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segregate and bleed are more of placement, the use of water-reducing and set-retarding
expensive to finish and will admixtures should be considered rather than the addition of
yield less durable concrete. extra water at the job site; water that has not been accounted
for in the mixture proportioning is frequently responsible for
Workability can affect both
the failure of concrete to perform according to design
the cost and the quality of
specifications.
concrete mixtures.
General Considerations Durability
With the exception of frost resistance, the
durability of concrete is generally controlled
by permeability.
In routine mix designing operations only the
workability and strength of concrete are
specified.
Consideration of durability is ignored unless
special environmental exposures require it.
General Considerations
Ideal Aggregate Grading
Considerations of cost, workability, strength, and durability may lead
to the assumption that the most dense aggregate packing with a
minimum content of voids will be the most economical because it
requires the least amount of cement paste.
Besides being uneconomic, the use of ideal aggregate grading is not
prevalent in concrete field practice because often it does not produce
the best workability.
grading limits specified by ASTM C 33 are usually followed. Not
only they are broad and therefore economically attractive, but also are
based on practical experience with a large number of concrete
mixtures. Using aggregates outside the limits of ASTM C 33 have
caused workability problems
Principles of Mix Design
Coarse aggregate:
Well-graded, 25-mm nominal maximum-size rounded
gravel (ASTM C 33 or AASHTOM 80) with an oven dry
relative density of 2.68, absorption of 0.5% (moisture
content at SSD condition) and oven dry rodded bulk
density (unit weight) of 1600 kg/m3. The laboratory
sample for trial batching has a moisture content of 2%.
Materials Properties
Fine aggregate:
Natural sand (ASTM C 33 or AASHTO M 6) with an oven dry
relative density of 2.64 and absorption of 0.7%. The laboratory
sample moisture content is 6%. The fineness modulus is 2.80.
Air-entraining admixture:
Wood-resin type (ASTM C 260 or AASHTO M 154).
Water reducer:
ASTM C 494 (AASHTOM194). This particular admixture is
known to reduce water demand by 10% when used at a dosage
rate of 3 g (or 3 mL) per kg of cement. Assume that the chemical
admixtures have a density close to that of water, meaning that 1
mL of admixture has a mass of 1 g.
Target Compressive Strength
1 – 0.76 = 0.24 m3
The mass of dry fine aggregate is