Lch s pht trin ca dch v bo him nhn th Con ngi cng cc th ch chnh tr tng tn ti trong lch s lun t nhim

v hn ch ri ro ln hng u. Dch v bo him ra i chng qua ch lm nhim v hn ch ri ro y. Trung Hoa cch y hn 5.000 nm, bo him c xem l bin php ngn nga nn cp bin. Lc by gi bn cp bin honh hnh khp ni; do vy hn ch ri ro, khi ra khi ngi ta thng b tr cho nhiu tu chia nhau ch km mt phn hng ha ca mt chic tu khc, phng khi c mt chic tu b bn cp bin tn cng th phn hng cn li ch trn nhng chic tu kia khng b cp. Cch nay gn 4,500 nm, mt ni khc l quc Babylon c, cc thng nhn thng phi du thng (bun bn nhng ni xa) kh nhiu, v h i ph vi cc ri ro bng cch em tin cho ngi khc vay. Khi vic vn chuyn hng ha hon tt mt cch an ton, cc thng nhn ny s bt ngi vay tin hon tr khon vay, km theo l tin li. Vo nm 2100 trc Cng Nguyn, o lut Hammurabi ra i t hot ng cho vay ca cc doanh nhn vo khun kh php lut. o lut ny chnh th ha cc khi nim bottomry (ch vic mn tin trn c s ly tu lm bo m) v respondentia (ch hng ha vn chuyn bng ng thy). Cc khi nim ny t nn mng cho thc hin cc hp ng bo him hng hi. Cc hp ng loi ny gm 3 yu t: khon vay cn c vo gi tr tu, hng ha hay cc vn chuyn; li sut; khon ph thu cho cc trng hp mt mt c th xy ra. Trn thc t, khi tham gia hp ng bo him, ch tu l ngi c bo him cn ch cho vay l ngi nh gi ri ro. Bo him nhn th xut hin quc La M c i khng lu sau . Ti y ngi ta lp nn cc hi mai tng lo chi ph tang ma cho cc thnh vin, ngoi ra hi cng h tr ti chnh cho thn nhn ngi cht. Khong nm 450 sau Cng Nguyn, quc La M sp dn n vic hu ht cc khi nim ca bo him nhn th b lng qun. Tuy nhin cc mt, tnh cht ca n th vn khng h thay i trong sut thi Trung C, nht l i vi cc phng hi th cng v thng nghip. Cc phng hi ny lp nn nhiu hnh thc bo him thnh vin b p thit hi cc v ha hon, l lt, trm cp; ngoi ra cn c bo him thng tt, t vong v thm ch l bo him t ngc (bo him cho trng hp ngi mua bo him phi vo t). Trong sut thi phong kin, cc ngnh du lch v mu dch ngy cng suy yu v khng cn thnh t nh trc, do vy cc hnh thc bo him s khai cng b mai mt. Tuy nhin trong khong thi gian t th k 14 n th k 16 cc ngnh giao thng, thng nghip v c dch v bo him pht trin tr li. Dch v bo him n bt ngun t b kinh Veda ca nc ny. n c l trng hp ca tp on bo him nhn th Yogakshema, mt Cng ty trc thuc tng hi lin hip bo him n . Tn ca Cng ty ny c ly t trong kinh Rig Veda. Cm t Yogakshema cho thy n vo khong nm 1000 trc Cng Nguyn, hnh thc bo him cng ng pht trin rt thnh hnh v ngi Aryan khi cng tham gia rt nhiu vo hnh thc bo him ny. Tng t vi quc La M c i, trong giai on truyn b o Pht ngi n lp nn nhiu hi mai tng h tr cho cc gia nh xy ct nh ca ng thi che ch, m bc cc ga ph v tr nh. Dch v bo him ngy nay Sau Cch Mng nh sng (Glorious Revolution) nm 1688, Chu u ch c Vng Quc Anh cng nhn tnh php l ca bo him nhn th. Nh vy m trong sut 3 thp k sau Cch Mng nh sng, Anh dch v ny pht trin rt mnh m. Hnh thc bo him m chng ta thy ngy nay c ngun gc t th k 17. Khi Anh tng c mt ni gi l Lloyds of London, ni m v sau ngi ta bit ti vi ci tn Nh hng C ph Lloyds (Lloyds Coffee House). Cc thng nhn, ch tu v cc nh thu bo him khi hay t tp nh hng ny bn cng chuyn lm n v tin hnh cc hp ng bun bn. Mc d c s dng nh mt cng c hn ch ri ro, dch v bo him nhn th vn b cun vo tr en vn c xem l bn nng ca tng lp tiu t sn Anh ang pht trin rt mnh m lc by gi. Khi nn c cc lan trn khp ni. Thm ch nu c bo thy tin c mt

nhn vt ting tm no y ang b bnh nng sp cht, ngi ta lin phng on ngy cht ca nhn vt ny, sau v Nh hng C ph Lloyds t cc cho ngy cht y. th hin s phn i i vi tr c cc ny, vo nm 1679 c 79 nh thu bo him quyt nh ly khai ra khi Nh hng C ph Lloyds. Hai nm sau h chung tay lp nn Nh hng C ph Lloyds mi, ni c cng chng bit n vi ci tn Lloyds chn chnh. n nm 1774, Quc hi Anh ra sc lnh cm t chc, tham gia c cc trn ngy cht ca con ngi, t vn nn ny mi chm dt. Bo him c mt M Ngnh cng nghip bo him ca Hoa K c xy dng trn m hnh bo him Anh. Vo nm 1735, Cng ty bo him u tin ca Hoa K ra i Charleston, th ph bang South Carolina. Vo nm 1759, Hi ngh Gio hi Trng lo Philadelphia quyt nh bo tr cho tp on bo him nhn th u tin ca Hoa K. Tp on ny hot ng v li ch ca cc mc s v tn . Ngy 22/5/1761, tp on ny k kt c hp ng bo him nhn th u tin vi cng chng M. Mc du vy, mi n 80 nm sau (tc l sau nm 1840) dch v bo him nhn th M mi tht s ct cnh. Cha kha dn n thnh cng chnh l nh cc Cng ty bo him hn ch c nhng s chng i t cc nhm tn gio. Nm 1835, New York xy ra mt v ha hon y tai ting. V ha hon ny khin ngi dn y lu tm nhiu hn n nhu cu phi c ngun d tr b p cho nhng thit hi nghim trng khng th lng trc. Hai nm sau, Massachusetts tr thnh bang u tin M s dng lut php buc cc Cng ty phi t tch ly ngun d tr ny. V chy ln Chicago vo nm 1871 cng nhn mnh su sc mt thc t: nu ha hon bng ln nhng thnh ph ng dn, mc thit hi s v cng to ln. Hnh thc bo him trch nhim cng cng xut hin trong nhng nm 1880 v cng vi pht minh ra xe t, hnh thc bo him ny c cng chng n nhn v ngy cng th hin c tm quan trng. Trong sut qu trnh cng nghip ha, dch v bo him c rt nhiu bc pht trin. Nm 1897, chnh ph Anh thng qua o lut bi thng cho ngi lao ng (Workmens Compensation Act). o lut ny buc cc Cng ty phi ng bo him tai nn lao ng cho nhn vin. Trong th k 19, ngi ta lp ra rt nhiu hi on c trch nhim bo him nhn mng v sc khe cho hi vin. Bn cnh cng c mt s hi kn ch cung cp dch v bo him l ph thp cho nhng ai l hi vin ca h. Ngy nay cc hi kn ny vn c tip tc bo him cho hi vin; iu ny din ra tng t hu ht cc t chc ca ngi lao ng. C nhiu ch s dng lao ng cn lo lun mt lc nhiu hp ng bo him nhn th v sc khe cho nhn vin. Cc hp ng ny khng ch n thun bo him nhn th m cn m bo quyn li cho nhn vin khi h b bnh, b tai nn hay v hu. Trong cc hp ng ny thng nhn vin ch phi tr mt phn ph bo him. Mc d ngnh cng nghip bo him ca Hoa K b nh hng su sc bi Vng Quc Anh, th trng bo him ca nc ny li pht trin theo chiu hng c phn khc vi Anh. Lnh th t nc rng ln, s phn b a dng v mt a l cng kht vng c lp mnh lit ca ngi M chnh l nhng nguyn nhn gp phn to nn s khc bit ny. Khi M chuyn mnh t mt thuc a xa b ca Anh tr thnh mt th lc c lp v t mt nc nng nghip thnh nc cng nghip pht trin, ngnh kinh doanh bo him ca nc ny cng pht trin mnh theo hng t mt vi Cng ty ban u tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip quy m ln. Tm li c th ni ngnh bo him M pht trin rt tinh vi, sn sinh ra nhiu loi mng li phc v v a dng ha dch v pht trin hi ha vi mt quc gia ang ngy cng phc tp. Phm Th M Tin BVNT Min Nam (Theo ti liu nc ngoi)