Glass

Student: Isseyev Yerzhan Course: Industrial Chemistry Czech Technical University Department of Process Engineering 2011

Introduction
This presentation focuses on glass. It is designed to interpret the potential impacts of the processes associated with glass. It takes you through the cradle to grave lifecycle of glass, paying particular attention to the social, environmental and public health impacts of these processes.

Content
Distribution of natural resources
Formation Purposes for utilization Extraction process Environmental and Social effects of extraction process

Natural Resources
Silica sand 72% Soda Ash 17% Lime 5%
Percentage of Ingredients in Glass

17% 72%
5% 6%
silica sand soda ash lime other ingredients

Silica Sand

Silica Sand
Three of most common rock forming minerals on earth Chemically named: quartz sand / rock crystal Properties:
Extremely heat durable Chemical stack resistance

Formation of Silica Sand

Naturally:
Mechanical & chemical weathering of quartzbearing igneous & metamorphic rocks

Chemically weathering:
Less stable minerals
 break down to become silica sand

More stable minerals

 release to environment
Carry by wind / wave Sort by wave & stream action to form pure silica sand

Location & Integration of Silica Sand

It is found below thin layers of overburden & soil as unconsolidated deposits It is abundant resource on earth crusts (44%) and occur throughout the world. Best known place in World:
Kazakhstan, Russia,Europe, Brazil, India, Usa.

World resources of Silica Sand

Silica sand resources is abundant on the world. Its extraction is limited by
geographic distribution quality requirements for some uses environmental restrictions

Extraction of theses resources is dependent on whether it is economic and are controlled by the location of population centers

Fig. 1
http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silica/780397.pdf

Purposes for the Utilize of Silica Sand

History:
Glass making & metallurgical activities few thousands years BC ago Key raw material in ceramics, foundry & glass industrial revolution

Today:
Glass making, foundry casting, ceramics, filtration, specialist building applications, leisure ( e.g. golf course), filters in numerous products, plastics, the manufacture of chemicals, metal & refractory, as addictives in horticultural & agricultural products & simulating oil production

Extraction of Silicon Sand

1. Stripping of overburden (topsoil & vegetation) by bulldozers & scraper 2. Wet separation by washing the sand, passing through screens to remove roots & other organic matter 3. Gravity separation to separate silica sand from regular sand 4. Finished silica sand is transported by trucks to plants for processing 5. Oversized materials & residual clay are returned to mined pits

Soda Ash

Soda Ash
Anhydrous sodium carbonate Texture: soft Color: grayish & white Appearance: lump / powder in nature

Formation of Soda Ash

Naturally:
Erosion of igneous rock form sodium deposits Transport by waters as runoffs & collect in basins When sodium comes in contact w/ CO2, precipitates out sodium carbonate

Location & Integration of Soda Ash

Integrated as sodium rich waters (brines) / extensive beds of trona interbedded w/ sodium minerals Large soda ash deposits: U.S, Mexico, Canada, Kenya, Botswana, Uganda, Peru, Germany, India, Egypt, S. Africa & Turkey Worlds largest trona deposit: Green River Basin of Wyoming  estimate to have 47 billion tons of soda ash

Trona Deposits of California

Fig.3

Owens Lake
Fig.4

Trona mine at Searles Lake

Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash

History:
Early Egypt: make glass & soap Early Roman: make glass, bread & pharmaceuticals (medicine) purpose to cure choric & skin rashes

Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash Cont

Important merchandise for U.S.:
Glass manufacture (49%) Chemical production (27%) Mineral processing in mining Pulp & Paper manufacturing Sodium compounds manufacturing Soap & detergents (11%) Water treatment (2%) Textile processing Glass fiber manufacture Cleaning preparations Petroleum refining Metallurgical refining Removal of sulfur from smokestack emissions (3%) Distributors (5%) Metal refining

Extraction of Soda Ash

Quarrying of trona bed that contain sodium Human 1st recorded extraction of soda ash ocurred during discovery of Wyoming trona deposit Could be manufactured synthetically through Solvary process by using salt, ammonia & limestone

The Solvay process for the manufacture of Soda Ash (NaHCO3).

Fig.6
cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/ media_portfolio/22.html

Lime

Lime
Include hydrated lime & quicklime Only quicklime can use to make glass

Location & Integration of Lime

Underneath the topsoil , ach, & siltstone Associated in:
Limestone Marine organisms on seabed e.g. seashells

Location of rich Limestone deposit in the world:

North & South Islands of New Zealand

Fig. 8

www.med.govt.nz/crown_minerals/ minerals/gnsmaps

Export of Lime
56 % of lime in U.S. is produced at companies in Alabama, Missouri, Ohio, Texas, Kentucky and Pennsylvania (about 11.5 millions tons annually Other nations producing lime for export: Canada, Mexico, China, France, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, the United Kingdom and Japan.

Formation of Lime
Marine organisms dissolve CO2 & extract Calcium from seawater to from calcium carbonate Buried under sediments of seabed after death Limestone formed under heat & pressure on the remains of marine organisms

limestone

Purposes for the Utilize of Lime

Historical Use: Ancient Egyptian civilization used lime to make plaster and mortar. Nowadays: Use extensively for: glass making, the pulp & paper industry & steel mills Other uses: municipal & industrial water / wastewater treatment, as an addictive for road stabilization & construction projects In U.S., more than 90 % of lime production is for chemical and industrial uses

Extraction of Lime
Quarry of limestone at trona bed Then, transported to crush plants by trucks / rail Undergo Calcination process:
heating limestone or chalk (Ca3CO2) in kiln till 900 degree celsius CO2 is emitted in this process and calcium oxide (lime) is produced.
Processed Lime

Initial extraction process

Blocks Ready to Saw

Chopped into Blocks

Transport to processing factories by truck

Calcination Process

Effects pose by the Extraction of Mineral Sites for making glass

Location of mineral sites: mostly located in developing /undeveloped countries near poor communities Results in social & environmental impacts

How to address the problem cont:

Government:
legal legislations are needed to protect the weak ones Legislation should be made fairly that all race, class and communities are considered at the same level in the legislation under the principle of environmental justice in order to protect the right of every race and community Develop infrastructure to ensure community can have safe place for the increasing colonial activity E.g. Infrastructure that have sufficient drainage & sanitary system

Consumers:
Control their materialistic desire & be more considerate for other communities who are facing the problems, think in a more globally way Cut down unnecessary consumption:
save raw materials and lands for future & next generations, decrease environmental pollution and social impact

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Bolen, W. P. (1997, February). Sand and Gravel. U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries. Retrieved 05/19/2003, from http://minerals.er.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silica/780397.pdf ANSAC. (2002).California Soda Ash Deposits. Retrieved 05/19/2003, from www.ansac.com/100_our_story/ 103_supply.asp Philips, T. Bishopwebworks. Retrieved 05/19/2003, from science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ lms/owenslake.htm Keith, John. Mineral Resource in Dessert. 10/29/97. Retrieved 05/19/2003, from pubs.usgs.gov/gip/ deserts/minerals/ Aitala, R. & Aitala, M. (1997, June).Soda Ash in the USA. Glass International. Retrieved 05/19/2003, from www.isonex.com/glass_article_5-97.pdf Petruccl, R. H. (2002). The Solvay process for the manufacture of NaHCO3. A Pearson Company. Retrieved 05/19/2003, from cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/ media_portfolio/22.html Economic Development. (2001, Aug 21). New Zealand aggregate sources. Retrieved 05/19/2003, from www.med.govt.nz/crown_minerals/ minerals/gnsmaps Henschel, Kira & Alsom, Rio. (May, 1995). Mining Impact Coalition of Wisconsin Inc. Retrieved 05/19/2003, from www.miningimpacts.net/ micpic3.html Ibt Ibt Cable Sands & RZM. www.cablesands.com.au/cswa/ company-profile.asp RockWare Glass. How is Glass Made? www.glassforever.co.uk/howisglassmade/ Merkuova, E. (2000). National Glass Usage. Administration of Samara Region investment promotion group. http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/country/000727glass_samara.htm Bled, S. (2001, June 20-22). International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers Union. www.icem.org/events/ bled/matdocen.htm Brodersen, J. & Jacobsen, H. (2003, March 9). European Topic Center on Waste and Material Flows. waste.eionet.eu.int/activities/0000219.html Ibt http://www.mst.dk/project/NyViden/2000/08030000.htm The citizens committee for green Seoul. Construction of the Sudokwon Landfill. smg.metro.seoul.kr:9000/ waste/part4.html Ibt Vitrification International Technologies, Inc. (2002, March, 3).Schematic of waste vitrification transformations. www.vitrification.com/ vitrification.htm Ibt

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