHonf/ ,cktcif;tusif;ray:rD tm&S"m; xuf
aMumif;ukd? *syefqmrl½kdif;wkdYu urÇmukdjycJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ wpfcsdefu
eykv
d , D tH yd af eapcsicf ahJ om w½kwef *g;Bu;D rSm? Ek;d ½Hw
k ifruawmhbJ w½kwf
ESpfopful;wGif ]e*g;u}yif uaeayNyD/ 2050 jynfhESpfa&mufvQif urÇmh
pD;yGm;a&; [JAD;0dwfcsefyD,HBuD; tar&duefukd? w½kwfu BudK;0kdif;xJwGif
tvJxkd;awmhrnf/ tdEd́,uvnf;? tD;,lavmufawmh ysif;awmif ysif;
ao;onfwJh/ wkdif;jynfu csrf;omvmawmh? jynfolawGuvnf; aiG&Tif
*Thomas L.Friedman - The Author of "The World is Flat"
23
 w½kwfBuD;awGu
wpfcgoHk; wlawG oHk;vmMuaomtcg?
0ef;usifu 0g;awmBuD;awG w0kef;0kef;NydKvJukefawmhonf/
w½kwfBuD;awGu a>rom;vnf;BudKufao;onfwJh/ tusKd;qufu?
v,fuGif;awGxJrSm <uufawGu? ygwDay;aeMuawmhonf/
,ck owif;pmxJ? *sme,fawGxJrSm zwfae&onfu?
olwdkYEkdifiHrSm rdef;rawG &Sm;aeonfwJh/
vmMuonf/ aiG&Tifvmawmh tdyfrufawG rufvmMuonf/ cg
wkdif; pm;aeus aygufpDu? tDovkdvkd&Sdvmonf/ csygwDavmufESihf
rwif;wdrfcsifawmh/
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awmh? ukvm;rav;awG a&TwGJvJ aiGwJGvJ vkyfcsifvmonf/ tJ'D
tusKd;qufaMumihf urÇmha&TwGif;awG&JUteufu? t0DpdokdY wjznf;
jznf; a&mufukefawmhonf/ w½kwfBuD;awGu wpfcgoHk; wlawG
oHk;vmMuaomtcg? 0ef;usifu 0g;awmBuD;awG w0kef;0kef;NydKvJ
ukeaf wmhonf/ w½kwBf u;D awGu a>rom;vnf; BuKd uaf o;onfw/hJ
tusKd;qufu? v,fuGif;awGxJrSm <uufawGu? ygwDay;aeMu
awmh onf/ ,ck owif;pmxJ? *sme,fawGxJrSm zwfae&onfu?
olwdkYEkdifiHrSm rdef;rawG &Sm;aeonfwJh/
'gwifruao;? olwu Ydk bwfpu f m;
pD; &wmukd b0ifruscsifawmh? ukd,fykdifum;
awGESihf prwfuscsifvmonf/ wDADwpfvHk;
wnf;ukd pkNyKH Ny;D rMunhcf siaf wmh/ tdrw
f idk ;f rSm
wDAaDG wG &Sdcsifvmonf/ a&cJaowåmr&SdvQif
rsufESmi,fcsifovkdvkd jzpfvmonf/ 'gav;
rsm; bmta&;vJ &,fvkdY ajymcsifajymrnf/
'gayrJh olwdkYu usaemfwkdY&Gmvkd? tdrfajc av;
ig;q,f r[kw/f olwkdYu odef;aygif;rsm;pGm/
oef;aygif;rsm;pGm .../
24
twdwu f ? þ<u,f0csr;f oma&;vrf; aMumif;ay:ok?Yd taemufEiS fh
Oa&mywkdif;jynfrsm; a&mufESihfcJhzl;NyD/ olwdkYwkef;u vlenf;onf/ tJ'D
wkef;u urÇmBuD;u tysKd&nfrysuf/ tckawmh tm&StvSnfha&mufNyD/
'Dvrf;aMumif;ay:udkpNk yKH w;kd a0SUNy;D wufvmMuonf/ urÇmBu;D zGwv f rGwf
aMuzko Yd m jyifaya&mh/
cufonfu wkd;vmwmu vlawGomjzpfonf/ obm0t&if;
tjrpfawGu wkd;rvm/ obm0t&if;tjrpfqkdwmuvnf; jyef&EkdifwJh
[m&Sdovkd? jyefr&EkdifwmawGu rsm;onf/ 'Dvkdom obm0o,HZmw
t&if;tjrpfawGukd pdwfwkdif;usoHk;jzKef;aeMuvQif? usaemfwkdYajr;jrpf vuf
xufusvQif bmrQrusefawmh/ olwkdYawGvufxufus&ifawmh 'ku©ESihf
vSvSawGU&ayvdrfhOD;rnf/ vGifwD;acgifjyif yvufpwpfyifv,fawm0,f?
olwkdYawGa&iwfaeMua&mhrnf/
vlawGu vkdonfxufykdoHk;vmawmh obm0t&if;tjrpfawG ukef
crf;vmonf/ obm0t&if;tjrpfawG ukefcrf;vmawmh? a*[pepfawG
ysu, f iG ;f vmonf/ a*[pepfawGysu, f iG ;f vmawmh? &moDOwkawG azmuf
jyefvmonf/ &moDOwkawG azmufjyefvmawmh? vlawG 'ku©a&muf
vmonf/ qkdcJhygtcsufrsm;u urÇmudk tjym;cwfvkdufNyD[k r,lqvQif
awmh? urÇmBuD;u usaemfwkdYukd 'Pfcwf½kHom &Sdayawmhrnf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGifvnf;? attkdif'Dtufpf (ac:) ckcHtm;usqif;rI
ul;pufa&m*guJhokdYaom uyfa&m*grsm;uvnf;? vlom;rsm;\touf
tEÅ&m,fukd Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf&Sdonf/ attkdif'Dtufpfa&m*gukd 1981
ckESpfavmufuwnf;u xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGU&SdcJhaomfvnf;? ,aeYtcsdefxd
tjrpfjywfuo k Ekid af om aq;0g;rsm; ray:aygufao;bJ? a&m*gtajctae
ukd xdef;Ekdif½kHtqifhwGifom &Sdaeao;&m? vlom;rsm;taejzihf ukojcif;
xuf BudKwifumuG,fjcif;ukdom? tm;ukd;&vsuf&Sdonf/ xkdYjyif acG;½l;vkd
EGm;½l;vkd a&m*grsKd;? MuufwkyfauG; iSufwkyfauG;? vif;wwkyfauG;vkd
wd&pämefrsm;rSwpfqifh vlqDokdYul;pufwwfaom a&m*grsm;uvnf;? vl
om;rsm;ukd Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf&Sdonf/ qkdcJhyg a&m*grsm;uvnf;? qif;&J
csrf;omra&G; EkdifiHra&G; tayguf&SmNyD; 0ifa&mufEdSyfpufvsuf&Sd&m? rdrdESihf
rqkdif[kqkdNyD; xHkayayESifh&yfaeí r&awmhay/ awmifwef;awGESifh um
qD;í r&awmh/ jrpfawGacsmif;awG jcm;xm;í r&awmhNyD/
vlawGwkd;wufcsifovkd? wpfzufwGifvnf; a&m*gawGu wkd;wuf
25
 vmMuonf/ t&ifa&m*ga[mif;awGjzpfaom wDbDa&m*g? iSufzsm;
a&m*gawGuvnf; acwfrDvmMuonf/ aq;rwkd;csifawmh/ vlawG
u topftqef;ukd arQmfvifhESpfoufMuovkd? a&m*gawGuvnf;
qef;jym;vmMuonf/ vlu vluu dk ;l pufonhaf &m*g&So d vk?d wd&pd mä ef
rsm;u vludkul;onfha&m*gawGvnf; ay:vmonf/ 'Dvkda&m*gawG
ukd uk, d thf rd rf mS wpfu,
dk w
f nf;Buw d Nf y;D aq;Nr;D wkad eírjzpf/ t&yf
ulyg? vl0kdif;yg vkyf&awmhonf/ 'Dvkdom ajcoGufvufoGuf rvkyf
EkdifvQifawmh? 'l;ESihfrsuf&nf okwfae½kHom &Sdawmhrnf/
'DMum;xJ? urÇmBuD;&JUa*[pepf ysuf,Gif;vmrI? &moDOwk
uarmufurjzpfrIaMumihf obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fqkd;BuD;awGu
vnf; wpfarSmif/h vlawGudk wpfwyfwpftm; &ef&mS jyefonf/ vIid ;f
vHk;BuD;awGuvnf; olYtpGrf;&Sdoavmuf rsufESmBuD; rsufESmi,f
a&G;raeawmhb?J tm;&Sdyg;&Sd 0ifaqmifhypfvkdufMuonf/ pufuGif;rd
aomwkdif;jynftoD;oD; tenf;ESihftrsm;qkdovkd'PfcH&onf/ vl
taotaysmuf tysuftpD;om uGmonf/ rnfolrSrvGwf/ 'DEkdifiH
u Ak'¨bmomukd;uG,fwJhEkdifiHrkdYvkdYqkdNyD; auGUroGm;/ tawmf w&m;
rQwonf/
'gawGu? ukd,fESifh vufwpfurf; reD;ra0; jzpfysufoGm;wm
ukd a&;jyjcif;jzpfonf/ urÇm&JU ae&mtESUH tjym;awGrmS jzpfymG ;aewJh
'Dvkdtaetxm;rsKd;awGvnf; pHkvifatmif&Sdao;onf/ Oyrm- pm;
eyf&u d m© &Sm;yg;rI? tiwfab;jyóemrsm;? avmifpmpGr;f tifjyóem?
vlukeful;rIjyóem? vlawGpm;oHk;wJhoD;ESHawGukd zsufqD;wJh usKdif;
aumifvkdjyóem tpojzifh... pojzifh/ 'Dvkd taMumif;jycsuf
awGu? usaemfwkdYurÇmBuD;ukd jym;atmif wlESifhxkaewm r[kwfvdkY
&Sd&if? bmvJvkdY ar;csifygawmhonf/ rjym;csif jym;csif vkyfaevdkY
r&awmh/
xkdYjyif? owif;qufoG,fa&; enf;ynmwkd;wufrIaMumihf?
pdwfcHpm;rIawGvnf; eD;pyfvmMuonf/ NAdwdoQawmf0ifrdom;pku
'kdif,memrif;orD;aowm watmihfavmufMumawmh? rqDrqkdif
jrefrmjynfu vrf;ab;uaps;onfrav; rESi;f qDcrsm? rsu&f nfawG
0Jae&SmonfwJh/ NyD;awmh? oef;acgifoef;vTJ tcsdefrawmf nBuD;
rif;Bu;D {nfch ef;xJuwDAaDG &SUrSm? uk,d &hf UJ nDawmfarmifawG w½ke;f ½ke;f eJY
26
tcsdefrSeftm;ay;aeMuaom t*Fvefy&D;rD;,m;vd*f trSwfay; csefyD,H
abmvHk;yGJygwJhcifAsm;/ tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ refcsufpwmtoif; *kd;aygufxJukd?
cs,fqD;toif;wkdufppfrSL; 'a&mhbm vSvSyyuefxnhv f u
dk w
f thJ cgr,f?
refcsufpwmenf;jyq&mBuD; zm*lqef pdwfysufoGm;ovkd? usaemfhnDu
vnf; jrefrmjynfuaeNyD; yufvufjzpfoGm;owJhav../
pae? we*FaEG ausmif;ydwf&uf tcsdefawGrSmqkd&ifvnf;? {nfhcef;
xJu wDAGDa&SUrSm vlBuD;olrawGuwpfzuf? csmwdwfawGuwpfzuf tdrf
wGif;y#dyu© jzpfaeus/ wpfywfwGifwpfBudrfomvmonhf ukd&D;,m;Zmwf
vrf;wGJawGukd? vlBuD;awGu aq;pGJovkdpGJaeMuonf/ ukd&D;,m;ukdudk?
ukd&D;,m;rrawGuvnf; acsmonf/ vSonf/ oeYfonf/ 'DwpfywfrSm?
NrdKUujyefvmonfhrif;om;ESihf awmrSmusefaeonhfrif;orD;wdkY awGYrS awGU
Muavrvm;/ 'grSr[kwf vGo J mG ;rSmvm;/ 'DtwGuf olwt Ydk aeESifh ta&;Bu;D
onf/ rodvkdYrjzpf/ r[kwf&if? olrsm;ajymwmukd yg;pyfta[mif;om;ESihf
em;axmif&awmhrnf/ 'gaMumihf? olwkdYbufu avQmhvkdYrjzpf/ vHk;0
ravQmh/ csmwdwfawGbufuvnf; reufjzef ausmif;zGifhawmhrSmrkdY? olwkdY
iSm;vmMuonhf yg0g&drf;*sm;tacGopfawGukd? ausmif;ydwfwkef; wpfxkdif
wnf; tNy;D Munh&f OD;rnf/ 'DtwGuf olwaYkd wGpw d n
f pfMuonf/ ausmif;rSm
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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32 33
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36
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37
 ypöKyÜeftwGufa&m? tem*wftwGufyg?
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38
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39
 urÇmt h qif;&Jq;Hk a'orsm;&Sd tqif;&Jq;kH vlom;rsm;rSmrl? ,ckxuf
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40
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41

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ukd urÇmajray:rS z,f&Sm;ypfEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
aemufxyf xif&mS ;onfo h m"uwpfcrk mS ? tm&Sa'o\ tpdrf;a&mif
awmfvSefa&; jzpfygonf/ þawmfvSefa&;BuD;\aus;Zl;aMumihf? w½kwfESifh
tdE, ´d wku Yd dk emwm&Snif wfrw G af cgif;yg;rI ab;qk;d Bu;D rS? u,fwifEidk cf jhJ cif;
jzpfygonf/ tqkdyg tpdrf;a&mifawmfvSefa&;wGifvnf;? qkdcJhyg tjcif;t
&mav;&yf aygif;pyfyg0ifaeonfukd? awGUEkdifygonf/ &Sif;vif;wdusaom
&nfrSef;csuf (&du©moD;ESHtxGufwkd;a&;)? xda&mufaom wu©Ekdvkd*sD (t
xGufwkd;rsKd;? "mwfajrMoZmESifh qnfajrmif;wmwrH)? yDjyifaom taumif
txnfazmfa&; r[mAsL[m (txGufwkd;rsKd;rsm;ukd aps;uGufaygufaps;
xufavQmNh y;D jzefcY sad &mif;csjcif;)ESihf b@ma&;t&if;tjrpf (zk'Yd af zmifa';&Si;f ?
a&mhzJvm;azmifa';&Sif;? tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpkd;& tultnDESifh a'
owGif; b@ma&;taxmuftyHhrsm;)wkdY jzpfonf/
tjynfht0r[kwfonhfwkdif? tawmfBuD;BuD;rm;rm; atmifjrifrI&cJh
onhf tjcm;o"ursm;vnf;? renf;raem&Sdygao;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh?
urÇmESit fh 0ef; pmrwwfol yaysmufa&;? rlvwef;ausmif;rsm; wk;d csUJ zGiv hf pS f
43
a&;? aoapavmufaom uyfa&m*gBuD;rsm;xdef;csKyfa&;? rdom;pkpDrHudef;
om;qufjcm;enf;vrf; ponfrsm;jzihf? qE´tavsmuf arG;EIef;avQmhcsa&;
... ponfwkdY jzpfygonf/ þpDrHcsufrsm;ukd? tajctae tqdk;qHk;jzpf
aom qm[m&wpfykdif; tmz&du tygt0if? urÇmhEkdifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;
wGifvnf; taumiftxnfazmfEkdifcJhygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYwpfawGrSm? tqkd;jrif,tjypfjrif acwfBuD;ukd jzwfoef;
aeMu&onf jzpf&m? urÇmvHk;csD &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufvQif? ppfr
a&mufcif jrm;ukeo f nhtf jrifawG? wGiu f s,v f rT ;f rk;d vsu&f adS eonf/ txl;
ojzifh? tmz&duwkdufBuD;rSmqkdvQif rnfonhf&nfrSef;csufrS atmifjrif
zG,&f mr&S[ d ?k rSm;rSm;,Gi;f ,Gi;f ,HMk unfaeMuolawG tawmfrsm;rsm;&So d nf/
tpGrf;xufwu©Ekdvkd*sDrsm;jzifh vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfvkdufaom
tcgwGifrl? olwkdYxifovkd r[kwfyg/ odomxif&Sm;aom atmifjrifrIrsm;
&cJhonfcsnf; jzpfygonf/
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0ufoufa&m*gaMumihf aoqH;k olO;D a&uk?d 90%txd avQmch sEidk cf yhJ gonf/
ykdvD,dka&m*gqkdvQifvnf; tjrpfjywfvkeD;yg;xd? acsrIef;EdkifcJhNyDjzpfonf/
aMumufrufzG,f tiwfab;rsm;aMumihf? emrnfqkd;jzifh ausmfMum;aeaom
tDoD,kd;yD;,m;ESifh rmvm0DEkdifiHrsm;rSmyif? acwfrDpkdufysKd;a&;enf;emrsm;
aus;Zl;aMumihf &du©mxkwfvkyfrIukd tBuD;tus,fjr§ifhwifEkdifcJhNyD jzpfonf/
]pmwwfzkdYxuf riwfzkdYu ta&;BuD;w,f}[k? t½kd;pGJ ,HkMunfaeMuaom
xkdEkdifiHESpfckrS uav;i,frsm;qkdvQifvnf;? pmoifausmif;rS aeYv,fpm
auR;onfhpepfaMumihf pmoifcef;xJokdY awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&mufvmMuNyD
jzpfygonf/
ajym&vQif? þokdYaom atmifjrifrIOyrmrsm;rSm? r&Sm;yg;vSyg/
trSefwu,f &Sm;yg;aeonfrSm vufawGUaqmif&Gufvkdaom]qE´}ESifh? t
cuftcJausmfvTm;&Jaom ]ZGJ}wkdYom jzpfygonf/ qE´rSef ZGJoefoefESifh
BudK;pm;MurnfqkdvQif? &&SdNyD;atmifjrifrIrsm;ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;Ekdif½kHrQ
ru? tjcm;ta&;Bu;D onfh a'orsm;okv Yd nf; ysUH ESUH apEkid v
f rd rhf nf jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYrsKd;quf\ tvGefBuD;rm;vSaom obm0ywf0ef;usif
pdeaf c:csuBf u;D ukv d nf;? tvm;wloEH |éd mef, tvm;wlwu©Ev dk *dk szD ;dk uyf(p)
wkdYjzifh wkHYjyefausmfvTm;Ekdifp&m &Sdygonf/ &moDOwktajymif;tvJu
uRefawmfwkdY\ &du©mtaxmuftyhH, usef;rm;a&;, urf;½kd;wef;ESifh ra&
44
rwGufEkdifaomrsKd;pdwfrsm;\ qufvuf&SifoefEdkifpGrf;ukd? Ncdrf;ajcmufvsuf
&Sdaeonf/ okdYaomf tmedoifxufjrufaom? wu©Ekdvkd*sDajz&Sif;enf;rsm;
um; vufwpfurf;rSmyif&adS eNyjD zpfygonf/ ausmufr;D aoG;oH;k yg0gpuf½rHk sm;
qkdvQif? ¤if;wkdYxkwfvTwfaom umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'fukd avxkxJokdY
ra&mufatmif xdef;odrf;okdavSmifxm;EkdifpGrf; &SdaeNyD;? aps;uGufwifzkdY
tqifoifheD;yg; &SdaeNyDjzpfaom rsKd;pyfarmfawmfum;rsm;qkdvQifvnf;?
avmifpmpGrf;&nf av;qrQ oufomEkdifonhftvm;tvm&Sdonf/ vsif
jrefpGmwkd;wufvmaeaom yg&mbkdvpfrSefcsyfoHk;pepfjzifh? qkdvmpGrf;tif
ukd pkpnf;,lEkdifNyDjzpfí? tmz&duoJuEÅm&rsm;ESifh tylykdif;a'orsm;wGif
aea&mifjcnfrS vQypf pf"mwftm;uk?d ukeu f sp&dwo f ufompGm xkwf,lokH;pGJ
EkdifNyD jzpfygonf/ oifhwifhaom b@ma&;rufvHk;rsm;jzifh? ausmaxmuf
aemufcHjyKxm;onhf ajropfpDrHcefYcGJrI r[mAsL[muvnf;? tylykdif;a'o
opfawmjyKef;wD;rIrsm;ukd qkH;cef;wkdifapEkdifawmhrnf jzpfonf/ uRefawmf
wkdYtaeESifh wpfurÇmvHk;twkdif;twm0ifaiG\ 1% yif r&Sdaom aiGaMu;
ukd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH½kHrQjzihf? tqkdyg wu©Ekdvkd*sDatmifjrifrIrsm;ukd trSefwu,f
taumiftxnfazmf &&SdEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/
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&yfrsm;ukd rSm;,Gif;aomenf;emrsm;jzihf &ifqkdifaeMuaomaMumihf? jzpfyg
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rsm;Ekdifonf[kvnf; wGufqxm;Muygonf/ odkYtwGufaMumihfyif vuf
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vkd*sD tpGJoefrIyifjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeESihf bmawGvkyfzkdY vkdtyf
onfukd owdjyKrdvQifaomfrS? vufawGUpOf;pm;&mwGif vGwfvyfaom
aps;uGuf tkdif'Dtdkvkd*sDaxmifacsmufxJwGif? ydwfrdEkdifp&m&Sdygao;onf/
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onfjzpf&m? urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;rSm ,ck&ifqkdifaeMu&aom b@ma&; tusyf
45
twnf;okdY OD;wnfoGm;cJh&ovkd? uRefawmfwkdY\ vufawGUjyóem ajz
&Sif;a&;wGifvnf; þtwkdif;jzpfoGm;Ekdifygonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usif a&&SnfwnfwefYckdifNrJa&;? urÇmhvlOD;a& wnf
Nird af &;ESihf tvGetf uRq H if;&Jru
I dk tjrpfjzwfz,f&mS ;a&;qko d nh?f tBu;D qH;k
pdefac:csufoHk;&yfukd wkHYjyef&ifqkdifzkdYqkdvQif? aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;ouf
oufjzifh b,fvkdrS rvHkavmufEkdifyg/ urÇmwpf0ef;&Sd xkwfvkyfolrsm;a&m?
pm;oHk;olrsm;uyg? urÇmhavxkukd umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'fESifh tjcm; zefvHk
tdrf"mwfaiGUrsm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfxkwfvTwf&m? trdIufypfuGif;BuD;[k
oabmxm;Muonfu rsm;ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeESifh? aps;uGuf
tiftm;pkrsm;\ rSm;,Gif;aomtjrifrsm;ukd? jyKjyifajymif;vJzkdY vkdygonf/
þtwGuf wDxiG rf &I &dS dS ay:vpDcif;&ygvdrrhf nf/ Oyrm- umAGex f w
k vf w
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rIukd tcGefaumufcHonfhyHkpHrsKd; jzpfonf/ þokdYaom umAGeftcGefrsKd;ukd?
vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfEidk yf gu? avxknpfnrf;rIudk umuG,Ef idk ½f rHk Q
ru? taMumif;aMumif;aMumihf? tcGeftaumufavQmhcs jzwfawmufrIrsm;
twGuv f nf;? axrdumrdapygvdrrhf nf/ wpfNyKd ief ufwnf;rSmyif oef&Y iS ;f
aom pGrf;tifopfrsm; azmfxkwfEkdifa&;twGufvnf;? wkd;csJU&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHzkdY
vkdygonf/ þonfrSm? tem*wftwGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjzpfí a&&Snfwnf
wHY ckdifNrJonfhzGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf wkduf½kduftusKd;&Sdygonf/
tvm;wlyif? qif;&JEkdifiHrsm;\ vlOD;a&xdef;csKyfa&;ESifh ywfouf
vQifvnf;? qHk;jzwfcsufckdifrmaom &ifESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm; &dSzkdYvkdygonf/ trsKd;
orD;i,frsm; ynmoifMum;cGifh&a&;? t&G,fa&mufNyD;trsKd;orD;rsm; pD;yGm;
a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G cf iG &hf a&;? use;f rma&;0efaqmifrpI aom
vkyfief;rsm;jzpfygonf/ þvkyfief;pOfrsm;ukd vufawGUtaumiftxnf
azmfEkdifrSomvQif? qE´t& arG;EIef;avQmhcsa&;ukd taumiftxnfazmfEkdif
ygvdrfhrnf/
tvGeftuRHqif;&JrIukd tjrpfjzwfz,f&Sm;a&;ESifh ywfoufvQif?
uRefawmfwkdYwpfawGrSm aps;uGufjzifharmif;aom csrf;om<u,f0rIqkdonf
ukdom? tm½kHusavh&Sdygonf/ ]aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;wkd;
wufrI\t"dutif*sif jzpfonf} qkdaomtcsufukd jiif;p&mr&Sdyg/ okdYESifh
wkdif? tqif;&JqHk;EkdifiHrsm;rS tqif;&JqHk; qif;&Jom;rsm;ESihfywfoufvQif?
aps;uGufoufoufjzifh tvkyfrjzpfEkdifonfukd owdcsyfzkdYvkdygonf/ aps;
uGuftiftm;pkrsm;u ¤if;wkdYukd qif;&JwGif;rSq,fwifray;Ekdifao;rD? ¤if;
46
wkdY\0ifaiGukd rao½kHwr,ftqifhxufykdvmatmif? BudKwifzefwD;ay;zkdY
vkdygvdrfhrnf/ okdYrSom? tvGeftuRHqif;&JrI acsmufurf;yg;BuD;xJwGif
epfaeMuolrsm;twGuf? aps;uGufavSum;\ yxrqHk;avSum;qefukd
wufcGifh&vmEkdifygvdrfhrnf/
ajym&vQif? þvkyfief;pOftm;vHk;rSm ajymavmufatmif? ukefus
p&dwfBuD;vSonf r[kwfyg/ okdYaomf? olYtvkdvkdjzpfvmEkdifonfvnf;
r[kwfyg/ ukefusp&dwftenf;i,frQjzihf tvGefBuD;rm;aomatmifjrifrI
rsm;ukd &&SdapEkdifonhfvkyfief;pOfrsm; jzpfygonf/ tmz&duvlowform;
[líyif wifpm;ac:Mu&aom? iSufzsm;a&m*gtaMumif; pOf;pm;Munhfyg/
qif;&JrIESifheyef;vHk;aeMu&aom tmz&duom;rsm;ukd þa&m*gqkd;BuD;rS
umuG,fEkdif&ef? iSufzsm;umuG,fa&; jcifaxmifaygif; oef;oHk;&mcefY vkdyg
onf/ jcifaxmifwpfvHk;ukd ig;a':vmay;í0,fvQif? tenf;qHk; ig;ESpf
toH;k cHygonf/ þEIe;f jzihw f u G cf suvf u kd v
f Qi?f tmz&duom;wku Yd dk ig;ESpw
f m
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rnf/ þonfrmS ? yifw*Ge\ f wpfaeYwmtoH;k p&dwyf if r&Syd g/ vkt d yfaom
aq;0g;ESifh vkdtyfaom jyKpkukop&dwfrsm;ukd xnhfwGufvQifyif? yifw*Gef
\ESpf&ufpm toHk;p&dwfxuf rykdEkdifyg/
a&&Snw f nfwchH idk Nf raJ om zGUH NzKd ;a&;onf? urf;yg;ukNd zKd csrnfh tzsuf
vkyfief; r[kwfyg/ omawmifhom,murf;yg;opfrsm; zefwD;ay;rnfh tjyK
vkyfief; jzpfygonf/ þtwGuf aomhcsuftusqHk;rSm? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItykdif;
wGif rSefuefaoma&G;cs,frIrsm; zefwD;Ekdifa&;ESifh? aps;uGufokdY vrf;oG,f
ay;&ef? aps;uGuftiftm;pkrsm;ukd ZufBudK;wyfarmif;ESifEdkif&ef enf;vrf;
&SmazGzkdYom jzpfygonf/
b0wl? tusKd;wl
uRefpepf ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;jcif;? trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;vIyf&Sm;rI? ukdvkdeD
tkypf ;dk rI qH;k cef;wkid o
f mG ;jcif;? obm0ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;0g' arG;zGm;
vmjcif;...paom? Bu;D us,o f nfv
h rl t
I ajymif;tvJrsm;rSm vlxEk ;dk Mum;rI?
vlxkukd,fwkdif yg0ifaqmif&GufrIrsm;jzifh tpjyK&onfcsnf; jzpfygonf/
trSefpifppf? EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifu tajymif;tvJukd a&SU aqmifonf
r[kwf/ vlxk\wdrf;ñGwfrIaemufokdY vkdufygaqmif&Gufjcif;om jzpfonf/
wpfenf;qkdvQif vlxku OD;aqmifonfom jzpfonf/ odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;?
47
 tif*sifeD,mrsm;? bk&m;ausmif;wufol a'orsKd;pHkrS vltrsm;ESifh? wkduf½kdufxdawGU ajymqkdaqG;aEG;jcif;onfom
rsm;ESifh vli,frsm;u trSefwu,f acgif; taumif;qH;k jzpfygonf/ tjcm;tpm;xk;d p&m r&Syd g/
aqmifMuonfom jzpfygonf/ wwd,taeESifh? uRefawmfwkdY\bdZeufvkyfief;rsm;? tokdif;t
Ekid if o
H m;wpfa,muftaeESi?hf ppfyJG 0kdif;rsm;? bk&m;ausmif;rsm;? (okrYd [kw)f ausmif;om;vli,ftzGYJtpnf;rsm;
wpfyGJwkdufzkdY uRefawmfwkdY rJqE´ ay;vkduf ukd? a&&SnfwnfweYfckdifNrJaom zGHUNzdK;a&; ta&;awmfBuD;\u@tcsKdUwGif?
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d
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zGHUNzdK;a&;ukd axmufcHvQifrl? acgif;aqmif wkdufzsufa&;twGuf tm;oGefcGefpkduf BudK;yrf;aeMuolrsm; yg0ifonf/
rsm;u uRefawmfwkdYaemuf vkdufvmNyD;? qkdvmpGrf;tif us,fus,fjyefYjyefY toHk;jyKEkdifa&;twGuf? ykdvD,kda&m*g
trSefpifppf? Nird ;f csr;f a&;vrf;aMumif;ukd &SmazGawGU&SEd ikd f tjrpfjzwfEdkifa&;twGuf? wufwuf<u<uvIyf&Sm;aeMuolrsm;vnf; yg
ayvdrrhf nf/ uReaf wmfww Ydk pfawGwiG f qkd onf/ ppfrSefaomacgif;aqmifrI qkdonfrSm? vufawGUvIyf&Sm;rIxJwGif
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifu cJhyg vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;rsm;xJokdY? yg0ifaqmif om &SdEkdifygonf/ aemufqHk;taeESifh? uRefawmfwkdY\ Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;ukd
tajymif;tvJukd &GufEkdifonfhtcef;u@ &Sdovkd? acgif; &moDOwktajymif;tvJ? qif;&Jrw I u dk zf suaf &;paom urÇmvH;k csDta&;t&m
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vlxk\wdrf;ñGwfrIaemufokdh
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vkdufygaqmif&Gufjcif;om wGifaomfvnf;aumif;? pmzwfjcif;jzihf ygonf/
jzpfonf/ aomfvnf;aumif;? 0uf(b)qkdufrSaomf obm0ywf0ef;usifudpö? vlOD;a&udpö? qif;&JrIudpö? urÇmvHk;csD
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taeESifh jzpfEkdifvQif c&D;oGm;zkdYvkdygonf/ us,fqHk;pdefac:csufrsm;jzpfovkd? uRefawmfwkdYtwGuf pdwfvIyf&Sm; &ifckef
vlxku OD;aqmifonfom tvGet f uRq H if;&Jr?I (odrYk [kw)f opfawm p&mtaumif;qHk; tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY
jzpfonf/ jyKef;wD;rI? (okdYr[kwf) e,l;atmfvif;rS wpfawGrSm? tvGeftuRHqif;&JrIukd qHk;cef;wkdifapEkdifonfhrsKd;quf jzpfyg
„„ obm0tzsut f iftm;pkrsm;rSm? uReaf wmf onf/ &moDOwktajymif;tvJ'Da&BuD;udk? arSmufvSefajymif;vJapEdkif
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wkdY touf&Sifaexkdif&aomurÇmBuD;rSm?
„„ olwkdYajymovkd trSefyif aMumufp&mBuD;
avm.../ trSefyif tEÅ&m,frsKd;pHkjzifh
>yrf;wD;vsuf &SdaeNyDavm.../
þar;cGe;f ukd tajzxkwEf idk &f ef? rm
&Dvif;wuúov dk rf S okawoDwpfp\ k qm
aA;wpfckukd azmfjyvkdygonf/ tqkdygqm
aA;\awGU&Sdcsufrsm;t&? yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
jzpfyGm;aom ppfyJGrsm;\ta&twGufrSm?
1980 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;\ tv,favmuf
rSpí? ododomomusqif;oGm;onf[k
56
qkdygonf/ urÇmvHk;twkdif;twm tMurf;zufwkdufckdufrIrsm;ukd? umv
tavQmuf tqifhcGJjcm;MunhfvkdufvQif? vuf&SdtajctaerSm 1950 jynfh
vGefESpfrsm;aemufykdif; tedrfhqHk;tqifhwGif&Sdaeonf[kvnf;? wGufcsufjy
onf/ vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; tMurf;zufrIaMumifh aoqHk;oltm;vHk;\
80% rSm? tmz*efepöwefEiS hf tD&wfrjS zpfaeonfuadk wGU&onf/ þa'o
rsm;rSm ppfZkefrsm;jzpfí? ppfyGJtwGif; aoqHk;rIEIef;t&ajym&vQif 20&mpk
yxrwpf0ufxuf tqrsm;pGmenf;ygonf...pojzifh? azmfjyxm;onf/
þoufaoom"ursm;ukd tuk;d tum;jyKNy;D ? [m;Awfwuúov dk f ygarmu©
pwDAifyifumu? ,ckvkd aumufcsufcsvdkufonf/ ]'DaeYumv [m?
vlUorkdif;wpfavQmufrSm tNidrf;csrf;qHk;umvvkdYawmif? qkdEkdifavmuf
ygw,f} [l\/
tckdiftrmtcsuftvufrsm;u þokdYazmfjyygvsuf? ]uRefawmfwkdY
wpfawGrSm xdwfvefYwkefvIyfzG,f&m acwfqkd;BuD;wGif aexkdifaeMu&yg
onf}[k? tb,fhaMumifh csJUum;ajymqkdaeMuygoenf;/ jzpfEkdifp&m&Sdonfh
tajzwpfckrSm? tMurf;zufrI'Da&tuswGif tifazmfar;&Sif;'Da&u ayguf
uGJvQHusvmjcif;? jzpfaumif;jzpfygvdrhfrnf/ NyD;cJhaom ESpfaygif; 20twGif;
arG;zGm;vmcJah om tifazmfar;&Si;f awmfveS af &;u? urÇmt&yf&yfrS owif;
rsm;ukdomru ykdíta&;BuD;onfh yHk&dyfrsm;ukdyg? uRefawmfwkdYa&SUarSmufokdY
o,faqmifay;cJhonf/ csufcsif;jzpf-csufjcif;ysHYvmaomyHk&dyfrsm;ESifh 24
em&Dywfv;kH vnfywfaeonfo h wif;puf0ef;rsm; aygif;pyfro
d nfEiS ?hf tpOf
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wD;ay;ovkd jzpfvmawmhonf/ omref &moDOwkazmufjyefrIwkdif;onf
yif? q,fpkESpf\ tjyif;xefqHk;rkefwkdif;BuD; jzpfvm&onf/ AHk;aygufuGJrI
wkdif;onf ta&;BuD;aomMum;jzwfowif;awG jzpfvm&onf/ tqkdyg
tifazmfar;&Sif;awmfvSefa&;BuD;u? topftopfrsm;ukd o,faqmifvm
onfESifhtrQ owif;axmufrsm;? wDADGy&dowfrsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;? pm
zwfolrsm;rSmvnf; topfukd ydkíqmavmifvmovkd? opfoxuf opf
atmif rdwfuyfvdrf; yef;yefvkyfvmMuonf/
1970 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;u? vlaygif; 2 oef;rQaoqHk;cJh&aom tif'dk
csKdif;em;ppfyGJ taMumif;ukd? xkdpOfu wDADGzefom;jyifay:wGif aeYpOfjrifcGifh
MunhfcGifh&cJhonf r[kwfyg/ aemif q,fESpftMumjzpfyGm;cJhaom? tD&ef-
tD&wfppfyGJtwGif; uEÅm&oJjyifMum;wGif aoausysufpD;cJh&aom yHk&dyf
57
rsm;ukdvnf;? b,folrS aeYpOfapmifhMunfhcJhMuonf r[kwfyg/ tvm;wl
oef;ESifhcsDaoMu&aom uGef*kdjynfwGif;ppftaMumif;udkqkdvQif? rqkdp
avmufrQom odcjhJ rifcMhJ uygvdrrhf nf/ okEYd iS w hf idk f ,aeYtcgwGiu f m;? urÇm
BuD;\axmifhwkdif;ae&mwkdif;rS tMurf;zufrIrsKd;pHkukd? wpfae&m&mrS wpfpHk
wpfa,mufu csucf si;f owif;? csucf si;f yH&k yd rf sm;jzifh urÇmtESUH jzefcY sad eNyD
jzpfygonf/
rD',D myH&k yd rf sm;wGif edpö"l0qko
d vkad wGUae&aom qkcd yhJ gtMurf;zuf
rIrsm;rSm? &ufpufMurf;MuKwfonfESifhtrQ ]raumif;olxdyf? aumif;olxdyf}
qkdovkd jzpfaeawmh&m? ]b,faeYrsm; ightvSnfhjzpfavrvJ} qkdaom pdk;
&drfpdwfu? y&dwfowf&ifxJokdY wkd;0ifvm&awmhonf/ trSefpifppf? tar
&duefwpfa,muftwGuf tMurf;zufwkdufckdufrIaMumifh aoqHk;Ekdifaom
tvm;tvmxuf? rdrda&csKd;cef;xJrS a&csKd;uefxJwGif a&epfaoEkdifonfh
tvm;tvmu? tqrsm;pGmykdrsm;ygonf/ okdYjzpfvihfupm;? b,folrqkd
a&csKd;uefxJwGif tylyifuif;uif;a&csKd;EkdifMuonfhwkdif? b,folrS bif
vm'ifwapä tajcmufrcH&bJ? tjyifrxGuf&Jjzpfaeawmhonf/
þokq Yd o
dk nfEiS ?hf uReaf wmfww Ydk iG f rnfonhNf crd ;f ajcmufrrI Qr&S?d rnf
onhftEÅ&m,frQr&Sd[k? qkdvkdonfawmhr[kwfyg/ uRefawmfwkdY&ifqkdifae&
aom Ncdrf;ajcmufrIESifhtEÅ&m,frsm;um;? trSefyif &Sdoavmuf &Sdygonf/
bmoma&;tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuf0g'Drsm;rSm? trSefyif&ufpufMurf;
MuKwfvSygonf/ rnfonhfae&mwGifrqkd tjypfrJht&yfom;rsm;ukd wkduf
ckdufowfjzwfvkdonfhqE´rsm;? olwdkYwGif&SdaeMuqJ jzpfygonf/ okdYESifhwkdif?
þokdYaomppfaoG;<ursm;ESifh taocHAkH;cJGa&;orm;rsm;rSm wpfurÇmvHk;
twkdif;twm? 1.3 bDvD,HrQ&Sdaom rGwfpvifbmom0ifrsm;\ tvGef
ao;i,faom tpdwftykdif;rQom jzpfygonf/ tu,fí? tqkdyg tMurf;
zuf0g'Drsm;vufxJokdY EsLuvD,mvufeufrsm; a&mufoGm;cJhvQif? ykdíyif
tEÅ&m,fBuD;Ekdifygonf/ okdYESifhwkdif? urÇmEkdifiHtoD;oD;rS tpkd;&rsm;\
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIu? ¤if;wkdYay: xdxda&mufa&muf atmifyGJqifEdkifcJhNyD
jzpfygonf/
tMurf;zuf0g'rSm oufqkd;&SnfEkdifao;onfhwkdif? tMurf;zuf0g'D
rsm;rSm wpfppDjyefYusJukefNyD[k? qkdEkdifygonf/ olwkdYtaeESifh? e,l;a,mh
arQmfpifnDaemifvkd oauFwtaqmuftODBuD;rsm;ukd? wdkufckdufEkdifonfh
tvm;tvm ododomomenf;oGm;cJhNyDjzpfonf/ okdYESifhwkdif? uzD;qkdifrsm;?
58
aps;rsm;? ajratmufblwm½kHvkdae&mrsm;wGifrl AHk;aygufcGJrIrsm; vkyfEkdifyg
ao;onf/ þokdY vkyfvmMuonfESifhtrQ? olwkdYwpfawGrSm a'ocHrsm;?
omrefrGwfpvifbmom0ifrsm;ESifh ykdíykdíuif;uGmvmMuygvdrfhrnf/
vGefcJhaom 5 ESpftwGif;? rGwfpvifEkdifiHrsm;wGif aumufcH&&Sdaom vlxk
oabmxm;ppfwrf;rsm;t&? yHpk rH sK;d pHt k Murf;zufrrI sm;ukd axmufco H l vlO;D
a&rSm tBuD;tus,fusqif;oGm;cJhNyD[k od&onf/
trSew f u,f pk;d &drzf aYdk umif;onfrmS ? qkcd yhJ gppfaoG;<u tMurf;zuf
tkyfpkrsm;\ ,ckaemufykdif;ajcvSrf;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;wkdYtaeESifh tckdif
trma'ojyóemrsm;ukd tjrwfxkwftoHk;csEkdifonf/ okdYr[kwf tckdif
trma'ocHvlrsKd;pkrsm;? *dkPf;tkyfpkrsm;rS axmufcHrI&Ekdifonfh tckdiftrm
a'orsm;wGif? jyefvnfpkpnf;rIrsm;vkyfvmMuygonf/ txl;ojzifh tpö
vmrfrpf&,f'Du,f0g'ESifh? yxeftrSwftom;EkdifiHa&;wkdY csdwfqufvm
aeonfh ygupöwefvkd? tmz*efepöwefvkd EkdifiHrsm;wGif? tajctaerSm
ykdítEÅ&m,fBuD;ygonf/ trSefpifppf? þwl½lcsufrSm ,cif *vkdb,f
oabmrsKd; r&SdawmhbJ? vkdu,foabmokdY avQmusvmjcif;jzpfygonf/
Oyrm-tD&wf&Sd t,f(v)ckdif;'g;qkdvQif? tifwDtar&durS tifwD&SD;,dkuf
jzpfvmonf/ tkpd rmbifvm'ifO;D aqmifaom t,f(v)ckid ;f 'g; A[kq d v
dk Qif
vnf;? 9/11 aemufyidk ;f rSpí ,cif ¤if;\rlvypfrw S jf zpfaom rnfonfh
taemufEdkifiH? rnfonhftm&yfEkdifiHwGifrS t"duusaomwkdufckdufrIrsm;
rvkyfEkdifawmhygacs/ okdYjzpfvifhupm;? tMurf;zuf0g'rSm vHk;0tjrpfjywf
NyD[líum;? qkdEkdifOD;rnfr[kwfyg/ wpfcsdefr[kwfwpfcsdefwGif jyefvnf
acgif;axmifvmEkdifao;onfukdrl? owdjyKMu&rnf jzpfygonf/
tcsKdUaomtkyfpkrsm;uvnf; tD&efvkdEkdifiHrsKd;ukdaxmufjyNyD;? a[mh
a[mh&rf;&rf;EkdifiHrsm;\ tEÅ&m,fuom? wu,fjyóem[k qkdvmMuyg
onf/ olwt Ydk qkd rSef,rrSefqef;ppfEkdif&ef? tqkdyg a[mha[mh&rf;&rf;EkdifiH
rsm;\tiftm;csed cf iG u f ?dk useu f rÇmEh idk if rH sm;\ qufpyftajctaeESihf EIid ;f
,SOftuJjzwfEkdifygonf/ tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;rSm tD&efxuf 65 q ykd
ygonf/ tar&du\ ppfa&;toHk;p&dwfrSmvnf;? rlvmBuD;rsm;xuf tq
aygif; 110 ykdrsm;ygonf/ tu,fí tD&eftaeESifh? ¤if;\EsLuvD,m
pDrcH suaf tmifjrifvQirf l ta&SUtv,fyidk ;f yx0DEidk if aH &;wGi?f ½Iyaf xG;rIrsm;
&SdvmEkdifygonf/ okdESifhwkdif? þjyóemrSm 20 &mpktv,fu *smreD
tiftm;BuD;vmjcif;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? 20 &mpk 'kwd,wpf0ufu
59

,aeYtiftm;BuD;rm;vmaom
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„„
60
qkAd D,uf,leD,H\ MoZme,fy,fcsJUxGifrI
ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? EIdif;,SOfMunhfvkduf
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yg/ eD,dkuGefqmaA;wpftcsKdU tuJjzwf
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om jzpfzkdYrsm;ygonf/
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,cif tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOf
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aMumif;twkdif; csDwufaeonfukd? &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;awGUEkdifygonf/ ykdí
tm;ESifhrmefESifhcsDvmaom ½k&Sm;yifvQif? ,cif *&dwfyg0grsm;ESifh,SOfvkduf
vQif? ydkrkdaysmhaysmif;onf[kqkdEkdifygonf/ rsufarSmufacwf tiftm;csdef
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[líyif? qkdEkdifavmufygonf/
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rdwfaqG[k yDyDoorqkdEkdifao;onfhwkdif? &efolr[kwfonfrSm aocsmyg
onf/ tcsKUd aom jyóemrsm;wGif taemufEiS t hf wl yl;aygif;aqmif&u G íf ?
tcsKUd jyóemrsm;wGirf l taemuftwGuf twm;tqD;jzpfygonf/ tu,fí
twm;tqD;jzpfvQifaomfrS? tqkdygESpfEkdifiH\ 'ku©ay;EkdifpGrf;rSm ajymy
avmufatmif BuD;rm;vSonfr[kwfyg/ ½k&Sm;\ppfa&;toHk;p&dwfrSm
61
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uyfvmOD;rnfhtaetxm;yif &Sdonf/ þokdYaom t&yf&yftajctae
atmufwGif? tar&duvGefurÇm jzpfvmonfhwkdif? tar&duefrsm;twGuf
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twkdif;qkdvQif? ppfyGJaMumifh tpkd;&tzGJUrSm rxdwfomrvefYom jzpfcJh&
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tD&wfppfyGJESifh ywfoufvQifvnf;? xkdenf;vnf;aumif;om jzpfyg
62
onf/ tm;vH;k odMuonft h wkid ;f ? tD&wfppfyrJG mS jynfwiG ;f wGif euf½idI ;f &Snf
Mumaom uaomif;ueif; tajctaeBuD;wpf&yfukd jzpfay:apovkd?
tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if rH sm;ukv d nf; ppfab;'kuo © nfEpS o f ef;ausmjf zif?h 'kuy© ifv,f
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rnf[k? uRefawmftygt0if trsm;u wGufqcJhMuygonf/
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tcg? txifESifhtjrifvGJaeonfukd tHhMopGmawGUvkduf&ygonf/ uRefawmf
a&mufav&mwGif? tar&duefEkdifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDukd a'gowBuD;a0zef
aeMuolrsm;ESifh awGUcJh&onfhwkdif? olwkdYtm;vHk;rSm at;at;aq;aq;yif
jzpfonf/ ta&SUtv,fyidk ;f Ekid if t H rsm;pk\ pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; pef;yGiv hf suf
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63

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urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;pepftay: tBuD;tus,foufa&mufrI &Sdvmjcif;jzpfyg
65
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ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfygonf/ orkdif;\a&SmifwcifjzpfrI[k qkd&rnfvm;
rod/ NyD;cJhaom&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; urÇmhtcsrf;omqHk;EkdifiHBuD;rsm;rSm vlOD;
a&tm;jzifh tenf;qHk;EkdifiHawGom jzpfcJhonf/ 'def;rwfwGifvlOD;a& 5.5
oef;om&Sdí? aemfa0wGif 16.6 oef;om&Sdonf/ þolaX;tkyfpkEkdifiHrsm;
wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonfom vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfNyD;? obm0
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wpfckjzpfygap 2.5 bDvD,Hqdkaom ajr§mufazmfudef;BuD;ESifh ajr§mufvkduf
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BuD;xJrS? odomxif&Sm;aom ZmwfuGufwpfckrQom jzpfygonf/ w½kwfESifh
tdEd́,rStyjzpfaom usefEkdifiHaygif;rsm;pGmwGifvnf;? tvm;wltiftm;pk
rsm; tvm;wlvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif? tm;aumif;armif;oef avQmufvSrf;
66
vmaeMuonfudk awGUEkid yf gonf/ wk;d wufvmaom pD;yGm;a&;? Ek;d Mum;vm
aom vlYtzGJUtpnf;? &Sifoefwuf<uaom ,Ofaus;rI"avhESifh jrifhrm;vm
aom trsKd;om;a&;*kPfodu©mwkdY jzpfygonf/ wpfckawmh&Sdonf/ tqkdyg
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ukd? þae&mwGif Mum;jzwfwifjyvkdygonf/ vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,f
avmufu? w½kwjf ynfoYdk uReaf wmfa&mufomG ;cJ&h m &Se[ f idk ;f NrKd U tifwmeuf
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o½kyfukd? uRefawmfyDyDjyifjyif jrifvkduf&ygonf/ uRefawmfa&muf&Sdae
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avm..? uRefawmfha&SUrSvli,fav;onfaum bmvifrS *smrefvli,f
avm ..? &Sef[kdif;rS w½kwfuav;avm..? uRefawmfrSm Za0Z0gjzpfusef
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67
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av;wpm;qufqHrIukd? awmif;qkdvmvdrfhrnfvnf; jzpfygonf/ ajym&
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a&SUwef; r[kwf/ t&HppfaMumif;om jzpfonf/ yGJvrf;BuD;wpfckvHk;xJrS
yGJajr§mifom jzpfonf/ *smrefwyfzGJUtm;vHk;\ av;yHkoHk;yHkrSm? ½k&Sm; wyfeD
awmfESifh xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifcJh&aom? ta&SUbufppfrsufESmwGifom &Sdonf/
ppftwGi;f *smreDbufrt S ustqH;k \ 70% rSmvnf;? tqkyd g ta&SUbuf
ppfrsuEf mS wGio f m jzpfonf/ 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D \ ppfe,f0ef;wpfcv k ;kH wGif
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ESmwGifom wkdufckdufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf.. pojzifh qkdygonf/
ajym&vQif? wpfckwnf;aom jzpf&yfukd o½kyfxifMu&mrSmyif? rwl
aom trsKd;om;a&;tjrifrsm;t&? ZmwfaMumif;jyef rluGJawG rMucPqkd
68
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69

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„„
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71
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72
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73

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„„
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75
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BudKqkdMu&ef? acwfopfurÇmBuD;xJokdY &J&Jwkd;0ifMu&ef? uRefawmfwkdY\
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atmifjrifrIvQLdU0Sufcsufrsm;ukd avhvmoif,lMu&ef? rjywfwkdufwGef;cJh (Nargis cyclone)
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jyefvefYaeMuonf/ rdrdtkdif'D,mrsm;tay:rSmyif ,HkMunfrIaysmufqHk;
ovkd jzpfvmMuonf/
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76 77
 em *pf ukd,f awGY
owif;ESix
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ajy;vTm;aeonf/ udk&D;,m;um;udkMunfhvdkuf? atmufajcüajy;aeaom
owif;udk MunfhvdkufESifhvkyfaepOf? avawGrdk;awGjyif;xefvmonf/ at;
vmí tuFsDxlESifh*smuif0wfNyD; &kyfjrifoHMum;MunfhaepOf? wlrjzpfolu
pdk;&drfí ½kyfjrifoHMum;udkydwfvdkufonf/ pma&;olvnf; raeEdkif? a&'D,dk
av;udkzGifhNyD; em;axmifonf/
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'dkif;ceJ rdk;BudK;ypfoHvdkvdkMum;vdkufNyD;? pma&;ol\a&'D,dkvnf; bmoHrQ
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BudK;u? a&'D,dkavvIdif;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufovm;vdkY? xifrdonf/ avu
tawmfjyif;xef&m pma&;oltdrfa&SUwHcg; w½kwfuyfrSefwpfcsyf uGJoGm;
onf/ odyfrMumygav oGyfjym;vGifhoHawG Mum;&onf/ xifonfhtwdkif;
vnf; rSefonf/ rEÅav;vrf; pma&;olwdkYaeaomwdkuf\ &Spfxyfacgifrdk;
rS? oGyfjym;awG pavmif;awG yGifhvefxGufukefonf/ oGyfjym;ysH pavmif;
ysHawG nHaeonf/
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r0ifatmift0wfrsm;ESifhydwfqdkUMuonf/ acgifrdk;rS oGyfjym;awG rdk;ay:
78
ysHaeonfrSm w0kef;0kef;yif/
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"m;rwpfacsmif;? tdrfa&SUü "m;rwpfacsmif; vdkufaxmifaeonfudk
awGU&onf/ ][... bmvkyfwmvJ}[k ar;&onf/ ]'gavmuf
avwdkufaewm vJukefrSmaygh} [k? atmfrdonf/ ]&Sif bmodvJ?
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3 &ufaeU reuf 11 em&DxdMumatmif? &efukefNrdKUodkU0ifarToGm;
&m? tcsdeftawmfMumonf[k qd&k rnf/ ZeD;om "m;r raxmifxm;
vQi?f onfxufrsm; ydkMumavrvm;[kawG;NyD;? NyHK;rd&ao;onf/
pma&;olwdkUaexdkif&m rEÅav;vrf;onf ajrmif;ESifhrsOf;NydKif jzpf
av&m? rkd;awGwtm;&Gmojzifh? tukefa&vQHukefonf/
qdkifuvkefrkefwdkif; NidrfoGm;aomtcgwGif? wpf&yfuGufvHk;
vrf;rwdkUü a&awGvQHaeavNyD/ av,rdk;NidrfoGm;aomtcg tcef;eD;
em;csif;awG vrf;ay:qmaA;vkyfMuonf/ yGJMunfhovdk pma&;ol
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79
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a,mufu ar;vmonf/ ]'Drkefwdkif;udk bmjzpfvdkY em*pfvdkYac:wmvJ}wJh/
pma&;olu? tar&duefbufrSwdkufonfh qkdifuvkef;wdkUudk [m&D
udef;vdkYac:NyD;? tm&Sbufwdkufonfh avrkefwdkif;wdkYudk wdkifzkef;vdkYac:Mu
aMumif;/ qdkifuvkef;wdkif;rSm emrnfawGay;xm;aMumif; ajymjyNyD;? ,ck
wdkufonfhqdkifuvkef;udk bmaMumifh em*pfvdkUay;rSef; aoaocsmcsm rod
aMumif;/ wpfcgu tvGefemrnfBuD;onfh tdEd́,½kyf&Sifrif;orD; em*pfudk
awmh Mum;zl;aMumif;/ vlut kd pGjJ yKac:wmvm;? [dEL´ ewfb&k m; wpfyg;yg;udk
tpGJjyKac:wmvm;awmhrodaMumif; ajymjy&onf/
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wdwb f ufrrS ek w f ikd ;f wdUk udk [m&Dued ;f [kac:Ny;D ? emrnfawGay;xm;Muonf/
trsKd ;tpm;(category)ig;rsKd ; cGjJ y&m? wpfrsKd ;pDtvdu k f bm½drk uf&pfzt d m;udk
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wdkufcwfonf/ yOörtrsdK;tpm;ü wpfem&D 155 rdkifEIef;ausmf wdkufcwf
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wpfa,muf\pum;ESiahf jym&vQi?f ]uReaf wmf tck touf 50 ausmfygNyD/ Almanac üaz:jyxm;jcif; r&Sa d y/ pma&;oltxifü [dEL´ ewfb&k m;
wpfcgrS 'Dvdkrkefwdkif;rsKd;rBuHKcJhzl;ygbl;} [k ajymavmufatmifBuD;onf/ wdkYudktpGJjyKNyD; ]em*pf} vdkYay;ovm;vdkY xifaMumif;? ar;oltm;
cyfjzef;jzef;ajym&onf/ em*pfNidrfoGm;awmh pma&;ol jrefrmh*kPf
bBu;D awGY z;l ovm; &nfvrf;buf a&mufoGm;onf/ 'l;xdatmif a&awGjrKyfaeNyD; opf
Time Almanac ü 1953 ckESpf ae&Sife,f[m&Dudef;A[dktzGJUu? yifudkif;wdkUu a&xJpD;aeonf/ vrf;ay:xGufMunfh&onfrSm bm
twåvefwdwfrS [m&Dudef;wdkUudk emrnfay;cJhonf/ þtzGJUuay;cJhaom qdkifrsm;zGifhovJ[k od&Sd&efjzpfonf/ rkefwdkif;tidkufrdoGm;ojzifh
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ckEpS tf xd [m&Dued ;f emrnfwUkd onf trsKd;orD;emrnfawGjzpfonf/ xdaYk emuf vlawG 'l;avmufa&xJvm&if; wdk;0,fjyefMuonf/ acgufqGJ
[m&Dudef;emrnfwdkYudk? trsKd;om;emrnfwpfvSn,fh trsKd;orD;emrnf wpf ajcmufESifhaygifrkefY ukefoGm;ojzifh? aysmfbG,frkefU<uyfESpfxkyf0,fNyD;
vSn?hf wpfvn S phf aD jymif;ay;onf/ ,ckvuf&üdS [m&Dued ;f emrnf ajcmuf 94 vrf;axmifv h ufzuf&nfqikd u f vufzuf&nfa&mif;ojzif?h vuf
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udk jyefvnfoHk;pGJEdkifonf/ wpfO;D u? pma&;ol txufwiG af jymonft h wdik ;f ? olUwpfouf wpf
[m&Dudef;rkefwdkif; twdkufcH&aomEdkifiHonf? twdkufcH&pOf t cgrQrawGUzl;bl;[kajymonf/ ]bBuD;aumawGUzl;ovm;} ar;ojzif?h
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tjcm;emrnfwpfrsKd;udk ay;Edkifonf/ xJom jyefjrifro d nf/ xdo
k Ul udak wmh jyefrajymjyvdkufyg/
80 81
 owif;ESix
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aomtaMumif;t&m jzpfvdrfhrnf[k xifvkdufrdonf/ yef;Nidrf;aus;&Gm wmxdyfrSmaeygw,f/

armifpl;prf; ar; rdom;pkb,fESpfa,muf&SdvJ/

6 ar 2008 ajz ajcmufa,muf/ oHk;a,muf&Sifw,f/ taz&,f? tar&,f?
10 ESpfom; armifav;&,f rkefwkdif;xJrSmaooGm;wm/ tazh t
avmif;yJ jyefawGUw,f/ aqGrsKd;awGvnf; tm;vHk;aoukefw,f/
82 83
 ar; orD;wkdY oHk;a,muftwlwl ajy;wmvm;/
ajz [kwfw,f/ orD;wkdYoHk;a,muf rcGJbl;/ orD;armifav;udk orD;
yku
d Nf y;D ? vufwpfzufu nDrav;uku d idk x
f m;wm/ orD; vufrvTwf
bl;/ aoao&Sif&SifqkdNyD; ukdifNyD;ajy;wm/
ar; u,fq,fa&;pcef;rSm yef;Nidrf;uvlawG awGYvm;/
ajz awGUw,f/ yef;Nidrf;u wpf&GmvHk;ygoGm;wm/ vl&mausmf&Sdwm 12
a,mufyJ&Sifw,f/ 12 a,mufxJrSm rdef;ru orD;wkdYeJYqkd oHk;
a,mufyt J ouf&iS w
f ,f/ uav;xJrmS vnf; orD;wkYd oH;k a,mufyJ
touf&iS w f m/ yef;Nird ;f u aqGrsK;d awGtm;vH;k aoukefw,f/
ar; u,fq,fa&;pcef;a&mufNyD; orD;wkdhukd bmawGa0ay;vJ/
ajz qefa0w,f/ qeffjyKwfa0&ifawmh oGm;awmif;Ny;D ? orD;wkYd rQpm;
w,f/ orD;u 500? orD; nDrav;eJYarmifav;u wpfa,muf
250 eJY wpfaeY wpfaxmif&w,f/ &wm rMumao;bl;/ orD;
ar; touf&iS af ewJh armifav;eJY nDrav;&JU toufeeYJ mrnf ajymjyay;ygO;D / armifav;ukd ykdufqH&Sd&if rkefY0,fauR;w,f/ xrif; aeYwkdif;
ajz nDrav;u at;jrrGef 6 ESp?f armifav;u &Jxufausmf 3ESpyf g/ pm;&ygw,f/
ar; orD; ausmif;wufvm;/ ar; armifav;ukd aq;cef;vmjywmvm;/
ajz rwufb;l / orD;atmufu 10 ESpf armifav;u ausmif;wufw,f/ ajz [kwfw,f&Sifh/ armifav; aeraumif;vkdY q&mrvmjywm/ q&mr
orD;u taraumufpkduf&if armifav;xdef;ay;&w,f/ ay;wJh "mwfqm;a&awmif rukeaf o;bl; raeYnurS pjzpfwm/
ar; rkefwkdif;wkdufwJUaehujzpfpOf orD;odoavmuf ajymjyygvm;/ wpfcsdefvHk; tefaewm/ reufusawmh armifav;u rkeq Yf idk u
f dk
ajz tJ'DaeYu orD;wkdYarmifESr av;a,muf&,f? tar&,f tdrfrSm vufnd§K;xk;d ayr,fh rauR;Ekid b f ;l / ck wtm;tefaevkYd vmjywm/
&Sdaew,f/ rkefwkdif;rwkdufcif taru tazqDu qefoGm;,lwm/ ar; orD;bmajymcsifao;vJ/
tarvnf;jyefa&mufa&m rkefwkdif;wkdufwmyJ/ avrkefwkdif;aMumifh ajz nDrav;eJY armifav;ukd orD; wwfEkdiforQumuG,af y;r,f/ orD;
orD;wkdYtdrfBuD; NydKoGm;a&m? NydKvJNydKa&m taru tazhukdoGm;ac: wkuYd dk q&mru vmac:r,fw/hJ ckq&mru tusÐvuf&Snf 0rf;
r,fqkdNyD;? orD;wkdYukdxm;cJhwm/ olrsm;tdrfu ta':Bu;D awG tdrf qufwpfpHk&,f? armifav;twGuf apmif&,f tusÐwpfxnf&,f
awGNyKd awmh ajy;Muwmvnf;jrifa&m? orD;wdYk armifErS av;a,muf 0,fay;w,f/ vlBu;D awGu ajymawmhajymw,f/ 'gayrJh orD; bmrS
vnf; xGufajy;Muw,f/ orD;armifav;ukd vlBuD;wpfa,mufu rvkyfwwfbl;/
ac:oGm;wm aooGm;w,f/ rk;d csKyaf v a&u wufvmavyJ/ orD; jrESif;at;
wkv Yd nf; rajy;wwfawmhb;l / opfyifay:wufwm b,fvrdk S wuf
vkdYr&bl;/ aemufqHk; orD;wkdY a&xJrSmjrKyfvu dk af y:vku
d ef YJ yef;Nird ;f
u OD;Bu;D wpfa,mufu? orD;wku Yd dk uke;f ay:wifay;wm/ wifay; ( The Voice Weekly , IV, xxi, Monday, May 26, 2008 rS
NyD;? olYukd vIdif;u½kdufcsoGm;wm? a&xJu jyefay:rvmawmhbl;/ ul;,lazmfjyygonf)
rkd;vif;rS tavmif;awGUwm/
84 85
 em * pf ES ifU q uf p yf t a wG ; rsm ;

uyfab; 14 yg;ESifU
,kww
dÅ &m;
OD;csrf;at;

uyfw&m;rsm; tusK;d qufawG arG;xkwo

f nf/ Consequences in Global [kac:onf/
Apocalypse qkdaom pum;onf? urÇmysufudef; umvysufudef; wjcm;pDomc&D;oGm;onf tjyeftvSef tusKd;jznfhqnf;rIum; jyif;xef
tjzpf? bmomw&m;wkdYu a[mMuonf/ þxuf t&G,ftpm;i,fvQif? onf /
Catastrophe Bu;D rm;vSaomuyfab;[k oH;k pGo J nf/ tcsKUd bmomu uyfBu;D
oH;k yg;? tcsKUd bmomu uyfBu;D av;yg;ponfjzihf? trsK;d rsK;d a[monf/ c&pf uyf 14 yg;
,mefbmomü uyfBuD;av;yg;ukd? jrif;pD;ol&Jav;a,muftjzpf wifpm; 21 &mpkü jzpfyGm;onfh? jzpfyGm;rnfhuyfBuD;wkdYonf? atmufyg
onf / twkdif; jzpfonf/
jrif;pD;ol&Jav;OD;onf jrif;ukd NydKifwlpD;Muonf r[kwf/ wpfae&m (1) urÇm&h moDOwkuyfab; t&G,af jymif;vJrI
wnf; OD;wnfpD;onfr[kwf/ vrf;trsKd;rsKd; cGJpD;Muonf/ umvtrsKd;rsKd; (Cata-strophic Global Changes in climate)
tcsed t f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh c&D;ESio
f nf/ jrif;pD;ol&aJ v;OD;tjzpf wifpm;aom uyf (2) jrpfacsmif;ESifh a&atmif;vTm cef;ajcmufrI
BuD;av;yg;rSm (3) yifv,fork'&´ mwküYd ouf&rdS sm; ysupf ;D rI
(1) obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f (4) zGUJ pnf;rInzhH si;f aomEkid if w H w
Ydk iG f vltrsm;tjym; iwfrw G af cgif;yg;rI
(2) ppf (5) a&m*gtopfrsm;jzpfay:í wm;qD;vkdYr&atmif ul;pufjcif;
(3) pD;yGm;ysufuyfESifh (6) cku d ;dk &mrJEh idk if w
H o
Ydk nf? tvGeq f ;dk &Gm;aom qif;&JraJG wrIab;xJ?
(4) a&m*gab;tEÅ&m,fwkdYjzpfMuonf/ usa&mufoGm;jcif;
odjYk zif?h ,ck þuyfBu;D av;yg;jzifo h m 21 &mpkEpS \ f teuft"dymÜ ,f (7) ajymif;a&TUtajccsaexkdifrIrsm;? urÇmwpf0ef;ü rwm;Ekdif
ukd? azmfaqmifvYkd &, r& ar;cGe;f xkwv f monf/ uyfab;onf av;yg;xuf rqD;Ekdif? jzpfay:jcif;
ykad csNy/D vlrEI iS o hf bm0odyyHÜ nm&Siw f u Ydk ? 21 &mpkEpS \
f xl;jcm;rIEiS hf teuf (8) vlawG tajrmuftjrm;aoapEkdifaom vufeufrsm;? xkwf
t"dymÜ ,fudk aqmifMuOf;rnft h a&;wko Yd nf? 14 yg;&Sv d rd rhf nf[k wGujf yxm; vkyrf Ip&dwf oufomvmjcif; (Weapons of mass destruc-
Muonf/ jrif;ppfonfawmf av;OD;r[kwf/ 14OD;jzpfonf/ jrif;onfawmf tion becoming inexpensive)
14 OD;onf ukd,fhvrf;ESifhukd,f oD;jcm;pDc&D;oGm;Muaomfvnf;? urÇmvH;k csD (9) tpGe;f a&muftMurf;zufrEI iS hf qif;&JraI wG xlxyfaygrsm;aom
86 87
 wJtdrfpkrsm; BuD;xGm;vmjcif;
(10) tMurf;zuf taocHA;kH cGw J u
dk cf udk o
f w
l u
Ydk dk trsm;tjym;
pk½kH;odrf;qnf;jcif;
(11) EsLuvD,m;ESifhZD0vufeufoHk; tMurf;zuf0g'
(12) rGwq f vifEiS hf c&pf,mefwMYdk um; bmoma&;ppfyJG
(13) EsLuvD,m;ESifh ZD0vufeufoHk;urÇmppfBuD; jzpfzkdY
jzpfEkdifajctvm;tvmESifh
(14) tpGe;f a&mufoyd yHÜ nmu tEÅ&m,fopfrsm;arG;xkwjf cif;
(Exposure From Extreme Science to new Dangers)
wkdY[líjzpfonf/
oEd|é mef jyif;xef
uyfab;qkdufjcif;ukd acsmufurf;yg;BuD;xJ usa&mufjcif;
tjzpf wifpm;onf/ þuyfBuD; 14 yg;onf 21 &mpkESpf ESpf0ufü
ay:Ekdifaom acsmufBuD;rsm; (Midcentury Canyon)wkdY jzpfonf/
&moDOwkzpd ;D rIEiS hf vlO;D a&xlxyfrI aygif;qHrk ad omtcgwGi?f acsmuf
u tawmf BuD;Ekdifonf/ okdYjzpf&m? þuyfab;BuD;wkYdukd ajz&Sif;
&efenf;vrf;awG &S,d r&S?d tajzawG &Sd, r&Sd ar;cGef;xkwfMuonf/
enf;vrf;awG? tajzawG &SMd uonf/ jyóemrSm apmapmajz
&Si;f &ef jzpfonf/ BuKd wifajz&Si;f Ekid &f ef jzpfonf/ jzpfrS tajz&Smwm
rsKd;awG rjzpfxkduf/ enf;vrf;ESifh tajz&SmazG&efwkYd aemufusvQif
ykdqdk;&Gm;Ekdifonf/ EsLuvD,m;vufeufESifh ZD0vufeufwkdYukdom
toH;k jyKí wku d Mf ucku
d Mf uaomppfyrJG sK;d uk?d a&Smif&mS ;Ekid of nf[k ajym
Ekdifonf/
okdYaomf? &moDOwkazmufjyefrIrsKd;wkdYukdrl BudKwifod&Sd&ef t
vGecf ufco J vk?d BuKd wifwm;qD;&efvnf; tvGecf ufonf/ uyfab;
wGif vluzefw;D aomuyfab;ESi?hf obm0uzefw;D aomuyfab;wkYd
[lí ESprf sK;d &Sad v&m? vluzefw;D aomuyfab;wku Yd dk ykíd vG,u f pl mG
jrifEidk af omfvnf;? obm0zefwD;aomuyfab;ESifh ¤if;wkdY\tusKd;
qufwkdYukd BudKwifjrifEkdif&ef cufcJvSonf/
rnfokdYyifjzpfap? uyfab;wkdYukd BudKwifjrifEkdifonfjzpfap?
rjrifEkdifonfjzpfap? uyfab;wdkY\ tpGef;a&mufqkd;&Gm;rIwkdYaMumifh?
88
vlom;wk\
Yd oEé|d mefu ykNd y;D jyif;xefvmonf/ uyfab;ESihf ¤if;rSarG;xkwf
aomjyóemwkdYukd &ifqkdifajz&Sif;&ef? oEéd|mefrsm; jyif;xefvmonf/
u½kPmESihf ppftajcpku
d f
uyfab;BuHKvQif vlvlcsif; ydkpmemMuonf/ EkdifiHtcsif;csif; ykdNyD;
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMuonf/ wpfenf;ajymvQif &efvdkrIuif;aomqufqHrI
(non hostlie relations) awG ay:vmonf/ Eki d if t
H csi;f csi;f qufqrH üI om
&efvkdrIuif;onfr[kwf/ bmomw&m;csif;? ,Ofaus;rIcsif;? qufqHrIwkdYü
vnf; &efvkdrIuif;ukefonf/ arwåmu½kPm a&SUxm;Muonf/ tjyeft
vSefav;pm;rI tjyeftvSef½kdif;yif;ulnDrIawG? us,fjyefYeuf½Idif;vmjcif;
onfyif tqkd;xJu taumif;jzpfonf/ qufvufxdef;odrf;oGm;jcif;jzifh
uyfab;wkdYukd yl;aygif;ulnDajz&Sif;Mujcif;ukd erlem,lí? urÇmhjyóem
t&yf&yfukd Nidrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;a&;qDokdY OD;wnfoGm;Ekdifonf/
'Dyvkad rpDpum;ajymvQif? azmfjycJyh g 21 &mpkEiS fh uyfab; 14 yg;onf
jzpfyGm;vQif? tvGefqkd;&Gm;pGmjzpfyGm;onf/ okdYaomf jzpfyGm;rIwkdYxJrS ]t
aysmhxnf yg0g}(Soft Power)onf tm;aumif;vmojzifh? pdwfat;p&m
&Sdonf/ uyfonf tyloabmaqmifaomfvnf;? u½kPmukd tajccHMu&
ojzifh at;onf/ þonfyif em*pfqkdifuvkef;\,kwåd jzpfonf/ tusKd;
qufjzpfonf/
orkdif;wGif vluzefwD;aomuyf(odkYr[kwf) ppfjzpfyGm;vQif tar&d
uefp;D yGm;a&;ukd ppftajccH (warfooting) ay:wGif pk½;Hk zGUJ pnf;&onf/ okjYd zifh
armfawmfum;? a&eH? ausmufrD;aoG;vkyfief;wkdYonf ppftajccHjzifzh UJG pnf;
í wk;d wufc&hJ onf/ ,ck ppfjzpfr?S pD;yGm;a&;ukd ppftajccHay: qGJwifonf
r[kwfawmh/ &moDOwk azmufjyefajymif;vJrIaMumifhvnf;? pD;yGm;a&;ukd
ppftajccHay:qGw J ifNy;D ? armif;vm&onfu h ed ;f BuKH vmNy/D odjYk zif?h obm0
uyfab;wko Yd nf Ekid if t
H csi;f csi;f ? vltcsi;f csi;f qufqaH &;ukd u½kPmay:
wGif tajcpkdufap½kHrQru? pD;yGm;a&;ukdvnf; ppftajccHay: qGJwifbdo
uJhokdY jzpfvmonf/
armifpl;prf;
Ref: The Meaning of 21st Century
89
 em * pf ES ifU q uf p yf t a wG ; rsm ;

uyfab;rSonf
tcGit
Ufausmfvrf
0if;
;ok
hd

0efcH&vQif? pma&;olrSm obm0ywf0ef;usifta&;ukd? wav;w usifqkdif&m pdefac:csufrsm;atmufwGif? tpdwfpdwft>rm>rm

eufpdwf0ifpm;ol r[kwfyg/ vlwkdY\ pm;0wfaea&;? EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
onfom vltzGJUtpnf;\y"meudpö[k? oabm,lcJhonfu rsm;ygonf/
aeyl? avyl? tnmawmwGif arG;zGm;BuD;jyif;cJholwpfa,muf jzpfonfESifh
tnD? urÇmBuD;ylaEG;vmrIESifh ywfoufvQifvnf;? ]'gav;rsm;}[k cyfaygh
aygh,q l cJo
h nfom jzpfygonf/ okEYd iS w hf idk ?f ,ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f obm0uyf
ab;Bu;D rsm;ukd qufwu dk q
f o
dk vkBd uKH c&hJ &m? (yxr qlemrD? aemuf uufx
&Dem? ,ck em*pf) qkdcJhyg taumuft,lrsm;ukd jyefpOf;pm;&rvkd &Sdvm
onf/ ,ckaemufqHk;? udk,fwkdif 'kwf'kwfxd&ifqkdifcJh&aomem*pfrSm? urÇm
BuD;ylaEG;vmrI\ tusKd;quf[laom? ylylaEG;aEG;Ekdb,fqk&Sif t,f(v)*kd;
\ aumufcsufpum;ukd Mum;&aomtcg? rpOf;pm;bJ raeEkdifawmh/
,cifu? urÇmBuD;taMumif; ajymMuqkdMu&mwGif? ]tiftm; csdef
cGif} (balance of power) taMumif;ukdom ]wnf} pOf;pm;Muonfu? rsm;
ygonf/ urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;Mum; tiftm;csdefcGifvQm tcif;tusif; onfyif?
urÇmhEkdifiHa&;½Icif;ukd yHkazmfay;aom t"dutaMumif;t&if;[k? em;vnf
cJh&onf/ ,ckaemufykdif;wGifrl? aemufxyfcsdefcGifwpfvufu ykd a&SUa&muf
vmonfukdawGU&onf/ ]pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIESifh obm0uyfab;BuD;rsm;
Mum; csdefcGif} (balance between growth and diaster) jzpfonf/ þcsed cf iG f
uko d m qufvufvspv f sL½Ixm;rnfqv dk Qi?f 21 &mpkrSm obm0ywf0ef;
90
NydKuGJoGm;Ekdifonfh *&dtvGrf;ZmwfBuD; jzpfzG,f&Sdonf[k? ]21
&mpkt"dymÜ ,f} (Meaning of 21st Century) usr;f ukjd yKpck o
hJ l *srd ;f
rmwifu? owday;xm;onf/
trSefpifppf? pma&;olwkdY t&G,fawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm?
]orkdif;\wpfckwnf;aom t<uif;rJhtrSef} (absolute truth of
history) qkdonhf tdkif'D,mrsKd;ukd? tpGJoefolawGjzpfaeNyDvm;
pOf;pm;rdonf/ rsufarSmufacwf jzpfpOfjzpf&yfrsm;url? ]pifNydKif
trSef} (parallel truth) bufokdY zkd;uyf(p)a&GUvsuf&Sdonf/ þ
pifNydKiftrSefrSm? wpfckwnf;aomtrSefavmuf &Sif;&Sif;vif;
vif;&SdvSonf r[kwf&m? ]armf'efAvHk;AaxG;} (modern inco-
herence) [k qkdMuonfrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ rwwfEkdif? acwfudk
u AvHk;AaxG;jzpfae&m t&Sif;BudKuf? tvG,fBudKufaevkdY rjzpf
awmhay/
bvdrf;*drf; r[kwf
tiftm;csdefcGifvQmwGif tusyftwnf;qkdufvmvQif?
wpfzufESihfwpfzuf? olYaMumifh? ighaMumifh? ponfjzifh ]tjypfzkdY
pum;qkdenf;} (blame game)jzifh? wHkYjyefavh&SdMuonfu rsm;
91
onf/ xm;awmh.../ obm0uyfab;qkdif&m csdefcGifvQmESifh ywfouf
vQifrl? þokdYaom bvdrf;*drf;jzifh tvkyfjzpfEkdifonf r[kwfyg/ obm0
ywf0ef;usiq f ikd &f m uyfab;Bu;D rsm;rSm? vly*k Kd¾ vwf pfO;D (odrYk [kw)f tzGUJ t
pnf;wpfckck\ ya,m*aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfr[kwf/ vlom;tm;vHk;
wGifom wm0ef&SdEkdif&m? yk*¾vdu"d|mefoabm tjypfzkdYaevkdYrjzpf? pkaygif;
wm0ef,Ml u&rnfom jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh uyfab;Bu;D rsm;\a&SUarSmuf
wGif? b0wlawGygvm;qkdaom oabmxm;ukd ESvHk;oGif;EkdifzkdY vkdrnfxif
yg onf/
em*pfveG cf gpaeYrsm;u? ]bvdr;f *dr;f } toHtcsKUd Mum;cJ&h &m? yGiyhf iG hf
vif;vif;0efcH&vQif pdwfysufrdonf/ qlemrDumvtwGif;? ESpf&Snfvrsm;
vufeufpGJukdif wkdufcdkufaeMuaom? b*Fvm;a'h&Sftpkd;&wyfzGJUrsm;ESifh
olykefwyfom;wkdY? twlvufwGJNyD; ulnDa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhMu
zl;onfukd? vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ owd&aerdonf/ aemufawmh... tpkd;&
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;a&m? tpkd;&r[kwfonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;a&m? EkdifiHwum
tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;a&m? Xmeqkid &f mrsm;a&m? yk*v ¾ u d pD;yGm;a&;ukrP Ü rD sm;a&m?
apwem&Sifvlxkrsm;yg? wufwuf<u<u ylaygif;aqmif&GufvmMuonfukd
awGU&aomtcg? jyefvnftm;wufvm&ygonf/ þ tm;wufpw d Ef iS yhf if?
zwfcJhrSwfcJhzl;aom t,ltqwpfckukd? zswfceJtrSwf&vkdufonf/
þt,ltqu vlzefwD;aomtusyftwnf;rsm;a&m? obm0
ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;wGifyg aMuuGJp&mrsm;&Sdovdk? tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf;
&So
d nf[k a[monf/ aMuuGpJ &mrsm;twGuf 0rf;enf;ylaqG;aeonfxuf?
tjypfzkdYpum;qkdMuonfxuf? tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd qkyfukdifEdkifzkdY BudK;pm;
MurnfqkdvQif? tqdk;rS taumif;okdY ajymif;vJEkdifonf[kqkdonf/ þ
t,ltqukdtajccHí ]ab;'ku©t&if;cH t&if;&Sifpepf}(Disaster Capi-
talism) qkdaom t,ltqwpf&yfyif? ay:xGufvmonf/ pdwf0ifpm;zkdY
aumif;ygonf/
ab;'kut
© &if;cH t&if;&Sipf epf
pma&;oltaejzifh? þt,ltqudk pwifjrnf;prf;cGifh&cJhonfrSm?
uufx&Demrkefwkdif;owif;ESifhtwl jzpfonf/ tm;vHk;odMuonfhtwkdif;?
uufx&DemrSm tar&duefawmifyidk ;f e,l;atmfvif;wGif 0ifarTcahJ om uyf
ab;BuD;jzpfonf/ þuyfab;BuD;wGif vltaotaysmufrsm;ovkd? t
92
aqmufttHkawG tm;vHk;eD;yg;ysufpD;ukefonf/ pmoifausmif;awGvnf;
ygonf/ e,l;atmfvif;rS pmoifausmif;awGrSm yk*¾vduykdif r[kwfao;/
tpkd;&ausmif;awG jzpfonf/ ajym&vQif ynma&;e,fy,fukd aps;uGuf
abmif roGif;&ao;onfhtaetxm; jzpfonf/
,ck uufx&DemESifhBuHK&aomtcg? qHk;½IH;epfemrI BuD;onfrSm rSef
onf/ tvGrf;Zmwfjzpfonf/ okdYaomf? tvGrf;ZmwftkwfyHkMum;rSyiftcGifh
tvrf;xGufay:vmonf/ NydKusoGm;aom tpkd;&ausmif;rsm;ae&mwGif?
csmwmausmif;rsm;jzifh tpm;xk;d Ekid o f nft h cGit
hf vrf; jzpfonf/ wpfenf;qkd
&vQif uyfab;(tqkd;)ukdt&if;cHí? aps;uGufabmifoGif;jcif;(taumif;)
ukd jrefjrefqefqefzefwD;Ekdifjcif; jzpfonf/ þonfyif? ab; 'ku©t&if;cH
t&if;&Sifpepf\ xif&Sm;aomom"u[k qkdygonf/ þonfESifhqufpyf
NyD;? em*pf'PfrS cufcJpGm½kef;x&awmhrnfh jrefrmhv,f,mpD;yGm;a&;
\tem*wfukd? pma&;olu pdwful;(,Of)Munhfrdonf/
em*pf'Pfukd tvl;tvJcHvkduf&onfrSm? jrefrmjynf\ pyg;usD[k
qkdEkdifaom {&m0wDwkdif;ESifh jrpf0uRef;ay:a'ojzpfaeonf/ jynfwGif;
jynfytiftm;pkrsm;\ yl;aygifaqmif&GufrIaMumifh? ueOD; u,fq,fa&;
vkyfief;rsm;ukd t&Sdeft[kefjzifh aqmif&GufEkdifNyDjzpfonhfwkdif? jyefvnfxl
axmifa&;twGufrl a&&SnfqufvufBudK;yrf;&ygvdrfhOD;rnf/ tpkd;&ykdif;
a&m yk*v ¾ ud bdZeufyidk ;f rSmyg? 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnzD Ydk vkyd gvdrrhf nf/ þwGif pku d f
ysKd;p&dwfESifh taxGaxGvkdtyfcsufrsm;? r,wnfay;Ekdifaom yk*¾vdu bd
Zeufyidk ;f (oD;ESwH ifyo
Ydk nfu
h rk P
Ü rD sm;? yd;k owfaq;ukrP Ü rD sm; ponfjzif)h ESi?hf
vkyt f m;ESiahf jr,mom&Sad om v,form;xkudk tpk;d &rS csw d qf uf? qufpyf
ay;Ekid vf Qif jyefvnfxal xmifa&;twGuo f mru? v,f,mvkyif ef;udk aps;
uGufabmifoGif;a&;twGufyg tusKd;rsm;vdrfhrnfxifygonf/
trSepf ifppf? þonfrmS ynm&Sirf sm;ESiahf y:vpDrw d uf mrsm;\ t
&mom jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ zwf&rSwf&oa&GU jyefvnfazmufonfcs½kHrQom
wwfEkdifaom pma&;oltaejzifh? pdwful;,OfMunhfjcif;rQom jzpfonfukd
0efcHvkdonf/
ausmf0if;
93
 em * pf ES ifU q uf p yf t a wG ; rsm ;
uyfab;ukdb,fvdk½IjrifovJ
72rlESifU tifzav;&Sif;
armifpl;prf;
em*pfqkdifuvkef; rkefwkdif;BuD;onf? {&mr BuD;rm;vSaomuyfukd
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf rBuHKpzl; arG;xkwfvkdufonf/ bmomw&m;toD;oD;ü
vnf; uyfESifhuyfausmfw&m;awG a[mxm;onf/ urÇmysufudef;? umv
ysuu f ed ;f (end of world and end of time) w&m;wku Yd dk bmomwkid ;f u a[m
xm;&m? þysufudef;wkdY\ r[maMuuGJ 0rf;enfzG,faumif;rIwkdYukdvnf;?
edrdwfzwfxm;cJhMuonf/ uyfausmfenf;wkdYukdvnf; "r®w&m;wkdYjzifh vrf;
ñTefonf/
obm0odyyHÜ nm&SiEf iS hf vlro I yd yHÜ nm&Siwf u
Ydk vnf;? urÇmysuu
umvysufudef;wkdYukd edrdwfzwfMuonf/ olwdkYu ppf(aemifqkdvQif tEkjrL
ppfy)JG ? pD;yGm;ysuu f yfEiS hf ivsi?f rkew
f idk ;f ? ul;pufa&m*g paom? obm0ab;
tEÅ&m,fwkdYonf vlom;wkdYawGU&rnfhuyfab;BuD;rsm;[k? owfrSwfxm;
onf/ þokdYowfrSwf&if;? uyfab;BuD;tvkduf yrmPukdwkdif;xGmEdiI ;f ,SOf
Munhfonf/ ppfESifhobm0ab;tEÅ&m,f (ivsif? rkefwkdif;? a&BuD;jcif;?
rk;d acgifa&&Sm;jcif;) wkEYd pS yf g;teuf? rnfonfah b;u ykNd y;D tysut
t½IH;rsm;rnfenf;[k ykpämxkwfxm;cJhonf/
þykpämESifhywfoufí? ppfonf ESpfrsKd;om&SdEkdifawmhonf/ *&dwf
yg0gcsi;f ? Ekid if t
H csi;f csi;f wkud Mf ucku
d Mf uaom ppfyrJG sK;d wko dY nf? rjzpfEikd af wmh
[k aumufcsuq f xJG m;onf/ xkaYd Mumif?h jzpfEikd af omyxrppfyo JG nf tMurf;
zuf0g'orm;wkdYu wkdufaomppfyGJ? wpfenf;ajymvQif tMurf;zuf0g'
qeYfusifa&;ppfyGJ jzpfonf/ 'kwd,ppfyGJonf ½l;½l;rkdufrdkufacgif;aqmif
94
wpfOD; (odkYr[kwf) tkyfpkwpfpk (non-state actors [kac:onf)u
tEkjrLvufeufudktoHk;jyKNyD;? ½l;½l;rkdufrkdufwkdufckdufaomppfyGJrsKd;
jzpf o nf / 'k w d , ppf y G J t rsKd ; tpm;onf ray:ayguf a o;ay/
wpfaeYjzpfvmEkid o f nf[k wGufxm;½Hkom&Sdonf/ tMurf;zuf0g'
orm;wkYdu wku d af omppfyEJG iS ?hf tMurf;zuf0g'qefu
Y siaf &;ppfyw
JG u Ydk ?
wu,fjzpfaeonf/ 9^11jzpf&yf? tmz*efppfy?JG tD&wfppfyw JG u Ydk dk
ñTef;onf/
f ed ;f ?
tmrcHukrÜPDwkdh
xkdYaMumifh ynm&SifwpfOD;u? tMurf;zuf0g'ESifhywfoufí
jzpfyGm;aomppfyGJu zefwD;aom vlawGtajrmuftjrm; aoaus
ysupf ;D qH;k ½H;I rIEiS ?hf &moDOwkab;tEÅ&m,fuyfqu dk rf uI zefw;D aom
vlawGtajrmuftjrm; aoausysufpD;rIwkdYukd EIdif;,SOfMunhf&m?
f pD; tqH;k obm0uyfab;u zefwD;aomysufpD;rIu? tMurf;zuf0g'ppfyGJu
zefwD;aomysufpD;rIwkdYxuf ydkNyD;BuD;rm;onf[k wGufjyonf/
obm0uyfab;ESifh ppfukdEIdif;,SOfí? obm0uyfab;ysufpD;rIu
ykdí BuD;us,fonf/ ysufpD;rIwGif ½kyfaum? pdwfyg yg0ifonf/
pD;yGm;a&;ysuu f yf\ ysupf ;D qH;k ½I;H rIu? vlEiS yhf pön;f tqH;k t½I;H
r&Sbd J ypön;f wefz;dk ? ½kyw f efz;kd ? pdww f efz;dk awG usqif;avsmeh nf;oGm;
jcif;ukd t"duñTe;f onf/ vlom;wko Yd nf þuyfBu;D oH;k yg; (ppf? pD;yGm;
95
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toifhjzpfMuaomolwkdYrSm tmrcHukrÜPDwkdY jzpfMuonf/ uyfab;Bu;D awGqu dk o
f nfEiS hf u,fq,fa&;ESihf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;wkdYukd
tmrcH u k r Ü P D w k d Y u ab;tEÅ & m,f t rsKd ; rsKd ; twG u f tmrcH tjrefBudK;yrf;&onf/ ao;ao;auG;auG; BuKd ;yrf;&onfr[kw/f xkxnf
vufcHonf/ þtmrcHwkdYudk tmrcHavmuü mega-cats (rD*guuf)[k Bu;D Bu;D ESiBhf uKd ;yrf;&onf/ okjYd zifh? orkid ;f wGif rm&S,fpDrHudef;vkd xkeYJxnfESifh
ac:onf/ mega-catastrophes ukd twkdcsKH;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ r[muyf u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;tBuD;pm;rsm;csrSwfí?
Bu;D rsm;[k t"dymÜ ,fxu G o f nf/ þrD*guufwx Ydk w
J iG f avrkew
f idk ;f wkv
Yd nf; aqmif&GufMuonf/ uyfab;onf {&mra&Smhcfjzpfonhftavsmuf? u,f
yg0ifav&m? a':vmbDvsH 40 zkd;ysufpD;qHk;½HI;rI&Sdvdrfhrnf[k? wGufqxm; q,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;onf {&mrjzpf&rnf/
cJo
h nf/ 2002 ckEpS üf ? avrkew f idk ;f aMumifh tysut f pD;onf? a':vm 55
bDvsHzkd;? 2003 ckESpfü a':vm 60 bDvsHzkd;txd&SdcJhonf/ ukvor*¾\ 72 rl
cefYrSef;csuft&? 2010 jynfhESpfwGif rkefwkdif;aMumifh tysuftpD; tqHk; em*pfrkefwkdif;onf rarQmfvifhaom r[ma&Smhcf (mega-shock)BuD;
t½IH;wefzkd;onf? a':vm 150 bDvsHausmf &Sdrnf/ jzpfonf/ a&Smhcfwkdif;ü tqHk;t½IH;awG BuD;BuD;jzpfovkd? tcGifhtvrf;wkdY
vnf; tBu;D tus,t f rsm;tjym;ay:onf/ tusyt f wnf;rS tcGit hf vrf;
wpfem&D rkdif 160 wkdYukd arG;xkwfonf/ u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;onf pD;yGm;
rkewf idk ;f aMumifh tysut f pD;tqH;k t½I;H onf? wpfEpS Nf y;D wpfEpS f wk;d a&;pef;yGirhf uI dk arG;xkwrf nf/ aqmufvyk af &;ukrP Ü ?D aqmufvyk af &;ypön;f
wufrsm;jym;vmav&m? wpfESpf a':vm 300 bDvsHzkd;txd jrifhwufvm a&mif;0,folawG? pm;eyf&du©mpkdufysKd;olESifh a&mif;0,folawG? vrf;yef;
vdrfhrnf[k? cefYrSef;xm;onf/ þrQtxd tysuftpD; tqHk;t½IH;awGrsm; qufoG,fa&;ESifh tjcm;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;&SifawG? tvkyfjzpfEkdifMu
vmvQif? tmrcHukrÜPDwkdY avsmfEkdifMuawmhrnf r[kwfay/ xkdYaMumifh onf/ BuD;yGm;EdkifMuonf/ uefx½dkufwmawG BuD;yGm;Murnf/
2065 ckESpfavmufü? tmrcHukrÜPD tawmfrsm;rsm; a'0gvDcHMu&zG,f wpfzufü? em*pfrek w f idk ;f \a&Smch af Mumifh &if;ES;D jrKyEf o
HS El iS hf pD;yGm;a&;
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þtajctaewGi?f tmrcHurk P Ü w D u Ykd xyfqift h mrcHxm; (rein- pD;yGm;a&; rvky&f b J J aernf/ Risk averse awG rsm;rnf/ wpfcsed w f nf;üyif
suring) wkdYukd? jyKvkyfvmonf/ wkdufwmtdrf&mwkdYukd avrkefwkdif;'Pf? a&Smch u
f Bu;D rm;ojzif?h tifzav;&Si;f vnf; tvGeBf u;D rm;rnf/ rD*gjzpfrnf/
ivsif'PfcHEkdif&ef aqmufvkyfMuzkdY? wkdufwGef;rIawG ajymonf/ vuf&Sd aps;EIef;t&yf&yf xkd;axmifwufjcif;ukd qkdvkdonf/
wuúEdkvkd*sDESifh ypönf;tiftm;? aiGaMu;tiftm;wkdYt& wpfem&D rkdif 160 tifzav;&Sif; wkdufzsufenf;ESifhywfoufí? b@ma&;yg&*lwdkUu
EIef;wkdufaom avwkdufEIef; (tqifh5 rkefwkdif;)ukd cHEkdifaom taqmuf ]72 rl} (principle of 72) ukd ñTef;onf/ þrlukd ESpfxyfwkd;\yg0g (power
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þvkt d aqmufttHak wG aqmufvyk Mf urnfjzpfNy;D ? NrKd UjyifZeyk'f aus;vuf pm;&efjzpfonf/ wpfESpftjrwfEIef;u ysrf;rQ ukd;&mckdifEIef;jzpfvQif? 72ukd
wküYd aexkid af om bDvsEH iS chf s&D adS om vltaygif;wkrYd mS rl? rkew f idk ;f 'Pfudk ikwf udk;&mckdifEIef;jzifh pm;ygu &Spf&rnf/ &SpfESpftMumü t&if;ausEkdifonf/
wkwfcH&rnfhtajctae &Sdaeonf/ tifzav;&Sif;umvü? vkyfief;&Sifrsm; vrf;ñTeftjzpf toHk;jyKaomrl[k?
rkefwkdif;ESifhivsifwdkYonf? qkdcJhygtwkdif; tmrcHukrÜPDwkdYukdom qkdonf/
tuJprf;onf? r[kw/f Ekid if w H EYkd iS hf Ekid if thH zGUJ tpnf;wkuYd v
dk nf;? Bu;D pGmtuJ armifpl;prf;
prf;onf/ uyfqkd;BuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom ppf? pD;yGm;ysufuyfESifh obm0ab; Ref: Straits Time, May 13, 2008 and
tEÅ&m,fwjYdk zpfwidk ;f ? rnfonfEh idk if rH qkd rdr\ d pGr;f yum;onf zlvo kH nf[í l The Meaning of 21st Century

96 97
 Features onf/ aemifvmrnfrh sK;d qufrsm;\ t"du
wm0efrSm þudpöyifjzpfonf/ ESpfaygif;
98 urÇmhtpDtpOfESifUEkdifiHwumtzGJYtpnf;rsm; ESpf&mausmf? EkdifiHa&;qifhuJjzpfpOfBuD;\
104 tawG;rSm;t,lrSm;rsm;tpGJrSm;rsm;\tMurf;zufrI(4) tusK;d quftaeESi?hf aumif;rGeaf om tzGYJ
108 wwd,vrf; tpnf;wpfck rnfow Ydk nfaqmuf&rnfuk?d
118 'ku©wdkhuif;&mukef&m twkdif;twmwpf&yftxd oabmayguf
International Relation em;vnfcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ aumif;rGefaom
Ekid if w
H umtzGt YJ pnf;qko d nfrmS ? pnf;rsO;f
urÇmth pDtpOfESifh pnf;urf;ESifhtnD vkyfwwfukdifwwfNyD;?
wm0efcHEkdifpGrf;vnf; &Sd&ygvdrfhrnf/ wpf
NydKifeufwnf;rSmyif? trsKd;om;EkdifiHrsm;\
EkdifiHwumtzGJYtpnf;rsm; a'gif v k d u f q uf q H a &;tay:wG i f v nf ;
vufawGYusaomoufa&mufrI &SdzkdYvdkygonf/ tqkdyg trsKd;om;EkdifiHrsm;
„ rkd ; a u m if ; Mum;? tvsm;vkdufoabmaqmifaom wm0efcHrItwGufum;? vkaH vmuf
aomtzGt YJ pnf;rsK;d ,ckxufwidk rf &Sad o;[k qk&d rnfomjzpfygonf/
,ckpmpkrSm? z&efppfzlul,m;rm;\ ]eD,kduGeftvGef} (After the
qkcd yhJ g? tvsm;vku d o f abmaqmifaom wm0efcrH rI mS vwfwavm
Neocons) pmtkyfrS xkwfEIwfbmomjyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/
taMumif;&if;ESp&f yfaMumif?h txl;ta&;Bu;D onfv h t kd yfcsuf jzpfvm&onf/
tD&wfppfyu JG ? tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk iS hf ywfoufonfh ]apwem yxrtaMumif;&if;rSm? acwfNydKif *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;udk,fwkdifyif jzpf
ESifh,SOfaomvTrf;rkd;rI}qkdonf\ tuefYtowfrsm;udk? vSpfjyvkdufovdk&SdcJh onf/ *vdb k ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f \t"dymÜ ,frmS ? vlt Y zGt YJ pnf;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;
ygonf/ xkdrQru? wnfqJ EkdifiHwumtzGJYtpnf;rsm; (txl;ojzifh ukv ESifh,Ofaus;rIt& ydkíydkí tjyeftvSefxkd;azmufysHUESHYvmonfh oabm
or*¾)\ tueft Y owfrsm;udyk g? vSpjf yvdu k o
f vdjk zpfco hJ nf/ trSepf ifppf? jzpf&m? wu©Ekdvdk*sDtajymif;tvJwpfck (okdYr[kwf) rkdifaygif;axmifcsDa0;
ukvor*¾tzGJYBuD;rSm w&m;0if EkdifiHwum ta&;,laqmif&GufrIrsm;t aom wpfae&mrS &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwpfcku? rdcifEkdifiHwGif tvkyftukdifqkH;½IH;
wGuf avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom? taqmufttkHtjzpf Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;u rIrsm;? ,Ofaus;rI"avhqkdif&m MoZmvTrf;rkd;rIrsm;? obm0ywf0ef;usif
vdvk m;ESpNf cKd uMf uaom? Ekid if w H umtzGt YJ pnf;jzpfygonf/ okEYd iS w hf idk f? þ ysupf ;D rIrsm;... ponfwu Ydk kd OD;wnfomG ;apEkid yf gonf/ wkid ;f jynfrsm; (ydí k
tzGBYJ u;D rSm tar&du\ ppfyq JG ifEaJT &;qk;H jzwfcsuu f kd twnfrjyKEidk cf o hJ vd?k wdwu d susq&dk vQi?f tqkyd gwkid ;f jynfrsm;twGi;f rS yav,mrsm;)\ vkyu f idk f
tar&du\ olo Y abmESio hf l ta&;,laqmif&u G rf uI vkd nf;? rwm;qD;Ekid cf hJ EkdifpGrf;rSm? oufqkdif&mwkdif;jynf\ tcsKyftjcmtmPmESifh w&m;pD&ifcGifh
ygacs/ rnfonfhtjrifbufrS MunfhvQifjzpfap? atmifjrifrIr&cJh[k qkd& abmif\ tjyifbufrS vltrsm;tay:? ydkíydkí tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;
rnfom jzpfygonf/ &Sv
d maeNyjD zpfygonf/ qkv d o dk nfrmS ? trsK;d om;Ekid if rH sm;Mum; qufqaH &;rSm?
,aeYurÇmwGif? w&m;0if pkaygif;ta&;,laqmif&GufrIudk wm0ef orm;½kd;us a'gifvkdufudkausmfí tvsm;vdkufoabmaqmifvmNyDudk od
ay;tyfESif;Ekdifonfh? EkdifiHwumtzGJYtpnf;rsm; vkHavmufpGmr&Sdao;yg/ rSwfvufcHMuzkdYjzpfygonf/
w&m;0ifjzpfrIvdktyfcsufESifh? vufawGYaqmif&Guf&mwGif xda&mufrIwkdYudk 'kwd,taMumif;t&if;rSm? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ wpfzuf
csdefcGifvQmrQay;Ekdifrnfh tzGJYtpnf;opfrsm;? zefwD;wnfaqmufzkdYvdkyg apmif;eif; MoZmtmPmtav;omrI? jzpfygonf/ w&m;0ifonfjzpfap?
98 99
 aumif;rGeaf om Ekid if w
H umtzGt YJ pnf;qko d nfrmS
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;ESit Uf nD vkyw f wfuidk w
f wfNy;D
wm0efcEH idk pf rG ;f vnf; &S&d ygvrd rUf nf/
wpfNyKd ief ufwnf;rSmyif trsK;d om;Ekid if rH sm;\
a'giv
f udk q f ufqaH &;tay:wiG v f nf;
vufawGYusaom oufa&mufrI&Sdzkdh vdkygonf/
r0ifonfjzpfap ,ltuf(p)yg0grSm? urÇmhZmwfckHxufwGif wpfzufapmif;
eif; jzpfaeonfrSmum;? trSefyifjzpfonf/ tar&dutaeESifh urÇmhEkdifiH
trsm;pktay: MoZmvTrf;rkd;xm;Ekdifaomfvnf;? xkdEkdifiHrsm;url tar&du
tay: tjyeftvSeMf oZmanmif;Ekid Mf uonf r[kwyf g/ þtcsuu
e,fy,fwiG f xifxif&mS ;&Sm;awGEY idk yf gonf/ tar&dutaeESihf ¤if;rS rkdif
aygif; 8ç000 a0;aom EkdifiHwpfckwGif? tpkd;&tajymif;tvJvkyfEkdifonfh
taetxm;wGif &Sdaeonf/ ppfa&;rSmavmuf rxif&Sm;onfhwkdif? tjcm;
aome,fy,frsm;wGiv f nf;? þenf;ESiEf iS o f mjzpfygonf/ Oyrm- tar&du
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xdcu dk af povdrk sK;d jzpfygonf/ þokaYd om wpfzufowftajctaeatmuf
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twGu?f apwemESi, hf OS Nf y;D tok;H jyKvrd rhf nf[k ,kHMunfaomEkdifiHqkdí r&Sd
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100
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ywfvrf;twGi;f wGi?f r[kw/f tqkyd gywfvrf;\tjyifbufr?S tpOftvm
Ekid if w
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rsm; owfrSwfa&;txd? acwfopf\tjcif;t&mtm;vkH; tusKH;0ifonf/
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t&qkdvQif? ukvor*¾rSm pum;ajymqkdifxufrydk/ ydkvnf;rykdoifh/ pifppf
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101
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ukvor*¾tzGJYBuD; tNyD;wkdif uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnfawmh? r[kwfygacs/
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zGJYpnf;ykHt&a&m? wm0efcHrIwGifyg wlEkdifawmhrnfr[kwfygacs/
,aeY ukvor*¾tzGBYJ u;D &ifqidk af e&onft h "du jyóemwpfcrk mS ??
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w&m;rQwa&;tay:? tajccHonfr[kw/f tpOftvmtcsKyt f jcmtmPm
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qkdif&m tajccHrlrsm;tay:wGif uGJvGJcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ okdYtwGufaMumifh
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or*¾tzGJYBuD;rSm rMumcPqkdovdk? a&SUrwkd;om,aemufrqkwfom tajc
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102
trsm;pkrSm? qkdcJhygtajccHrlrsm;udk pum;t&mwGifom tjrKyfxGufrwwf
ajymcJhMuNyD;? pum;aemuf w&m;rygcJhMuygacs/ okdYjzpfvifhupm;? olwkdYESifh
ywfoufvQif &yfwnfrIaumif;rGefaom tzGJY0ifrsm;tjzpfom? qufvuf
qufqHcJhMuygonf/ onfvdkESifh? qD;&D;,m;vdkEkdifiHrSm ukvor*¾vlYtcGifh
ta&;aumfr&SiftzGJY0if jzpfvmNyD;? 2003 ckESpfta&mufwGif? vpfAsm;rSm
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pmnTef; - After the Neocons : America at the Crossroads.
(By Francis Fukuyama),
103
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104 105
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110 111
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114
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115
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116 117
Traveller's Tale

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AN END TO SUFFERING
PANKAJ MISHRA a&;í vif;xufaZmf bmomjyefonf/

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118 119
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120
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121
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EGr;f yg;oluv dk nf; &SmrawGUEkid b f ?J jzpfaeonf/ xkyd a[Vdu&dk iS ;f jyzkt Yd wGuf oufomacsmifcsda&;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh? xyfwleD;yg;jzpfvmonf/ AD,uferf
AD,uferfvlrsKd;wkYd\ t½dk;pGJxHk;wrf;"avhukd axmufjyzkdYom &Sdawmhonf/ trsK;d om;vlro I yd tHÜ u,f'rD\ 2006 ckEpS f avhvmcsupf pfwrf;ü? AD,uferf
AD,uferfwkdYonf? rdrdOpöm"eukd odkokdodyfodyfzHk;zdodk0Sufwwfonhf tpOf EkdifiHtaejzihf oufBuD;&G,ftkd tNidrf;pm;tusKd;cHpm;cGifhrsm;? jznfq h nf;ay;
tvm? BuD;rm;pGmtjrpfwG,fcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh? tmPmykdif Ekid af wmhrnht f aetxm;ok?Yd a&muf&v dS mcJNh y[D k aumufcsucf sazmfjycJhonf/
rsm; odrSmjrifrSmpkd;&drfjcif;aMumifh? rGJcsifa,mifaqmifcJhMu&onfh ESpfumv wkdif;jynf\pD;yGm;a&; jrefqefpGm zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmcJhaomfvnf;?
rsm; renf;&SnfMumcJhonf/ AD,uferfEkdifiH\ qif;&Jcsrf;omrnDrQrI wkdif;wmazmfjyonhf? *Dedajr§muf
aps;uGufokawoe ppfwrf;aumufolwkdYu? erlemaumuf,lonfh azmfudef; (Gini Coefficient) rSmrl q,fpkESpftwGif; ajymif;vJrI r&SdvSay/
pm;oHk;olwpfOD;csif;\ 0,f,lpm;oHk;rI'kdif,m&Dpm&if; vkyfMunfhonf/ *Dedajr§mufazmfudef;rSm? 0ifaiGjcm;em;csuftm;vHk;ukd wpfpkwpfaygif;wnf;
tawmfyifqif;&Jonf[k qkdEkdifonfh? tdrfaxmifpk\0ifaiG,xGufaiGukd jyKum? udef;*Pef;wpfvHk;wnf;jzifh azmfjyEkdif&ef wGufcsufjcif;jzpfonf/
aeYpOfrSwfwrf; a&;Munhfonf/ okdYwkdifatmif? xkdtqif;&JqHk;tdrfaxmifpk okdYtwGuf q,fESpfMumonhfwkdif? tajymif;tvJr&Sdonfhtcsufu 0ifaiG
128 129
tvwfwef;&&SdaeolOD;a& wkd;yGm;aeonfhoabmukd jyonf/ vlvwf
wef;pm;OD;a& ykdrsm;vmjcif;aMumifh? qif;&J,csrf;omuGm[rIukd jyñTefonhf
ajrm§ ufazmfued ;f uk?d wnfNird af eapjcif;jzpfrnf[k qkv d o dk nf/ okw Yd idk af tmif
xkdokdY jrefjrefqefqef wkd;yGm;vmonfh ysrf;rQvlvwfwef;pm;wkdYta&;rSm?
tpk;d &twGuf ylyefaMumihMf ujzpfp&m r[kwaf y/ wu,fyyl ef&rnft h a&;
rSm? 0ifaiGpau;\tpGefqHk; tzsm;ykdif;ESpfykdif;jzpfonf/ vwfwavm
umvtwGi;f urÇmukeaf ps;EIe;f rsm;jrifw h ufvmNy;D ? AD,uferfEidk if H\pD;yGm;
a&;rSmvnf; t&SdefjrifhzGHUNzdK;vmcsdefjzpfí? jynfwGif;aps;EIef;rsm;ukd wGe;f
wifay;ovkjd zpfaeonf/ ,ckEpS t f wGi;f pm;aomufuek af ps;EIe;f 30 &mckid f
EIef;jrifhwufvmNyD;? aetdrfESifhaqmufvkyfa&;p&dwfwGif 20 &mckdifEeI ;f
ausmf wufvmcJo
tvkyo
xkt d vkyo f rm;wkt
h nf/ aus;vufrS NrKd Uokw
f rm;rsm;rSm pyg;rpku
Yd ufvmonhf 0ifaiGenf;aom
d Mf uawmhaomfvnf;? qefukdpm;aeMuqJjzpfí
Yd wGuf pm;a&;aea&;wGif tcufawGUvmEkid o f nf/ okEYd iS ?hf
rpfvwefz&D;(')rif;
0ifaiGenf;aom NrdKUaeatmufajc vlwef;pm;opfwpf&yf? ay:xGufvm Milton Friedman (1912 - 2006)
zG,f&Sdaeonf/ „ a z jr ifU
urÇmhtaumif;qHk; xdyfwef;armfawmfum;opfawG 0,fpD;Ekdifonfh
armfarmf<um;<um;oef;<u,fola|;rsm;ESifh? atmufajcvlwef;pm;opfwkdY pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfESihfpyfvsOf;í? rpfvwefz&D;(')rif;
tMum; vlrIa&;wnfNidrfatmif xdef;ausmif;zkdY jzpfvmEkdifonf/ vlwkdif; pl;prf;avhvmwifjycJhonfrsm;teuf txif&Sm;qHk;taMumif;
vlwidk ;f yif tajctaewk;d wuf aumif;rGev f mcJMh uonfqadk omfvnf;? 0ifaiG t&mESpf&yfu? (1)aiGonf ta&;BuD;onf [laomtcsufESihf
pau;\tpGe;f ykid ;f rsm;u rwnfrNird jf zpfapEkid af Mumif;? csr;f om<u,f0onfh (2)vGwfvyfrIonf ta&;BuD;onf [laomtcsufrsm; jzpf
Ekid if tH rsm;tjym;wGi?f awGUBuKH cMhJ uNy;D jzpfonf/ vlrzI v l akH &;twGuf vHkNcHKa&; onf/ ]aiG} ta&;Mu;D onf[q k &kd mü? taMumif;wpfcu k aiGaMu;
ykdufuGefrsm; (Social Safetynets) zefw;D umuG,af y;xm;onfw h idk ?f tpGe;f yrmP (money supply) tajymif;tvJonfom? pD;yGm;a&;
ykid ;f ESpzf sm;ukd xde;f ausmif;&rnfw h m0efrmS vG,u f al yghyg;Edik rf mS awmh r[kwaf y/ wpf&yf\ vIyf&Sm;&SifoefrItwuf,tusudk tqHk;tjzwfjyKEdkif
aomaMumifjh zpfNy;D ? aemufwpfcrk mS pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yftwGi;f aiG
OD;[efxGef; yrmPrsm;vGef;vQif? aiGazmif;yGrI (inflation) ay:aygufaom
aMumifjh zpfaMumif; olqo kd nf/ vGwv f yfrI (freedom) ta&;Bu;D
Ref: The Economist
&onfhtaMumif;rSmrl? tpdk;&wdkYu aps;EIef;rsm;? aiGvJvS,fEIef;
rsm;udk xdef;csKyfjcif;? ynm&SifwdkY\tvkyfrsm;xJ 0ifa&mufpGuf
zufjcif;ponfrsm; rjyKvkyfrSom? wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;rsm; oGuf
vufacsmarGUpGm vnfywfEikd o f nft h jyif? vGwv f yfr[
I ol nf olY
csnf;oufoufyif wefzdk;&SdaomaMumihfvnf; jzpfonf[k ol
cH,layonf/
130 131
 z&D;(')rif;udk? e,l;a,mufNrdKU b&Gwfuvif; e,fajrü? 1912 ck
ESpfwGifarG;onf/ olYrdbrsm;rSm MopBwD;,m;-[efa*&D tifydkif,mrS a&TU
ajymif;vmMuonfh *sL;vlrsK;d rsm;jzpfí? qif;&JcsKUd wJMh uonf/ z&D;(')rif;tm;
arG;NyD;pwGif? e,l;*smqDjynfe,f &ma0; (Rahway) NrKd Uod?Yk ajymif;a&TUMu
onf/ &ma0;txufwef;ausmif;ü ynmqnf;yl;pOf? ocFsmbmomudk
z&D;(')rif;pdwf0ifpm;NyD;? wpfaeYwGif tmrcHocFsmynm&Sif (insurance
actuary) wpfa,mufjzpfvmzd?Yk ol arQmr f eS ;f cJo
h nf/ aemufyikd ;f ü? &yf(w)*g;pf
aumvdyfwufa&mufpOf pD;yGm;a&;ynmudkyg pdwf0ifpm;vmNyD;? ocFsmESihf
abm*aA'bmomESpcf v k ;kH udk t"dubmomtjzpfoif,&l ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf/
1933 ckESpfwGif bDatbGJU&&SdNyD;aemuf? &SDum*dkwuúodkvfodkY oGm;
a&mufum? pD;yGm;a&;ynmbGJUvGefwef; wufonf/ onftwGif; ynmoif
qkaMu;rsm; rsm;pm;pm;&&So d jzih?f udv
k b
H , D mwuúov kd of Ykd ajymif;a&TUonf/
udkvHbD,mwGif oifcef;pmrsm;NyD;onfhtcg &SDum*dkodkYjyefvmNyD;? xdkpOfu
xif&Sm;aom pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifBuD;wpfOD;jzpfol [ife&D½IZf (Henry
Schultz) xHü? okawoevufaxmuftjzpf vkyu f ikd of nf/ aemufwiG rf l
0g&SifwefodkYa&muf&SdNyD;? or®w ½kZAJh (Franklin D. Roosevelt) tpd;k &\
pD;yGm;a&;tpDtpOfopf (New Deal) taumiftxnfazmfonfhumv
yxrydik ;f ü pm;oH;k rIpm&if;Z,m;rsm;jyKp&k mwGiv f nf;aumif;? xdaYk emufwiG f
trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&; okawoeAsL½dük vnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/
AsL½dkü&SdpOf tjcm; pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol ul;Zeuf(p)(Simon
Kuznets) ESifhyl;wGJvsuf? a&SUae? q&m0ef? pm&if;udkif ponfh oD;jcm;
udk,fydkifvkyfudkifEdkifonfhynmonf (professional) wdkY\aps;uGufrsm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í okawoejyKonf/ ¤if;avhvmcsufudk tajccHum udkvHbD
,mwuúodkvfodkY wifoGif;rnfh yg&*lbGJU,lpmwrf;wpfck jyKpkEdkifcJhouJhodkY?
ul;Zeuf(p)ESihfyl;wGJum Income from Independent Professional Prac-
tice trnf&Sd pmtkyfwpftkyfvnf; a&;om;jzpfcJhNyD;? 1946 ckESpfwGif
yHkESdyfxkwfa0EdkifcJhonf/ ¤if;okawoejyKcsufü? q&m0efrsm; vpm0ifaiG
jrifhrm;pGm&&SdMujcif;onf? aq;ynm&SifavmuwGif;odkY awmf½HkESifhr0ifEdkif
atmif twm;tqD;jrifhrm;pGm csxm;aomenf;tm;jzihf? q&m0efOD;a&
(a&mif;vdt k m;)enf;yg;atmif uefo Y wfxm;aomaMumihjf zpfaMumif; aumuf
csufwpfckyg&Sd&m? ,if;udpöESihfpyfvsOf;í tjyif;txeftjiif;yGm;Muojzihf?
pmtkyfyHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;yif aESmifhaES;cJh&onf/
132
onftwGif; z&D;(')rif;onf? rifeDqdk;wmwuúodkvfü acwårQ 0if
a&mufvkyfudkifcJhao;onf/ odkYaomf 1946 ckESpfwGif &SDum*dkwuúodkvfodkY
jyefvnfajymif;a&TUvmNyD;? tjcm;xif&Sm;aom pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpf
ol a*smch spf wpf*vm (George Stigler) ESiyfh ;l wGu J m? &Su
D m*dpk ;D yGm;a&;ynm
tkyfpk (Chicago School of Economics) udk xlaxmifonf/ aemufydkif;
wGif z&D;(')rif;onf pD;yGm;a&;ynmusrf;rsm;? trsm;zwfEdkifonfh pD;yGm;
a&;&m pme,fZif;aqmif;yg;rsm;? trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJo h nf/ 1962ckEpS u f
xkwfa0cJhonfh ol\ Capitalism and Freedom pmtkyfrSm ta&mif;&qHk;
pmtkyfpm&if;0if jzpfcJhNyD;? 1980 jynfhESpfwGif ½kyfoHrS 10 ydkif;cGJí xkwf
vGifhcJhonfh? ol\ Free to Choose trnf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;&mxkwfvTihfcsufrSm
vnf; vlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/ xdkYjyif? urÇmhxdyfoD;pmapmifwpfck jzpfonfh
e,l;(p) 0dcrf *¾Zif;Bu;D wGiv f nf;? 1966 ckEpS rf S 1984 ckEpS tf xd tywfpOf
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJh&m? pD;yGm;a&;&mESihfywfoufvmvQif rpfvwef
z&D;(')rif;udyk if ajy;jrifMuonf[q k &kd avmufatmif? trsm;jynfoMl um;ü
ESpfaygif; 30 ausmfrQ a&yef;pm;cJhonf/
1967 ckEpS wf iG ?f z&D;(')rif;onf tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;ynm toif;
BuD;\Ouú|tjzpfaqmif&Guf&NyD;? 1976 ckESpfwGifrl pD;yGm;a&;ynmqdkif&m
Edkb,fqk &&SdcJhonf/ olYtm; qkcsD;jr§ihf&mü? Edkb,faumfrwDu pD;yGm;a&;
ynmqdkif&m ol\aqmif&GufcsufoHk;&yfudk? txl;jyKazmfjyonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm?
(1) pm;oHk;rIrSDcsuf (consumption function) (vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD; odkYr[kwf
wdkif;jynfwpfjynf\ pm;oHk;rIyrmPtay: oufa&mufonfhtcsufrsm;)
taMumif; pl;prf;avhvmcsuf? (2) wnfwHhaprIay:vpD (stabilization
policy) usihfoHk;jcif;aMumihfjzpfay:onfh jyóemtcuftcJrsm;taMumif;
a0zefaxmufjycsurf sm;ESifh (3) aiGaMu;oDt&kd ?D aiGaMu;ordik ;f wdEYk iS pfh yfvsO;f
onfh ol\a&;om;wifjycsufrsm; ponfwdkY jzpfonf/
ÄÄÄ
z&D;(')rif;onf 1977 ckESpfwGif &SDum*dkwuúodkvfrStem;,lNyD;?
u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;&Sd [l;Ag;odyÜHwGif tqihfjrihfokawoDynm&Siftjzpf? quf
vufaqmif&Gufonf/
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifavmuü z&D;(')rif;tm;? udef;(p)awmfvSefa&;
(Keynesian revolution) udk tjyif;txef a0zefqefu Y sio
f t
l jzpf? a,bk
133
,sodrSwfMuonf/ ol\a0zefcsufrsm;teuf t"duwpfcku? aiGazmif;yG
rIESihf tvkyfvufrJhjyóemwdkYudkxdef;csKyf&ef? wnfwHhaprIay:vpDrsm;
usihf \oHk;MuonfhudpöESihf ywfoufonf/ taMumif;tcsufrsm;pGmudk
tajccHum? z&D;(')rif;u tpdk;&wdkY\tcGefb@ma&;ay:vpD (fescal
policy) rsm;onf tvkyr f jzpfaMumif;? aiGaMu;ay:vpD (monetary policy)
rsm;csrSwfjcif;uvnf;? pD;yGm;a&;oHo&m (business cycle) udk ydkíom
qd;k 0g;apNy;D ? aiGazmif;yGrI ydrk jkd rihrf m;vmapaMumif;? axmufjyajymqdo
pm;oHk;rIrSDcsuf? pD;yGm;a&;wGif aiGaMu;\tcef;u@? tvkyfvufrJh
obm0EIef;xm; (natural rate of unemployment) ponfwEYkd iS pfh yfvsO;f
onfh ol\a&;om;wifjycsuftm;vHk;yif? udef;(p)ESihf aemufvdkufaemufyg
wd\Yk pD;yGm;a&;wGif tpd;k &u 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufa&;t,ltqrsm;udk qefY
usifvsuf&SdNyD;? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif? pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfonf pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD
orm;wdkY\ aESmihf,SufpGufzufjcif;uif;rJhonfh taetxm;wGifom? t
aumif;qH;k vnfywfvyI &f mS ;Edik o f nf[al om ol\oD;jcm;tjrifu?kd axmufcH
twnfjyKvsuf&Sdonf/
pm;oHk;rI (consumption) ESihfpyfvsOf;í udef;(p)u? ]pm;oHk;olwdkY\
aiGaMu;oH;k pGrJ o I nf ¤if;wd\ Yk vwfwavm0ifaiG (current income) ay:wGif
rlwnfonf} [líqdck &hJ m? z&D;(')rif;u ¤if;t,ltqudv k ufrcHay/ olu?
pm;oH;k olwo Ykd nf a&&Snu f mvwpfct k wGi;f &&SEd ikd o
f nf0h ifaiGtaetxm;
udk csiw fh u
G u f m? oH;k pGrJ jI yKMuonf[k ½Ijrifonf/ permanent income hy-
pothesis [k ac:a0:onfh olYt,ltqopfudk? 1957 ckESpf xkwfa0onfh
A Theory of the Consumption Function usrf;wGif? taxmuftxm;
om"ursm;pGmjzihf olwifjycJhonf/ ol\t,ltqopfonf udef;(p)
oDtdk&DrS xGufay:vmonfh tajz&Sm&cufaomjyóemtcsKdUudkvnf;
ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifcJhonf[kqdkonf/
Oyrmtm;jzih?f ude;f (p)oDt&kd t D wdik ;f pOf;pm;ygu? tu,fí 0ifaiG
rsm;wd;k vmaomf pm;oH;k rItydik ;f ude;f (fraction)onf avsmv h mNy;D ? pkaqmif;
rItydik ;f ude;f u wd;k vmvdrrfh nf[í l ? aumufcsucf sp&m&Sad eonf/ odaYk omf?
tar&duefwdkY\0ifaiGrsm;? pm;oHk;rIESihf pkaiGrsm;udk wu,fvufawGU pl;
prf;avhvmonfhtcg? q,fpkESpftawmfrsm;rsm;twGif; tar&duefwdkY\
0ifaiGrsm; ododomomwdk;vmcJhaomfvnf;? pkaiGtydkif;udef; (pkaiG 0ifaiG
tcsKd;tpm;) u wdk;wufrvmbJ? wpfajy;nDom&SdaecJhonf[k qdk&m?
134
udef;(p)oDtdk&DESihf rnDrnGwfjzpfaeonf/
oHk;pGJrIonf? a&&SnfarQmfrSef;Edkifonfh0ifaiGay:wGif t"durlwnf
onf[k½Ijrifonfh? z&D;(')rif;\t,ltqt&rl txufujyóemrSm
&Sif;vif;oGm;onf/ onfuaeY vpm0ifaiG wdk;wuf&&Sdvmaom vlwpf
a,mufonf? a&SUwGif onfhxufwdk;wuf&&SdzdkYom arQmfrSef;aernfjzpf&m?
aemifwpfaeY pm;oHk;&eftwGuf rsm;rsm;pm;pm; pkaqmif;aevdrfhrnfr[kwf
k nf/ [laomoabm jzpfonf/
pm;oH;k rIqikd &f mt,ltqwGif uGv J o
JG uJo
h ?Ykd ,if;t,ltqay:wGif
rlwnfícsrSwfcJhonfh ay:vpDjy|mef;csufrsm;ay:wGifvnf;? udef;(p) ESihf
z&D;(')rif;wdkY uGJvGJcJhonf/ udef;(p)u pD;yGm;a&;uyfi,f(recession) jzpf
ay:aomumvrsK;d wGi?f tpd;k &u rlvxufw;kd csUJ oH;k pGaJ &;ESifh tvkyt f udik f
rsm; wdk;wufcefYxm;a&;ay:vpDudkusihfoHk;&ef wdkufwGef;onf/ odkYaomf
z&D;(')rif;url? ,if;tpDtpOftwdkif; tpdk;&u aqmif&Gufojzihf 0ifaiG
rsm;wdk;vmMuaomfvnf;? pm;oHk;olwdkYu 0ifaiGwdk;rIonf ,m,Domjzpf
onf? a&&Snfr[kwf[k ½Ijrifygu oHk;pGJrIyrmPwdk;wufvmvdrfhrnf r
[kw[ f k jrifonf/ odq Yk v
kd Qi?f tpd;k &\tcGeb f @ma&;ay:vpD ajymif;jcif;
aMumihf? wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wGif oufa&mufrIwpfpHkwpf&m &Sdvdrfhrnf r
[kwf[k? ol aumufcsufcsonf/
z&D;(')rif;u tcGefb@ma&;ay:vpDxuf? aiGESihfaiGaMu;ay:v
pDu ydkíwdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;wGif oufa&mufrI&Sdonf[k ,lqonf/ olu?
aiGaMu;yrmPoDt&kd D (quantity theory of money)wGif tajccHum? aiG
aMu;\ta&;ygyHu k kd wifjyonf/ aiGaMu;yrmPoDt&kd t D vdt
k &? pD;yGm;a&;
wpf&yftwGif;&Sd aiGaMu;yrmP (M) ESihf? wpfESpftwGif; ¤if;aiGtm;vnf
ywfoHk;pGJonfhtBudrf ta&twGuf (V) wdkY\ajr§mufv'fonf? wpfESpfwm
twGif; a&mif;csonfhukefxGufyrmP(Q)ESihf aps;EIef;(P)wd\ Yk ajrm§ ufv'f
ESiw
fh nl &D rnf (MV=PQ) [kqo kd nf/ onfwiG ?f aiGvnfywfEeI ;f (V) ESifh
pyfvsOf;í tpOftvm aiGaMu;oDtdk&Dorm;wdkY\t,ltqrSm? vnfywf
EIef;onf tpdk;&Xmersm;? ukrÜPDvkyfief;BuD;rsm; ponfhtzGJUtpnf;wdkY\
vkyaf qmifcsuaf y:wGif rlwnfonf (institutionally determined) [lí
jzpfonf/ z&D;(')rif;url? vnfywfEIef;onf twdk;EIef;? aiGazmif;yGEdkifajc
(expected inflation) ponfh pD;yGm;a&;taMumif;tcsuf (economic fac-
tors) rsm;ay:wGif rlwnfEdkifonf[kjrifonf/ onfhtjyif vlwdkYtaejzihf
135
a&SUa&; pdwfrat;ojzihfvnf;aumif;? pawmhaps;EIef;rsm;ESihf tjcm;
ydkifqdkifypönf; (asset) aps;EIef;rsm; usqif;vmzG,f&Sdonf[k ,lqojzihf
vnf;aumif;? bmrQr0,fbJ aiGudkodrf;qnf;xm;jcif;rsKd;&SdEdkifonf [l
aomtcsufudkvnf; todtrSwfjyKonf/ odkYaomf? onftcsufrsm;ESiphf yf
vsO;f í wu,fvufawGU okawoejyKMunfo h nft h cgürl? aiGvnfywfEIef;
tay: pD;yGm;a&;taMumif;tcsufrsm;\ oufa&mufrIyrmPonf t
vGefao;i,f½HkrQru? tcsdefumvMumonfESihftrQ wjznf;jznf;avsmhyg;
oGm;aMumif;? olawGU&S&d onf[q k okd nf/ wpfenf;qd&k aomf? aiGvnfywfEeI ;f
onf tjcm;t&mrsm;ESihfEIdif;pmaomf? wnfNidrfrI&Sdonf[k ol aumuf,l
jcif;jzpfonf/ aiGvnfywfEeI ;f wnfNird o f nf[qk v kd Qi?f pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yf\
vIy&f mS ;rItwuftusukd t"dutqH;k tjzwfjyKaomt&monf? aiGyrmP
(M) omjzpfonf[k qdk&ayawmhrnf/
onftydkif;wGif qufvufí olu? pD;yGm;a&;vIyf&Sm;rItay: aiG
yrmP\oufa&mufrI[lonf a&wdkwGifomjzpfay:NyD;? a&&Snfürl ouf
a&mufrIysufjy,fonf[k qdkonf/ pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yftwGif;odkY aiGaMu;
ydkrdk0ifa&mufvmjyD; 6 vrS 9 vcefY tMumwGif? ukefxGufyrmPtay:
onfaiG\oufa&mufrI pwifjzpfay:onf/ odkYaomf? aemufxyf 6 vrS
9 vcefY MumNyD;onfhaemufwGifrl? wdk;vmaomaiG\oufa&mufrIonf
ukefxGufbufodkY roGm;bJ? aps;EIef;bufodkYom oGm;awmhonf[k olu
qdkonf/ pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yftwGif; aiGaMu;yrmPwdk;vmNyD; 12 vrS 18v
xdMumaomtcg aps;EIef;rsm;wufvmNyD;? aiGazmif;yGrIjyóem ay:ayguf
vmrnf[laomt"dyÜm,f jzpfonf/ tpOftvmtm;jzihf pD;yGm;a&;ynm
&SifwdkYu? aiGazmif;yGrIESifhpyfvsOf;í ukefusp&dwfu wGef;wifonfh aiG
azmif;yGrI (cost-push inflation) ESi?fh 0,fvt
kd m;u qGw J ifonfh aiGazmif;yG
rI (demand-pull inflation) [lícGjJ cm;ajymqdak vh&MdS u&m? z&D;(')rif;u vuf
rcH/ olu aiGazmif;yGrItm;vHk;onf ukefypönf;rsm;tay: 0,fvdktm;
tvGeftuRHwufjcif;aMumihfomjzpfNyD;? ,if;odkY 0,fvdktm; tqrwef
wufjcif;onfvnf; aiGaMu;yrmP rsm;vGef;jcif;aMumihfom jzpfonf[k
qdkonf/
onfoabmt&rl? aiGazmif;yGrIjyóemudk ajz&Sif;vdkvQif? pD;yGm;
a&;twGi;f aiGaMu;yrmPwd;k yGm;vmaejcif;udk xde;f csKyaf y;&rnf[í l om?
tajzxGuv f monf/ onftwGuf z&D;(')rif; tBujH yKonfu? A[kb d Pf
136
taejzihf aiGaMu;yrmPudk wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;\ yHkrSefzGHUNzdK;rIEIef;xm;
twdkif;? ESpfpOf 3 &mcdkifEIef;rS 5 &mcdkifEIef;txdom wdk;jr§ihfay;yg[lí
jzpfonf/ þodkYwdk;jr§ihfay;jcif;jzihf? topfwdk;vdktyfrnfhukefypönf;rsm;udk
0,f,l&ef vHkavmufaomaiGaMu;yrmP &&SdrnfjzpfNyD;? ,if;aMumihf aiG
azmif;yGrIvnf; jzpfapvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k oluqdkonf/
1963 ckEpS x f w
k ?f A Monetary History of the United State [Anna
J. Schwartz ESihfyl;wGJa&;om;ESihf? 1992 ckESpfxkwf Money Mischief:
Episodes in Money History usr;f rsm;wGi?f z&D;(')rif;u? aiGaMu;tmPm
ydik rf sm;taeESifh aiGaMu;yrmPudx k ed ;f csKy&f ef BuKd ;pm;&mü wvGw J acsmaf wG
vkyfudkifcJhMuojzihf? wdkif;jynfü pD;yGm;a&;uyfrsm;? aiGazmif;yGrItygt0if
tjcm;rvdv k m;tyfaom pD;yGm;a&;jyóemrsm; ay:aygufc&hJ aMumif; a&;om;
cJhonf/ olu? 1930 ckESpf0ef;usifu jzpfay:cJhonfh pD;yGm;ysufuyfBuD;
(Great Depression) ESip fh yfvsO;f í? tar&duefA[db k Pf (Federal Reserve)
tzGUJ udk a0zefjypfwifonf/ xdpk Ofu A[db k Pfonf? tpydik ;f ü pawmhaps;
uGufwGif aps;upm;rIrsm; wdk;yGm;vmrSmpdk;ojzihf? aiGaMu;yrmPudk wif;
usyx f m;cJah Mumif;? aiGtyfEx HS m;olwu Ykd rdrw d tYkd yfaiGrsm;udk tajy;tvTm;
vmxkwMf uonfh 1930 ESifh 31 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f vnf;? bmrQ rvkyaf qmif
cJhaMumif;? 1931 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif NAdwdefu a&TpHcsdefpepfrS Ekwf
xGufoGm;onfhtcgusrSom? twdk;EIef;rsm;udk jr§ifhwifay;cJhaMumif;? onf
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tm;vHk;u tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd aiGaMu;yrmP
udk xdk;usoGm;apNyD;? ,if;aMumihf oHk;pGJrIavsmhusum pD;yGm;ysufuyfBuD;
ay:ayguf&aMumif; ol axmufjyonf/ xdkYaemuf olu txufrS t
axmuftxm;rsm;t&? A[dkbPfwpf&yftaejzihf rSefuefaomay:vpD
rsm; csrSwfEdkifvdrhfrnf[k ,HkMunfudk;pm;xm;Edkifaom taetxm;r&Sd&m?
,if;wdt Yk m; aiGaMu;yrmPudk tNrJ wvGw J acsmf pDrcH efYcGJcGihf jyKxm;rnfh
tpm;? aiGaMu;qdkif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;wpf&yftwdkif; wdwdusus vdkuf
emvkyfaqmif&efom? xdef;odrf;uGyfn§yfrIjyKoifhonf[k tBuHjyKajymqdk
onf /
wpfzef? aiGaMu;ay:vpDrsm; rMumcP wdrf;apmif;vGJacsmf&onfh
taMumif;onf? vufiif;pD;yGm;a&;jyóemESifh ,if;udu k pk m;&efvyk af qmif
onfh aiGaMu;yrmP ajymif;vJrt I pDtrH\ pD;yGm;a&;tay: oufa&mufrI
wdkYtMum;? tcsdefumvuGm[aejcif; (odkYr[kwf) tcsdefaESmif;onfhtcgrS
137
oufa&mufrI jzpfay:jcif;aMumihf jzpfaMumif;? z&D;(')rif;u qdo k nf/ 1953
ckEpS xf w k f Essays on Positive Economics usrf;wGif? olu tcsed af ESmif;rI
oH;k rsK;d udk azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;wdrYk mS ? pD;yGm;a&;jyóemwpfck ay:aygufae
aMumif; A[kdbPfu tcsdeftwefMumrSod&Sdjcif;? aiGaMu;yrmPwGif t
ajymif;tvJwpfckjyKvkyfjzpf&ef tcsdeftwefMum,l&jcif;ESihf? ,if;aiGaMu;
yrmP tajymif;tvJu pD;yGm;a&;wGif oufa&mufrIjzpfay:&ef tcsdef
twefMumapmifhqdkif;&jcif;? ponfwdkYjzpfaMumif; olu cGJjcm;jyonf/
xdkYaemuf xdkaESmihfaES;rIoHk;ckaMumihf aiGaMu;ay:vpDonf (1) jyóemu
vdt k yfonft h wdik ;f tqESifh tH0ifciG u f srjzpf? (2) jyóemu vdktyfonfh
ay:vpDrsK;d vnf;rjzpf? xdjYk yif? (3) ¤if;ay:vpDtmedoif oufa&mufonfh
tcsdefü? ,if;u ajz&Sif;&ef rlv&nf&G,fcJhonfhjyóemonf r&Sdawmh?
[lí olu ajymqkdonf/
wpfzufwGif? aiGaMu;tmPmydkifwdkYtaeESihf tcGefb@mqdkif&m
tmPmydik rf sm;ESifh Edik if aH wmfb@mwdu k wf \
Ykd MoZmvTr;f rd;k rIuvkd nf;? cHae
Mu&onf[k olu axmufjyonf/ A[dkbPftBuD;tuJrsm;rSm tpdk;&
tBuD;tuJucefYtyfNyD;? Oya'jyKvTwfawmf\twnfjyKcsufjzihf &yfwnf
Mu&olrsm;jzpf&m? tpdk;&ydkif;u aiGaMu;yrmPudk wdk;csJUaomenf;jzihf
pD;yGm;a&;jynfhwif;apvdkonfqdkvQif? EdkifiHa&;zdtm;udk rvGefqefEdkifaom
taMumif;aMumihf ¤if;twdkif; aqmif&Gufay;aeMu&onf/ onfudpöudk
wm;qD;vdyk gu? vkyaf qmif&efenf;vrf;rSm a&SUbufwiG fajymcJo h nfth wdik ;f ?
A[db k Pfu aiGaMu;yrmPudk ESppf Of 3 &mcdik Ef eI ;f rS 5 &mcdik Ef eI ;f txdom
wd;k jri§ afh p&rnf[?k uefo Y wfxed ;f csKyaf omenf;yif jzpfaMumif; oluqdo k nf/
ÄÄÄ
tvkyv f ufrjhJ yóemESifh pyfvsO;f ívnf;? z&D;(')rif;onf obm0
tvkyv f ufrEhJ eI ;f (natural rate of unemployment) [laom t,ltqopf
wpf&yfudk wifjycJhonf/ tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Siftoif;wGif rdefYcGef;
ajymMum;pOf? xdkt,ltqudk pwifxkwfazmfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ olu pD;yGm;
a&;e,fy,fwpfcktwGif; rQajctvkyfvufrJhEIef;xm;wpfck &SdaMumif;?? rnf
onfhtcsdeftcgüjzpfap tvkyfr&SdolwcsKdU &SdaernfomjzpfaMumif;? t
aMumif;u? tcsKUd vlrsm;onf tvkyw f pfcrk S aemuftvkyw
f pfco
k Ykd ul;ajymif;
&ef pDpOfaeaomaMumifhjzpfNyD;? tvkyfaps;uGufwGif; pwif0ifa&mufvm
138
ol (,ckrS tvkyf pwif&mS azGo)l rsm;rSmvnf;? csucf si;f vufiif; tvkyf
r&&SdEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfaMumif;? olu qdkonf/ qufvufNyD; olu
obm0tvkyfvufrJhEIef; (odkYr[kwf) rQajcEIef;[lonf? vkyfom;tiftm;
pkESihf vkyfom;aps;uGufwdkY\ xl;jcm;aom taetxm;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYay:wGif
rlwnfaMumif;? Oyrmtm;jzihf tvkyfvufrJhaxmufyHhaMu; (odkYr[kwf)
tjcm;vlrIzlvHka&; tusKd;cHpm;cGifhwpfckck &&SdMuolwdkYtaeESihf? tvkyo f pf
wpfcu k kd tcsed ,f í l &SmazGEikd Mf uaMumif;? ZeD; (odrYk [kw)f cifyeG ;f u tvkyf&Sd
aevQifvnf; tvkyfaumif;awGUonftxd apmihfqdkif;EdkifMuaMumif; p
onfjzihf? erlemrsm;jyum taMumif;&if;cH trsKd;rsKd;jzihf tvkyfvufrrhJ sm;
wnf&adS eEdik yf ukH kd &Si;f vif;jyonf/ xdaYk emuf z&D;(')rif;u? xdo k t
Ykd m;jzihf
&Sad eonft h vkyv f ufrOhJ ;D a&udk obm0EIe;f (odrYk [kw)f rQajcEIe;f xuf avQmh
cs&efBudK;pm;ygu? aiGazmif;yGrIjyóemESihf &ifqdkif&vdrfhrnf[k qdkonf/
aiGazmif;yGaomf ukefypönf;rsm; aps;EIef;wufojzihf vlawG r0,fEdkifMu?
vlwdkYoHk;pGJrIavsmhvmaomf xkwfvkyfrIvnf; avQmhcsvm&vdrfhrnf?? þ
odkYjzihf pD;yGm;a&;usKHUvmum? tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&vnf; obm0EIef;xm;qD
odkY jyefusvmrnf[lí? olu wGufjyonf/
tvkyfvufrJhqdkif&m obm0EIef;xm;t,ltqu? udef;(p)abm*
aA'rS ta&;BuD;aom t,ltqwpf&yfudkvnf; pdefac:aomoabm
oufa&mufonf/ ,if;u? aiGazmif;yGrIESihf tvkyfvufrJhyrmPtMum;
tay;t,l tavQmhtwif; (trade-off) &Sdonf[laom t,ltqjzpfí?
zdvpf(y)(p)rsO;f auG;qufE, G rf I (Phillips Curve relationship) trnfjzih?f
pD;yGm;a&;ynme,fy,fü vlodrsm;onf/ z&D;(')rif;u xdkESpfcktMum;
vJvS,favQmhwif;rIonf a&&SnfrjzpfEdkif[k jrifonf/ tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&
avsmhyg;atmifvkyfaom tpDtrHrsm;onf? aiGazmif;yGrIudk wdk;jrihfap
vdrhfrnf/ odkYaomf? tcsdefwefvQif tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&u obm0EIef;qDodkY
jyefa&mufoGm;rnf/ ay:vpDorm;wdkYonf tvkyfvufrJhEIef;xm; a&&Snf
usqif;aeatmif vkyfrxm;Edkif? twif;vkyfrnfqdku aiGazmif;yGjcif;om
tzwfwifrnf[lí olu qdkonf/ aemufydkif;ü onftcsufESihfpyfvsOf;
í aemufwpfqihfwufum? aiGazmif;yGrI ydkíydkíjrihfrm;vmvQif? azmif;
yGEIef; twuf,tuswdkYvnf; ydkíjrefqefvmum pD;yGm;a&; rwnfrNidrfjzpf
vdrfhrnf? onftcg obm0tvkyfvufrJhEIef;yg e*dkxuf jrihfwufvmvdrhf
rnf/ þenf;tm;jzihf? aiGazmif;yGrIESihf tvkyfvufrJhjyóemwdkY tjyef
139
tvSefrxdef;Edkif½Hkru? ESpfckvHk;yif vm;&mwpfckwnf;qDodkY a&GUvsm;oGm;
Muvdrfhrnf[k ol wGufjyonf/ xdkYaMumihf? udef;(p)\enf;tm;jzihf tvkyf
vufrJhjyóemudkajz&Sif;&ef BudK;pm;vQif? &nfrSef;csuf ratmifjrif½Hkru
aiGazmif;yGrIjrihfrm;jcif;tjyif? tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&vnf; avsmhroGm;bJ
ydkíom wdk;yGm;vmonfhjyóemudk &ifqdkifMu&vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;ESihf?
1970 ausmEf pS rf sm;u tar&duefjynfwiG jf zpfymG ;cJo
h nfh tvkyv
f ufrEhJ eI ;f
a&m aiGazmif;yGrIyg? wpfNydKifeufjrihfrm;rIjyóem (stagflation) onf
udef;(p)\ pD;yGm;a&;tjrifrsm;wGif tajccHonfh vGJrSm;aomay:vpDrsm;
aMumihfjzpfaMumif;? olu owday;ajymqdkonf/
ÄÄÄ
EdkifiHwum aiGaMu;u@wGifvnf;? udef;(p)\t,ltqrsm;udk
z&D;(')rif; qefYusifonf/ udef;(p)u yHkaoaiGvJEIef; (fixed exchange
rate) pepfudkESpfoufí? 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;wGif xdkpepfudk taumif
txnfazmfay;cJhonf/ z&D;(')rif;url avsmhwif;Edkifaom aiGvJEIef;
(flexible exchange rate) pepfonf yHkaopepfxuf? bufaygif;pHku ydkí
aumif;rGefonf[k,lqNyD;? ,if;udk taxmuftyHhjyKonfh taMumif;t
csufrsm; ol wifjyonf/
yxrtcsuf? yHkaovJvS,fEIef;pepf usihfoHk;rnfqdkvQif wdkif;jynf
rsm;taejzihf? rdrdwdkYEdkifiHoHk;aiGudk tqdkygyHkaoEIef;twdkif; xdef;xm;Edkif&ef
twGu?f aiGaMu;ay:vpDjzihf Muyfrwfvyk af qmifzv Ykd v
kd rd rhf nf[k ol axmuf
jyonf/ onftcg? Edik if jH cm;aiGrsm;0,f,El ikd &f eftwGuf A[kb d Pfwt Ykd ae
jzihf? rvTJra&Smifom aiGyrmP ydkrdkpGmxkwfvkyfay;&jcif;rsKd; &Sdvmrnf/
EIef;&Sif (floating rates) arQmxm;rnfqdkvQifrl? aiGaMu;tmPmydkifwdkY t
aejzihf? EdkifiHoHk;aiG\wefzkd;twuf,tusudk xnfhwGufaep&mrvdkbJ? rdrd
wdkYaiGaMu;ay:vpDüom tm½Hkpl;pdkufEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k olqdkonf/
'kwd, z&D;(')rif; axmufjyonfu? avsmhwif;ajymif;vJEdkifaom
vJvS,fEIef;pepfaMumihf EdkifiHcsif;csif;ukefoG,frI ydkrdkwdk;wufapEdkifonf
[laomtcsuf jzpfonf/ yHkaoEIef;rsm;ESihfqdkvQif ukefoG,fa&;jyóem
wpfpw kH pf&may:wdik ;f ? ydwyf ifuefo
Y wfaomenf; (trade restriction) jziho f m
wkHYjyefwwfMuonf/ EIef;&Sifpepftm;jzifhqdkvQifrl ukefoG,fa&;uGm[rI
(trade deficit) &Sv d Qivf nf;? vJv, S Ef eI ;f u ,if;uGm[rIEiS ahf vsmn f pD mG tvdk
140
tavsmuf xdef;nd§ajymif;vJoGm;rnf jzpfonf/
wwd,rSm? avsmhwif;ajymif;vJEdkifaom vJvS,fEIef;pepfonf? aiG
azmif;yGrIudk wdkif;jynfwpfjynfrSwpfjynfodkY ul;pufjcif;r&Sdatmif? xdef;
ay;Edkifonf[laomtcsuf jzpfonf/ yHkaovJvS,fEIef;pepfwGifrl aiG
azmif;yGrI&Sdaeaom wdkif;jynfonf? rdrdjynfwGif;jzpfESihfpmvQif ydkíaps;
oufomaeonfh EdkifiHjcm;ukefrsm;udk? wdk;wuf0,f,loHk;pGJvdrfhrnf/ onf
tcg wpfzufwdkif;jynfrsm;üvnf;? ukefypönf;rsm;twGuf aiGaMu;oHk;pGJ&rI
ydrk v
kd mrnfjzpfNy;D ? xdrk q
S ufum aiGazmif;yGrI jzpfay:vmEdik af yonf/ ajymif;
vJEdkifaom vJvS,fEIef;pepfwGifrl? xdkjyóemrsKd; ray:aygufEdkif/ t
aMumif;u? aiGazmif;yGrIjzpfay:aeaomwdkif;jynfwGif aiGwefzdk;uvnf;
,if;ESihfavsmfnDpGm usqif;aernfjzpf&m? EdkifiHjcm;ypönf;rsm; aps;oufom
p&m taMumif;r&SdaomaMumihf jzpfonf/
ÄÄÄ
txufwiG af zmfjycJo
h nfh ruú½akd bm*aA'qdik &f m jznfq h nf;csurf sm;
tjyif? pD;yGm;a&;ynmtwGuf ta&;ygaom z&D;(')rif;\ tjcm;vkyaf qmif
csuftrsm;tjym; &Sdygao;onf/
,if;teuf wpfckrSm? pD;yGm;a&;ynmordkif;wGif xif&Sm;vSonfh
enf;emaA'qdkif&mjiif;cHkyGJ (methodological dispute) wpfcw k iG ?f olyg0if
cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ jiif;cHkaomtaMumif;t&mrSm pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifawG r
MumcP a0zefcH&avh&Sdaom tcsufwpf&yfESihfywfoufonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
ynm&Sirf sm;onf pl;prf;avhvmrIwpfpw kH pf&m jyKMuonft h cgwdik ;f yif? vuf
awGUrusaom (t&Syd uwdr[kwaf om) rSw, f cl suf (unrealistic assump-
tion) rsm;? csrSwfwwfMuonf [laoma0zefcsufjzpfonf/ onfae&mü
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sirf sm;udk oa&mfavSmifajymifonfh [mowpfy'k u f kd azmfjyvdk
onf/ wpfcgü? bmom&yfqdkif&m ynm&SifrsKd;pHkwdkY? uRef;wpfuRef;ay:wGif
aomifwifaeMuonf/ olwdkYrSm pm;p&m pnfoGwfAl; trsm;tjym;&Sdaomf
vnf;? onfAl;awGudkazmuf&ef ud&d,mwefqmyvmr&Sd jzpfaeonf/
ynm&SiftoD;oD;u rdrdwdkYbmom&yfqdkif&m ynmrsKd;pHkjzihf BudK;pm;tm;
xkwfNyD;? vHk;0atmifjrifrIr&Muonfhtcsdef pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifu onf
jyóemajyvnfoGm;aprnfh enf;vrf;wpf&yfudk? ,HkMunfrItjynfht0ESihf
xíwifjyonf/ olYpum; tpcsDyHku? ]uJ? uRefawmfwdkYrSm pnfoGwfAl;
141
azmufwHwpfck&Sdw,fvdkY ,lqMunfhMu&atmif...} [lowwf/ rSefrSefxnfhoGif;ae&NyD;? tvkyfrvkyfEdkifcsdef tdkrif;csdefü jyefvnfcHpm;
tJonfv?kd r&So d nfth &mudk &So
d nf[k pOf;pm;jcif;rsK;d aMumihyf if? pD;yGm; &rnfhtpDtpOfrsKd;onf rjynfhpHkolrsm;xHrSaiGudk pD;yGm;jynfhpHkojzihf t
a&;ynm&SifawGonf vufawGUrusaomrSwf,lcsufrsm;? csrSwfwwfMu ouf&Snf&Snfae&olrsm;odkY? a&TUajymif;ay;&ma&mufonf[k a0zefjcif;rsKd;
onf [k ta0zefcH&jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf? 1953 ckESpfxkwf Essays jzpfonf/ tvm;wlyif? tqihfjrihfynmoifMum;a&;twGuf tpdk;&u
on Positive Economics usr;f wGir f ?l z&D;(')rif;u tJonfvpkd Of;pm;onfh taxmuftyHah y;jcif;rsK;d onfvnf;? jynfph akH omolrsm;udyk if t"duyHyh ;kd ul
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rsm;jyKvkyf&mü rSwf,lcsuf(assumption)rsm;onf yuwdt&Sday:wGif t wdik ;f udk ynma&;wGio S f (voucher) rsm; xkwaf y;Ny;D ?
f ;kH pG&J ef aiGaMu;vufrw
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k nf/ oDt&kd rD eS of rQonf rdrw d oYkd m;orD;tm; ESpo
f uf&mausmif;odYk a&G;cs,t f yfEcHS iG jfh yKrnfh tpDtrH
w&m;udk,foabmudkxkwf,ljcif; (abstraction) rsm;csnf;jzpf&m? ,if; rsKd;udk? ol vdkvm;aMumif; axmufcHwifjycJhonf/
oDtdk&DtpjyK&m rSwf,lcsufrsm;onfvnf; yuwdt&Sd r[kwfEdkif? ta&; ÄÄÄ
BuD;onfu ,if;oDtdk&DrS xGufay:vmonfhaumufcsufrsm; rSef,rrSef?
vufawGUtvkyfjzpf,rjzpfESihf? toHk;0ifaom BudKwifcefYrSef;csufrsm; xkwf rpfvwef z&D;(')rif;um;? ynm&Sifavmua&m trsm;jynfol
ay;Edik jf cif; &Sd,r&Sd qdkwmyJjzpfonf[lí olu usKd;aMumif;jy ajymqdkonf/ avmuwGifyg xif&Sm;atmifjrifonfh? &Sm;yg;aom pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif wpf
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ynm&Sit f csi;f csi;f Mum;wGif ydí
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f nfh pmtkypf mwrf;ajrmufjrm;pGm a&;om;ay;cJo h w l pfO;D tjzpf? av;pm;
zwf½IEdkifMu&efvnf; ol trsm;tjym;a&;om;cJo h nf/ ,if;teuf? xl;jcm; ESpfoufjcif; cH&onf/ The Economist pmapmifurl? z&D;(')rif;onf
xif&mS ;aom pmwpftyk u f Capitalism and Freedom usr;f jzpfonf/ 1962 20 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;umvtwGif; MoZmvTrf;rdk;rItBuD;rm;qHk; pD;yGm;a&;
ckESpfuxkwfa0onfh ¤if;pmtkyfwGif? wpfO;D csi;f aomjynfow l Ykd vGwv
f yf ynm&Sijf zpfonf? ..20 &mpk wpfcv k ;kH twGuyf if? ¤if;twdik ;f ajymaumif;
cGi&hf &dS efvtkd yfykH taMumif;ESi?fh pD;yGm;a&;wGif tpdk;&yg0ifpGufzufrIrSeforQ ajymEdkifrnf[lí? *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
udk? ol vufrcHaMumif; txift&Sm;azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkYjyif olu? t&if; azjrihf
&Sifpepfonf taumif;qHk;pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfaMumif;? taMumif;u onf
pepfonf EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhudk tm;ay;jr§ifhwifNyD;? EdkifiHa&;tmPm
\vTrf;rdk;rIudkvnf; aps;uGuftiftm;jzihf axEdkif,acsEdkifaomaMumihf ausm0f if;
jzpfaMumif; qdkcJhonf/
z&D;(')rif;u? vlwpfO;D csi;f wd\ Yk qH;k jzwfyikd ;f jcm;ydik cf iG u
tpdk;&tpDtpOfrSeforQudkvnf;? qefYusifoljzpfonf/ 1975 ckESpfxkwf
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There’s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch pmtkyfwGif olu vkyfcESihf
Word Power,

156^2003(2)
aps;EIe;f xde;f csKyrf rI sm;? tedrq hf ;kH vkycf Oya'jy|mef;jcif;? vlrzI v l akH &;tpDtrH Ref:
rsm;csrSwfjcif; ponfwdkYtm;vHk;udk usKd;aMumif;jycsufrsm;tm;jzihf jypfwif by Edward Debono
a0zefonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf tvkyfvkyfEdkifcsdefwGif vlrIzlvHka&;&efyHkaiG
142 143

aps;uGufpD;yGma&;qkdwmbmvJ (5)
What Is a Market Economy?
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144
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145
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tcef; (5)
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146
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147
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jzpfygonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k d S ]vuf0g;Bu;D tkyrf I qefu Y siaf &;Oya'rsm;} þtcsufukd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/ tqkdyg rD*gNrdKU
(anti trust laws) rSm? NyKd iq f idk rf u
I kd tNr&J iS o f efaeapa&;twGuf &nf&G,f&if; Bu;D rsm;wGi?f vlO;D a&oef;ESichf s&D o dS nfw
h idk f b,foal wGudk tom;
jzpfygonf/ b,favmufay;rnf? aygifrkefYb,favmufay;rnf? [if;oD;
trSefpifppf aps;uGufpepftvkyfjzpfaeonfrSm? NydKifqkdifrIu aps; [if;&Guf b,favmufay;rnf pojzif?h cGw J rf;csay;aom pDru H ed ;f
uGuftiftm;pkrsm; (a&mif;vkdtm;ESifh0,fvkdtm;) wkdYukd tNrJvIyf&Sm;ae at*sifpDrsm; r&Sdyg/ odkYESifhwkdif? NrdKUolNrdKUom;tm;vHk;ukd 00
ap&ef? xde;f ñSad y;aeaomaMumihf jzpfygonf/ okt Yd wGuf tqkyd g NyKd iq f idk rf I vifvifauR;xm;Ekdifygonf/ bmaMumifhenf;/ þNrdKUBuD;rsm;
udkyif? prpfu ukd,faysmufvuf[k trnfay;vkdufjcif;jzpfygonf/ trdefY tpptqifajyatmif b,fyHkvnfywfaeMuygoenf;/
ay;pepfrSmvkd? jrifomxifomaom vufBuD;rsm;ESifh 0ifa&mufjc,fvS,f pm;aomufqkdifrsm;? pwdk;qkdifrsm;taeESifh rdrdwkdY azmuf
148 149
onfrsm; tvkd&Sdonfhypönf;ukd? aps;NydKifpepfjzifh tNydKiftqkdifa&mif;csMu uGeo f m,m
ygonf/ pm;oH;k olrsm;bufrv S nf; rdrw d t Ydk wGuf taumif;qH;k ypön;f ud?k ordik ;f tkyaf qmif;pmpOf trSw(f 1)
toufomqHk;aps;EIef;jzifh &&Sdap&ef? a&G;cs,f0,f,lMuygonf/ þtajc
taewGif? t&nftaoG;rjynfhrDaomypönf;ukd a&mif;csonfh? (odkYr[kwf)
aps;wifa&mif;onfh? (okdYr[kwf) qufqHa&;nhHzsif;onfh qkdif&Sifrsm;t
wGuf? tem*wfr&SdEkdifyg/ aps;uGufNydKifyGJwGif wpfcsdefr[kwfwpfcsdef vef
oef;xGe;f &Spq
f ,fjynfh
usoGm;rnfom jzpfygonf/ pm;oHk;olrsm;bufrSvnf;? rdrdwdkUtvdk&Sdaom
oef;xGef;a&;wJhpm
ypönf;udk twwfEdkifqHk; oufomonfhaps;EIef;jzifh? 0,f,l&&SdEdkifygonf/ trSmpm
ajym&vQif? rnfonfhA[dkpDrHudef;aumfrwDrS rygbJ? a&mif;vdktm;ESifh a&S;a[mif;okawoeu az:xkwfay;wJhjrefrmh"avh
0,fvdktm;wdkY wdkuf½dkufxdawGUqufqHNyD;? tvkyfjzpfaejcif; jzpfygonf/ ysL? jrefrm? rGef? &cdkifawG&JY jAm[®PeJYAk'¨ udk,fpm;awmf
Brahmanical and Buddhist Icnographs of {NyD 2003? 4^2003 (1)
þoabmudkyif? jzpfpOftvdkuf pOf;pm;Munfhygrnf/ rkefYzkwform;
Pyu, Mon,Rakhine and Myanma
rsm;u? rkefYqdkifrsm;odkY aygifrkefYawG NydKifa&mif;Murnf/ rkefYzkwfud&d,m yk*HpmMunfhwdkuf^ The Bagan Libraries
a&mif;olrsm;u? rkezYf w k of rm;rsm;odYk 4if;wdyYk pön;f udk tNyKd iaf &mif;csMurnf/ ppfwrf;ac: e,fpyftkyfcsKyfa&; tpD&ifcHpm
oH? oHrPdESifh tjcm;ukefMurf;a&mif;csMuolrsm;u rkefYzkwfud&d,mvkyfol The Provincial Adminstrative Reports of
rsm;od?Yk ¤if;wdyYk pön;f rsm;udk tNyKd iaf &mif;csMurnf/ tqift h oD;oD;&Sd a&mif; Myanma: Sittans
pmtkyfa0zefcsuf? a*:'Gif[ifqefvkpf yk*HacwfOD;-a&S;jrefrm (3 wGJ)
ol,0,fot l m;vH;k rSm? jzpfpOfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH &Sd 0,fvt kd m;ESihf a&mif;vdt
k m;rsm;udk Review of Gordon H. Luce's ; Old Burma-Early Pagan,I,II &III.
tukeftpifrodonfhwdkif? rdrdwdkY yg0ifywfouf&mtydkif;udkrl? aumif; e,fpyfa'otkyfcsKyfa&; jzpfxGef;vmyHk(1885-1948)
aumif;oabmayguf em;vnfMuonf/ þodkYaom od&Sdoabmayguf (wifarmif&ifa&;wJh pmwrf;udk oef;xGef; csHKkUa&;w,f/)
Tin Maung Yin;Development of Frontier Adminstration
em;vnfraI Mumifo h m? jzpfpOfBu;D wpfcv k ;kH yHrk eS v
f nfywfaejcif;jzpfygonf/
(1885-1948), abridge by Than Tun
wpfenf;qdk&vQif? rdrdwdkYudk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf rdrdwdkYoufqdkif&mu@ rnfonft h cgrS wdraf umaysmufu, G rf nfr[kwo f nfh jrefrmvuFm oHk;yk'f
wGif? wwfpGrf;orQ BudK;yrf;vkyfudkif&if;jzifh wpfckvHk;pD;yGm;a&;BuD;udk t&Sdef (vSaz? vSoed ;f eJY cifacsma&;wmudk oef;xGe;f jrefrmjyefw,f/)
rysufarmif;ESifaeMujcif; jzpfygonf/ þonfyif aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; 1900 jynfhESpf0ef;usifu &efukefaumvdyf ^ ,leDAgpDwDaumvdyf
&efukefwuúodkvfrSm t*Fvdyfpm oifMum;yHk ^ ae&Sife,fausmif; t*Fvdyfpm
pepf\ a,bk,stvkyfvkyfyHk jzpfygonf/
wdkYq&mawG
aoEdkif½dk;vm; avbmwD
qufvufazmfjyygrnf- eef;e*g;a0
oef;xGef;taMumif;a&;wJhpm
t,f'DwmtzG J Y usKyfwdkUobmywdBuD;
f rQ uReaf wmhq&m(oef;xGe;f )taMumif;? [0if;armif (ordik ;f )]
uReaf wmfajymcsio
oef;xGef;pmpkpm&if;
pmñTef; - What Is a Market Economy ? 2002 ckESpftwGif; oef;xGef;a&;cJhorQ pmpkpm&if;
(By Michal Watts)
Plastic Rainbow Book Publication
trSwf 217? yxrxyf(0J)? qdyfurf;omvrf;(tv,f) ausmufwHwm;NrdKYe,f? &efukefNrdKY/
zkef; - 095193106 ^ 384199
150 151
Special Section

omrefa0g[m& bmomjyefjcif;*
„ OD;0ef

bmomjyef&mrSmtajccHjzpfwJh omrefa0g[m& bmomjyefqkdjcif;
taMumif;ukd uReaf wmfajymcsiyf gw,f/ c&pf,mefusr;f pmrsm;[m bmom
jyeftcH&qHk;usrf;pm jzpfw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ or®musrf;pmudk tjynfh
tpHkwcsKdU? wpfpdwfwpfykdif;wcsKdU bmomaygif; wpfaxmifhwpf&mausmfeJY
bmomjyefNy;D jzpfw,fvYdk od&ygw,f/1 tJonf c&pf,mefusr;f pm bmom
jyefawGukd avhvmNyD;awmh? Bible translating2 ac:wJh pmwpftkyfukd
Dr. Eugene A Nida u a&;ygw,f/ tJonfpmtkyfxJrSm (6-2-1-1)
olajymwJh tcsufwpfcsuf[mjzihf? tajccHoabmwpf&yftaeeJY tvGef
rSwfom;zG,f aumif;ygw,f/
'The translators must have a thorough knowledge of both
languages: the text language and the native language.'
]bmomjyefo[ l m bmomjyef&m bmompum;ukad &m bmomjyefcH
bmomjyefpum;ukda&m uRrf;usifpGm od&r,f} wJh/ tck bmomjyefaeMu
wJh uRefawmfwkdYtwGufawmh? t*Fvdyfbmompum;ukda&m jrefrmpum;
ukdyg uRrf;usifpGmodzkdYvkdw,fvkdY? qkdvkdw,fvkdY ,lqygw,f/
tck? uReaf wmf wifjycsiw f muvnf;? bmompum;uRr;f usirf eI YJ
qdik w
f t hJ aMumif;ygyJ/ okaYd omfvnf;? bmompum;uRr;f usirf u I dk ajymr,fh
tpm;? bmompum; ruRrf;usifrIaMumihf trSm;awGU&yHkukd ajymjy&&if?
wkw
d u dk sO;f usO;f eJY oabmaygufEidk Mf uvdrrhf ,fvYdk xifryd gw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
trSm;taMumif;uk?d om"utenf;i,fxw k jf yNy;D uReaf wmf ajymjyyg&ap/
a&S; t*Fvyd af cwftcgu? OD;armifarmifqw dk hJ NrdKUtkyfrif;wOD;[m?
* JBRS, XLIII, ii, Dec. 1965, 79 - 82.
152
trIjzpfvYdk &efuek rf mS trIqidk &f ygowJ/h wpfaeYawmh e,frmS &Sw d o hJ rYl cd ifxu
H dk
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm olu oHBudK;pmwapmif ykdYvkdufygowJh/ ]Maung
Maung Suspended} wJ/h oHBuKd ;pmuk& d awmh rdcifBu;D [mxdwx f w d jf ymjymeJY
t*Fvdyfpmwwfolukd zwfckdif;wmaygh/ tJonfvluvnf; Suspendedukd
rodvkdY? tbd"mefvSefMunfhNyD;awmh ]OD;armifarmifukd wJGvJqGJxm;onf}vkdY
bmomjyefvkdufygowJh/ tJ'gukdvJMum;a&m rdcifBuD;[m ]tr,fav;
awmh usKyfom;BuD;ukd BudK;ay;vkdufygayghvm;} vkdYqkdNyD;? &ifywfpnfwD;
ikdygava&mwJh/ tJonfcPrSm? t*Fvdyfpmwwfwpfa,muf aemufxyf
a&mufvmNyD;? oHBudK;pm;ukdMunhfawmh bmomjyefrSm;aewmodwmeJY....
]OD;armifarmifudk BuKd ;ray;ygbl;/ &mxl;u acwåcsxm;wmyg}vkYd ajymawmhrS?
rdcifBuD; touf½SLrSefvmNyD;? ]&mxl;ucswmawmh acwåyJcscs? wpf
oufvHk;yJcscs? udpör&Sdygbl;/ BudK;ray;wmrSef&if NyD;wmygyJ} vkdYqkdNyD;
&,f & S m ygowJ h / tJ o nf t jzpf t ysuf u av;[m wu,f j zpf w mvk d Y
uRefawmfod&ygw,f/ [kdacwf[kdtcgu jrefrmjynfaus;vufykdif;rSm?
t*Fvyd pf mwwfwv hJ l tifrwef&mS ;ygw,f/ wwfjyefawmhvnf;? oHBuKd ;pm
zwfwwf½kHavmuf wwfw,fvkdY? ajymavh&Sdygw,f/ okdYaomfvnf; tck
uRefawmfwifjywJhtjzpfukdaxmuf&if? oHBudK;pmukdawmif rSefuefatmif
zwfwwfol &Sm;w,fvkdY? ,lrSwf&ef&Sdygw,f/
aemufwpfck uRefawmfajymcsifwmu? t*Fvdyfpm tvGefwwfwJh
yk*¾dKvf? t*FvefEkdifiHrSm ESpfESpfvHk;vHk; ynmawmfoiftjzpfeJY? ynma&;bm
om&yfavhvmcJhwJhyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;? owdvpfyHkuav; jzpfygw,f/ tJonf
yk*Kd¾ v[
f m *syefacwftwGi;f u? tpk;d &udpw ö ckeYJ *syefjynfuodk mG ;&ygw,f/
153
jyefvmwJhtcgusawmh olawGUcJh& BuHKcJh&wJhtaMumif;awGukd aqmif;yg;
wpfckrSm? ]tmvl;csKd}awG *syefjynfrSmtoHk;0ifaMumif; ygvmygw,f/
uReaf wmfu tbd"meform;qkad wmh? ]tmvl;csK}d qkw d mukad wGU&wJt h cg odyf
Ny;D odcsiyf gw,f/ wpfaeYaomtcgrSm tJonfy*k Kd¾ vef q YJ akH wmh uReaf wmfu
ar;w,f/ ]aemifBu;D ? *syefjyefaqmif;yg;xJu tmvl;csKq d w dk m b,f[mrsK;d
vJAs}vdkY uRefawmfu ar;w,f/ ]uGm? Sweet Potato ukdajymwmygwJh}
oluajzw,f/ onfawmh? uReaf wmfu ]tk?d aemifBu;D uvJ? Sweet Potato
qkdwm uefpGef;Oukdac:wmyJ}vkdYajymawmh? ]rodygbl;uGm? vrf;ñTefpmtkyf
rSmzwf&vkdY bmomjyefNyD; a&;vkdufwmyJ}vkdY jyefajzygw,f/
aemufwpfck uRefawmf\wifjycsifwmu? owif;pmwpfapmifrSm
zwf&wJh udpöwpf&yfyg/ wpfaeYaomtcgrSm jrefrmowif;pmwapmif
xJu? EkdifiHjcm;owif;wpf&yfrSm ]jrif;cGm*Pef;aumif} qkdwmudk zwf&yg
w,f/ uRefawmfuvnf; odcsifwmeJY? t*Fvdyfowif;pmrSm tJonf
owif;&yfu&dk mS Munhaf wmh horse-shoe crab qkw d hJ tar&duefpum;vH;k uk?d
awGU&ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumihf? tar&dueftbd"mefukdvSefMunhfawmh king-
crab ukd horse-shoe crab vkdYvnf;ac:w,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ king-crabukd
jrefrmvkd ]yDvm;aumif}vkdY ac:wmukdawmh? uRefawmf e*dkuodxm;NyD;yg/
tJonfrmS bmomjyefo[ l m jrefrmpum;ukd rpHpk rf;bJ? wku d ½f u
dk b
f momjyef
vku d w
f thJ wGuf jrefrmrIrmS ½Iyaf xG;oGm;&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ tu,fí? ol[m
tar&duef t*Fvdyfpum;ukda&m jrefrmpum;ukdyg? uRrf;uRrf;usifusif
em;vnfv&Ydk &dS if onfvdk arhrmS ;a&;rdvrd rfh ,f rxifygbl;/ tJonfvdk rSm;
wwfwJhtwGuf? ]jrif;cGm*Pef;eJY tmvl;csKd}qkdNyD; aqmif;yg;wpfapmifukd
]aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;} trSwf29 rSm uRefawmf azmfjyzhl;ygw,f/
Oya'bmomjyef&mrSm awGU&wJh jzpf&yfwpfckukdvnf; wifjycsifyg
w,f/ The Urban Control Act, Section 14 (1) rSm ejectment from the
premises on any of the grounds specified in clause (d) of sub-section (1)
uk?d bmomjyefou l ]yk'rf cGJ (1) tyk'd f (* i,f) wGif oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;onfh
ajrrsm;ay:&Sd OypmrSESifxkwfjcif;} vkdY jyefvkdufygw,f/ tJonfrSm on
any of the grounds ukd ]ajrrsm;ay:&Sd} vkdY bmomjyefvkdufjcif;ygyJ/
Grounds [m onfpum;pyfrmS ]taMumif;tcsur f sm;}vkYd teuf&v
dS rd rhf ,f
xifygw,f/
wuúokdvf orkdif;bmomjyefq&mwpfOD;&JU jzpf&yfwck[mvnf;?
154
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;ygw,f/ orkdif;pmtkyfwpfckrSm South-East Asia
Relief Fund qkw d m ygygw,f/ tJ'gukd bmomjyefou l ? ]ta&SUawmiftm&S
½kyaf zmif;½ky<f u&efyakH iG} vkYd jyefvu dk yf gw,f/ trSerf mS awmh Relief qdw k hJ
pum;vHk;[m? onfpum;pyfrSm ]oufomacsmifcsda&;}ukd qkdvkdygw,f/
aemufwpfck/ pD;u&ufAl;awGxJrSm pD;u&ufukd cJpuúLeJYavvHk
atmifxyk &f ygw,f/ cJpuúLukd t*Fvyd v f dk tin-foil vkaYd c:ygw,f/ odyyHÜ nm
bmomjyefpmrlwpfckrSm ]cJrjzLrsufyg;} qkdwJha0g[m&ukdawGUawmh? uRef
awmftvGefpdwf0ifpm;NyD;? t*Fvdyfpum;ukd&SmMunhfw,f/ Tin-foil ukd
awGU&ygw,f/ onfawmh Tin-foil qkd&if? vltrsm;ac:wJhpum;eJY ]cJpuúL}
vkdYrac:bJ? ]cJrjzLrsufyg;}vkdY bmaMumifh ac:ygvdrfhrvJ/ toHk;tpGJrsm;
&Sad va&mhovm;qkNd y;D ? tbd"meftwGuf pkxm;wJah 0g[m&awGrmS &SmMunhf
ygw,f/ rawGUygbl;/ ]rsuyf g;}qkw d mu bk&m;rSma&TcswhJ a&Tqidk ;f ukad c:wJh
pum;wpfrsKd;yg/ a&Trsufyg;ac:ygw,f/ t*Fvdyfvkdawmh gold leaf ac:
Muwmaygh/ ]cJpuúL}eJY ]rsufyg;}[moabmcsif;rwlbl; xifygw,f/ ]cJrjzL
rsuyf g;} qkw d phJ um;vH;k uk?d b,fursm; &ygvdrrhf vJqNdk y;D ? [k[ d okd nfonfrSm
&SmMunhfwJhtcg? OD;xGef;Nidrf;tbd"mefrSm oGm;awGU&ygw,f/ Tin-foil udk
]cJrjzLqdik ;f ? cJrjzLrsuyf g;} vdYk t"dymÜ ,faz:xm;ygw,f/ tJonfpum;awGu?
jrefrmbmomrSm wu,f&w dS phJ um;awG r[kwyf gbl;/ tbd"mefrSmt"dyÜm,f
ay:atmif azmfzkdY&ef? tbd"mefq&mu zefwD;&wJh pum;vHk;awGyg/
tJonftcsufukd owdrrlrdwJh bmomjyefq&mu? tbd"meftzGifhukda0g
[m&vkyfNyD; oHk;vkdufwJhtwGuf? ae&mrusjzpf&w,fvkdY xifrdygw,f/
aemufwpfck uRefawmfwifjycsifygao;w,f/ odyÜHynmrSm toH
taMumif;udk bmomjyefxm;wJhpmwpfck ygvmygw,f/ tJonfpmxJrSm
awGU&wmu? ESw J Ydk yavGwrYdk mS usL½d;k ygw,fvYkd jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmfvnf;
oabmraygufwmeJY t*Fvdyfpmrlukd Munhfawmh? reed qkdwJh pum;vHk;ukd
oGm;awGUygw,f/ Reed ukd OD;xGef;Nidrf;tbd"mefu? ]usL? usLyif? usL½kd;?
...usLa>ytcif? cifa>y} ponfjzifh teufay;xm;ygw,f/ tJonf ay;
xm;wJt h euftrsK;d rsK;d xJu ESw J Ydk yavGwt Ydk wGu?f ]tcif}qkw d hJ pum;vH;k ukd
a&G;&rSmukd ra&G;bJ? ]usL½dk;}ukd oGm;a&G;awmh onfbmomjyefq&m[m?
bmomjyefpum;udak &m? bmomjyefcH bmompum;ukad &m rodem;rvnf&m
a&mufw,fvkdY xifrdygw,f/
aemufwpfcsuf uReaf wmfajymcsiaf o;wmu? oHvu dk t f aMumif;ukd
155
bmomjyef&mrSm awGU&wJh? ckd;vkd;ckvk wpfcsufygyJ/ oHvkdufeJY qkdif&mrSm
secular variation qkdwJh toHk;tEIef;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'gukd wuúokdvf bmom Dr. Than Tun
jyefq&mwpfOD;u? ]avmuDESifhqkdifaom ajymif;vJrI} vkdY jyefvkdufygw,f/ (memoirs & observations)
b,favmufrSefvkdY b,favmufrSm;w,fqkdwmukdawmh? odyÜHynm&SifawG 157 zwfpmtkyfordkif;
qifjcifMunhfMuygawmh/ 178 A Modern History of Myanma
aemufwpfck wifjycsifygao;w,f/ wuúokdvfbmomjyef wpf&yf
rSm? uGe'f ifqmxJrmS ]rSeu
f if;} wyfxm;w,fvYdk awGU&ygw,f/ uReaf wmfwYdk
tzkdYawmh tvGefxl;qef;wJh pum;wpf&yfygyJ/ rSefuif;qkdwmrsKd;[m
jymom'ftcReftwufawGrSm wyfqif&wJh? tqifwefqmwpfrsKd;yg/ a&S;
acwfu eef;awmf? tdrfawmf? ausmif;awmfawGrSm oHk;ygw,f/ tckacwf
awmh oH;k MuyHrk &ygbl;/ 'gayrJ?h uGe'f ifqmxJrmS rSeu
f if;wyfqifxm;w,f
qdkawmh? bmrsm;ygvdrfhrvJvkdY t*Fvdyfpmukd,fukd zGifhMunhf&ygw,f/
onftcg VANE qkdwmukd oGm;awGU&ygw,f/ VANE ukd OD;xGef;Nidrf;
zwfpmtkyo
f rdik ;f *
tbd"mefu ]avjytvHi,f/ iSufjrwfem;/ rSefuif;} vkdY teufay;xm;yg „ o ef ; xG ef ;
w,f/ bmomjyefo[ l m tJonftbd"mef pum;awGxu J ? olxif&m wpfck
ukda&G;NyD; bmomjyefqkdvkdufyHk&ygw,f/ uGef'ifqmxJrSm ]iSufjrwfem;} a&S;jrefrmpepfeYJ pmoifay;aewmu? 19 &mpkEpS &f UJ yxr
wyfqifxm;w,fvkdY rjyefwmukdyJ? aus;Zl;wif&rvkd jzpfaeygw,f/ ESpftpdwf vGefwJhtcg? t*FvdyfpepfeJYoifMum;csifawmh
tJonfawmhum? uRefawmf tprSmwifjycJhwJh a'gufwmEkduf'g&JU zwfpmtkyf[m aygif;ul;wHwm; jzpfw,f/ 'DzwfpmtkyfudkyJ
tqk[ d m? tifrwefreS yf gw,fvYdk qkcd siyf gw,f/ bmomjyefr,fh yk*Kd¾ v[
f m? pepfa[mif;udkNzdKcGif;wJh vufeuftjzpfeJY oHk;w,f/ bmjyK
ukd,fhpum;udka&m, olYpum;ukda&m y,fy,fe,fe,f uRrf;uRrf;usifusif vdv Yk q
J adk wmh? a&S;pepfrmS zwfpmtky&f ,fvYdk r&Sb d ;l / oifyek ;f
wwfr?S jzpfygvdrrfh ,f/ tJonfrmS ? a'gufwmEku d 'f gu olpY mtkyf pmrsuEf mS Bu;D &Ny;D &if? y&dwBf u;D yJ wpfy'k pf t
D &Gwcf ikd ;f tusucf ikd ;f awmh
8 rSm a&;xm;wJh pum;wpf&yf[mvnf;? tifrwef rSwfzG,faumif;yg wmyJ/ tJ'guaeNyD;? Ak'¨pmayxJu tqifhqifhjrifhwJh oif
w,f/ In all the press of duties the translator must be a word-hunter,wJ/h cef;pmawG? ay;oGm;awmhw,f/ t*Fvdyf,lvmwJh taemuf
[kwfygw,f/ bmomjyefq&mqkdol[m? awmvkdufrkqkd;vkd a0g[m&awG EdkifiHpepfuawmh? zwfpmtkyfudkoHk;NyD; pma&;enf; pmzwf
ukdajc&mcHNyD; tNrJvkdufvH &SmazGpkaqmif;EkdifrS? a0g[m&<u,f0wJh a0g enf;udo k ifw,f/ tJ't D cg? uav;i,f&UJ toufuv kd dkufNyD;
[m&olaX;BuD;? jzpfEkdifygvdrfhr,f/ ukd,hfbufqkdif&ma0g[m&? olYbuf pum;vHk;vG,f&w,f/ 0guszGJUyHk½dk;&w,f/ NyD;awmh? 'Dt&G,f
qkdif&ma0g[m&awGeJY jynfhpHkuHkvHkwJhtajcukda&muf&if? bmomjyefrIrSm rSm 'DtaMumif;awmhodoifhNyDqdkwJh? A[kokwudkvnf; ay;
aq;pufus&m t½kyfjzpfEkdifygvdrfhr,fvkdY? uRefawmf ,HkMunfrdygaMumif;/ w,f/ wpfrsKd;ajymawmh pma&;pmzwfoifwJhae&mrSm? oif
ykef;BuD; tvGwfusufaewmxuf aeYpOfjrifawGUae&wJh
OD;0ef ]rD;eDrD;0g? tvDvDtvmvm? q&mrdb} qdkwmawGudk? pmeJY
rSwfpk 1/ On Translation. Harvard, 1959. awGU&&if ydkaumif;r,fqdkwJhoabmeJY? ywf0ef;usif tjzpf
2/ Bible Translating. New York, 1947. tysuu f kd zwfpmtkyx f rJ mS a&;xnfhay;xm;w,f/ tJ'gu
156 157
wpfqifw h ufNy;D ? a&S;vlBu;D olrqH;k rwJph um;udk yHjk yifew YJ pfrsK;d ? vuFmeJw Y pfrsK;d ? qufqaH &;½H;k )pmMunfw h u kd ?f jrefrmpmtkyf uufwavmufxu J vnf; zwf
pum;ajyeJYwpfrsKd; a&;xnfhay;xm;ygao;w,f/ tJ'gtjyif acwf&UJ tajc pmtkyfemrnfwcsKdU&w,f/ 'DvdkeJYyJ tm;vHk;pHkwJhpm&if;&NyDvdkY rajymEdkif
taeudt k uJcwfEikd af tmif? ud, k jhf ynfwiG ;f rSm NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;awG BuD;us,f awmif? tawmfrsm;rsm;jynfhpHkwJhpm&if;udk &ygw,f/ Oyrm? 0ef&Sifawmf
pnfum;Ny;D a&mif;cif;0,fcif;wkd;wufyHk? aus;vufawm&GmrSm om,m rif;BuD; tmomz,f&m&JU 26 'DZifbm 1864 aeYpGJeJY tdEd́,jynfxJa&;
Nird ;f at;Ny;D aysmpf &maumif;yH?k 0w¬Kypön;f xkwv f yk o f ;kH pGyJ ?kH aumufyJoD;ESH Xmeudk tpD&ifcHwJhpmxJrSm...
pdkufysKd;pm;aomufyHk? jynfy wjcm;EdkifiHawGrSm wkd;wufBuD;yGm;aeyHk? jynf t*Fvdyf jrefrmEdkifiHom;awG[m? t*Fvdyftpdk;&udk (rIcif;zrf;wJh)
axmifcsif;csif; qufoG,ftusKd;jzpfxGef;yHkqkdwmawGudk? a&;xnfhxm; ykvdyf? tcGefcHwJht&m&Sd? (axmifcswJh)w&m;olBuD;vdkY odxm;wm
w,f/ tem*wfarQmrf eS ;f csuv f nf; xnfah y;vku d af o;w,f/ pmzwfaewJh uvGJNyD;? wjcm; (t&nftaoG;awGudk) odyfrodbl;/ olwkdYEdkifiHrSm
uav;[m? igwdBYk u;D vm&if 'grsK;d vkyrf ,fqw kd phJ w
d f 0ifpm;vmatmif? urÇm t&ifBuHKzl;wJh tmPmydkifawGxufwmh? t*FvdyftmPmydkif[m
rSmBuD;us,fxif&Sm;wJh yk*¾dKvfBuD;awG? udk,fhjynfu trsm;av;pm;wJh acgif; pnf;pepfusNy;D zdp;D ESyd pf ufwo hJ abm uif;w,fvaYdk wmh odMuygNy/D
aqmifBuD;awG&JUtw¬KyÜwådawGudk zwf&if? 'Dpdwfjzpfw,fvkdY odavawmh jrefrmvdak jymwwfwhJ Oa&myom;u enf;&wJt h xJ? twGi;f ydik ;f us
'Dvdktw¬KyÜwådvnf; tenf;tyg;xnfhay;xm;w,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvdk wJhae&mawGudk ta&muftayguf r&Sdoavmuf enf;Muavawmh?
avmu"mwfynmtaMumif; tckrSrSpNyD; ajym&qdk&wJhtcg? pmoifom; awmifov l ,form; aus;awmom; trsm;[m? t*Fvyd t f mPmydik f
uav;i,fukd odyyHÜ nmtaMumif; wpfpw d w f pfyikd ;f oifay;OD;rSyv J ,
Ydk ql Ny;D ? awGu igwkdYudk ynmoifay;csifw,f? ,Ofaus;rItqifhjrifhvm
aemiftcg pmoifausmif;awGrmS taxGaxGoyd v HÜ aYkd c:wJh ynm&yfu?kd zwf atmif ulnDcsifw,fvkdY ? rodMuawmhbl;aygh/ 'Dvdk&nf&G,fcsuf&Sd
pmtkyfxJrSm 'kwd,ydkif;qdkNyD;? xnfhay;xm;w,f/ wmudk odatmif b,fvv kd yk Mf urvJ/ oabmaygufatmif b,fvkd
tck ajymNyD;wmawG enf;enf;pDjyefajym&&if? zwfpmtkyfqdkwm ajymrvJ/ oabmusvufcHvmatmif b,fvkdaoG;aqmif&rvJ?
t*Fvyd af &mufraS y:wm jzpfw,f/ uav;i,f&UJ toufvu kd Nf y;D pum;vH;k tJ'Dvkyfief;u tajccHygyJ/ 'DtajccHyEéuf ryg&if? bmvkyfvkyf
i,fi,f? 0guswdkwdkuaeNyD; wjznf;jznf;cufvmwJh pma&;enf;? pmzwf tvum;jzpfrmS yJ/ wu,fxad &mufr,fh enf;wpfenf;yJ jrifw,f/
enf;udkoifwJhpmtkyf jzpfw,f/ 'DvdkoifwJhtcg pdwfyg0ifpm;p&mjzpf c½dkifwpfckpDrSm ususeexdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfEdkifwJh? A[dkausmif;wpf
atmif? uav;&JUtoufudkvdkufNyD; odoifhodxdkufwJhA[kokw ay;oGm; ausmif;pD zGifhzdkYygyJ/ 'Dvdkausmif;rsKd;u todynmvnf; jzefYr,f/
w,f/ a&S;vlBuD;olr&JUqHk;rpum;vnf; ygr,f/ ywf0ef;usifavhvma&; tm;usvmatmifvnf; qGJaqmifEdkifr,f/ t*FvdyftmPmydkif[m?
ygr,f/ tem*wfBuD;yGm;wkd;wufa&;udk arQmfudk;whJtaMumif;tcsufvnf; aus;awmfrsK;d uReaf wmfrsK;d awGu?kd ynmoifay;vdpk w d &f adS Mumif;vnf;
ygr,f/ wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfaewJhtpdk;&u vli,fawGudkoGif;ay;csifwJh pdwf xif&Sm;vmr,f/ 'Dausmif;rsKd;? c½dkifwkdif; NydKifwlzGifhvdkufzkdYawmh
"mwfwpfrsK;d rsK;d udvk nf;? zwfpmtkyu f aeNy;D oGi;f vdu k yf gw,f/ tpd;k & 0g' rvG,faybl;/ &nfcsif;jynfhq&mu vdkoavmuf&zkdY cufr,f/
jzefYvufeufwpfckqdk&if jiif;r&ygbl;/ ausmif;awG[m odyfrBuD;Edkifao;bl;? (ausmif;tkyfudk wpfv aiG
zwfpmtkyf pkMunfhygw,f/ zwfpmtkyfpm&if; vkyfMunfhygw,f/ 300d ay;NyD;? vufaxmuf 3? 4 a,mufeJY tck armfvNrdKifu
rdwfaqGtrsm;u zwfpmtkyfta[mif;av;awG ydkYay;ygw,f/ tpdk;&yHkESdyf ausmif;rsdK;)udk yxrqifhtrsdK;tpm;? (ausmif;tkyfudk wpfv aiG
wdkuf pmtkyfaMumfjimawG? tpkd;&a*Zufyg pmtkyfpm&if;awG? ynma&; 250d ay;NyD;? vufaxmuf 3? 4 a,mufeJY tck ppfawGu ausmif;
Xme ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmawGxJrSmvnf;? jy|mef;wJhzwfpmtkyftaMumif; rsKd;)udk 'kwd,tqifhtrsKd;tpm;xm;NyD;? yxrtrsKd;udk ykodrfrSm
ygw,f/ NAdwdoQjywdkuf jrefrmpmtkyf uwfwavmufxJrSmvnf; zwf zGiahf y;vdu
k wf ,f/ aemuf jynfrmS zGio hf ifv
h nf; zGiwhf maygh/ 'kw, d
pmtkyef mrnfwcsKUd awGUw,f/ vef'efrmS &Sw d t hJ Ed , d´ ½H;k (tck "eo[m, trsKd;udk awmifil? [oFmw? jrefatmif? xm;0,frSm zGifhMunfhr,f/
158 159
 Nrdwf? a&Tusif? oHwGJrSm zGifhoifhovm; qufpOf;pm;wmaygh? ausmif;
tkyfudk aetdrfvnf; wpfygwnf;aqmufay;&r,f/ oifcef;pm
oifwt hJ cg jrefrmpmudrk ypfy,fb;l qkw d m xif&mS ;ap&r,f/ 'gayrJh
(jrefrmpmuvGJvdkY usefbmomawGudk) t*FvdyfpmeJY oifay;oifh
w,f/ t*Fvdyfbmomudk qdyfurf;NrdKUawGu ydkNyD;oifcsifMuw,f/
'Dawmh a'o&JUqE´vdkufNyD;? t*Fvdyfbmom tenf;trsm; csdefEdkif
ygw,f/ 'DpDrHudef;rSm? wynfhawGtwGufa&;xm;wJh wcsKdUpmtkyf
awGudk? bkef;BuD;ausmif;u &[ef;awmfawG ESpo f ufvufcaH tmif?
wjznf;jznf; a[m& ajym&rSmuvJGNyD;? wjcm; vkyfp&m r&Sad o;
ygbl;/ jrefrmvdak &;xm;wJh ausmif;oH;k pmtkyaf umif;aumif;av;awG
&SdaeygNyD/ pm&if;csajym&&if...
(1) q&ma[mufa&;wJh yx0D0if (ajryHk vdkaeao;w,f)
(2) Bwd*HzGJUxHk;eJY ajr,mwkdif;wmykHtaMumif;pm
(3) pwDvqifa&;wJh *Pef;ocsmF pmtky?f 'Dpmtkyaf &;yH[
cs;D rGr;f avmufatmif aumif;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh h h h
(4) ]igaewJt h rd }f emrnfeYJ vlcE¨mtaqmufttHt k aMumif;
pdwfyg0ifpm;p&maumif;atmif a&;xm;wJhpmtkyfi,f
udk jrefrmjyefxm;wm&,f
(5) q&mpwDAifa&;wJh a&S;&mZ0iftMurf;&,f
(6) a[*sef'&pfa*smfrufx&D
qdkwmawGygyJ/ tajccHeu©wfynm pmtkyfom 'DtxJyg&if? tck
pDrHudef;pzkdY pmtkyfjynfhpHkNyDvkdY qdkEdkifw,f/ Ak'¨omoem0if &[ef;
awmfawGvufczH q Ykd wdk m awmfawmford af rGUwJu
h pd ?ö trIaqmif&u
vl[m tifrwefyg;eyfoGufvuf&r,f/
'DaumufEw k cf surf mS ? wef;ausmif;om;udk olwo Ydk ifay;csiw
f hJ zwf
pmtkyftukefygoGm;NyD/ bkef;BuD;uvnf; vG,fvG,fvufrcHbl;vdkY olwkdY
odw,f/
wpfzufu? &[ef;awmfawG&JUt,ltqrSmawmh ocsFm? yx0D0if
qdkwmawGoifzkdY rvkdvm;wm aocsmygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf 43 ESpfMumNyD;rS
awmifcGifomoemydkifqDudk? 'Dudpö 1907 ck ESpfv,favmufrSm wufvm
wJhtcgrSmawmif? avmuDynmudk bkef;BuD;awGu cg;cg;oD;jiif;y,fwkef;yJ
&Sdao;w,f/ q&mawmfawGeJY omoemydkifu wdkifyifygw,f/ tJ'Dtcg
160
pdeyf ef;ausmif;opfq&mawmfu? pma&;Ny;D xifjrifcsuaf y;zl;ygw,f/ xif
jrifcsufuawmh h h h
xrif;pm;vQif 0onf? ao&nfaomufvQif rl;onf? wpfESifhwpf
aygif;aomf ESpjf zpf\/ *Gr;f jzL\/ qifrmS tpG,Ef pS cf &k \dS / oabFm
rSm &Gufrsm;&Sd\/ yifv,fxJwGif uRef;rsm;&Sd\/ iSufrSm tawmif
ESpfck&Sd\/ ajrBuD;ay:rSm zkwf&Sd\/ opfyifrsm;rSm tjrpf&Sdonf?
jrif;rSm csdK(*sKd)r&S?d tp&So
d nfph um;rsK;d ? ae v eu©ww f m&mrsm;udk
urÇmajrBu;D u vSnyhf wfaeonftp&So d nfh t,ltqrsK;d rsm;onf
tusKd;r&Sdaom taMumif;w&m;rsKd;omjzpfí? avmu,wusrf;ü
tusHK;0ifonf/ ocsFm? yx0D0if? t*Fvdyfpm ponfhbmomrsm;
onf? wd&päme0dZÆmrnfaom twwfynmrsKd;yifjzpfonf/
(ñGefñGefYa0? awmifcGifomoemydkifvufxufta&;tcif;rsm;(1930-38)
yHkrESdyf&ao;onfhr[m0dZÆmusrf;? pmrsufESm 71-2)
k m zwfpmtkyfta[mif;awGrSm bmawG oifcef;pmzGJUxm;ovJvdkY ppf
aq;Munfhrdw,f/ ta[mif;udk&Sm&wmuawmh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhtcg?
emrnfwlzwfpmtkyfrSmyJ wjznf;jznf; a&;yHkacwfqefatmif jyifqif
vdkufvkdYygyJ/ wcsKdUoifcef;pmawG ajymif;xnfhxm;wmrsKd;vnf; awGU&vdkY
ygyJ/ yxrqH;k 1901 u yHEk ydS w f hJ jrefrmbwfpm yXrwGJ taMumif; ajym
csifw,f/ uRefawmf&Sm&wJh zwfpmawGxJrSm ta[mif;qHk;jzpfw,f/ uuf
wavmuft&ajym&&if 1891 u tJ'Djrefrmzwfpm pokH;w,f/ 1911
ckrSm? 'Dpmtkyf[m 11 Budrfajrmuf tkyfa&wpfaomif; yHkESdyf&wJh pmtkyf
jzpfaeNyD/ ed'gef;rSm h h h
G wf hJ yJcl; weoFm&D {&m0wD &cdkif EdkifiHBuD;av;&yftwGif; ynmoif
Mum;jcif;ESifhpyfaom t&yf&yfausmif;wdkYü bwfoifxdkufaom
pmtkyfjzpfatmif BuHaqmifpDuHk;Muapjcif;iSm? ynm0efrif;BuD;
ocifb&k m;(1866 rSm 'Dt&m&Su d kd vcwpfaxmifeYJ yxrpNy;D cefw
Y ,f)
trdefYxkwfjyefaMumfjimawmfrl&m emcH&ygonftwkdif;? csifhEIdif;
a0bef? jrefrmwdu Yk sr;f *efrS ÓPftavsmufxw k Ef w I í
f yk't f u©&m
rcsKdU? &efukefNrdKUyd#uwfwdkuftkyf &pfyvDocifESifhwuG tpdk;&
ausmif;awmfBuD; t*Fvdyfpmoifq&m qmADocifwkdY wkdifyifa&;
om;Muaom bwfpmudk? ynm0efrif;BuD; ocifbk&m; ½Hk;awmfodkYydkY
quf&m? ynm&Sdvlaygif; 30 cefYwkdYqufydYkMuaom pmtkyftaygif;
161
 wkdYwGif? þpmomvQif OD;pGmtp yxrbwfpmjzpfxdkufonf[lí pdwo f abmxm;&SMd u\/ 4if;wdo Yk nf w&m;Oya'udk apmifph nf;vdu k f
oabmwl>rufabmfvsuf? aumfrDwDvlBuD;toif;wkdY? ESpfvdkcsD;rGrf; em jyKusiMhf uaomvlrsKd ;rsm; jzpfMuonft h wdik ;f ? 4if;wdYk oGm;a&muf
jcif;udkcH&? qkawmfaiGOD;pGm&onfjzpfí aocsmyHkESdyfaom jrefrm aexdkifavorQt&yfa'owdkYü? ESdyfpufn§Of;yef; qD;wm; uefYuGuf
bwfpm yXrwGu J ?kd ynmvdv k m;oltrsm;vlwt Ydk m; ESpo f uf Munf½h I r&S?d vGwv f yfpmG aexdik &f jcif;tjzpfukd vltaygif;wdYk &&Scd pH &H atmif
Muapaom0f/ jyKvkyfwwfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh þurÇmajray:wGif? NAdwdoQydkifEdkifiH
vkaYd wGU&ygw,f/ oifcef;pmawGuawmh? Zmwfeyd gwfukd pum;vG,v f , G ef YJ uJoh Ykd rnfonfEh ikd if rH Q vGwv
f yfpmG aexdik &f jcif;tcGiu hf ?kd vlwYkd r&
jyefa&;xm;wm rsm;w,f/ r*Fvokwfudk jrefrmpum;oufouf a&;xm; Muacs/ (pmrsufESm 88-89)
wmvnf; awGUw,f/ ykawåm0g'aumufEw k cf suvf nf; ygw,f/ aemufyikd ;f tcsKyfoabmuawmh? t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfwJhvufatmufrSm ae&
rSm? txift&Sm;oGwo f iG ;f vmwJh t*Fvyd u f kd auseyfEpS o f uf txifBu;D ap wm[m taumif;qHk;jzpfw,fvdkY? touf q,fESpf? q,fhwpfESpf &SdwJh
wJ?h tifyg,mpGpJ w d "f mwfuo kd iG ;f ay;wJh ta&;tom;rsK;d a&;xm;wm rawGU uav;udk wpfoufpGJatmif ajymjyvdkufwmyJjzpfygw,f/
&ao;bl;/ yÍörwef; jrefrmbwfpmopf jy|mef;csupf mtkyfqNdk y;D 1912ck a'gif;wHqdyf jrefrmzwfpmtkyftopfwpfpHkudk? 1911 ESpfv,f
yHEk ydS pf mtkyw f pftyk v f nf; awGUzl;ygw,f/ apmapmuajymwJ?h &pfyvDeYJ qmAD avmufrmS tpd;k &jy|mef;pmtkyaf umfrwDu jyifqifMujyefw,f (OD;a&TMuL;
wdkYa&;wJh zwfpmtkyfpmpOfxJu? r[kwfawmhbl;/ olu ]bwfpmopf}qdk eYJ q&mvif;wkdYpDrHwmjzpfr,fxifw,f)/ ]jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdY t½dk;tpOftvm
wJh0daoo ygaeNyD/ tJ'DpmtkyfxJrSmawmh? tifyg,mpGJpdwf"mwfoGif;ay; bmomxHk;pHtwkdif;} jzpfapcsifygw,f/ jyifqifokwfoifay;ygvkdY 28
whJ ta&;tom;rsKd;ygaeNyDqdkwm awGU&ygw,f/ ]N*dwfNAdwdeEf ikd if o H m;wdYk {NyD 1911 &ufpGJpmeJYtwl? wwd,wef;zwfpmtkyfudk 7 ZGef 1991?
ESihf wkid ;f jynfrpI rD t H yk cf sKyef nf;rsm;taMumif;} qdkwJh oifcef;pm 13 rSm... pwkw¬udk 15 Edk0ifbm 1911? yÍörudk 16 azazmf0g&D 1912? q|rudk
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d o d QuRe;f om;wko Yd nf vkv YH 0D&, d rsm;pGm&Sí d ? tyifyef;tqif;&Jukd 28 {NyD 1912 rSm ydkYw,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ q&mawmfu axGaxGxl;xl;
tjcm;olwdkYxuf ydkrdkonf;cHEdkifjcif;owåd &SdMu\/ Munf;wyf rjyifbl;/ owfyHkyJ jyifw,f/ aumfrwDu owfyHkudkrjyifygeJY/ taMumif;
a&wyf ESpfzufpvHk;ü? ¤if;vlrsKd;wkdY\ ppfonfwyfom;wkdYonf? t&mudo k ma0zefygvkYd pma&;ayr,f?h q&mawmfu ra0zefb;l / tJ'w D ek ;f u
rdrwd t Ydk oufukd yrmPrjyK? oufpeG BYf uKd ;yef;&J0phH eG pYf m;í? &Gy&f yG cf RcH RH a&;om;jyifqifwpJh mtkyx f u J ? 1913 rSmyHEk ydS x
f wk af 0wJh 'kw, d wef; jrefrm
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xif&Sm;ausmfaZmjcif;&Sd\/ urÇmajray:t&yf&yfwdkYü udkvdkeDac: trSmpum;xJrSm &[ef;ausmif;awGrSm? pmtkyfxJu uAsmvuFmudk roif
ta0;e,fy,fBuD;rsm;udk wnfaxmiftkyfpdk;&onftwdkif;? xdek ,f vdv k Qif csex f m;ygvk?Yd a&;xm;w,f/ jrefrmawmifoal wGtwGuf EI;d aqmfpm
y,fwdkY\tus,ft0ef;ESifh ¤if;e,frsm;twGif; rSDwif;aexdkifMu wpfyk'fudk...
aom vlOD;a&wkdYonf? NAdwdoQuRef;pkrSmxufyif us,f0ef;rsm;jym; v,f,mpdkufysKd;olESifh ukefonfwdkYonf? ,cktcg aiGpkaiGacs;
pGm&SMd u\/ ,if;uJo h Ykd t*Fvyd rf if;wkyYd ikd f Edik if NH rKd U&Gme,fy,fwo Ykd nf toif;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifMuNyD;? tpktoif;jyKvkyfa&mif;
tvGefus,f0ef;ESHYjym;&SdaomaMumifh? ¤if;wkdYEdkifiHwGif ae r0if[lí 0,fvkyfudkifolwkdYom tusKd;xl;cHpm;&onfjzpfí? þaiGpkaiGacs;
qdkMu\/ (pmrsufESm 87-88) toif;taMumif;udk pmoifom;wdkYonf aumif;pGmrSwfom;vsuf?
tJ'Dvdk tiftm;aumif;yHkudka&;jyNyD;awmh? wpfcg t*FvdyftkyfcsKyf toif;tyif;jyKvkyfzGJUpnf;&ef vkdvm;Mu&monf/(pmrsufESm 15)
a&;El;nHhyHk? w&m;rQwyHkudk qufajymjyefw,f/ vkdYzwf&ygw,f/ t&if;&Sif&JUzdpD;ESdyfpufwhJ'Pfudk? awmifolawGu aiGpk
NAdwdoQvlrsdK;wdkYudk,fwdkifyif? t&mcyfodrf;wdkYü w&m;ESifhtnD? aiGacs;toif;avmufecYJ ck zH Ydk ajymaewmyJjzpfw,f/ wu,fwrf; ratmif
ajzmifrh wfreS u f efpmG jyKusiv hf o
kd nf?h aumif;jrwfaom tmomqE´ jrifawmhvnf;? rif;wdkYrvkyfwwfvdkY ratmifjrifwmvkdYajymcJhwmudk? tm;
162 163
vk;H todyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'zD wfpmtkyx f rJ mS txl;jcm;qH;k uawmh ]awm&Gm tmoHESifh rPdyl&jynfwkdYrS oHkYyef;vlwdkYudk &ufpufpGm ESdyfpufowf
rsm;udk tkycf sKyjf cif;taMumif;}qdw k ?hJ oifcef;pm (23) yJ jzpfygw,f/ aemuf jzwfchzJ ;l aomfvnf;? t*Fvyd Ef iS hf NyKd iq
f ikd w
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kd &f m? jrefrmoHyYk ef;
yHkESdyfwJhpmtkyfawGrSmawmh? tJ'Doifcef;pmudk jzKwfypfvdkufygw,f/ tJ'D rsm;ESifh vufeufxdcdkufolrsm;udk? t*Fvdyfu aumif;pGmMunfh½I
txJrmS &GmolBu;D &JUwm0ef0wå&m;awGukd &Si;f jyxm;w,f/ olBu;D [m tcGef auR;arG;aMumif;udkMum;vQif? ppfolBuD; AE¨Kvonf t*FvdyfoHkYyef;
awmif;&w,f? ray;wJhvludk w&m;pGJ&w,f? cdkuf&efrjzpfatmif wm;& rsm;ESifh vufeufxdcdkufolrsm;udk? owfjzwfn§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;
w,f? vifuGm r,m;uGmrIudk qHk;jzwf&w,fvkdY qdkw,f/ jzpfaom jyKNrJtavhtusifhudk rjyKapbJ? aumif;pGmMunfh½IauR;
&GmolBu;D u tjypf'Pfay;Edik af omtrdet Yf mPmrSm? wpf&uf tusO;f arG;&ef rdrdwyfütrdefYxkwfjyefavonf/ (pm? 24)
csKyfxm;jcif;ESifh ig;usyfxufrydkaom aiG'Pfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ vdkY awGU&w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm? t*Fvdyftpdk;&&JUqufqHa&; El;nHhodrfarGUwm
tkyfcsKyfpDrHqHk;jzwfjcif;udk uRrf;usifí trIxrf;aumif;aom &Gm udk? azmfxkwfvkdwJhoabmygyJ/ NyD;awmh jrefrmawmifolv,form;awG
olBu;D wktYd m;? w&m;qH;k jzwf&ef txl;tmPmudk tpd;k &rif;u tyf bmhaMumifh odyfqif;&JovJvdkY taMumif;&SmMuwJhtcgrSm...
ESif;ay;oem;awmfrlonf/ (pmrsufESm 36) a&S;txufausmfumv jrefrmrif;wdkYvufxufu píyifvQif?
vkdY a&;xm;w,f/ olBuD;udk vefYaerSaumif;r,fqkdwhJ &nf&G,fcsuf jzpf qif;&Jom;wdo kY nf Opömpnf;pdrf aygrsm;<u,f0aomolwx Ydk rH ?S aiGukd
w,fvkdY xifw,f/ tqrweftwk;d Bu;D ay;í acs;iSm;vkyu f ikd Mf u&onf wpfaMumif;?
wwd,wef;zwfpmrSmawmh ? tckxd [kwf-r[kwf jiif;ae&wJh tavmif;tpm; taysmftyg;udkvdkufpm;í toHk;zGmMuonfwpf
jyóemwpfckudk wifcJhw,f/ aMumif;? þuJo h aYkd omtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh wa&GUa&GUwjznf;jznf;
jrefrmtp? waumif;u? ajymMupOftvm? omuDEG,f&if;? 0if wdk;íom qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;odkY? a&mufvmMuacsonf/(pm? 33)
a&mufjcif;? rif;tbd&mZm vdkY a&;jyw,f/ t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUESdyfpufvkdY qkdwJhtcsufudk rjrifap&bl;aygh/
(jrefrmbwfpmopf? wwd,wef; ocFPf;pm 4) tajztaeeJY ...
tJ't D jzpftysu[ f m orkid ;f aMumif;eJaY jym&if rrSeaf yr,f?h 'Dzwfpm jynfyikd t
f pd;k &rif;wdo Yk nf qif;&Jom;rsm;udk oem;ojzif?h ,ckxuf
eJY pmoifBu;D jyif;vm&wJv h ul akd wmh? tifrwefpv JG rf;atmif vkyEf ikd cf w
hJ ,f/ wkd;íqif;&Jjcif;rjzpfap&atmif aiGpkaiGacs;toif;rs;udk rMumrD
vdrfNyD;tEdkif,lwJh uH&mZmi,fudk tm;usapcJhw,f/ wpfzufuawmh? uyif wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfí? tmrcH tcdkiftvHkay;Edkifaom v,f
zwfpmtkyfxJrSm av,mOfysHtaMumif;udkajym&if;? odyÜHynmudk csD;usL; vkyform;rsm;tm;? tzkd;aiGtenf;i,fESifh acs;iSm;ojzifh qif;&J
w,f (w? 6)/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk pD&iftkyfcsKyfjcif;taMumif;rSmvnf;? om;wkdYonf rSefuefaumif;rGefwnfMunfpGm vkyfudkifay;qyfu?
t*Fvdyfaumif;aMumif; tjynfhygw,f (w? 18)/ oHk;wef;avmuf a&muf rMumrDtwGif; tusKd;cHpm;&acsrnf... (jrefrmEdkifiHxGuf) ukef
aewJhuav; 0g'jzefYvdkY&NyDaygh/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd wkdif;&if;om;rsm; pnfrsm;onf? tjcm;wdkif;EdkifiHwdkYodkY wifaqmifa&mif;csEdkifavmuf
taMumif; (w? 24) rSm? c&pf,mefomoemjyKq&mawG&JUaus;Zl;udk azmf atmif rsm;rSomvQif? jynfoljynfom;wkdY <u,f0csrf;omjcif;jzpf
xkwx f m;w,f/ vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D 'Dpmtkyu f qkd ufyEkH ydS af wmh? 'Doifcef;pm &monf/...v,form;wkdYonf rkd;CfESifhaqmif;Owkrsm;ü v,f
udk wkid ;f &if;om;cspMf unfa&;yko H iG ;f Ny;D ? tm;vH;k topfjyefa&;xm;wm awGU xGefjcif;trIudk jyKvkyf½HkrQjyKvkyfMuí...? (aqmif;tcg)tjcm;
ygw,f/ tvkyftudkifrsm;udk qufvufírvkyfudkifbJ Nidrf;csrf;pGmaeavh&Sd
av;wef;zwfpmtkyrf mS awmh &efuek t f aMumif; zwf&w,f (p? 1)/ Mu\/... opfckwfjcif;? aps;ema&mif;jcif;? awmif; zsm &ufvkyf
t*FvdyfaqmufwJh jrefrmEdkifiH&JUtBuD;qHk;NrdKUjzpfw,fvdkY tm;&yg;& ajym jcif;...xGefwpfvSnfh? vufwpfcg qkdbdouJhodkY OpömpD;yGm;udk&Sm
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164 165
 vHvYk 0D&,
d ESijhf ynfph akH om tjcm;jynfom; w½kwf ukvm;wkaYd tmuf
odkY rusa&mufbJ&Sdacsrnf/ (p? 33)
vdkYqdkw,f/ tckawmh? tJ'gawG[m wu,fh tjzpfppfr[kwfbl;vkdY? odMu
NyDaygh/ [dkwkef;u odr,fr[kwfbl;/ w½kwf ukvm;udkyJ &efvkyfcsifatmif
tqHk;owfxm;awmh? &efolBuD;[m t*FvdyfvdkYrjrifatmif zHk;whJoabm
yJvkdY qkd&r,f/
ig;wef;zwfpmtkyaf &mufwt hJ cg t*Fvyd &f efuek ef EYJ idI ;f ,SOzf Ydk jrefrm
rEÅav;taMumif; a&;jyw,f (yÍör? 1)/ aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;rS 'D
pmtkyfudkjyef½dkufwJhtcg? jzKwfypfcH&wJh oifcef;pmawGuawmh ]yÍör
ajrmuf a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwftaMumif;} (y? 5)? ]ZyefuRef;taMumif;} (y?
21)eJY? ]jrefrmjynf\ ypöKyÜefacwftaMumif;}(y? 31) jzpfygw,f/ 'Doif
cef;pmuawmh? jrefrmawG[m t&if avS vSnf;acwfu? tck rD;&xm;
rD;oabFmacwfudk a&mufcJhNyD/ 'g t*Fvdyfaus;Zl;vkdY axmufjywmjzpfyg
w,f/ t&ifuMum;zl;wJh pMum,mOfysH[m tckav,mOfysHaygh/ rMumcif
av,mOfysHacwfa&mufawmhr,fvdkY arQmfvifhcsufay;xm;ygao;w,f/
pD;yGm;a&;bufu pdkufenf;wkd;wufatmif vkyfoifhaMumif; wkdufwGef;
w,f/ tpdk;&pdkufysKd;a&;Xmeu ulnDaeNyDvdYkqdkw,f/ (yÍör? 'kwd,ydkif; 5)
ajcmufwef;pmtkyfxJrSm aemuftjzKwfcH&wJh oifcef;pmawGu?
]yÍörajrmuf a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwf bkef;awmfbGJU&wkydk'fpHk} (ajcmuf? 17)eJY
],dk;',m;jynftaMumif;} awGygyJ/ pmayoifMum;jcif;&JU &nf&G,fcsuft
aMumif;udk ajymjywJhtcg...
,ckacwfor,ü qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom ausmif;om;rdbwdkYonf?
jynfydkiftpdk;&rif;wdkY owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;aom pmar;yJGwkdYudk? rdrd
wdkYom;orD;rsm;onf atmifjrifí pma&;pmcsD? a&SUae? NrdKUtkyf?
0efaxmuf ponfwkdY jzpfpdrfhaomiSm? om;orD;rsm;udk ausmif;ü
tyfESHMuavonf/ (ajcmuf? 9)
tJ'Dvdk olwkdYxnfhay;xm;wJhtpGJtvrf;[m? ckxd tawmfrsm;rsm;
usefaeao;w,fvkdYqkd&r,f/ wef;ausmif;rSmaerS vcpm;tvkyfaumif;
aumif; &r,f/ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;qdkwm &mxl;&zkdYyJ? tmoDoxm;&
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vkyrf ,fvYdk ajymjyaewmyJjzpfw,f/ ]abmufum;a&mif;0,fjcif;ESihf t
vkyftudkiftaMumif;} oifcef;pmu? wkdif;&if;om;blZGmjzpfajrmufa&;udk
166
vrf;cif;w,f(ajcmuf? 12)/ uAsmcef;rSm ]yÍörajrmuf a*smhbk&ifrif;jrwf
bke;f awmfbUJG &wyk'd pf }kH (ajcmuf? 17)&,fvYkd ygvmw,f/ bdou d fcHwJh&ufu
12 'DZifbm 1911 qkdawmh? zwfpmtkyfxGufp a&yef;pm;wJh tjzpftysuf
BuD;rkdY? zwfpmtkyfxJ ygvmwmjzpfw,f/ tifydkif,mwnfwHha&;rSmvnf;
taxmuftuljzpfw,faygh/ ,dk;',m;EdkifiHtaMumif; ajymwJhtcg...
eef;pHvsuf&Sdaom ,dk;',m;bk&if (24 atmufwkdbm 1910 rSm
xD; arG&wJh r[m0ZD&0k'd̈bGJUcH q|r&mr 1 *sefe0g&D 1881zGm;?
26 Edk0ifbm 1925 vGef) t*Fvefwdkif;wGif odyÜHausmif;BuD;toD;
oD;wküYd ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm ynmawmfoifczJh ;l aomaMumifh? (aumif;pGm)
tkyfcsKyfrnfhrif;jrwf jzpfayonf/ (ajcmuf? 21)
vkdY a&;w,f/ t*Fvdyfay;wJhynma&;? aumif;w,fqkdwhJoabmudk xif
&S m ;atmif ajymjywmygyJ / wd k i f ; &if ; om;bl Z G m ay:vma&;twG u f
]Opöm<u,f&ef enf;vrf;taMumif;}qkdNyD;? oifcef;pmESpfck xnfhay;vdkuf
ao;w,f/ (ajcmuf 32-33)/
'Dpmwrf;rSm? zwfpmtkyfqkdwm pmoifwef;udkifpmtkyftm;vHk;udk?
&nfñTef;ygw,f/ qkdvdkwmu? jrefrmzwfpmtkyf wpfrsKd;wnf;r[kwfbl;/
t*Fvdyfu ]wef;ausmif;} rSmoifay;csifwJh ocsFm? ajrwdkif;? yx0D0if?
&mZ0if? avmu"mwfynm qkdwmawGvnf; yg ygw,f/ tJ'DpmtkyfawG
taMumif; tckqufNyD;wifjyyghr,f/
armfvNrdKif tufAmwdkufZm; pmyHkESdyfwdkufrS 1869 u yHkESdyfwJh?
ynma&; 1868-9 ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpmxJrSm rif;BuD;csKyf (0ef&Sifawmf
rif;BuD;) t,fvfAwfzdkufu ed'gef;a&;wJhtcg? ynmrif;BuD;tjzpfeJY yxr
qH;k 1866 u *sDa[muf (G. Hough) udk cefYcJhvkdY? yxrESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm
xGufcJhNyD;aemuf? 1867 ukefcgeD;rSm yDa[m'ef (P.Hordern)ukd ynm
rif;BuD;cefYvdkY? tck 'kwd,ESpfcsKyftpD&ifcHpm xGufvmygw,f/jyóem
uawmh bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm yx0D0if? ocsFmeJY ajrwkdif;ynm oifay;zkdY
yJjzpfw,f/
bke;f Bu;D awGu rouFmpdwu f if;uif;eJ?Y tqifjcif oabmxm;awG
udk y,fazsmufNyD;? tckay;wJhpmtkyfawGudk vufcHzdkYvdkw,f/ 'D
pmtkyfawGudktoHk;csNyD; oifMum;cGifhjyKzdkY vdkw,f/ 'Dvdkjzpfvm
atmif? owdeYJ qifqifjcifjcifajyma[m&if &r,fv?Ydk t&ifrif;Bu;D
csKyf (z,f&m)u xifw,f/ a0iSvdkufwJhpmtyf 170 rSm yx0D0if
167
 19 tkyfyJ yg ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm? ynmrif;BuD; a[m'efajymwJh \taMumif;pmudk t&m&mtm;jzifh xyfro H wG o f iG ;f &ef topfjyKysif
twdkif;? ocsFmeJY ajrwkdif;ynmpmtkyfawGvdk yx0D0ifpmtkyfudk aom yx0D0ifcsKyf/
awmh? vG,v f ,G v
f ufcMH urSm r[kwb f ;l / 'guawmh? t*Fvyd jf refrm tpdk;&ausmif;awmfrSpí? tjcm; pmoifausmif;rsm;wkdYwGif oif
EdkifiHrSm wkdif;&if;om;pmoifausmif;qkd&if? 'Dtwkdif;yJ awGUr,f/ Mum;avhusufaom wynfhausmif;om;rsm;tjyif? Munfh½Izwf&Gwf
ausmif;udk Oa&mywdu k of m;tkycf sKyrf ,f/ 'grSr[kwv f nf; oif½;kd udk vdkorQaomolwkdYESihfvnf; awmfoifhonfjzpfí? tusKd;jzpfyGm;thH
twdtusñTef;xm;r,fqkd&ifawmh 'grsKd;rjzpfEdIifbl;aygh/ 'gayrJh aomiSm ¤if;pmapmifudk pD&ifa&;om;í xkwfxm;ygonf/ &efukef
wpfzufu ynmrif;Bu;D axmufjywJt h wkid ;f ? tckvkd ynmay;MuwJh tar&duefomoemjyKyHkESdyfwdkuf? pD? Adeuf 1874/
y"me&nf&, G cf suuf tpd;k &XmerSmjzpfjzpf? ukew f u
dk rf mS jzpfjzpf cdik ;f tJ'pD mtkyef 'd gef;rSm vlwrYkd sujf rifu, kd af wGUudyk J a&;w,f/ ud;k uG,f
EIdif;½HkavmufyJ r[kwfvm;/ 'DtvkyfrsKd;twGuf *Pef;ocsmF wwfzYdk ,HkMunfrIeJYrqkdifvdkY aMunmw,f/ urÇmvHk;w,f? vdrfhw,fqdkwmu pNyD;
trSev f w dk ,f/ uke;f wGi;f ydik ;f uvlawGukyd J cdik ;f &r,fh tpdk;&tvkyf a&;w,f/ aeudk vSnfhywf&w,f/ 'gaMumifh aeY? n? &moDOwkay:
tzkaYd wmh? ajrwkid ;f ynmu toH;k wnfq h ;kH yJ/ yx0D0ifynmu csuf aygufyHkudk ajymw,f/ NyD;awmhrS rGef;wnfhwef;(Longitude)eJY tNydKifwef;
csif;roHk;&ao;bl;aygh/ (Lattitude)udk toFm? vdwåm? ADZemeJY wdkif;&yHkudkajymw,f/ ajrrsufESm
(ynma&; 1868-9 ESpfcsKyf? ed'gef;? 17) jyifeJY wkduftydkif;tjcm;udkajymw,f/ NyD;awmh? udk;uG,f,HkMunfrIawG
tJ'Dvdkzwf&wmrSm? yx0D0ifpmtkyfudk bkef;BuD;awGu rBudKufbl; taMumif; tusOf;ajymvdkufw,f/ 'DvdktajccHNyD;rS Oa&mywdkuf t
qdkwm? od&w,f/ yx0D0ifpmtkyfuvnf; ajryHkrygbl;? a&;yHkuvnf; aMumif;pkH ygw,f/
zwfcsifp&m r[kwfbl;wJh/ 'Dpmtkyfudk rBudKufMubl;qkdwm? ynma&; t*Fvyd t f aMumif;a&;wJt h cg ydik ef ufBu;D rm;yHek YJ ppft*FgBu;D rm;yHu k kd
1867-8 ESpfcsKyf wkef;uvnf;? a&;cJhNyDvdkY qkdw,f/ 'Dawmh jyóem[m? wcrf;wem;azmfjyw,f/ orkdif;tajccHvnf; ygw,f/
awmifcGifomoemydkifvufxufrSm topfrqef;r[kwfbl;/ tenf;qHk; vGecf aJh omtESpf 250 twGi;f wGi?f t*Fvw d Ef ikd if oH m;wdo Yk nf ajr
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urÇmywfw,fqkdwJhtodudk? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tESpfig;q,favmuf ajym odrf;,lMuojzifh? tpdk;&aom wkdif;jynfe,fy,ftrsm;wkdYudk &Mu
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(1910? tydk'f 172) rSm awGU&ygw,f/ tJ'Dausmif;rsKd;u pmoifom;[m? twGuftm;jzifh 17 uka#cefY&SdMu\/ t*Fvdwfbk&if tpdk;ydik af om
yx0D0iftpm; ygVdbmom,lMu&w,f/ tpd;k &jy|mef;wJph mtkyu f a[muf t&yfrsm;um;? Oa&mywdkuft0ifjzpfaom pygejynfaxmifpGef;ü
ocif pD&ifaom yx0Dum&P jzpfygw,f/ (ynma&;Xmevufp?JG 1886? *sDjAmvwmNrdKU &Sd\/ ¤if;ajrxJyifv,f armfvwmuRef;&Sd\/ ¤if;
aemufquftcef;-c)/ tJ'Dpmtkyfwpftkyfudk (OD;armifarmifwif &Smay; tar&duwdu k f taemufzufurf;wGif rsm;pGmaoma'ot&yfwEYkd iS ?hf
vdkY) uRefawmf awGUzl;ygw,f/ rsufESmzHk;rSm 'DvdkawGUw,f/ awmifbufpGef;ü udyfjynfESifhaewvfe,f&Sd\/ ¤if; twfvEÅdwf
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171
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172 173
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176 177
 A Modern History of
Myanma
[1752-1948]
Than Tun
M.A.,B.L.,Ph.D.,D.Lit.(London)
TABAYIN MIN (1760-1763)
He was called Naungdawgyi as he was the eldest son of
Alaungmintaya and he was made Crown Prince before
Alaungmintaya died. A crown prince is often called Upayaza.
When news of Alaungmintaya’s death reached him he took
the throne. His next brother Myaydu Min rebelled. But it was
only a very weak attempt. Myaydu Min submitted and was
forgiven. Then the King sent for two generals he disliked and
executed them. When he sent for Mingaungnawyahta, the
general sensed danger and rebelled. Mingaung- nawyahta had
12,000 soldiers and most of them were armed with muskets.
He was also the most popular general and therefore many
soldiers joined him. He captured Ava and made a stand from
within the city. The King sent his ministers to negotiate peace
but Mingaungnawyahta refused to offer terms, because he
distrusted the King. He was determined to die as man. The
King surrounded Ava but was not able to take it. He came to
Sagaing to lead the attack on Ava.
Mingaungnawyatha had decided to fight till the end. He
accepted no terms but as the city was surroun- ded he was
unable to get food supply. Therefore at last he and a few of his
followers broke out and fled west. He was killed in a battle near
Kyaukse. There was also another rebellion by the Governor of
Taung U, who was the King’s uncle and he surrendered and
was forgiven. There was still another rebellion. Mon general
Talaban, after his unsuccessful attack on Madama retreated
into Chiengmai. The Myanma troops followed and took Chie-
ngmai. Talaban escaped but his family was captured. So Talaban
surrendered. He was pardoned and taken into the service of
178
the King. The King died in 1763 at an early age of 29. He left 7
children and was succeeded by his next brother.
MYAYDU MIN (SINBYU SHIN) (1763-1776)
Myaydu Min (Sinbyu Shin)was equal to his father in
energy. But he used his energy in a wrong way. The country
was in need of peaceful administration. On the contrary, he made
a series of wars. He led the invasion of Manipur in December
1764, because he wanted the captives of Manipur to populate
his new city at Ava.
Shwebo or Moksobo was the capital of Alaung- mintaya,
but Myaydu Min (Sinbyushin) moved to Ava in 1766. This
transfer of capital was a wise step because of all the capitals in
Upper Myanma, Ava is the best situated place. It stands on the
Ayeyawady, the main highway of the country. The city is also in
easy access to Kyaukse rice fields, the main rice producing area
of Myanma. Yet Ava is really not the best place for a capital in
Myanma. Since Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese opened the sea
route to the East in 1498, the delta is the best place for trade and
foreign contact of Myanma. If either Yangon or Tanyin be made
the capital , it will be much better. Unfortunately none of the
Konbaung Kings thought of having a capital with an easy access
to the sea.
Myanmas felt that the delta was a foreign land and
considered it unsafe for them to live among the Mons. Still it
was not a good excuse. Mons as a people were peace loving
and it was only a few of them who wanted trouble and it would
be all right to move the capital to the delta. If the kings had
concentrated their attention to give good administration instead
of making continuous wars with neighbouring countries, all
people living in the Kingdom would suffer and the country would
not have a chance to develop on modern lines. They thought
and acted in the same way as their ancestors had thought and
acted long ago. The idea of building new religious places and
to repair the old ones and to wage wars occasionally seemed
to be their only function in the late 18th century.
To be continued
Than Tun
179