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Materials: Classification and Categories
Materials: Classification and Categories
Materials
Classification and categories
Steel Ferrous metals Iron Nonferrous metals Malleable iron Whiteheart malleable iron Blackheart malleable iron Copper, Lead Zinc, Tin, Nickel, Al Copper alloys Al alloys Zinc alloys Solders Plastics
Cast steel
Ag Al Au Ba Be Bi C
Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cu Fe Ir K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb
Silver Aluminium Gold Barium Beryllium Bismuth Carbon Graphite Diamond Calcium Cadmium Cerium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Iridium Potassium Lanthanum Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Sodium Niobium
10.5 2.7 19.3 3.74 1.85 9.75 2.25 3.52 1.55 8.64 6.9 8.8 7.1 8.9 7.86 22.42 0.86 6.18 0.53 1.74 7.3 10.21 0.97 8.55
Ni P Pb Pt Ra S Sb Se Si Sn Ta Th Ti U V W Zn Zr Hg Cl H He N Ne O
Nickel Phosphorus Lead Platinum Radium Sulphur Antimony Selenium Silicon Tin Tantalum Thorium Titanium Uranium Vanadium Tangsten Zinc Zirconium Mercury Chlorine Hydrogen Helium Nitrogen Neon Oxygen
8.9 1.82 11.35 21.45 5.00 2.06 6.69 4.5 2.4 7.3 16.6 11.2 4.52 18.7 5.96 19.27 7.13 6.5 13.5
Westermann Tables
Specific WeightMelting PointCoefficient of Thermal ExpansionShrinkage
Melting point (Fusion point) = Temperature at which particular material starts melting
1 C 1
Coefficient of linear (thermal) = Increase in length of unit length of a expansion solid for temperature rise of 1C. Materials
Material Steel Cast steel Grey cast iron High-speed steel Tungsten carbide Constantan Invar (36% Ni) Brass Al bronze Al cast bronze Tin bronze Lead bronze Al-alloy (Al, Cu, Mg) Mg-alloy Babbitt metal Plexiglass Alcohol at 18C Petrol at 15C Copper sulphate Water at 4C Acetylene at 0C Carbon dioxide at 0C Air at 0C Propane at 0C
Specific weight gf/cm3 7.85 7.85 7.2 9.0 14.75 8.89 8.7 8.5 8.4 7.6 8.6 9.5 2.8 1.8 7.5...10.1 1.2 0.79 0.72 1.11 1.0 1.17 1.90 1.29 2.00 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3
Material Iron and Steel Chrome steel Nickel steel Tungsten carbide Invar Chromium Constantan Electron Aluminium Magnesium Gold Silver Zinc Tin Lead Nickel Platinum Brass Brouce Plexiglass Glass Porcelain
Coefficient of linear expansion 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 012 010 012 006 0015 007 015 024 023 026 014 019 030 023 029 013 009 018 017 010 008 003
900
650 650
300400
Shrinkage = difference in volume of the mould compared with the volume of the casting after cooling, in percent Material Grey cast iron Cast steel Malleable iron Brouce Gun metal Shrinkage 1% 2% 1.6% 1.5% 1.5% Material Brass Copper Tin, lead Zinc alloys Al, Mg alloys Shrinkage 1.5% 1% 1% 1.5% 1.25%
Westermann Tables
System of Designation of Iron and Steel
Steel < 0.5 % < 0.8 % < 0.1 % < 0.25% Steels required to receive heat treatment Silicon Manganese Al or Ti or Copper > 0.5 % > 0.8 % > 0.1 % > 0.25%
IS:17621961 IS:48431968
Alloy steels
The System of Designation is as follows 1. Letter St 2. Minimum tensile strength in kgf/mm2 e.g. St. 42 Steel having a minimum tensile strength of 42 kgf/mm2 Applicable for steels which are standardized on the basis of their tensile strength without detailed chemical composition 1. Letter C for Carbon 2. Index number for carbon following letter C, denoting average Carbon content in hundredths of a percent e.g. C 35 Carbon steel having an average of 0.35% Carbon Steels with special limits for maximum S & P, receive the suffix K, e.g. C 35 K Letter T for Tool steels Index number for Carbon following letter T, denoting average Carbon content in hundredths of a percent e.g. T 90 Tool steel having an average of 0.90% Carbon To indicate the treatment given to the steel, symbols are used, e.g. T 90a, a is used to indicate annealing (ref. Page 4, Add. symbols) 1. Average C content in hundredths of a percent without prefix C and with prefix T for Alloy Tool Steels 2. Chemical symbols of the significant elements arranged in descending order of percentage contents 3. Alloy Index indicating the average percentage of each alloying element e.g. 15 Cr 65 Chrome steel with average percentages of C = 0.15 and Cr = 0.65 e.g. 20 Cr 18 Ni 2 Chrome Nickel Steel with average percentages of C = 0.20; Cr = 18 and Ni = 2.00
System of Designation of Plain Castings 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Symbol for mechanical properties OR 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Symbol for chemical composition similar to the designation of steels
CS-Steel Castings FG-Grey Iron Castings
Castings
System of Designation of Alloy Castings 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Average carbon content in hundredths of a percent following the type symbols of castings 3. Chemical symbols for the significant elements arranged in descending order 4. Alloy index number for the average percentages of alloying elements
CS 125Unalloyed steel castings with minimum tensile strength 125 kgf/mm2 CSM 35Unalloyed special steel castings with minimum tensile strength 35 kgf/mm2 GS 50 Cr 1V 20Alloy steel castings with average percentage of C = 0.50; Cr = 1.00; V = 2.20 CSHHeat resistant steel castings CSCCorrosion resistant steel castings
FG 15Grey iron castings with minimum tensile strength 15 kgf/mm2 FG 35 Si 15Special grey iron castings with minimum total carbon percentage = 3.5 and average Silicon percentage = 1.50 AFGAustenitic flake graphite iron castings
SG 80/2Spheroidal or NoduBM 35Black heart malleable lar graphite iron castings with iron castings with minimum minimum Tensile strength 80 tensile strength 35 kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2 and minimum elongation PM 70Pearlitic malleable iron 2% on gauge length equal to five castings with minimum tensile times the diameter of test bar strength 70 kgf/mm2 WM 42White heart malleable iron castings with minimum tensile strength 42 kgf/mm2 ASGAustenitic spheroidal or nodular graphite iron castings ABRAbrasion resistant iron castings
Westermann Tables
Additional symbols
Denoting special properties Steel quality ANon-ageing quality EStabilized against stress corrosion LControl cooled to ensure freedom from flakes DFully killed D2Semi killed RRimming quality GGrain size controlled HHardenability controlled IInclusion controlled MStructural homogeneity guaranteed by Macro-etch test Treatment given aAnnealed or softened cCase carburized dHard drawn, cold reduced hHot-rolled nNormalized oSpherodized pPatented qHardened and tempered sStress relieved tTempered
e.g., St 42 AnNon-ageing steel with 42 kgf/mm2 15 Cr 3cChromium steel with average percentages minimum tensile strength-normalizedof C = 0.15, Cr = 3.0 and case carburized EElectric Furnace Steel; ROpen Hearth Steel; BOBasic Oxygen
IS:2101970
} }
Parts requiring no special grades for general structural purposes Parts subjected to severe strains such as cylinder parts, etc. For extraordinary use IS:21081962 IS:26401964 IS:21071962
Typical applications
Thin walled castings; mass production parts wheels, keys, Parts for locks and sewing machine parts.
Steel castings
Code for designation CS 55 CS 47 CS 41 CS 65 CS 85 CS 125 Grades 1 2 3 1 2 3 Tensile strength Min, kgf/mm2 55 47 41 65 85 125 Elongation % on gauge length 5.65 S0 , Min, 12 17 18 17 12 5 S % Max 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.050 0.050 0.050 P % Max 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.050 0.050 0.050 Typical applications
IS:10301962
Used for general engineering purposes instead of grey iron castings if greater strength and tenacity are to be met. High strength, good toughness and high abrasion resistance properties; used in transportation equipment and agricultural machinery parts. IS:30381965 IS:28561964 S% Max 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 P% Max 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 Typical applications
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CSNC20 CSwC25
0.200.25 0.25 Max 0.15 Max 0.20 Max 0.080.15 0.20 Max 0.20 Max 0.25 Max 0.30 Max
0.154.40 0.200.50 0.40 Max 0.60 Max 0.35 Max 0.75 Max 1.00 Max
Cast parts which preferably are to withstand temperatures between 300C to 525C
Westermann Tables
Specification on Structural and Heat treatable Steels General structural steels
Designation of steel St 32O St 42O St 42S St 42W St 58HT Tensile strength kgf/mm2 3244 4254 4254 4254 58 Min Yield strength for thicknesses upto 20 mm 2040 mm 26.0 26.0 26.0 36.0 24.0 24.0 35.0 Elongation % on gauge length 5.65 S0 , Min 26 23 23 23 20 C% Max 0.25 0.20 0.27 S% Max 0.07 0.07 0.055 0.055 0.055 P% Max 0.07 0.07 0.055 0.055 0.055 IS:19771969; IS:20621969 IS: 2261969; IS: 9611962 Typical applications
St 55HTW
55 Min
36.0
35.0
20
0.20
0.055
0.055
Intended for general engineering purposes. Intended for all types of structures weldable upon certain conditions. Can be subjected to fusion welding. Intended for use in structures where fabrication is done by methods other than welding. Intended for use in structures where welding is employed for fabrication and where guaranteed weldability is required.
Product
Beam, channel and angle sections Tee bars Bulb angles Plates, sheet and strip Flats
Page 21 22 20 20
Product Round and square bars Bulb plates Unequal angles Channel sections for general engineering purposes
Typical applications
These steels are used for components requiring high wear resistant surfaces, coupled with tough cores to resist shock loads and strength to give longer service life.
IS: 3930-1966
Typical applications
860890 830860 810840 850870 850870 840860 850870 850870 830860 830840 850880
860890 820850 780810 840860 840860 830850 840860 840860 840870 810830 820840
These wrought unalloyed and alloyed steels for flame and induction hardening are used when high cold strength and good impact properties are required.
Westermann Tables
Steels for hardening and tempering
Properties in hardened and tempered condition Designation of steel C 30 C 35 Mn 75 C 40 C 45 C 50 C 55 Mn 75 40 S 18 40 Mn 2 S12 20 Mn 2 27 Mn 2 35 Mn 2 Mo 45 55 Cr 70 40 Cr 1 40 Cr 1 Mo 28 40 Cr Al I Mo 18 40 Ni 3 35 Ni 1 Cr 60 30Ni4 Cr 1 40Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28 31Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55 40 Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55 Tensile strength kgf/mm2 60 to 75 60 to 75 60 to 75 60 to 75 80 to 95 80 to 95 70 to 85 60 to 75 60 to 75 70 to 85 100 to 115 90 to 105 80 to 95 80 to 95 90 to 105 90 to 105 90 to 105 120 to 135 120 to 135 120 to 135 120 to 135 Yield Normalizing stress Min, temperature kgf/mm2 C 40 40 38 38 54 54 48 40 44 46 80 66 60 60 70 70 70 130 130 10 0 130 860 to 890 850 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 860 810 to 840 810 to 840 830 to 860 840 to 870 860 to 900 840 to 880 800 to 850 850 to 880 850 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 850 Hardening temperature C 860 to 890 840 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 860 810 to 840 810 to 840 830 to 860 840 to 870 860 to 900 840 to 880 840 to 860 800 to 850 850 to 880 850 to 880 850 to 900 850 to 860 820 to 850 810 to 830 830 to 850 830 to 850 830 to 850 Quenching medium Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Air or oil Oil Oil Oil Tempering temperature C 550 to 660 530 to 760 550 to 660 530 to 670 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 500 to 700 550 to 700 550 to 720 550 to 700 550 to 650 550 to 660 > 250 550 to 660 upto 660 upto 660 Typical applications These wrought unalloyed and alloyed steels in the form of billets and bars for general engineering purposes are intended to be used in the hardened and tempered condition
IS: 55171969
Cold rolled carbon steel sheets IS: 5131963 Tensile strength (for design purpose only) kgf/mm2 28 28 28 C% Max Mn % Max S% Max P% Max For all types Delivery Surface condition finish (1) Scale-free Coarse or rough Medium or dull Fine or bright Typical applications
Types
0.50 0.50
28
0.10
0.50
0.035
0.035
Course or rough for enamelling and lacquering Medium or dull for general purposes (not suitable for plating) Fine or bright for electroplating
Note: Sheet conforming to this standard are of weldable quality and are suitable both for fusion and spot welding. Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip IS: 10791968 Grade O-1079 D-1079 DD-1079 EDD-1079 St 34-1079 St 42-1079 St 50-1079 St 52-1079 Tensile strength kgf/mm 2 2740 2739 3442 4250 5060 5262 Yield stress kgf/mm2 21.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 Elongation % Min 23 25 25 22 20 20 C% Max 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.22 Mn% Max 0.50 0.50 0.50 S% Max 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 P% Max 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 Delivery condition Hot-rolled Annealed Normalized and Descaled Typical applications Used for cold formed structural members and for other general engineering purposes
Westermann Tables
Spring steel Designation of steel 50 Cr IV 23 55 Si 2 Mn 90 Grade 1 2 C% 0.450.55 0.500.60 Mn % 0.500.80 0.801.00 Hot-rolled spring steel Si % 0.100.35 1.502.00 S % max P % max 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 Cr % 0.901.20 V% IS:34311965 Typical applications
0.10.30 Steels in the form of Barm and flats for manufacture of volute, helical and laminated springs for automative suspension. IS: 25071965
Cold-rolled steel strip for springs Grade Designation of steel C 45 C 65 C 75 C 98 55 Si 2 Mn 90 50 Cr I 50 Cr IV 23 1 3 5 8 9 10 11 Tensile strength kgf/mm 2 Hardened Annealed and tempered max 120145 120145 120160 160180 160200 170230 190240 60 60 65 70 80 80 80 C% Si% Hardened in oil at C Annealed at C
Typical applications
Cold rolled steel strip for the manufacture of springs for various purposes.
Spring steels for use under elevated temperatures Grades 1S 1D 2S 2D Classification S denotes static stressed springs; D denotes dynamic stressed springs Tensile strength (for wire dia up to 7 mm) min 150 145 175 175 C% 0.450.55 0.450.55 0.500.60 0.500.60 Si % 0.150.35 0.150.35 1.201.60 1.201.60 Cr % 0.901.20 0.901.20 0.500.80 0.500.80 Va % 0.150.30 0.150.00
IS:44541967 Typical applications Used for manufacturing cold formed helical springs, volute springs, etc. working under elevated temperatures.
Steels for Screws Manufacture Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of machine screws Designation of steel Grade 1 2 Tensile strength 4455 kgf/mm2 5571 kgf/mm2 C % max 0.15 0.15 Mn % 0.300.65 0.300.65 S % max 0.065 0.065 P % max 0.060 0.060 Typical applications Used for the manufacture of machine screws by the cold reading process. IS: 19761960
IS: 16731960
Used for the manufacture of wood screws by the cold heading process. IS: 20021962 Typical applications Plates which are required to be either welded, flanged or flame cut plates of non-flanging quality (low tensile) Plates of non-flanging quality (high tensile) IS: 20021962
Boilor Steel Plates Grades Tensile strength kgf/mm2 min 1 2A 2B 3745 4250 5262
Seamless Steel Pipes Designation of steel 16 Mo 30 15 Cr 90 Mo 55 10 Cr 5 Mo 55 14 Cr 45 Mo 60 V 27 Seamless Steel Pipes Designation of steel Y St 30 Y St 32 Y St 37 Tensile strength min kgf/mm 2 42.2 44.3 46.4 Yield strength min kgf/mm 2 29.5 32.3 36.6 C% max 0.29 0.31 0.29 Tensile strength Elongation (normalised and % min tempered) 2 N/mm min 440590 440590 490640 460610 22 22 16 15
Used when the wall of pipes reach temperatures up to 580 C and are exposed to high pressure; can be fused and are welded; can be bent or folded in cold state. IS: 19791971 Typical applications Cover pipes intended for use in oil industry.
For dimensional requirements IS: 4431; 2507; 2591; 2002; 6630; 1979 may be referred
Westermann Tables
Cold Rolled Steel Strips for general engineering purposes Temper of strips No. 1Hard No. 2Half Hard No. 3Quarter Hard No. 4Skin Rolled No. 5Dead Soft Rockwell hardness (B Scale) Min Max 90 70 60 90 75 65 55 C% max 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.15 Mn % max 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 S% max 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 P% max 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 (c) Fine or bright Fine or bright for electroplating Surface finish (a) Coarse or rough (b) Medium or dull IS:40301967 Typical applications
Coarse or rough for enamelling and lacquering Medium or dull for general purpose
Steels for Rivet Bars Designation of steel St 42 R St 47 R Tensile strength kgf/mm2 42 to 54 47 min Elongation % min 23 22 C% max 0.23 0.23 S% max 0.055 0.055 P% max 0.055 0.055 Typical applications
For manufacture of hot forged rivets for structural purposes. High tensile steel rivet bars for structural purposes IS:44311967
Typical applications
0.15 max 0.050.30 0.60 to 0.90 0.08 to 0.13 0.100.18 0.050.30 1.20 to 1.50 0.10 to 0.18 0.200.30 0.350.45 0.080.18 0.350.45 0.25 max 0.25 max 0.10 max 0.25 max 1.00 to 1.50 0.80 to 1.20 0.80 to 1.20 1.30 to 1.70 0.10 to 0.18 0.14 to 0.22 0.22 to 0.30 0.08 to 0.15
Suitable also for case hardening These have good machinability and satisfactory chip-break (Rapid machining steel for repetition work)
IS:20731970
Typical applications
These types are carbon steel black bars for production of machined parts for general engineering purposes
Westermann Tables
Symbolic Designation
of essential properties of materials (iron and steel) Examples and Explanations IS No. Title See Page Designation (example) St 320 St 420 St 42S St 42Sc St 42Kw St 42W St 55HTw St 42R Grade 1 Grade 2 A Grade 2 B C 30 T 50a C 35 Mn 75 St O Explanations
1977 1977 226 226 226 2062 961 1148 2002 2002 2002 5517 5517 5517
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 7 7 7 6 6 6
4432 4432
Case-hardening steels do
5 5
C 10c 11 Mn 2
Hot Rolled steels for springs Cold rolled steels strips for springs High temperature steels for springs Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip Cold rolled carbon steel sheets do
7 7 7 6 6 6
= Steel; 32 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength = Ordinary quality 42 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength S = Standard quality c = Copper bearing quality K = Special limits for max P and S w = Weldable W = Fusion welding quality HT = High tensile steel w = Fusion weldable R = Rivet bars Plates required to be welded, flanged or flame-out Non-flanging quality (low tensile) do (high tensile) C = Carbon 30 = Average C contents 0.30% T = Tool steel; a = annealed C35 = Average carbon content 0.35% Mn 75 = Average manganese of 0.75%, represented without decimal point, underlined by a bar. (Applicable for alloying element upto 1%) C = Carbon; c = case carburized Carbon average 0.11%; Manganese average 1.5%. (Average alloy content more than 1% is rounded to the nearest whole number, upto 0.5 rounded down; 0.5 and over rounded up. h = Hot rolled q S O J F = Hardened and tempered = Static stressed springs; D = Dynamic stressed = Ordinary; D = Drawn; DD = Deep drawn EDD = Extra deep drawn = Bright drawn or bright rolled; J2 = Precision ground; J3 = descalled; J4 = shot blast = Black sheet; F3 = Pickled surface; F7 = Cold finished; F2 = Black sheet for enamelling and galvanizing = Cast steel-unalloyed; 125 = Minimum tensile strength 125 kgf/mm2 = Grey iron castings; 15 = Minimum tensile strength 15 kgf/mm2 = Black heart malleable iron castings = Pearlitic malleable iron castings = White heart malleable iron casting. For castings tensile strengths are on 30 mm dia test bars as cast
4 4 4 4 4
CS 125 FG 15 BM 35 PM 70 WM 42
CS FG BM PM WM
10
Westermann Tables
IS:37481966
Typical application
Used for extrusion dyes, hot swaging dyes, forging dye inserts, brass forging dyes, hot shear blades, trimmer dyes, dye-casting dyes for copper etc.
IS:37491966
Covers the requirements for plain carbon and alloy tool and dye steels in the form of bars, blanks, rings, and other shapes for cold work, capable of being hardened and tempered. These are used for the making tools and dyes for blanking, trimming, shaping and shearing.
Westermann Tables
Classification of carbide tips according to their range of application
Designation Identification colour P01 P10 P20 Resistance to wear Toughness P30 Cutting speed Increasing direction of the characteristic of Carbide tip Cutting Material to be machined Steel, steel casting Steel, steel casting Steel, steel casting, malleable cast iron forming long chips Steel, steel casting, malleable cast iron forming long chips Steel, steel castings with sand inclusions or shrinkage cavities Range of application Machining conditions Precision turning and fine boring Cutting speed: high, Feed: low Turning, threading and milling Cutting speed: high. Feed: low or medium Turning, milling. Cutting speed and feed: medium. Planning: with low feed rate Turning, planning, milling. Cutting speed: medium to low. Feed: medium to high even if operating conditions are unfavourable Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed: low. Feed: high. Rake angle: high, for machining under unfavourable conditions and work on automatic machines Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed: low. Feed: high. Rake angle large for machining under unfavourable conditions and work on automatic machines Turning. Cutting speed: medium to high. Feed: low to medium Turning, milling. Cutting speed: medium. Feed: medium
11
(IS: 24281964)
P40
P50
Feed
Steel, steel castings of medium or low tensile strength with sand inclusions or shrinkage cavities Steel, steel castings, manganese steel, grey cast iron, alloyed cast iron. Cutting speed Toughness Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, manganese steel, grey cast iron, spheroidised cast iron and malleable cast iron Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, grey cast iron, heat resisting alloys Free cutting steel, low tensile strength steel, brass and light alloy Very hard grey cast iron, chilled castings of hardness up to 60 HRC. Aluminium alloys with high silicon content, hardened steel, plastics of abrasive type, hard board and ceramics Grey cast iron of hardness more than 220 HB, malleable cast iron forming short chips, tempered steel, aluminium alloys containing silicon, copper alloys plastics, glass, hard rubber, hard cardboard, porcelain, stone Grey cast iron of hardness up to 220 HB, non-ferrous metals, such as copper, brass, aluminium, laminated wood of abrasive type Soft grey cast iron, low tensile strength steel, laminated wood Soft or hard natural wood, nonferrous, metals
M20
Feed
Turning, milling, planning. Cutting speed: medium. Feed: medium or high Turning, profile turning, parting off especially in automatic machines Turning, precision turning and boring, milling, scraping
Cutting speed
Toughness
K20
Feed
K30
Turning, planning, shaping, milling. Rake angle: large even under unfavourable conditions Turning, milling, planning, shaping. Rake angle: large even under unfavourable machining conditions
K40
12
Westermann Tables
Nomenclature Copper Grade Minimum contents Physical properties Typical applications IS: 1911967 ETP FRHC FRTP1 FRTP2 ATP OF 99.9% Cu 99.9% Cu 99.8% Cu 99.5% Cu 99.2% Cu 99.95% Cu Soft High conductivity Easy to cast Good bearing property High conductivity For electrical parts For conductors For castings For bearings For conductors IS: 271965 Pb 99.99 Pb 98.94 Zinc 99.99% Pb 99.94% Pb Soft, can be cast, soldered and welded Plates in storage batt For alloying IS: 46991968 SZn 99.5 SZn 98.5 99.5% Zn 98.5% Zn Can be cast, resistant to corrosion For alloying For galvanizing IS: 42801967 Sn 99 Sn 96 99% Sn 96% Sn Soft, can be cast, rolled to foils For plating, casting For alloying IS: 7341967 F1A F1B 99.8% Al 99.5% Al Tensile strength 5.5 kgf/mm2 More resistant to corrosion May be cast, weldable Available in the form of sheets, plates, tubes, wires, forgings. Used for cladding, on stronger alloys, food and chemical plants, electrical conductors and reflectors Available in the form of sheets, plates, tubes, wires, rods and forgings. Used for panelling and moulding, lightly stressed and decorative assemblies, equipment for food, chemical and brewing industries, packing and cooking utensils For induction motor, rotors, power transmission cable accessories, vessels and fittings for food and chemical industries
Electrolytic tough pitch copper Fire refined high conductivity copper Fire refined tough pitch copper Tough pitch arsenical copper Oxygen free high conductivity copper Lead Pig lead Pig lead
Refined secondary zinc Refined secondary zinc Tin Refined secondary tin Refined secondary tin Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium
Aluminium
F1C
99.0% Al
AO
99% Al