Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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action taking place He had been He has been He will have been
before a certain playing football playing football playing football
moment in time for ten years. for ten years. for ten years.
(and beyond),
emphasises the
duration
Signal
tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use
Words
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course of an action
Conditional A: He would speak. action that if sentences
I Simple N: He would not speak. might take place type II
Q: Would he speak? (If I were
you, I
would go
home.)
Conditional A: He would be speaking. action that
I N: He would not be speaking. might take place
Progressive Q: Would he be speaking? putting
emphasis on the
course / duration
of the action
Conditional A: He would have spoken. action that if sentences
II Simple N: He would not have spoken. might have taken type III
Q: Would he have spoken? place in the past (If I had
seen that, I
would have
helped.)
Conditional A: He would have been action that
II speaking. might have taken
Progressive N: He would not have been place in the past
speaking. puts emphasis
Q: Would he have been on the course /
speaking? duration of the
action
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If you know how to use the present progressive correctly to express present
actions, you will as well be able to use the past progressive correctly to express
past actions.
→ Legend
Legend
action that takes place once, never or several times
actions that happen one after another
moment in time actions that suddenly take place
action that started before a certain moment and lasts
beyond that moment
period of time
actions taking place at the same time
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For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For
regular verbs, just add “ed”.
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The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or
several times. It is also used for actions that take place one after another and for
actions that are set by a timetable or schedule. The simple present also expresses
facts in the present.
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I I am. I am not. Am I?
The verbs can, may, might, must remain the same in all forms. So don't add s.
example: he can, she may, it must
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affirmative negative
I have got a dog. = I've got a I have not got a dog. = I've not got a dog. / I
dog. haven't got a dog.
He has got a dog. = He's got a He has not got a dog. = He's not got a dog. / He
dog. hasn't got a dog.
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be
I I am. I am not. Am I?
have
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other verbs
Exceptions in Spelling
Exception Example
The verbs can, may, might, must remain the same in he can, she may, it must
all forms. So don't add s.
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Short Forms
affirmative negative
I have got a dog. = I've got a I have not got a dog. = I've not got a dog. / I
dog. haven't got a dog.
He has got a dog. = He's got a He has not got a dog. = He's not got a dog. / He
dog. hasn't got a dog.
Use
Use Example
action in the present taking place once, never or Colin always plays soccer
several times on Tuesdays.
actions in the present taking place one after another She takes her bag and
leaves.
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facts (something is generally known to be true) The sun sets in the west.
Exceptions in Spelling
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after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit – sitting
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The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking
and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to
express development and actions that are arranged for the near future.
Present progressive is also known as present continuous.
you, we, they You are playing. You are not playing. Are you
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playing?
The final consonant after a short, stressed vowel is doubled before ing.
example: sit - sitting
I am sitting on the sofa. You are sitting on the sofa. He is sitting on the sofa.
The letter l as final consonant after a vowel is always doubled before ing.
example: travel - travelling
I am travelling around. You are travelling around. He is travelling around.
Mind: This applies only for British English; in American English there is usually
only one l.
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affirmative negative
We are playing. - We're We are not playing. - We're not playing. /We aren't
playing. playing.
Exercise
Actions taking place around now (but not at the moment of speaking)
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Actions taking place around now (but not at the moment of speaking)
at the moment
now / just now / right now
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you, we, they You are playing. You are not playing. Are you
playing?
Exceptions in Spelling
Exeption Example
silent e is dropped before ing (but: ee is not come - coming (but: agree -
changed) agreeing)
Short Forms
positiv negativ
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We are playing. - We're We are not playing. - We're not playing. /We aren't
playing. playing.
Use
Use Example
arrangements for the near future I'm going to the theatre tonight.
actions taking place only for a limited period of Jim is helping in his brother's
time firm this week.
actions taking place around now (but not at the I'm studying for my exams.
moment of speaking)
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For irregular verbs, use the past participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd
column). For regular verbs, just add ed.
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Signal Words
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day (with reference to the past,
not the present)
If-Satz Typ III (If I had talked, …)
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Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple).
1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we had built .
2. He had not been to Cape Town before 1997.
3. When she went out to play, she had already done her homework.
4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum had made .
5. The doctor took off the plaster that he had put on six weeks before.
6. The waiter brought a drink that I had not ordered .
7. I could not remember the poem we had learned the week before.
8. The children collected the chestnuts that had fallen from the tree.
9. Had he phoned Angie before he went to see her in London?
10. She had not ridden a horse before that day.
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For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd
column). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
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have or has
Fill the gaps with 'have' or 'has'.
1. I have answered the question.
2. She has opened the window.
3. They have called us.
4. You have carried a box.
5. It has rained a lot.
6. We have washed the car.
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Future II Simple
Future II Simple expresses an action that will be finished at a certain time in the
future.
Form
A: He will have talked.
N: He will not have talked.
Q: Will he have talked?
Use
action that will be finished at a certain time in the future
Signal Words
by Monday, in a week
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Exceptions in Spelling
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled sit – sitting
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Have or Has?
Decide whether to use “have” or “has”.
1. She has been asking questions all day long.
2. They have been climbing the mountain.
3. We have been washing the dishes.
4. You have been repairing your computer.
5. I have been working.
6. It has been snowing.
7. The boy has been playing.
8. Caty has been dreaming.
9. The men have been digging a hole.
10. Cindy and Bob have been studying English.
since – if the starting point is given (two o’clock, last Friday, 1998)
for – if the period of time is given (twenty minutes, two days, one year)
Decide whether you have to use “since” or “for”.
1. I have been waiting since 4 o’clock.
2. Sue has only been waiting for 20 minutes.
3. Tim and Tina have been learning English for six years.
4. Fred and Frida have been learning French since 1998.
5. Joe and Josephine have been going out together since Valentine’s Day.
6. I haven’t been on holiday since last July.
7. Mary has been saving her money for many years.
8. I haven’t eaten anything since breakfast.
9. You have been watching TV for hours.
10. We have been living here for 2 months
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10. the cat / not / on the chair / lie / all day → The cat has not been lying on the
chair all day.
Questions
Write questions in present perfect progressive.
1. she / on the phone / talk → Has she been talking on the phone?
2. his brother / dinner / cook → Has his brother been cooking dinner?
3. Jane and Mary / badminton / play → Have Jane and Mary been playing
badminton?
4. Sue / in the gym / exercise → Has Sue been exercising in the gym?
5. Robert / the room / paint → Has Robert been painting the room?
6. they / trees / plant → Have they been planting trees?
7. Henry / in the garage / work → Has Henry been working in the garage?
8. they / in the lake / swim → Have they been swimming in the lake?
9. how long / Boris / English / learn → How long has Boris been learning
English?
10. how long / you / for me / wait → How long have you been waiting for me?
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8. The film has not been running for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial
break already.
9. How long has she been working in the garden?
10. She has not been in the garden for more than an hour.
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Expression Example
not … either Jane doesn't like cats. I don't like cats either.
Exercise
Find out why some parents think that their teenage sons or daughters have a lot in
common with cats. (Don't take it too seriously, though.) ;o)
1. Neither cats nor teenagers turn their heads when you call them.
2. You would hardly ever see a cat walking outside of the house with its
master. Nor would you see a teenager in public with his or her parents very often.
3. A cat doesn't share your taste in music. A teenager doesn't either
4. Both cats and teenagers can lie on the sofa for hours on end without moving.
5. Cats expect you to prepare the food for them. So do teenagers.
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6. If you tell a joke, neither your cat nor your teen will laugh about it.
7. If you make a sudden move in their direction, both cats and teenagers get
frightened.
8. Cats do not improve your furniture. Teenagers don't either
9. Cats roam outside and often come home very late at night. So do teenagers.
10. Conclusion: no matter if you either have a cat or a teenager at home - it's all
the same
- since - if the starting point is given (two o'clock, last Friday, 1998)
- for - if the period of time is given (twenty minutes, two days, one year)
Decide whether to use »since« or »for«.
1. I have been waiting since 4 o'clock.
2. Sue has only been waiting for 20 minutes.
3. Tim and Tina have been learning English for six years.
4. Fred and Frida have been learning French since 1998.
5. Joe and Josephine have been going out together since Valentine's Day.
6. I haven't been on holiday since last July.
7. Mary has been saving her money for many years.
8. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.
9. You have been watching TV for hours.
10. We have been living here for 2 months.
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Some / any
Exercises on some and any
The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In
general, we could say that some means a few / a little and any means none in
negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.
Positive Clauses
In positive clauses, we usually use some.
Example:
I have bought some bread.
I have bought some apples.
Negative Clauses
In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative -
it must be not ... any
Example:
I have not bought any bread.
I have not bought any apples.
Questions
In questions, we usually use any.
Example:
Have you bought any bread?
Have you bought any apples?
Compound Words with some / any
Some / any can also be part of compound words such as:
something / anything
someone / anyone
somewhere / anywhere
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Note that some / any have to be used with a noun while compound words with
some / any can stand on their own.
Example:
I have bought some bread.
I have bought something.
However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the
noun appears somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not
sure whether to use some or something for example, check if there is a noun in the
sentence that you can place after some.
Example:
I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].
Exceptions
A Little / A Few
Exercises on A Little and A Few
The expressions a little and a few mean some.
If a noun is in singular, we use a little
Example:
a little money
If a noun is in plural, we use a few
Example:
a few friends
Countable / Uncountable Nouns
In connection with a little / a few people often speak of countable nouns and
uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be
used with a number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable
nouns take a few.
Example:
4 friends – a few friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used
with a number (that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable
nouns take a little.
Example:
3 money – a little money
Note: Of course you can count money – but then you would name the currency
and say that you have got 3 euro (but not „3 money“).
A Little / A few or Little / Few
It's a difference if you use a little / a few or little / few. Without the article, the
words have a limiting or negative meaning.
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a little = some
little = hardly any
Example:
I need a little money. - I need some money.
I need little money. - I need hardly any money.
a few = some
few = hardly any
Example:
A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me.
Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.
Without the article, little / few sound rather formal. That's why we don't use them
very often in everyday English. A negative sentence with much / many is more
common here.
Example:
I need little money. = I do not need much money.
Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me
Much / many
Exercises on much and many
The words much and many mean a lot of.
If a noun is in singular, we use much
Example:
much money
If a noun is in plural, we use many
Example:
many friends
Use of much / many
In everyday English, we normally use much / many only in questions and negative
clauses.
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Example:
How much money have you got?
Carla does not have many friends.
In positive clauses with so, as or too, we also use much / many.
Example:
Carla has so many friends.
She has as many friends as Sue.
Kevin has too much money.
In all other positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of.
Example:
Carla has a lot of / lots of friends.
Kevin has a lot of / lots of money.
In formal texts, however, much / many are also common in positive clauses. This
you will notice for example when you read English news.
Countable / Uncountable Nouns
In connection with much / many people often speak of countable nouns and
uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be
used with a number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable
nouns take many.
Example:
100 friends – many friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used
with a number (that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable
nouns take much.
Example:
100 money – much money
Note: Of course you can count money – but then you would name the currency
and say that you have got 5 euro (but not „5 money“).
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Confusing Words
Weather – Whether
Phone Numbers
Each figure is said separately.
24 - two four
The figure 'O' is called oh.
105 - one oh five
If two successive figures are the same, in British English you would usually use
the word double (in American English you would just say the figure twice)
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376 4775 - BE: three seven six, four double seven five
376 4775 - AE: three seven six, four seven seven five
Business-English – Communication
Phone
Anruf entgegennehmen
… (company). Good morning.
… (company). Good afternoon.
… (company). How can I help you?
I'm afraid you have dialled the wrong number.
Who would you like to speak to?
What does it concern, please?
Would you mind telling me what you're calling about?
Hold the line, I'll put you through.
I'll pass you over to … (department).
… is speaking on another line.
… isn't in (yet).
… is away on business.
… is on holiday (this week).
… is out for lunch.
I'm afraid, … is not available at the moment.
… will be back any minute.
I'm sorry, but the line is engaged.
There's no reply.
If you hold the line, I'll try again.
Would you like to hold?
Could you try again later / tomorrow?
Can I take a message?
Would you like to leave a message for …?
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Presentation
Structure and Content
Introduction: General information on the topic
Give your listeners an introduction to the topic (some general information) and
explain what exactly you are going to talk about in your presentation.
Actual Presentation
Subdivide your presentation into several sub-topics.
Conclusion
Try to find a good conclusion, e.g.:
o an invitation to act
o an acknowledgement
o a motivation
Communicate freely (don't read the whole text from a piece of paper).
Illustrate certain aspects of your presentation with pictures and graphics.
The following tricks will also help you keep your audience's attention:
Outline to the audience how your presentation is structured. (e.g. I will first
explain ... / Then I will … / After that … / Finally… ).
Indicate when you come to another sub-topic (I will now talk about …). This
way your audience can follow your presentation more easily.
Use a rhetorical question or hypophora from time to time. Your listeners will
think that you've asked them a question and thus listen more attentively.
Use enumerations starting first / second / third. This also draws your
audience's attention.
A joke or a quotation might also help keeping your audience listening. Don't
overdo it, however. Using too many jokes or quotations might not have the effect
you want.
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Signal
tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use
Words
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course of an action
Conditional A: He would speak. action that if sentences
I Simple N: He would not speak. might take place type II
Q: Would he speak? (If I were
you, I
would go
home.)
Conditional A: He would be speaking. action that
I N: He would not be speaking. might take place
Progressive Q: Would he be speaking? putting
emphasis on the
course / duration
of the action
Conditional A: He would have spoken. action that if sentences
II Simple N: He would not have spoken. might have taken type III
Q: Would he have spoken? place in the past (If I had
seen that, I
would have
helped.)
Conditional A: He would have been action that
II speaking. might have taken
Progressive N: He would not have been place in the past
speaking. puts emphasis
Q: Would he have been on the course /
speaking? duration of the
action
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I me my mine myself
Exercise on Pronouns
Exercise on Pronouns
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Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives.
1. Where are your friends now?
2. Here is a postcard from my friend Peggy.
3. She lives in Australia now with her family.
4. Her husband works in Newcastle.
5. His company builds ships.
6. Their children go to school in Newcastle.
7. My husband and I want to go to Australia, too.
8. We want to see Peggy and her family next winter.
9. Our winter!
10. Because it is their summer.
Exercise on Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns.
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Exercise on Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns.
1. I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO myself.
2. The girl looked at herself in the mirror.
3. Freddy, you'll have to do your homework yourself.
4. You don't need to help them. They can do it themselves .
5. I introduced myself to my new neighbour.
6. Boys, can you make your beds yourselves ?
7. She made herself a pullover.
8. What happens when a fighting fish sees itself in the mirror?
9. The father decided to repair the car himself.
10. We can move the table ourselves .
Exercise on Pronouns
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12. The robber whose mask was obviously too big didn't drive.
13. The man who drove the car was nervous.
14. He didn't wait at the traffic lights which were red.
15. A police officer whose car was parked at the next corner stopped and
arrested them.
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Type Example
Type Example
(backshift)
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Type Example
Confusing Tenses
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Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 's' : Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
For can, may, might, must, do not Silent e is dropped. (but: does not
add s. apply for -ee)
Example: he can, she may, it must Example: come - coming
After o, ch, sh or s, add es. but: agree - agreeing
Example: do - he does, wash - she washes After a short, stressed vowel, the
final consonant is doubled.
After a consonant, the final
consonant y becomes ie. (but: not after a Example: sit - sitting
vowel) After a vowel, the final consonant l
Example: worry - he worries is doubled in British English (but not in
but: play - he plays American English).
Example: travel - travelling (British
English)
but: travelling (American English)
Final ie becomes y.
Example: lie - lying
Colin plays football every Tuesday. Look! Colin is playing football now.
present actions happening one after also for several actions happening at the
another same time
First Colin plays football, then he Colin is playing football and Anne is
watches TV. watching.
Signal words
always at the moment
every ... at this moment
often today
normally now
usually right now
sometimes Listen!
seldom Look!
never
first
then
Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present:
be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want
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Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that
something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?
Certain Verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the
progressive form).
state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit
Example: We are on holiday.
possession: belong, have
Example: Sam has a cat.
senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He feels the cold.
feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
Example: Jane loves pizza.
brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I believe you.
Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say
Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says.
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action in the present taking place once, action that started in the past and is still
never or several times going on
puts emphasis on how often the action puts emphasis on how long the action
takes place has been going on
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd form of 'have' + been + verb + ing
column of irregular verbs
Example: Example:
I / you / we / they have spoken I / you / we / they have been
he / she / it has spoken speaking
regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + he / she / it has been speaking
ed
Example:
I / you / we / they have worked
he / she / it has worked
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Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
when the final letter is e, only add d silent e is dropped. (but: does not
Example: apply for -ee)
love - loved Example: come - coming
after a short, stressed vowel, the aber: agree - agreeing
final consonant is doubled after a short, stressed vowel, the
Example: final consonant is doubled
admit - admitted Example: sit - sitting
final l is always doubled in British after a vowel, the final consonant l
English (not in American English) is doubled in British English (but not in
Example: American English).
travel - travelled Example: travel - travelling
after a consonant, final y becomes i final ie becomes y.
(but: not after a vowel) Example: lie - lying
Example:
worry - worried
but: play - played
Use
Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going
on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a
difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that
an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect
Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.
Result or duration?
Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been
going on yet?
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Certain verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the
progressive form).
state: be, have (for possession only)
Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He has touched the painting.
brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I have known him for 3 years.
Emphasis on duration
Emphasis on completion
I have been doing my homework.
I have done my homework. (Meaning: My (Meaning: That's how I have spent my
homework is completed now.) time. It does not matter whether the
homework is completed now.)
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Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the
action had an unwanted side effect?
Permanent or temporary?
If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation,
we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we
would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a
tendency.
permanent temporary
James has lived in this town for 10 years. James has been living here for a year.
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Signal words
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of past form of 'be' + ing form of verb
irregular verbs
I spoke I was speaking
regular verbs: verb + ed you were speaking
he / she / it was speaking
I worked
we were speaking
they were speaking
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Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
when the final letter is e, only add d. silent e is dropped (but: does not
Example: love - loved apply for -ee)
after a short, stressed vowel, the Example: come - coming
final consonant is doubled but: agree - agreeing
Example: admit - admitted after a short, stressed vowel, the
final consonant is doubled
final l is always doubled in British
English (not in American English) Example: sit - sitting
Example: travel - travelled final l is always doubled in British
English (not in American English)
after a consonant, final y becomes i.
(but: not after a vowel) Example: travel - travelling
Example: worry - he worried final ie becomes y.
but: play - he played Example: lie - lying
Use
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Certain Verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Past (not in the progressive
form).
state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit
Example: We were on holiday.
possession: belong, have
Example: Sam had a cat.
senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
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Signal words
first when
then while
If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …) as long as
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd
irregular verbs column of irregular verbs
Example: Example:
I spoke I / you / we / they have spoken
he / she / it has spoken
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Signal Words
yesterday just
... ago already
in 1990 up to now
the other day until now / till now
last ... ever
(not) yet
so far
lately / recently
action in the past taking place once, action taking place before a certain time in
never or several times the past
actions in the past taking place one sometimes interchangeable with past perfect
after the other progressive
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action in the past taking place in the puts emphasis only on the fact (not the
middle of another action duration or course of the action)
Future Mix
Comparison of future tenses: going to, will, Simple Present, Present Progressive
Use
decision made for action in the future action set by a action already
the future that cannot be time table or arranged for the near
influenced schedule future
spontaneous decision
metaphor
rhetorical question
simile
A joke or a quotation might also help you keep your listeners' attention. Don't
overdo it, however. Using stylistic devices, jokes or quotations where they don't fit
in might not have the effect you want.
Very important: Don't try to show off your knowledge of English using complex
sentences or difficult words. Always keep your audience in mind: they need to
follow your presentation and will therefore appreciate simple language and
sentence structure.
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